PLUMBNG WORKS

PLUMBING WORKS:

-refers to installing, repairing, and maintaining pipes, fixtures, and other systems used for water
distribution and sewage disposal in buildings.

It involves a variety of tasks, from simple repairs like fixing leaky faucets to complex projects like
designing and installing a new plumbing system.

Plumbing is a complex system designed to bring fresh water into a home, distribute it to various fixtures,
and remove wastewater efficiently. Plumbing work also includes designing, installing, altering,
constructing, reconstructing, or repairing plumbing, gas, and drainage systems.
 TYPES OF PLUMBING SYSTEMS

• Water Supply System

 A water supply system is a system of facilities and components that provide water for various
purposes.

 It usually involves the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water.

 Water supply systems can use different sources of water, such as wells, reservoirs, canals, aqueducts,
and rivers.  Water supply systems are essential for human health, sanitation, agriculture, industry, and
firefighting.

• Sewer System/Waste Water System

 A sewer system is an infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff using sewers.

• Storm Drainage System

 Storm drainage refers to systems designed to direct and dispose of stormwater from impervious
surfaces.

 These systems prevent water accumulation and help avoid problems like flooding, erosion, and
structural damage.

TYPES OF PIPES

• Galvanized iron pipes

Galvanized steel is rigid, corrosion resistant steel piping that was used
for decades for drainage, water supply, gas supply, and several other
purposes. While galvanized steel pipes are still around (particularly for gas
supply), it is far less common and not used for water supply in new
construction or remodel projects. While it has good durability, it's also
pricey to install. Each end of the pipe is threaded, and individual pipes are
screwed into each other with connecting fittings.

Use for: Use galvanized steel pipe for water supply lines, drain, and vent lines. For most homeowners,
galvanized pipe will mainly be found in the form of gas supply lines. Though once commonly used for sinks,
showers, tubs, and other fixtures, galvanized pipe still can be used in this manner, if local plumbing codes
permit.

• ABS PIPE (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)

Made of a thermoplastic resin and looks very much like PVC pipe except
it is black and slightly softer. It's mainly used as a vent and drain line.

This pipe is durable, though sun exposure can warp and degrade it, and
it's a cost-effective choice. But like PVC, it isn't accepted by building codes
everywhere.

Use for: Use ABS pipe for both indoor or outdoor plumbing, but when it is
used indoors restrict the pipe to drain, waste, and vent applications.

• PVC PIPE (PolyVinyl Chloride)

Plastic pipe material initially gained popularity because it was lighter and
easier to work with than traditional galvanized steel pipe. It's also inexpensive
and fairly durable. PVC pipe is moderately easy to install and requires little
more than a hacksaw and a miter box to cut. It glues together with solvents.

Use for: PVC pipe and fittings are not rated for highly pressurized
applications. Since building codes limit PVC pipe to drain, waste, and vent
applications, use PVC pipe for drainage and vent lines within the house. PVC
pipe is commonly used for below-ground exterior irrigation water supply.

• PPR PIPE (Polypropylene Random Copolymer)

PPR is a straight and unbending cylindrical-shaped pipe produced using

Polypropylene Random Copolymer plastic, delivered through a nonstop
expulsion process. They are generally presented in green or white shades.
If we talk about the outer thickness of these pipes, the outer diameter is far
thicker than PVC pipes.

PPR Pipes are known for several characteristics. However, their most
common trait is that they can be used in the construction of cold and hot
water systems. Apart from this, its properties of it incorporate lightweight development, erosion
opposition, and simple joining and cutting. Generally, these pipes are used in oil and gas exploration and
water pipelines.

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

WASTE WATER AND STORM DRAIN SYSTEM
 TEST FOR PIPE INTEGRITY

SMOKE TEST

• A plumbing smoke test for leak detection or identifying sources of odor involves pushing artificial smoke
through your drainpipes and sewage systems. This smoke then travels through those pipes and wherever
there are cracks or issues in these pipes, smoke will come out. This non-invasive approach reveals
plumbing issues such as leaks, cracks, loose fittings, and other plumbing problems.

SURFACE PREPARATION

• Hydrostatic or Hydraulic Pressure Testing is a non-destructive test used to prove the integrity of a
hydraulic pipework system or vessel, ensuring no leaks or pressure loss.

• This non-destructive testing method uses a medium of water introduced to the system before being
pressurized via a hand pump to a calculated or specified pressure.
 ELECTRICAL WORKS

Electrical Works

Electrical works refer to installing any wiring, cable, conduit, trucking, isolators, switch socket outlets,
power switches or any other fittings for transmission of electricity for lighting, heating, cooling or other
similar purposes in a building.

High power is necessary for all the electrical equipment used on a construction site, such as heavy-duty
machinery and the complex network of electrical installations. This network can be interlinked or
standalone.
 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Lighting System

Electric lighting is the artificial illumination produced by electrical

sources. It revolutionized indoor and outdoor spaces by replacing
traditional methods like candles and gas lamps.

Power Distribution System

A network of components that deliver and use electricity in a household. It

consists of incoming power lines, an electric meter, a service panel, subpanels,
household wiring, electrical boxes, receptacles, switches, appliances, lights,
and equipment.

HVAC

Manages the heating, ventilation and air conditioning needs of a building.

Electrical components include motors, fans, thermostats and control

systems.

Ensures optimal indoor comfort and air quality.

Auxiliary/Data Cabling

Supports communication infrastructure within the building.

Includes wiring, outlets, and equipment for telephone, internet, and

networking.

Facilities connectivity and data transfer for various applications and devices.

