UNIT I Basics of Cloud computing Lecture 8Hrs

Introduction to cloud computing:

Introduction, Characteristics of cloud computing, Cloud Models, Cloud
Services Examples, Cloud Based services and applications

Cloud concepts and Technologies: Virtualization, Load balancing,

Scalability and Elasticity, Deployment, Replication, Monitoring, Software
defined, Network function virtualization, Map Reduce, Identity and Access
Management, services level Agreements, Billing.

Cloud Services and Platforms: Compute Services, Storage Services,

Database Services, Application services, Content delivery services, Analytics
Services, Deployment and Management Services, Identity and Access
Management services, Open Source Private Cloud software
 Introduction to cloud computing
Cloud computing is a technology
model that provides on-demand
access to a shared pool of
computing resources, such as
servers, storage, applications,
and services, over the internet.
Users can utilize these resources
without the need for owning or
managing the underlying
infrastructure, enabling
scalability, flexibility, and cost-
efficiency.
1.Online Storage Services (e.g., Google Drive):
1. Students can upload and store their documents, photos, and other files on cloud-based
storage services like Google Drive. This allows them to access their files from any
device with an internet connection, providing flexibility and convenience.
2.Email Services (e.g., Gmail, Outlook):
1. Email services use cloud computing to store and manage users' emails, contacts, and
attachments. Students can access their emails from various devices, and the cloud
ensures that their email data is securely stored and synchronized across all devices.
3.Online Collaboration Tools (e.g., Google Workspace, Microsoft 365):
1. Cloud-based collaboration tools enable students to work on documents, presentations,
and spreadsheets in real-time with their peers. Changes made by one student are
instantly reflected for others, promoting seamless collaboration regardless of their
physical locations.
1.On-Demand Resources: Cloud computing offers instant access to computing
resources like servers and storage whenever needed.
2.Internet-Based Access: Users can connect to these resources over the internet,
allowing flexibility in usage from various devices.
3.No Ownership Hassles: Unlike traditional systems, users don't need to own or
maintain physical infrastructure.
4.Cost-Efficiency: Users pay only for the resources they use, making it a cost-
effective solution.
5.Scalability: Cloud services can easily scale up or down based on the changing
needs of users.
6.Remote Collaboration: Cloud enables collaborative work, allowing users to
share and edit documents in real-time.
7.Automatic Updates: Service providers handle software updates and
maintenance, ensuring systems are up-to-date.
8.Enhanced Accessibility: Users can access their data and applications from
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
On-Demand Self-Service:

Users can independently provision and manage computing resources, such as

servers and storage, without requiring human intervention.
Broad Network Access:

Cloud services are accessible over the internet from various devices,
providing ubiquitous access to computing resources.
Resource Pooling:

Computing resources are pooled and shared among multiple users,

optimizing utilization and efficiency.
Rapid Elasticity:

Cloud services can quickly scale up or down to accommodate changing

workloads, providing flexibility and efficient resource allocation.
Measured Service:

Usage of cloud computing resources is monitored, controlled, and metered,

allowing users to pay for the resources they consume.
Elasticity and Scalability:

Cloud platforms enable the ability to scale resources both vertically

(increasing individual resource capacity) and horizontally (adding more
resources) to meet varying demands.
Self-Service Portals:

Users can control and manage their own resources through web-based
interfaces or portals, facilitating direct interaction with the cloud
environment.
Managed Service:

Cloud providers handle maintenance, updates, and security of the

underlying infrastructure, relieving users of operational responsibilities.
Ubiquitous Access:

Cloud services can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection,

promoting accessibility and mobility.
Multi-Tenancy:

