Lista

Inglês Lista de Exercícios
Exercício 1
(Fuvest 2020) Scientists have long touted DNA’s potential as an GOAL has worked to improve access to food for highly
ideal storage medium; it’s dense, easy to replicate, and stable vulnerable and food-insecure households in many districts of
over millennia. But in order to replace existing silicon‐chip or Zimbabwe. We identify such households, supply them with
magnetic‐tape storage technologies, DNA will have to get a lot monthly food rations, and conduct monthly post-distribution
cheaper to predictably read, write, and package. monitoring. GOAL works in the same districts, to improve access
That’s where scientists like Hyunjun Park come in. He and the to food for the most vulnerable primary school children during
other cofounders of Catalog, an MIT DNA‐storage spinoff the peak hungry months. The emphasis is on orphans and
emerging out of stealth on Tuesday, are building a machine that vulnerable children. GOAL provides short-term food security
will write a terabyte of data a day, using 500 trillion molecules of support to other vulnerable households by increasing the
DNA. availability of grain, and by helping enhance their ability to meet
If successful, DNA storage could be the answer to a uniquely basic needs.
21st‐century problem: information overload. Five years ago
humans had produced 4.4 zettabytes of data; that's set to Disponível em: www.goal.ie. Acesso em: 5 dez. 2012 (adaptado).
explode to 160 zettabytes (each year!) by 2025. Current
infrastructure can handle only a fraction of the coming data
deluge, which is expected to consume all the world's microchip‐ Tendo como público-alvo crianças órfãs e em situações de
grade silicon by 2040. vulnerabilidade, a organização não governamental GOAL tem
“Today’s technology is already close to the physical limits of atuado no Zimbábue para
scaling,” says Victor Zhirnov, chief scientist of the Semiconductor
a) incentivar a agricultura orgânica.
Research Corporation. “DNA has an information‐storage density
several orders of magnitude higher than any other known storage
b) intermediar processos de adoção.
technology.” How dense exactly? Imagine formatting every movie
ever made into DNA; it would be smaller than the size of a sugar
c) contribuir para a redução da fome.
cube. And it would last for 10,000 years.
Wired, June, 2018. Disponível em https://www.wired.com/.
d) melhorar as condições de habitação.
Adaptado.
Afirma‐se no texto que, no futuro, a tecnologia de gravação em
e) qualificar professores da escola básica.
moléculas de DNA
a) será utilizada para sequenciar trilhões de moléculas destinadas Exercício 3

à pesquisa médica. (Enem 2ª aplicação 2016)
b) deverá ter seu uso expandido no campo da genética e áreas
afins.
c) continuará sendo inviável comparada a tecnologias
convencionais.
d) terá de ser adaptada para o propósito de ler, codificar e
guardar dados.
e) poderá ser a solução para o problema de espaço de
armazenamento de informação digital.
Exercício 2
(Enem digital 2020)
Anúncios publicitários buscam chamar a atenção do consumidor

por meio de recursos diversos. Nesse pôster, os números
indicados correspondem ao(à)
GOAL
https://www.biologiatotal.com.br/medio/ingles/exercicios/grammar-and-interpretation/ex.-12-science-and-tech 1/202
a) comprimento do cigarro. looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are
deceiving. This rainforest – which holds 16,000 separate tree
b) tempo de queima do cigarro. species – is slowly drying out.
Over the past century, the average temperature in the forest has
c) idade de quem começa a fumar. risen by 1-1.5°C. In some parts, the dry season has expanded
during the past 50 years, from four months to almost five. Severe
d) expectativa de vida de um fumante. droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift
in vegetation. In 2018, a study reported that trees that do best in
e) quantidade de cigarros consumidos. moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga,
are dying. Those adapted to drier climes, such as the Brazil nut
Exercício 4 tree (Bertholletia excelsa), are thriving.
(Unesp 2020) Examine o cartum de Steinberg, publicado em seu At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest
Instagram em 06.04.2019: rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has
already shrunk the forest by around 15% from its 1970s extent of
more than 6 million square kilometres; in Brazil, which contains
more than half the forest, more than 19% has disappeared. Last
year, deforestation in Brazil spiked by around 30% to almost
10,000 km2, the largest loss in a decade. And in August 2019,
videos of wildfires in the Amazon made international headlines.
The number of fires that month was the highest for any August
since an extreme drought in 2010.
(www.nature.com, 25.02.2020. Adapted.)
(Unesp 2021)
Para o cartunista, a diferença entre estar ou não estar de dieta

limita-se a um sentimento de
a) culpa.
b) euforia.
c) tristeza.
d) vazio.
e) satisfação.
Exercício 5
When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?
O cartum ilustra que o aumento de temperatura, também citado

no texto,
a) causa mudanças substanciais apenas em climas frios.

