Conjunction

Conjunction
• A word or group of words joining 2 or more words, phrases, clauses and
sentences.
1. Ram and Shyam will come.
Words
2. People’s ignorance and population explosion are two inter - related
problems.
Phrases
3. She said that she would come .
Clauses

Some Common Conjunctions

1. And
2. As well as
3. Otherwise, or else
4. So, hence
5. Therefore,
6. Either.....or
7. Consequently
8. Both.... and
9. Neither... nor
10. Too....to
Some Common Conjunctions
11. While
12. Because
13. As.... ,
14. Lest......should
15. So....that
16. As........as
17. So.......as
18. As...........so
19. Whether......or
20. But

Some Common Conjunctions

21. As soon as
22. No sooner.......than
23. Or............
24. Scarcely.......when
25. Not only........but also
26. Hardly.........when
27. Where
28. Wherever
29. When
30. Whenever
Some Common Conjunctions
31. Until/Unless....
32. Such.....that
33. If
34. Provided
35. As if
36. Though
37. Although
38. Whereas
39. Nevertheless
40. As though
41. As far as

Types of Conjunctions
Co - ordinating Conjunction
1. He read the notes and returned it to me.
2. He came to meet me, but I was not at home.
3. She worked hard yet she failed.
• When Co - ordinating Conjunctions ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘yet’ add 2 sentences that have
meanings individually
• And, If divided into clauses, one will be Principal Clause and other will be Co -
ordinate clause
• So, when Co - ordinate clause is formed due to any Conjunction, it is called as
Co - ordinating Conjunction
Types of Conjunctions
• 4 types of Co - ordinating CJ
i. Cumulative
ii. Alternative
iii. Adversative
iv. Illative

Cumulative & Alternative

I. One sentence is added to another or two nouns, two pronouns or two adjectives
are added via
• ‘And’, ‘also’, ‘both ..... and’, ‘as well as’, ‘now’, ‘too’, ‘no less than’.
1. He is rich and happy .
2. Ram as well as Shyam is coming.
II. Two sentences, nouns, pronouns etc. are added and indicates to choose one
from 2 options
• ‘Either . . . . . or’, ‘neither . . . . . nor’, ‘else’, or, ‘otherwise’.
1. Either sit quietly or go away.
2. You must run fast else you will miss the train.

Adversative & Illative

III. Two sentences, nouns, pronouns etc. are added which are opposite to each
other
• ‘But’, ‘yet’, ‘still’, ‘only’, ‘however’, ‘nevertheless’, ‘while’, ‘whereas’.
1. He is rich but he is not happy.
2. He is industrious still he does not get good marks.
IV. Two sentences are added where one is result of another
1. I was ill so I could not come.

Types of Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunction
• One clause is added with another clause such that it can’t express meaning
without the other
1. If you work hard, you will succeed.
2. Since I was busy, I could not call you up.
• One is principal clause and other is Subordinate clause
• When Subordinate clause is formed due to any Conjunction, it is called as
Subordinating conjunction

Types of Conjunctions
Subordinating CJ express the below meaning :
( i ) Time = When, whenever, till, until, before, since, while, as soon as, as long as,
just as.
1. When I saw him, I stopped my car.
2. As soon as it rains, the farmers will sow the seeds.
(ii) Place = Where, wherever
1. You can go wherever you want.

Types of Conjunctions
(iii) Cause = Since, because, as
1. She came because I called him up.
2. As he is a miser, no one likes him.
(iv) Purpose = That, so that, in order that, lest
1. We eat so that we may live.
2. Run fast lest you should miss the train.

Types of Conjunctions
(v) Result = So . . . . ., that, such . . . that
1. He is so weak that he cannot even stand.
2. He is such a fool that he doesn’t understand anything.
(vi) Condition = If, supposing, unless, provided
1. He cannot succeed unless he works hard.
2. I will help him provided he mends his ways.
(vii) Manner = As, as if, as though, as far as
1. He scolded me as if he were my father.

Types of Conjunctions
(viii) Comparison = As, as ..... as, so......as, than
1. A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend.
2. He is as good as she at English.
(1) So . . . as/As. . . as is used for comparison between 2 persons or things
(A) So . . . as is used in negative sentences
I. He is not so good as you. (Negative)
As . . . as is used in both Affirmative and Negative sentences
I. He is as good as you. (Affirmative)
II. He is not as good as you. (Negative)

Types of Conjunctions
(ix) Contrast = Though, although, however
1. Though he worked hard, he failed.
2. I tried very hard however I could not win the race.

Correlative Conjunction
• Used in pair
• ‘Either ...... or’, ‘neither ..... nor’, ‘both ..... and’, ‘not only ...... but also’, ‘though
.... yet’, ‘whether...or’
i . Neither his friends nor his parents knew about his evil intention.
ii. I do not know whether he will come or not.