Multiple users or organizations share the same infrastructure, with each

having secure and isolated access to their respective resources.
 Cloud Models
Cloud models represent different service and deployment models that define the structure and
delivery of these services.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS),
Software as a Service (SaaS),
and various deployment models.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
•Definition: IaaS is like renting a virtualized data center in the cloud. It provides essential
computing resources, such as virtual machines, storage, and networking, as on-demand services.
•Characteristics:
• Users maintain control over the operating system and applications, offering a high level
of customization.
• Resources are scalable, allowing users to increase or decrease their computing power as
needed.
• Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines.
+----------------------+ •Cloud User: This represents an individual or an organization
| Cloud User | that requires computing resources. They connect to the cloud
+----------------------+
| service to request and use these resources.
| Requests •Cloud Service (IaaS Provider): This is the infrastructure as a
v service provider, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) or
+----------------------+ Microsoft Azure. They offer virtualized computing resources
| Cloud Service |
| (IaaS Provider) |
over the internet.
+----------------------+ •Virtualized Servers (Virtual Machines): These are virtual
| machines provided by the IaaS provider. Users can deploy and
| Provides manage these virtual servers as if they were physical servers.
v They have control over the operating system and applications
+---------------------------+ +----------------------+
| Virtualized Servers | | Storage | running on these virtual machines.
| (Virtual Machines) | | | •Operating Systems and Applications: These are the software
+---------------------------+ +----------------------+ components running on the virtualized servers. Users can install
| | and configure their preferred operating systems and applications
| Manages | Stores
v v
based on their requirements.
+-------------------------+ +----------------------+ •Storage: This represents the storage services provided by the
| Operating Systems| | Data and Files | IaaS provider. Users can store data and files in the cloud storage,
| and Applications | | | which is accessible from their virtual machines.
+-------------------------+ +----------------------+
IaaS allows users to rent virtualized computing resources,
including virtual servers and storage, from a cloud service
provider. Users have control over the software stack running on
these virtual machines, enabling flexibility and scalability
without the need to invest in physical hardware.
Platform as a Service (PaaS):
•Definition: PaaS is a cloud model designed for developers, providing
a platform to build, deploy, and manage applications without worrying
about the underlying infrastructure.
•Characteristics:
• Developers can focus on coding without managing servers,
streamlining the development process.
• Automated deployment and maintenance processes enhance
efficiency.
• Examples: Google App Engine, Heroku.
•PaaS (Platform as a Service): The overarching platform
that provides a comprehensive environment for developing, +-------------------------------------------+
testing, and deploying applications. | PaaS |
| |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
•Application Layer: This is where the actual applications | | Application Layer | |
reside, developed and deployed by users. | +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
•Middleware & Runtime: Provides the necessary runtime | | Middleware & Runtime | |
environment and middleware services, such as databases, | +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
messaging systems, and application hosting. | +-------------------------------------+ |
| | Development Frameworks | |
•Development Frameworks: Tools and frameworks that | +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
developers use to build and customize applications. This layer | +-------------------------------------+ |
simplifies the development process. | | Infrastructure | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
•Infrastructure: The underlying hardware and network +-------------------------------------------+
infrastructure that supports the entire PaaS environment.
Users don't need to manage this; it's abstracted away.
Software as a Service (SaaS):
•Definition: SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a
subscription basis. It allows users to access applications through web
browsers without the need for local installations.
•Characteristics:
• Centralized software management reduces the burden of updates and
maintenance for end-users.
• Accessibility from any location with an internet connection promotes
flexibility.
• Examples include Microsoft 365, Salesforce, and Google Workspace.
+-------------------------------------------+
| SaaS |
| |
•SaaS (Software as a Service): The top-level layer
| +-------------------------------------+ | representing the software applications delivered as a service.
| | Applications | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
•Applications: The actual software applications provided to
| +-------------------------------------+ | end-users over the internet.
| | User Interface | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
•User Interface: The part of the application that users
| +-------------------------------------+ | interact with, including the graphical user interface (GUI).
| | Application Logic | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
•Application Logic: The backend processes and logic that
| +-------------------------------------+ | drive the functionality of the software.
| | Data Storage & | |
| | Management | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
•Data Storage & Management: Where data is stored and
| | managed, including databases and data processing services.
+-------------------------------------------+
Deployment Models:
•Public Cloud:
• Resources are owned and operated by third-party cloud
service providers, shared among multiple organizations.
• Provides cost efficiency, scalability, and accessibility over
the internet.
• Examples: AWS, Azure, Google Cloud Platform.
Private Cloud:
•Resources are dedicated to a single organization, either on-premises
or hosted by a third party.
•Offers greater control over security and customization.
•Examples: VMware, OpenStack.
Hybrid Cloud:
•Combines elements of both public and private clouds, offering
flexibility and data/application portability.
•Enables organizations to optimize their resources based on specific
needs.
•Examples include AWS Outposts, Azure Hybrid Cloud.
Software as a Service (SaaS):
Example: Google Workspace (formerly G Suite), Microsoft Office 365
+-----------------------------------------+
| Google Data Centers | 1.Google Data Centers house Google's infrastructure, including
+---------------------+-------------------+ servers and networking equipment, hosting various services like
| Google Workspace.
+---------------------+-------------------------+ 2.Google Workspace provides productivity tools like Gmail,
| Google Workspace | Drive, Docs, Sheets, and Slides, managed in Google's data
| (Formerly G Suite / Google Apps) | centers.
+---------------------+-------------------------+
3.Users access Google Workspace via web browsers or mobile
|
+-------------+ +---------------+-------------------------+
apps on devices like computers, laptops, tablets, or smartphones.
| User's | <--- | Web Browser / | 4.Interaction with Google Workspace occurs through web
| Devices | | Mobile App | browsers or mobile apps like Chrome, Firefox, or iOS/Android
+-------------+ +---------------+-------------------------+ browsers.
| 5.The Internet connects users' devices to Google's data centers,
+---------------------+----------------+ enabling communication with Google Workspace services.
| Internet | 6.Google Workspace is utilized by businesses, educational
+---------------------+----------------+ institutions, and organizations for collaboration and
|
communication purposes.
+---------------------+----------------+
| User's Organization |
+---------------------+----------------+
Platform as a Service (PaaS):
•Example: Heroku, Google App Engine
•Heroku Platform: This represents the cloud platform
+-------------------------------------+
| Heroku Platform | provided by Heroku where applications are deployed
+-----------------+-------------------+ and managed.
|
•Dynos (Containers): Heroku uses lightweight
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Dynos (Containers) | containers called Dynos to run applications. Each Dyno
+---------------------+-------------------+ is an isolated, virtualized Linux container that hosts an
|
application process.
+-------------+ |
| Developer| | •Developer (User): This is the developer or user who
| (User) | | interacts with Heroku to deploy, manage, and scale their
+-------------+ |
applications.
|
+-----------------+-------------------+ •Internet: The internet connects the developer's local
| Internet | environment to Heroku's platform, allowing for
+-------------------------------------+
deployment and access to the deployed applications.
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
•Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure
+-------------------------------------------------------+ 1.AWS Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
| AWS Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) |
+------------------------+------------------------------+ Users access computing resources via the
| internet without managing physical hardware.
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------+ 2.Virtual Servers (EC2): EC2 instances offer
| Virtual Servers |
| - EC2 instances provide scalable computing power | scalable computing power, allowing users to
| - Users can launch, manage, and terminate instances | launch, manage, and terminate virtual servers.
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 3.Storage: AWS provides storage options like
|
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ S3 for object storage, EBS for block storage,
| Storage | and EFS for file storage, offering scalability
| - S3, EBS, and EFS offer scalable and flexible storage | and flexibility.
| - Users can store and retrieve data as needed |
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 4.Networking: AWS offers services such as
| VPC for isolated networks, Route 53 for DNS
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ management, and CloudFront for content
| Networking |
| - VPC, Route 53, and CloudFront manage network resources | delivery, enabling users to configure networks
| - Users can configure networks and DNS settings | and DNS settings as needed.
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
UNIT I Basics of Cloud computing Lecture 8Hrs
Introduction to cloud computing:
Introduction, Characteristics of cloud computing, Cloud Models, Cloud
Services Examples, Cloud Based services and applications