b) deve interromper a evaporação das águas e levar a chuvas ou
secas intensas.
c) irá causar grande impacto ambiental, climático e
ecossistêmico.
d) contribui indiretamente para a expansão de grandes biomas.
e) pode postergar o aumento do nível dos rios e oceanos.
Exercício 6
Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause (Unicamp 2016) If apes go extinct, so could entire forests
the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how Bonobos eat a lot of fruit, and fruit contains seeds. Those seeds
soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the travel through a bonobo’s digestive system while bonobo itself
treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest travels around the forest. A few hours later, the seeds end up
canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It being deposited far from where the fruits were plucked. And that
is where the new trees come from.
According to a paper recently published, if the bonobos forest away from the rivers. They grow some crops but rely more
disappeared, the plants would also likely go extinct, for many on hunting and gathering.
trees and plants species in Congo rely almost exclusively on
bonobos for seed dispersal. 2__________ their problems?
The bonobo has two major functions here. First of all, many seeds Almost all the Indians’ problems revolve around land: 3outsiders
will not germinate well unless they have been “handled” by either want their land, or something on or underneath it. The key
another species. Stomach acids and intestinal processes make the threats are a massive boom in oil and gas exploration, rampant
seed more able to absorb water and later sprout. illegal logging and the rapid spread of ranching and farming.
Secondly, many seeds will not succeed if they remain too close to
their parental trees. The seeds that fell to the ground near their (www.survivalinternational.org. Adapted.)
parents did not survive because they were choked off by the
nearby plants. The bonobos eat about 3,5 hours every day and (Uea 2014) No trecho do primeiro parágrafo – Many have had
travel a mean of 1.2 kilometers from meal sites before defecating. contact with outsiders for almost 500 years. (ref. 1) –, a palavra
many refere-se a
(Adapted from http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-
countdown/if-apes-go-extinct-so-could-entire-forests/.)
a) language, culture and territory.
b) tribes.
Qual é a explicação para o título? c) uncontacted tribes.
d) outsiders.
a) Os bonobos se alimentam de plantas e suas fezes ajudam a e) rainforest.
adubar florestas. Como andam grandes distâncias, espalham esse
adubo pela floresta. Exercício 8
b) Os bonobos vivem em árvores e suas fezes, que contêm (Enem 2016)
fungicidas naturais, protegem as árvores dos fungos. Como
andam grandes distâncias, podem proteger florestas inteiras.
c) Os bonobos se alimentam de frutas com sementes. Seu
sistema digestivo prepara as sementes para a germinação. Como
andam grandes distâncias, suas fezes ajudam a espalhar as
sementes pela floresta.
d) Os bonobos vivem em árvores e se alimentam de folhas, que
se transformam em fungicidas naturais aos serem digeridas.
Quando liberados pelas fezes, esses fungicidas protegem as
florestas.
Exercício 7
Amazon tribes
The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest. It is also the

ancestral home of one million Indians. They are divided into about
400 tribes, each with its own language, culture and territory.
1Many have had contact with outsiders for almost 500 years.
Orientações à população são encontradas também em sites
Others – ‘uncontacted’ tribes – have had no contact at all.
oficiais. Ao clicar no endereço eletrônico mencionado no cartaz
disponível na internet, o leitor tem acesso aos(às)
a) ações do governo local referentes a calamidades.
b) relatos de sobreviventes em tragédias marcantes.
c) tipos de desastres naturais possíveis de acontecer.
d) informações sobre acidentes ocorridos em Connecticut.
How do they live?

e) medidas de emergência a serem tomadas em catástrofes.
Most Indians live in settled villages by the rivers, and grow
vegetables and fruits like manioc, corn, beans and bananas. They Exercício 9
also hunt and fish, using plant-based poisons to stun the fish. Leia o texto sobre uma exposição no museu Tate Modern, em
Some tribes use shotguns for hunting, others use bows and Londres, para responder à(s) questão(ões) a seguir.
arrows, spears, or blowguns with darts tipped with curare. Only a
few Amazonian tribes are nomadic; they tend to live deep in the Tate Modern – London
Hélio Oiticica
Until Summer 2019
In the speech balloon of panel 1, the word that appears twice.