Compound Conjunction
• When used as a group of words
I. In order that = The announcement was made in order that all might know the
new date of exam.
II. On condition that = I will give you money on condition that you will not misuse
it.
III. Even if = She will succeed in life even if she faces some initial failures.
IV. So that = We eat so that we may live.
V. Provided that = You can take any dress provided that you return it after the
party.
VI. As though = He shows off as though he is very rich.
VII. As well as = Ram as well as his friends has come to the party.
VIII. As soon as = The farmers will sow the seeds as soon as

Rules
1. ‘And’, ‘as well as’, ‘Both ——— and’, ‘Not only ——— but also’ = are used to
add Nouns and Pronouns
and in case of adjectives, add only 2 desirable or undesirable adjectives
• He is both intelligent and hard working .
• He is not only dishonest but also lazy .

2. If 2 subjects are added via ‘as well as’/’with’/’along with’/ ‘and not’/ ‘In
addition to’/ ‘but’/
’besides’/‘except’/ ‘rather than’/’accompanied by’ then verb should be according
to first subject .
• Ram as well as his friends is coming.
• He and not his parents is guilty.

3. Sometimes conjunctions are used in wrong order

Not only he cheated his friends but also his parents. ( × )
He cheated not only his friends but also his parents.
• There are 2 options available and we have to use conjunctions just before them.
• Sit either quietly or go away. ( × )
• Neither the poor villagers grow nor eat vegetables. ( × )
• Either sit quietly or go away.
• The poor villagers neither grow nor eat vegetables.
4. Use these pairs
• Though - Yet/,
• Although - Yet/,
• No sooner - than
• Hardly/Scarcely - when
• As – as, So - as
• Lest – should, Too - to
• So – that, Between - and
• From – to, Else - but
• Other/Rather - than

4. Use these pairs

• Though - Yet/,
• Although - Yet/,
• No sooner - than
• Hardly/Scarcely - when
• As – as
• So - as
• Lest – should
• Too - to
• So – that

4. Use these pairs

• Between - and
• From – to
• Else - but
• Other/Rather - than
• Such – that
• Whether - or
• The same – that
• Both - and
• Not only - but also

• Though he worked hard but he failed. ( × )

• Though he worked hard yet he failed.
• He is both intelligent as well as industrious. ( × )
• He is both intelligent and industrious.
• The party is between 7 p.m and 9 p.m.
• The party is from 7 p.m to 9 p.m.

• I have no other aim but to succeed in life. ( × )

• I have no other aim than to succeed in life
• Nothing else but arrogance ruined him.
• He asked me if I was coming or not. ( × )
• He asked me whether I was coming or not.

5. If / when – forms no pair, not to use

I. When I come, then , I will meet you.
• Since/as/because – not to use so/therefore
I. Since I was ill, I could not come.

6. No sooner ....... Than, Hardly ......... When, Scarcely ..... When (use only past
tense)
• No sooner did he see me when he ran away ( use than instead of when)
• No Sooner had the thief seen the police then he ran away. ( change ‘then’ to
‘than’)
• Hardly I saw him when I stopped my car. ( × )
• Hardly did I see him when I stopped my car.

7. Lest..................... Should, .......or........, ........else..........., ...........otherwise........

• Run fast lest you will miss the train. ( × )
• Run fast lest you should miss the train.

8. Unless , Until and Till

Unless = Condition based
Until = Time based
Till = don’t start sentence with till
• Until the light turns red, no one will stop.
• Unless you work hard, you won’t succeed.
• Till the train gets the signal, it will not proceed ( × ) (Till to Until)

9. ‘Until/Unless ’ – don’t use not with them , and also ‘will/would/shall’ too
• Until the train will not get the signal, it will not run. ( × )
• Until the train gets the signal, it will not run.
• Unless the Government will not take action , corruption will not stop. ( × )
• Unless the Government takes action , corruption will not stop.

10. For ‘Doubt and Doubtful’ = In affirmative sentences - ‘if/whether’ is used

and in Negative & Interrogative
sentences, ‘that’ is used
1. He doubts that she will help him. ( × )
He doubts if/whether she will help him. (Affirmative Sentence)
2. I have no doubt if/whether he will cheat me.( × )
I have no doubt that he will cheat me. Negative

3. I am doubtful that my parents will allow me to go to the party. ( × )

I am doubtful if/whether my parents will allow me to go to the party. (Affirmative
Sentence)
4. He is not doubtful if/whether I will finish his work in time ( × )
He is not doubtful that I will finish his work in time. (Negative Sentence)