Cloud concepts and Technologies: Virtualization, Load balancing,

Scalability and Elasticity, Deployment, Replication, Monitoring, Software
defined, Network function virtualization, Map Reduce, Identity and Access
Management, services level Agreements, Billing.

Cloud Services and Platforms: Compute Services, Storage Services,

Database Services, Application services, Content delivery services, Analytics
Services, Deployment and Management Services, Identity and Access
Management services, Open Source Private Cloud software
 Introduction to cloud computing
Cloud computing is a technology
model that provides on-demand
access to a shared pool of
computing resources, such as
servers, storage, applications,
and services, over the internet.
Users can utilize these resources
without the need for owning or
managing the underlying
infrastructure, enabling
scalability, flexibility, and cost-
efficiency.
1.Online Storage Services (e.g., Google Drive):
1. Students can upload and store their documents, photos, and other files on cloud-based
storage services like Google Drive. This allows them to access their files from any
device with an internet connection, providing flexibility and convenience.
2.Email Services (e.g., Gmail, Outlook):
1. Email services use cloud computing to store and manage users' emails, contacts, and
attachments. Students can access their emails from various devices, and the cloud
ensures that their email data is securely stored and synchronized across all devices.
3.Online Collaboration Tools (e.g., Google Workspace, Microsoft 365):
1. Cloud-based collaboration tools enable students to work on documents, presentations,
and spreadsheets in real-time with their peers. Changes made by one student are
instantly reflected for others, promoting seamless collaboration regardless of their
physical locations.
1.On-Demand Resources: Cloud computing offers instant access to computing
resources like servers and storage whenever needed.
2.Internet-Based Access: Users can connect to these resources over the internet,
allowing flexibility in usage from various devices.
3.No Ownership Hassles: Unlike traditional systems, users don't need to own or
maintain physical infrastructure.
4.Cost-Efficiency: Users pay only for the resources they use, making it a cost-
effective solution.
5.Scalability: Cloud services can easily scale up or down based on the changing
needs of users.
6.Remote Collaboration: Cloud enables collaborative work, allowing users to
share and edit documents in real-time.
7.Automatic Updates: Service providers handle software updates and
maintenance, ensuring systems are up-to-date.
8.Enhanced Accessibility: Users can access their data and applications from
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
On-Demand Self-Service:

Users can independently provision and manage computing resources, such as

servers and storage, without requiring human intervention.
Broad Network Access:

Cloud services are accessible over the internet from various devices,
providing ubiquitous access to computing resources.
Resource Pooling:

Computing resources are pooled and shared among multiple users,

optimizing utilization and efficiency.
Rapid Elasticity:

Cloud services can quickly scale up or down to accommodate changing

workloads, providing flexibility and efficient resource allocation.
Measured Service:

Usage of cloud computing resources is monitored, controlled, and metered,

allowing users to pay for the resources they consume.
Elasticity and Scalability:

Cloud platforms enable the ability to scale resources both vertically

(increasing individual resource capacity) and horizontally (adding more
resources) to meet varying demands.
Self-Service Portals:

Users can control and manage their own resources through web-based
interfaces or portals, facilitating direct interaction with the cloud
environment.
Managed Service:

Cloud providers handle maintenance, updates, and security of the

underlying infrastructure, relieving users of operational responsibilities.
Ubiquitous Access:

Cloud services can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection,

promoting accessibility and mobility.
Multi-Tenancy:

Multiple users or organizations share the same infrastructure, with each

having secure and isolated access to their respective resources.
 Cloud Models
Cloud models represent different service and deployment models that define the structure and
delivery of these services.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS),
Software as a Service (SaaS),
and various deployment models.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
•Definition: IaaS is like renting a virtualized data center in the cloud. It provides essential
computing resources, such as virtual machines, storage, and networking, as on-demand services.
•Characteristics:
• Users maintain control over the operating system and applications, offering a high level
of customization.
• Resources are scalable, allowing users to increase or decrease their computing power as
needed.
• Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines.
+----------------------+ •Cloud User: This represents an individual or an organization
| Cloud User | that requires computing resources. They connect to the cloud
+----------------------+
| service to request and use these resources.
| Requests •Cloud Service (IaaS Provider): This is the infrastructure as a
v service provider, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) or
+----------------------+ Microsoft Azure. They offer virtualized computing resources
| Cloud Service |
| (IaaS Provider) |
over the internet.
+----------------------+ •Virtualized Servers (Virtual Machines): These are virtual
| machines provided by the IaaS provider. Users can deploy and
| Provides manage these virtual servers as if they were physical servers.
v They have control over the operating system and applications
+---------------------------+ +----------------------+
| Virtualized Servers | | Storage | running on these virtual machines.
| (Virtual Machines) | | | •Operating Systems and Applications: These are the software
+---------------------------+ +----------------------+ components running on the virtualized servers. Users can install
| | and configure their preferred operating systems and applications
| Manages | Stores
v v
based on their requirements.
+-------------------------+ +----------------------+ •Storage: This represents the storage services provided by the
| Operating Systems| | Data and Files | IaaS provider. Users can store data and files in the cloud storage,
| and Applications | | | which is accessible from their virtual machines.
+-------------------------+ +----------------------+
IaaS allows users to rent virtualized computing resources,
including virtual servers and storage, from a cloud service
provider. Users have control over the software stack running on
these virtual machines, enabling flexibility and scalability
without the need to invest in physical hardware.
Platform as a Service (PaaS):
•Definition: PaaS is a cloud model designed for developers, providing
a platform to build, deploy, and manage applications without worrying
about the underlying infrastructure.
•Characteristics:
• Developers can focus on coding without managing servers,
streamlining the development process.
• Automated deployment and maintenance processes enhance
efficiency.
• Examples: Google App Engine, Heroku.
•PaaS (Platform as a Service): The overarching platform
that provides a comprehensive environment for developing, +-------------------------------------------+
testing, and deploying applications. | PaaS |
| |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
•Application Layer: This is where the actual applications | | Application Layer | |
reside, developed and deployed by users. | +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
•Middleware & Runtime: Provides the necessary runtime | | Middleware & Runtime | |
environment and middleware services, such as databases, | +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
messaging systems, and application hosting. | +-------------------------------------+ |
| | Development Frameworks | |
•Development Frameworks: Tools and frameworks that | +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
developers use to build and customize applications. This layer | +-------------------------------------+ |
simplifies the development process. | | Infrastructure | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
•Infrastructure: The underlying hardware and network +-------------------------------------------+
infrastructure that supports the entire PaaS environment.
Users don't need to manage this; it's abstracted away.
Software as a Service (SaaS):
•Definition: SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a
subscription basis. It allows users to access applications through web
browsers without the need for local installations.
•Characteristics:
• Centralized software management reduces the burden of updates and
maintenance for end-users.
• Accessibility from any location with an internet connection promotes
flexibility.
• Examples include Microsoft 365, Salesforce, and Google Workspace.
+-------------------------------------------+
| SaaS |
| |
•SaaS (Software as a Service): The top-level layer
| +-------------------------------------+ | representing the software applications delivered as a service.
| | Applications | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
•Applications: The actual software applications provided to
| +-------------------------------------+ | end-users over the internet.
| | User Interface | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
•User Interface: The part of the application that users
| +-------------------------------------+ | interact with, including the graphical user interface (GUI).
| | Application Logic | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
| |
•Application Logic: The backend processes and logic that
| +-------------------------------------+ | drive the functionality of the software.
| | Data Storage & | |
| | Management | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
•Data Storage & Management: Where data is stored and
| | managed, including databases and data processing services.
+-------------------------------------------+
Deployment Models:
•Public Cloud:
• Resources are owned and operated by third-party cloud
service providers, shared among multiple organizations.
• Provides cost efficiency, scalability, and accessibility over
the internet.
• Examples: AWS, Azure, Google Cloud Platform.
Private Cloud:
•Resources are dedicated to a single organization, either on-premises
or hosted by a third party.
•Offers greater control over security and customization.
•Examples: VMware, OpenStack.
Hybrid Cloud:
•Combines elements of both public and private clouds, offering
flexibility and data/application portability.
•Enables organizations to optimize their resources based on specific
needs.
•Examples include AWS Outposts, Azure Hybrid Cloud.
Software as a Service (SaaS):
Example: Google Workspace (formerly G Suite), Microsoft Office 365
+-----------------------------------------+
| Google Data Centers | 1.Google Data Centers house Google's infrastructure, including
+---------------------+-------------------+ servers and networking equipment, hosting various services like
| Google Workspace.
+---------------------+-------------------------+ 2.Google Workspace provides productivity tools like Gmail,
| Google Workspace | Drive, Docs, Sheets, and Slides, managed in Google's data
| (Formerly G Suite / Google Apps) | centers.
+---------------------+-------------------------+
3.Users access Google Workspace via web browsers or mobile
|
+-------------+ +---------------+-------------------------+
apps on devices like computers, laptops, tablets, or smartphones.
| User's | <--- | Web Browser / | 4.Interaction with Google Workspace occurs through web
| Devices | | Mobile App | browsers or mobile apps like Chrome, Firefox, or iOS/Android
+-------------+ +---------------+-------------------------+ browsers.
| 5.The Internet connects users' devices to Google's data centers,
+---------------------+----------------+ enabling communication with Google Workspace services.
| Internet | 6.Google Workspace is utilized by businesses, educational
+---------------------+----------------+ institutions, and organizations for collaboration and
|
communication purposes.
+---------------------+----------------+
| User's Organization |
+---------------------+----------------+
Platform as a Service (PaaS):
•Example: Heroku, Google App Engine
•Heroku Platform: This represents the cloud platform
+-------------------------------------+
| Heroku Platform | provided by Heroku where applications are deployed
+-----------------+-------------------+ and managed.
|
•Dynos (Containers): Heroku uses lightweight
+---------------------+-------------------+
| Dynos (Containers) | containers called Dynos to run applications. Each Dyno
+---------------------+-------------------+ is an isolated, virtualized Linux container that hosts an
|
application process.
+-------------+ |
| Developer| | •Developer (User): This is the developer or user who
| (User) | | interacts with Heroku to deploy, manage, and scale their
+-------------+ |
applications.
|
+-----------------+-------------------+ •Internet: The internet connects the developer's local
| Internet | environment to Heroku's platform, allowing for
+-------------------------------------+
deployment and access to the deployed applications.
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
•Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure
+-------------------------------------------------------+ 1.AWS Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
| AWS Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) |
+------------------------+------------------------------+ Users access computing resources via the
| internet without managing physical hardware.
+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------+ 2.Virtual Servers (EC2): EC2 instances offer
| Virtual Servers |
| - EC2 instances provide scalable computing power | scalable computing power, allowing users to
| - Users can launch, manage, and terminate instances | launch, manage, and terminate virtual servers.
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 3.Storage: AWS provides storage options like
|
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ S3 for object storage, EBS for block storage,
| Storage | and EFS for file storage, offering scalability
| - S3, EBS, and EFS offer scalable and flexible storage | and flexibility.
| - Users can store and retrieve data as needed |
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 4.Networking: AWS offers services such as
| VPC for isolated networks, Route 53 for DNS
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ management, and CloudFront for content
| Networking |
| - VPC, Route 53, and CloudFront manage network resources | delivery, enabling users to configure networks
| - Users can configure networks and DNS settings | and DNS settings as needed.
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
 Cloud computing for government