TYPES OF PIPES USE IN ELECTRICAL WORKS

PVC Pipes
PVC is a man-made hydrocarbon polymer and is widely used in pipe
manufacturing.

PVC pipes are durable, able to withstand water pressure, and easy to
fix if they leak.

PVC pipe is made from the thermoplastic material polyvinyl chloride.

PVC pipes are used due to their low cost, lightweight, and corrosion resistance.

RSC Pipes

Rigid Steel Conduit (RSC) is a type of electrical conduit made of galvanized steel,
designed for use in commercial and industrial applications. It is known for its
durability and resistance to corrosion.

IMC Pipes

IMC pipes Intermediate Metal Conduit are rigid steel conduits designed to
provide a protective pathway for conductors. They are an alternative to rigid
metal conduit (RSC) and weigh about one-third less. IMC pipes are used to protect
wiring from mechanical damage and environmental elements. They can be
installed either exposed or concealed, indoors or outdoors.

EMT Pipes

Electric Metallic Tubing is a type of conduit pipe used in electrical installations.

It is made of coated steel and aluminum and is chosen for its affordability and
flexibility. EMT is commonly referred to as a thin-wall conduit.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
 TEST FOR WIRES AND PIPES INTEGRITY

CONTINUITY TEST

-Testing of an electrical circuit to determine if the current can pass through it (known as a close or
complete circuit). In a continuity test, a small voltage is applied to the two points of the circuit that needs
to be checked.

MEGGER TEST

-Megger test is a method of testing the electrical insulation of a wire or a machine. It uses an
insulation tester resistance meter that applies ahigh-voltage DC potential to the insulation system and
measures the resulting current flow.

ARCHITECTURAL WORKS
 Architecture

Finishes

 While building houses it is important to take care of the exterior as well as the interior of the
building as occupants encourage having beautiful surroundings to enlighten their home. Along with wall
finishes many occupants also refer to various floor finishes to increase the aesthetics of their home. Floor
finishes are the upper part of the concrete slabs mainly covering the floors. Choosing the right kind of
flooring is essential to know which floor is preferable in what type of weather conditions.

TYPES OF FINISHES IN CONSTRUCTION

Hardwood/Engineering Wood

Hardwood mostly comes in solid planks but can also be in smaller pieces
like boards and parquet.

Engineered wood, on the other hand, is manufactured high-quality

plywood topped with a thin layer of veneer hardwood.
Concrete

With the popularity of modern industrial style interiors, concrete or

cement flooring has become a go-to option when it comes to finalizing
the floor finish in a space.

Laminates

The composition of laminated flooring consists of a clear coat with a

photographic appliqué with melamine resin and fiberboard core. It
often simulates wood and comes in various sizes and shapes.
Resilient Finish

Resilient finishes refer to finishing materials that are engineered for

comfort, flexibility, and durability. These finishes are made from elastic
materials, providing firmness and durability.
Tile

Known to be one of the most popular finishes, tiles are used most
especially in (but not limited to) kitchen and bathroom floors. Tiles are made
from sand and other natural materials, and they can come in glazed and
unglazed qualities. These pieces are often installed using tile grout applied in
between the gaps of the tiles.

Paint

A finish with paint’s texture after it dries, and how much light it reflects off
the wall. These can both impact the way you perceive the color (and can
accentuate or hide imperfections in the finish).
 POINTERS: FINISHES
SURFACE PREPARATION
Step 1: Assess Material Type and Condition
• Understand the specific type of material you’re working with and assess its
current condition. How much surface preparation will be warranted? This is also the
time to clarify the end goal of the project and what type of coating (paint, sealant,
etc.) will be used, as the requirements of such can impact the type and
thoroughness of surface preparation.
Step 2: Identify Requirements from the Society for Protective Coatings
• Yes, there’s a Society for Protective Coatings. This is a professional
association that publishes widely used industry standards for surface preparation,
coating selection, application, contractor certification, and testing. Refer to the
Society for Protective Coatings to double check which specific surface preparation
steps are required for your material before getting started.

Step 3: Clear the Surface of Small Particles

• Using a finishing method like abrasive blasting or barrel or vibratory tumbling,
remove any dust particles, rust, dirt, or grease from the surface if present. Make
sure that the surface is completely dry before moving on to the next steps.
Step 4: Clear the Surface of Larger Debris
• If your material has peeling paint chips, significant surface abnormalities, or
significant build-up, clear it using a more involved removal method like abrasive
blast cleaning. This is also a good choice for cleaning materials made of steel or
masonry.
Step 5: Determine Correct Roughness
• What surface roughness measurement does your project call for? Make sure that
your cleaned surface still matches the desired surface roughness. Surface
roughness can be measured with both contact and non-contact methods. It’s
important to work with the correct surface roughness because such impacts how
well a coating bonds to a surface.
Step 6: Apply a Finishing Method
• A finishing method may be needed for things like correcting surface roughness,
polishing a surface, and improving material durability. Finishing methods can vary
greatly from material to material and should be specified in the contract of a project
from the outset.

Step 7: Ensure Shape and Dimension

•Shape can be altered slightly as a result of surface preparation techniques (for
example, when blasting a specific for too long, it can cause warping). Before you
apply your coating, double-check that your shape and dimensions are on point.

Step 8: Prepare for Coating

• Make sure your surface is completely dry following your cleaning and finishing
techniques. If you’re working with steel, look for any potential spot rusting. You may
need to apply a dry conditioner at the outset to prevent this from happening.
Otherwise, if rust does re-appear, you’ll need to refinish it. If your dry surface is
rust, dust, and particle-free, it’s probably time to coat!

ANG GANDA NI KIMMMMM!!!!!!!!!