The second that fulfils the following cohesive function:
a) showing emphasis in speech

b) refering back to the quotation
c) pointing to the book in the picture
Tropicália
d) linking main and subordinate clauses
Tropicália is used to describe the explosion of cultural creativity in Exercício 11

Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in 1968 as Brazil’s military regime (Unesp 2021) Leia a tirinha “Calvin e Haroldo”, de Bill Watterson.
tightened its grip on power.
Many of the artists, writers and musicians associated with
Tropicália came of age during the 1950s in a time of intense
optimism when the cultural world had been encouraged to play a
central role in the creation of a democratic, socially just and
modern Brazil. Nevertheless, a military coup in 1964 had brought
to power a right-wing regime at odds with the concerns of left-
wing artists. Tropicália became a way of exposing the
contradictions of modernisation under such an authoritarian rule.
The word Tropicália comes from an installation by the artist Hélio
Oiticica, who created environments that were designed to
encourage the viewer’s emotional and intellectual participation.
Oiticica called them “penetrables” because people were originally
encouraged to enter them. They mimic the improvised, colourful
dwellings in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas, or shanty towns. The lush
plants and sand help to convey a sense of the tropical character
of the city. When Oiticica exhibited the work, he also included live
parrots.
From its beginning, Tropicália was seen as a re-articulation of
Anthropophagia (“cannibalism”), an artistic ideology promoted by
Oswald de Andrade.
(www.tate.org.uk. Adapted.)
No último quadrinho, a fala de Calvin revela que ele
a) ficou com medo da irritação da sua mãe.

(Unesp 2020) No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Nevertheless, a
b) achou que a água continuava quente demais.
military coup in 1964”, o termo sublinhado indica
c) não quis mais sair do banho.
a) contraste. d) admitiu que a mãe estava certa.
b) consequência. e) entrou na banheira contra a sua vontade.
c) opinião.
d) aprovação. Exercício 12
e) alternativa. (Unicamp 2019) Indigenous people in Brazil seek out cities,
end up in slums
Exercício 10
(Uerj 2016)
RIO DE JANEIRO – The dancers shake seed-filled maracas and petroleum fuels. They will, over time, enable the industry to
raise their voices in song, conjuring an ancient spirit that vibrates reduce its carbon footprint significantly.
above the traffic roaring from a nearby expressway and the beat
of funk music blasting from a neighbor's loudspeaker.
In this Brazilian favela, the indigenous people are struggling to
keep some of their traditions alive that, besides providing a sense
of community, helps them endure the discrimination they face in
the city. Forced out of their native lands by deforestation, miners
and farmers, nearly one in four Brazilian Indians nowadays live in
urban areas and an estimated 22,000 of them now call the
crowded favelas their home.
Life in the slums, despite its difficulties, has its advantages. "The
slums are the one place in the city where you have the kind of
solidarity we Indians have in the villages." said a Pataxó woman (Unesp 2012) Entre as opções indicadas no texto para que se
who lives in Rio de Janeiro’s Maré Complex. reduzam as taxas de emissão de carbono no setor energético
estão
(Adaptado de Associated Press, Indigenous people in Brazil seek
out cities, end up in slums, Dailymail, 16/09/2014. )
a) a energia eólica, as hidrelétricas e a energia solar.
b) o uso da água, do vento e a geração de eletricidade a partir do