• Cloud computing can play

significant role for improving the
efficiency and transparency of government
operations.
• Cloud-based e-Governance
systems can improve delivery of services
to citizens, business, government
employees and agencies, etc. and also
improve the participation of all responsible
parties in various government schemes and
policy formation processes.

• Public services such as public transport reservations, vehicle registrations, issuing of

driving licenses, income tax filing, electricity and water bill payments, birth or marriage
registration, etc. can be facilitated through cloud-based applications.
 Cloud computing for government
The benefit of using cloud for
such public service
applications is that the
applications can be scaled up
to serve a very large number of
citizens.
• Cloud-based
applications can share
common data related to
citizens.
• Data on utilization of
government schemes can be
collected from the citizens and
used in the policy formation
process and improvement of
schemes.
Cloud Computing for Healthcare
Hospital

Cloud Provider
Patient Portal/Application

Healthcare Applications Cloud Storage & Data Centers

(Electronic Health Record (Patient Records, Medical
Systems, Telemedicine Images, Lab Results, etc.)
Platforms, etc.)
Doctor's Portal/Application

Security & Compliance

Services (HIPAA Compliance,
Data Encryption,Access
Controls, etc.)

Specialist's Portal/Application

pharmacies Diagnostic
Lab Public/private cloud
Cloud Provider: Company offering tailored cloud services for healthcare.
Healthcare Applications: Specialized software like EHR, telemedicine, and
billing systems running on cloud infrastructure.
Cloud Storage & Data Centers: Scalable storage for secure management of
patient records, medical images, and lab results.
Security & Compliance Services: Cloud provider ensures HIPAA (Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) compliance with encryption,
access controls, audits, and monitoring.
Patient Portal/Application: Allows patients to view medical records, schedule
appointments, and communicate with healthcare providers.
Doctor's Portal/Application: Designed for healthcare professionals to access
patient records, review diagnostic reports, and communicate with patients.
Specialist's Portal/Application: Tailored for specialists to access specific
patient data and diagnostic tools related to their expertise.
•Energy systems utilize
thousands of sensors for real-
time maintenance data
collection to monitor
conditions and predict
failures.
•Critical components within
energy systems, such as
bearings in wind turbines,
require careful monitoring to
prevent failures. Cloud Computing for Energy System
•Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) collect real-time data in power grids for system state
estimation and failure prediction.
•Maintenance and repair of complex energy systems are costly and time-consuming, with
failures leading to significant losses and supply outages for consumers.
Cloud Computing for Education
•Cloud computing facilitates broader
access to quality online education
through collaboration tools and
information management systems.
•Universities, colleges, and schools
utilize cloud-based applications for
admissions, administrative tasks,
online/distance education, exams,
student progress tracking, and feedback
collection.
•Cloud-based online learning systems
offer high-quality educational resources
to students while reducing IT
infrastructure costs for educational
institutions.
Cloud Computing for Transportation Systems
• Modern Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) rely on data from
various sources for providing advanced services like route guidance and
dynamic vehicle routing.
• Challenges in data collection and organization for ITS arise due to the
large size of databases and the lack of real-time analysis tools.
• Recent advancements in massive-scale data processing systems offer a
promising solution for storage and analysis of large volumes of data in
ITS.
Cloud computing for manufacturing industry:

• Industrial Control Systems (ICS) like supervisory control and data acquisition
SCADA, DCS distributed control systems, and PLCs Programmable Logic
Controllers generate continuous monitoring and control data.
• Cloud-based real-time collection, management, and analysis of ICS data
enhance system state estimation, plant and personnel safety, and prevent
catastrophic failures.
VIRTUALIZATION

•Virtualization partitions physical system

resources into multiple virtual resources, key
to cloud computing.

•Cloud computing utilizes resource pooling

via multi-tenancy, enabling multiple users to
share physical hardware.

•Virtualization technology in cloud

architecture partitions physical resources
into virtual machines, allowing multiple
operating system(OS) instances on the same
hardware.
Hypervisor
•The virtualization layer includes a
hypervisor or virtual machine monitor
(VMM), presenting a virtual platform to
guest OS.
•Type-1 hypervisors run directly on host
hardware, controlling hardware and
monitoring guest OS.
•Type-2 hypervisors run on conventional
OS, monitoring guest OS atop it.

Guest OS
• A guest OS is installed within a virtual
machine alongside the host OS in
virtualization setups.
• Multiple guest OS instances can vary in
virtualization environments.
Full Virtualization:

•Full virtualization separates the

guest OS entirely from the
underlying hardware, requiring no
modification.

•The guest OS operates unaware

of virtualization, facilitated by
direct execution and binary
translation.
Para-Virtualization:

• Para-virtualization modifies the guest

OS to enhance performance by
enabling communication with the
hypervisor.

• It involves replacing non-virtualizable

instructions with hypercalls for direct
communication with the virtualization
layer hypervisor.
Hardware Virtualization

• Hardware-assisted virtualization, like Intel's VT-x and AMD's AMD-V,

automatically traps privileged calls to the hypervisor, eliminating the need
for binary translation or para-virtualization.

• It utilizes hardware features to enhance virtualization performance and

efficiency.
Load balancing:
• Load balancing in cloud computing is a crucial technique used to distribute incoming
network traffic or computing workloads across multiple servers, virtual machines, or
resources to ensure optimal resource utilization, minimize response time, and prevent
overload on any single resource.
• This helps in enhancing the performance, reliability, and scalability of cloud-based
applications and services.
 a. Round Robin

In round robin load

balancing, the servers are
selected one by one to
serve the incoming
requests in a non-
hierarchical circular
fashion with no priority
assigned to a specific
server.

b. Weighted Round Robin:

In weighted round robin load balancing, severs are assigned some weights. The
incoming requests are proportionally routed using a static or dynamic ratio of
respective weights.
c. Low Latency:
In low latency load balancing the load
balancer monitors the latency of each server.
Each incoming request is routed to the
server which has the lowest latency.

d. Least Connections:
In least connections load balancing, the incoming requests are routed to the server with the least
number of connections.
e. Priority:
In priority load balancing, each server is assigned a
priority. The incoming traffic is routed to the highest
priority server as long as the server is available. When
the highest priority server fails, the incoming traffic is
routed to a server with a lower priority.

f. Overflow:
Overflow load balancing is similar to priority load
balancing. When the incoming requests to highest
priority server overflow, the requests are routed to a
lower priority server.
Scalability and Elasticity

1.Scalability:
 Definition: Scalability is the ability of a system to handle
an increasing amount of work or a growing number of
users by adding resources (e.g., servers, storage, or
network capacity) to the existing infrastructure.
Types of Scalability:
 Vertical Scalability: This involves increasing the capacity of
existing resources (e.g., upgrading CPU, RAM) within a single
server or virtual machine.
• Horizontal Scalability: Also known as "scaling out," it involves
adding more machines or instances to a system, typically in a
distributed or clustered fashion.
Benefits of Scalability:
• Improved performance and responsiveness during high traffic
periods.
• Cost optimization by matching resource allocation to actual
demand.
• Enhanced fault tolerance and reliability through redundancy.
Elasticity:
 Definition: Elasticity is a subset of scalability and refers to the automatic or
dynamic allocation and deallocation of resources in response to changing
workload demands. It ensures that resources are available when needed and
released when no longer necessary.
Characteristics of Elasticity:
 Automatic Resource Management: Cloud platforms use auto-scaling policies to add
or remove resources based on predefined conditions (e.g., CPU utilization, network
traffic).
 Real-time Responsiveness: Elastic systems react quickly to changes in demand,
often within seconds.
 Pay-as-You-Go: Elasticity aligns with the pay-as-you-go pricing model, allowing
organizations to minimize costs during periods of lower demand.
Benefits of Elasticity:
• Efficient resource utilization, reducing operational
costs.
• Maintains optimal performance under varying
workloads.
• Simplifies resource management and minimizes
manual intervention.
Deployment

• Deployment prototyping aids in architecture design choices by comparing performance

of alternative architectures.
• It facilitates selection of the most effective and cost-efficient deployment architecture
meeting application performance needs.
 Deployment Design

• Application deployment involves creating tiers according to configuration,

specifying server numbers, capacities, interconnections, load balancing, and
replication strategies.
• Cloud resources are provisioned and deployed based on configuration, often
automated, involving steps like launching server instances, configuring servers,
and deploying application tiers.
Performance Evaluation
• After deployment, the application's performance is verified by monitoring workload and
measuring response time, throughput, and server utilization.