Marque a alternativa que indica corretamente os fenômenos
CO2.
geográficos mencionados no texto a respeito das populações
indígenas.
c) a energia nuclear, a energia solar e o gás carbônico.
a) Migração urbano-rural, segregação socioespacial urbana,
preservação socioambiental. d) o uso da água, a energia nuclear e o gás carbônico.
b) Segregação socioespacial urbana, migração rural-urbana,
impacto socioambiental. e) a geração de eletricidade a partir do CO2 e as hidrelétricas.
c) Inclusão socioespacial urbana, impacto socioambiental,
migração urbano-rural. Exercício 14
d) Preservação socioambiental, inclusão socioespacial urbana,
migração rural-urbana.
Exercício 13
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Why use biofuels for aviation?
The aviation industry has seen huge growth since its beginning.
Today, more than two billion people enjoy the social and
economical benefits of flight each year. The ability to fly
conveniently and efficiently between nations has been a catalyst
for the global economy and has shrunk cultural barriers like no
other transport sector. But this progress comes at a cost.
In 2008, the commercial aviation industry produced 677 million
tones of carbon dioxide (CO2). This is around 2% of the total
man-made CO2 emissions of more than 34 billion tones. While
There are many ways to look at the weak June jobs report and
this amount is smaller compared with other industry sectors, such
this is one of them that captures more broadly the lack of labor
as power generation and ground transport, these industries have
market activities. It’s the ratio of 16-and-overs that are employed
viable alternative energy sources currently available. For
to the population of that group. In June, the employment-to-
example, the power generation industry can look to wind, hydro,
population ratio returned to 58.2%,
nuclear and solar technologies to make electricity without
matching an eight-month low (To get a number worse than
producing much CO2. Cars and buses can run on hybrid, flexible
58.2%, one has to go back to 1983!). Of course, some of the
fuel engines or electricity. __________________-powered trains younger group are students, and the older group retirees, but a
can replace ______________________ locomotives. chart of those between the ages of 25-to-54 looks pretty similar.
The aviation industry has identified the development of biofuels
as one of the major ways it can reduce its greenhouse gas (http://www.marketwatch.com/story. July, 2011. Adaptado)
emissions. Biofuels provide aviation with the capability to
partially, and perhaps one day fully, replace carbon-intensive
(G1 - ifsp 2012) O trecho – some of the younger group are - More than species of mammals, birds and reptiles have
students – associa os estudantes been identified in the Cerrado.
a) às classes pobres. - Annual rainfall is around to
b) às minorias raciais. - The capital of Brazil, Brasilia, is located in the heart of the
c) às mulheres. Cerrado.
d) aos jovens.
- Only of the Cerrado’s original vegetation remains intact;
e) aos idosos.
less than of the area is currently guarded by law.
Exercício 15
(Eear 2019) Choose the best alternative, according to the cartoon (http://wwf.panda.org. Adapted.)
below.
According to what the boy says, he __________.
a) wants to take care of the baby

b) is asking permission to surf the internet
c) is curious to know the origin of the babies
d) will be successful in downloading a baby from the internet
Exercício 16
Cerrado
Located between the Amazon, Atlantic Forests and Pantanal, the

Cerrado is the largest savanna region in South America.
The Cerrado is one of the most threatened and overexploited
regions in Brazil, second only to the Atlantic Forests in vegetation
loss and deforestation. Unsustainable agricultural activities,
particularly soy production and cattle ranching, as well as
burning of vegetation for charcoal, continue to pose a major
threat to the Cerrado’s biodiversity. Despite its environmental
importance, it is one of the least protected regions in Brazil.
(Unesp 2020) By comparing maps 1 and 2, one can say that the
Facts & Figures
Brazilian administrative area totally covered by the Cerrado is
- Covering or of the country’s territory, the a) Bahia.
Cerrado is the second largest vegetation type in Brazil. b) São Paulo.
- The area is equivalent to the size of England, France, Germany, c) Mato Grosso.
Italy and Spain combined. d) Distrito Federal.
e) Paraná.
Exercício 17
“Culture is language”: why an indigenous tongue is thriving in
Paraguay (Unesp 2021) No trecho do segundo parágrafo “And unlike other
widely spoken native tongues”, o termo sublinhado expressa
a) equivalência.
b) conclusão.
c) contraste.
d) motivação.
e) preferência.
Exercício 18
(Unesp 2021)
Texto da legenda: Paraguayan Guarani — a language descended

from several indigenous tongues — remains one of the main
languages of 70% of Paraguay's population.
On a hillside monument in Asunción, a statue of the mythologized