• Monitoring includes assessing CPU, memory, disk, and I/O usage across application tiers
to ensure performance requirements are met.
Deployment Refinement:
• Deployment refinements are made based on
performance evaluation, utilizing methods like
vertical scaling, horizontal scaling, and alternative
load balancing strategies.
• Various alternatives such as adjusting server
interconnections and replication strategies are
explored to ensure the application meets
performance requirements.
Replication
Replication is used to create and maintain multiple copies of
the data in the cloud. Replication of data is important for
practical reasons such as business continuity and disaster
recovery. In the event of data loss at the primary location,
organizations can continue to operate their from secondary
data sources. With real-time replication of data, organizations
can achieve faster recovery from failures.
 Array-based Replication:
 Array-based replication uses compatible storage arrays to automatically copy data from a local storage array
to a remote storage array.
 Thus array-based replication can work in heterogeneous environments with different operating systems.
 Array-based replication uses Network Attached Storage (NAS) or Storage Area Network (SAN), to replicate.
 A drawback of this array-based replication is that it requires similar arrays at local and remote locations.
 Thus the costs for setting up array-based replication are higher than the other approaches.
 Network-based Replication

 Network-based replication uses an appliance that sits on the network and intercepts packets
that are sent from hosts and storage arrays.
 The intercepted packets are replicated to a secondary location.
 The benefits of this approach is that it supports heterogeneous environments and requires a
single point of management.
 However, this approach involves higher initial costs due to replication hardware and
software.
 Host-based Replication
 Host-based replication runs on standard servers and uses software to transfer data from a
local to remote location.
 The host acts the replication control mechanism.
 An agent is installed on the hosts that communicates with the agents on the other hosts.
 Host-based replication can either be block-based or file-based.
 Block-based replication typically require dedicated volumes of the same size on both the
local and remote servers.
 File-based replication requires less storage as compared to block-based storage.
 File-based replication gives additional allows the administrators to choose the files or
folders to be replicated.
Monitoring
Cloud resources can be monitored by monitoring services provided by the cloud service
providers. Monitoring services allow cloud users to collect and analyze the data on various
monitoring metrics.

 A monitoring service collects

data on various system and
application metrics from the
cloud computing instances.
 Monitoring services provide
various pre-defined metrics.
 Users can also define their
custom metrics for monitoring
the cloud resources.
 Users can define various actions
based on the monitoring data.
 for example, auto-scaling a cloud deployment when the CPU usage of monitored resources
becomes high.
 Monitoring services also provide various statistics based on the monitoring data collected.

 Monitoring of cloud resources is important

because it allows the users to keep track of
the health of applications and services
deployed in the cloud.
 For example, an organization which has its
website hosted in the cloud can monitor the
performance of the websit and also the
website traffic.
 With the monitoring data available at run-
time users can make operational decisions Table lists the commonly used monitoring metrics
such as scaling up or scaling down cloud for cloud computing resources.
resources
 Software-Defined Networking (SDN):
• Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an innovative networking architecture that separates the control and
management functions of a network from the underlying hardware infrastructure.
• This separation allows network administrators to programmatically control and manage network resources using
software applications, making the network more flexible, adaptable, and easier to manage.
• In essence, SDN decouples the control plane (network intelligence) from the data plane (the forwarding of network
traffic), enabling centralized control and dynamic configuration of network devices.
How Software-Defined Networking (SDN) works:
1. Control Plane and Data Plane Separation: SDN separates the control plane (deciding
how data should be forwarded) from the data plane (actually forwarding data packets). This
separation is a fundamental concept.
2. SDN Controller: At the core of SDN is the SDN controller. It's a centralized software
component that acts as the brain of the network. The controller communicates with all network
devices.
3. Network Devices: These include switches, routers, and other networking equipment. In
SDN, these devices are simplified to focus on data forwarding. They no longer make
independent routing decisions.
4. Southbound APIs: These are interfaces that allow the SDN controller to communicate with
network devices in the data plane. The most common protocol used is OpenFlow, but other
APIs can be used as well.
5. SDN Applications: SDN applications run on top of the controller. Network administrators
use these applications to define network policies, manage traffic, and set rules.
Here's a simplified step-by-step process of how SDN works:
- A data packet enters the network and reaches a network device, such as a switch.
- Instead of making a routing decision locally, the switch sends information about the
packet to the SDN controller via a southbound API.
- The SDN controller, based on predefined policies and network conditions, makes a
decision on how to handle the packet.
- The controller sends instructions back to the switch, specifying how the packet
should be forwarded.
- The switch, now equipped with instructions from the controller, forwards the packet
according to the new rules.
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a technology and architectural framework
used in the telecommunications industry and network management to virtualize and
consolidate network services that traditionally rely on dedicated hardware appliances.
1.Virtual Network Functions (VNFs): These are software-based versions of traditional
network functions that can run on virtualized infrastructure. Examples of VNFs include
firewalls, routers, load balancers, intrusion detection systems, and WAN accelerators.
2.NFV Infrastructure (NFVI): The NFVI provides the necessary hardware resources for
hosting VNFs. It includes servers, storage, and network resources such as virtual switches
and routers. These resources are often managed using virtualization technologies like
hypervisors (e.g., VMware, KVM) or containers (e.g., Docker).
3.NFV Orchestrator: The NFV Orchestrator is responsible for managing the lifecycle of
VNFs and the allocation of resources in the NFVI. It coordinates the instantiation, scaling,
and termination of VNF instances as needed to meet service requirements.
4.Virtualized Network Functions Manager (VNFM): The VNFM is responsible for
managing the lifecycle of individual VNF instances. It handles tasks like VNF instantiation,
scaling, monitoring, and fault recovery.
5.Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM): The VIM manages the NFVI resources and
interfaces with the VNFM and NFV Orchestrator to allocate resources to VNFs as required.
Benefits of NFV include:

•Cost Reduction: NFV eliminates the need for dedicated hardware appliances,
reducing capital and operational expenses.
•Scalability: VNFs can be dynamically scaled up or down based on network
traffic and service demand.
•Flexibility: NFV allows network operators to deploy and manage network
services more flexibly, adapting to changing requirements and market conditions.
•Faster Service Deployment: Virtualized network functions can be provisioned
and deployed more quickly than traditional hardware-based solutions.
•Vendor Neutrality: NFV encourages interoperability and vendor-neutral
solutions, making it easier for network operators to choose best-of-breed
components.
MapReduce
The MapReduce model simplifies the process of parallelizing and distributing data
processing tasks, allowing developers and data engineers to work with large datasets
without worrying about the complexities of distributed computing. The model consists
of two primary phases:
1.Map Phase:
1. Input data is divided into smaller chunks or splits.
2. A "Map" function is applied to each split independently in parallel.
3. The Map function processes the input data and produces intermediate key-value pairs.
4. These intermediate key-value pairs are typically sorted and grouped by key.
2.Reduce Phase:
1. A "Reduce" function is applied to each unique key in parallel.
2. The Reduce function takes a set of intermediate key-value pairs with the same key and
performs any desired aggregation or computation.
3. The final output is generated by the Reduce function and typically consists of key-
value pairs.
MapReduce provides several key benefits:

1. Scalability: MapReduce scales horizontally, allowing it to process

large volumes of data by adding more machines to the cluster.

2. Fault Tolerance: It handles machine failures by reassigning tasks to

other available nodes, ensuring the overall job completion.

3. Simplified Parallel Processing: Developers can focus on writing the

Map and Reduce functions, while the framework takes care of the
parallelization, data distribution, and fault tolerance.

4. Data Locality: MapReduce tries to process data on the same node

where it resides, minimizing data transfer overhead.
IDENTITY AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT
IAM Service
• [IAM Service]: Represents the core IAM
service, which manages user identities, roles,
permissions, and policies.
Users Roles

• [Users]: These represent individual user

accounts. Users are entities that require access to Permissions Policies
resources within the system.
• [Roles]: Roles define a set of permissions that can be assigned to users. Users can be
associated with roles to grant them specific access rights.

• [Permissions]: Permissions represent the specific actions or operations that users or roles
can perform on resources. They define what users are allowed or denied to do.

• [Policies]: Policies are sets of rules and permissions that determine who can access
specific resources and what actions they can perform. Policies are often attached to roles
or users to control access.
IAM services in cloud computing provide the framework for defining and managing user
identities, roles, permissions, and policies within a cloud environment

1.User Authentication: IAM services enable organizations to authenticate users who want
to access cloud resources. This typically involves username/password authentication or the
use of multi-factor authentication (MFA) for added security.
2.User Identity Management: Cloud IAM allows administrators to create, manage, and
delete user accounts. It also provides capabilities for defining user attributes and storing
user information.
3.Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): IAM services enable organizations to define roles
and assign permissions to those roles. Users or groups can then be associated with roles,
making it easier to manage access control at scale. RBAC simplifies permission
management and reduces the risk of unauthorized access.
4.Fine-Grained Access Control: Cloud IAM often provides fine-grained control over
permissions. This means you can specify exactly which actions users or roles can perform
on specific resources, such as read, write, or delete access.
5.Policy Management: Policies define what actions are allowed or denied for specific
6. Auditing and Monitoring: IAM services often include auditing and monitoring capabilities.
You can track who accessed resources, what actions were performed, and when they occurred.
This is crucial for security and compliance purposes.
7.Temporary Access: Cloud IAM services often support the concept of temporary or time-
bound access. This is useful for granting temporary permissions to users or services when
needed.
8.Integration with Other Services: IAM services are tightly integrated with other cloud
services. They can work in conjunction with services like Virtual Private Cloud (VPC),
databases, storage, and more to ensure secure access to resources.
9.Identity Federation: Many cloud providers support identity federation, allowing you to
integrate your on-premises identity systems with cloud IAM. This enables single sign-on (SSO)
and centralized identity management.
10.Compliance and Security: IAM services help organizations meet compliance requirements
by ensuring that access control policies align with regulatory standards. They also enhance
security by reducing the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches.
SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS
Service Level Agreements (SLAs) in cloud computing are formal agreements between a
cloud service provider (CSP) and its customers, specifying the level of service,
performance, and availability that the customer can expect from the cloud services.
SLAs are essential for establishing clear expectations, responsibilities, and consequences in
case the agreed-upon service levels are not met.
 BILLING
1.Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG): Elastic pricing
1. Description: With PAYG, customers are charged based on their actual usage of cloud
resources. They pay for the computing power, storage, data transfer, and other resources they
consume, typically on an hourly or per-minute basis.
2. Use Case: PAYG is suitable for businesses with fluctuating workloads or for testing and
development environments where resource needs vary.
2.Reserved Instances (RIs): Fixed pricing
1. Description: RIs allow customers to reserve cloud resources (e.g., virtual machines) for a fixed
period, usually one to three years, at a significantly reduced cost compared to PAYG rates.
2. Use Case: RIs are cost-effective for stable, predictable workloads with long-term resource
requirements.
3.Spot Instances: Spot pricing
1. Description: Spot Instances enable customers to bid on unused cloud resources, and they are
granted access to those resources when their bid exceeds the current spot price. Prices for spot
instances are typically lower than PAYG rates.
2. Use Case: Spot Instances are suitable for workloads that can tolerate interruptions and are
cost-sensitive.