indigenous chief Lambaré stands alongside other great leaders
from Paraguayan history. The other historical heroes on display
are of mixed ancestry, but the idea of a noble indigenous heritage
is strong in Paraguay, and – uniquely in the Americas – can be
expressed by most of the country’s people in an indigenous
language: Paraguayan Guaraní. “Guaraní is our culture – it’s
where our roots are,” said Tomasa Cabral, a market vendor in the
city.
Elsewhere in the Americas, European colonial languages are
pushing native languages towards extinction, but Paraguayan De acordo com o cartum:
Guaraní – a language descended from several indigenous
a) o desmatador certamente atenderia à solicitação da menina se
tongues – remains one of the main languages of 70% of the
retirasse seu equipamento.
country’s population. And unlike other widely spoken native
b) os desmatadores apenas cumprem ordens.
tongues – such as Quechua, Aymara or the Mayan languages – it
c) os ambientalistas não apresentam argumentos convincentes.
is overwhelmingly spoken by non-indigenous people.
d) os desmatadores não ouvem os argumentos dos
Miguel Verón, a linguist and member of the Academy of the
ambientalistas.
Guaraní Language, said the language had survived partly
e) as crianças são mais sensíveis ao mundo natural.
because of the landlocked country’s geographic isolation and
partly because of the “linguistic loyalty” of its people. “The Exercício 19
indigenous people refused to learn Spanish,” he said. “The Cerrado
imperial governors had to learn to speak Guaraní.” But while it
remains under pressure from Spanish, Paraguayan Guaraní is
itself part of the threat looming over the country’s other
indigenous languages. Paraguay’s 19 surviving indigenous
groups each have their own tongue, but six of them are listed by
Unesco as severely or critically endangered.
The benefits of speaking the country’s two official languages
were clear. Spanish remains the language of government, and
Paraguayan Guaraní is widely spoken in rural areas, where it is a
key requisite for many jobs. But the value of maintaining other
tongues was incalculable, said Alba Eiragi Duarte, a poet from Located between the Amazon, Atlantic Forests and Pantanal, the
the Ava Guaraní people. “Our culture is transmitted through our Cerrado is the largest savanna region in South America.
own language: culture is language. When we love our language, The Cerrado is one of the most threatened and overexploited
we love ourselves.” regions in Brazil, second only to the Atlantic Forests in vegetation
(William Costa. www.theguardian.com, 03.09.2020. Adapted.) particularly soy production and cattle ranching, as well as
threat to the Cerrado’s biodiversity. Despite its environmental
importance, it is one of the least protected regions in Brazil. (Unesp 2020) The first item from Facts & Figures states that the
Cerrado is the second largest vegetation type in Brazil. Which is
Facts & Figures the first largest vegetation type depicted in Map 1?
- Covering or of the country’s territory, the a) Chaco.

Cerrado is the second largest vegetation type in Brazil. b) Atlantic forest.
- The area is equivalent to the size of England, France, Germany, c) Caatinga.
Italy and Spain combined. d) Subtropical grassland.
e) Rain forest.
- More than species of mammals, birds and reptiles have
been identified in the Cerrado. Exercício 20
- Annual rainfall is around to (Eear 2019) Read the text and answer the question.
- The capital of Brazil, Brasilia, is located in the heart of the
Cerrado. Dear Mary,
My younger sister just told us she’s been accepted to her first
choice university. Lee is very intelligent. She will be the first
less than of the area is currently guarded by law. person in our family to go to college. I got good grades in high
school, too, but when I graduated I went into the family business
(http://wwf.panda.org. Adapted.) __________ going to college. I enjoy my new career, I’m sure that
I’ve learned a lot of new things.
With love, Lincon
Fill in the blank with the option that best completes the text.
a) as soon as
b) instead of
c) still
d) yet
Exercício 21
THE POWER OF METAPHORS
Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on

the rise, home invasions are increasing and murder rates have
nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city officials
do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and lock them
away in a growing network of prisons? Or design programs that
promise more peace by addressing issues like a faltering
economy and underperforming schools?
Your answer – and the reasoning behind it – can hinge on the
metaphor being used to describe the problem, according to new
research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can even be
swayed with just one word, they say.
Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral

candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about how subtle cues
and common figures of speech can frame approaches to difficult
problems. “Some estimates suggest that one out of every 25
words we encounter is a metaphor”, said Thibodeau, the study’s
lead author. “But 1we didn’t know the extent to which these
metaphors influence people”.
In five experiments, 2test subjects were asked to read short
paragraphs about rising crime rates in the fictional city of Addison
and answer questions about the city. The researchers gauged
how people answered these questions in light of how crime was
described – as a beast or a virus.
They found the test subjects’ proposed solutions differed a great
deal depending on the metaphor they were exposed to. The
results have shown that people will likely support an increase in such as depression, anxiety, mood disturbances, stress, insecurity,
police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is described as a grief and decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate social
“beast” preying on a community. But if people are told crime is a consequences. Social isolation can occur due to physical or
“virus” infecting a city, they are more inclined to treat the problem psychological symptoms (for example, feeling too tired to meet
with social reform. According to Boroditsky: “People like to think friends, cutting oneself off due to depressive complaints).
they’re objective. They want to believe they’re logical. But they’re Besides conventional pharmacological treatments of cancer, there
really being swayed by metaphors”. are treatments to meet psychological and physical needs of the
To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the patient. Psychological consequences of cancer, such as
researchers also examined what role political persuasions play in depression, anxiety or loss of control, can be counteracted by
people’s approach to reducing crime. They suspected that psychotherapy. For example, within cognitive therapy cancer
Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate patients may develop 3coping strategies to handle the disease.
criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social Research indicates that 4music therapy, which is a form of
reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more psychotherapy, can have positive effects on both physiological
likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution. and psychological symptoms of cancer patients as well as in
“We can’t talk about any complex situation – like crime – without acute or palliative situations.
using metaphors”, said Boroditsky. 3“Metaphors aren’t just used There are several definitions of music therapy. According to the
for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things we’re World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT, 1996), music therapy
trying to explain and figure out. And they have consequences for is: “the use of music and/or its music elements (sound, rhythm,
determining what we decide is the right approach to solving melody and harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a client
problems”. or group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote
While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their communication, relationship, learning, mobilization, expression,
findings can be used to understand the implications of how a organization, and other relevant therapeutic objectives, in order to
casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and meet physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive needs”.
change minds. The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT, 1999) defines
music therapy as “5a methodological form of assistance in which
Adapted from news.stanford.edu. musical means are used within a therapeutic relation to manage
changes, developments, stabilisation or acceptance on the
emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the physical field”.
(Uerj 2020) Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery speech. They The assumption is that the 6patient's musical behaviour conforms
shape the conversation for things to their general behaviour. The starting points are the features of
we’re trying to explain and figure out. (ref. 3) the patient's specific disorder or disease pattern. There is an
analogy between psychological problems and musical behaviour,
In order to clarify the meaning relation between the two
which means that emotions can be expressed musically. 7For
sentences above, the following word can be inserted in the
patients who have difficulties in expressing emotions, music
underlined one:
therapy can be a useful medium. Music therapy might be a useful
a) also intervention for breast cancer patients in order to facilitate and
b) rather enhance their emotional expressivity. 8Besides analogy, there are
c) hardly further qualities of music that can be beneficial within therapeutic
d) already treatment. One of these qualities is symbolism: music can
symbolize persons, objects, incidents, experiences or memories of
Exercício 22
daily life. 9Therefore, music is a reality, which represents another
Music therapy with cancer patients
reality. The symbolism of the musical reality enables the patient
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, to deal safely with the other reality 10for it evokes memories
in Germany and in many other industrialized countries. In 2007, about persons, objects or incidents. These associations can be
about 12 million people were diagnosed with cancer worldwide perceived as positive or negative, so they release emotions in the
with a mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society, patient.
Music therapy both addresses physical and psychological needs
2007). In the industrial countries, 1the most commonly diagnosed
of the patient. Numerous studies indicate that music therapy can
cancers in men are prostate cancer, lung cancer and colorectal
be beneficial to both acute cancer patients and palliative cancer
cancer. Women are most commonly diagnosed with breast
patients in the final stage of disease.
cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer.
Most research with acute cancer patients receiving chemotherapy,
The symptoms of cancer depend on the type of the disease, but
surgery or stem cell transplantation examined the effectiveness
there are common symptoms caused by cancer and/or by its
of receptive music therapy. Listening to music during
medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy and radiation). Common
chemotherapy, either played live by the music therapist or from
physical symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of
tape has a positive effect on pain perception, relaxation, anxiety
appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness, limited
and mood. There was also found a decrease in diastolic blood
physical activity, hair loss, a sore mouth/throat and bowel
pressure or heart rate and an improvement in fatigue; insomnia
problems. 2Cancer also often causes psychological problems
and appetite loss could be significantly decreased in patients
older than 45 years. Further improvements by receptive music
therapy were found for physical comfort, vitality, dizziness and
tolerability of the chemotherapy. A study with patients
undergoing surgery found that receptive music therapy led to
decreased anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before, during and
after surgery. Music therapy can also be applied in palliative
situations, for example to patients with terminal cancer who live
in 11hospices.
Studies indicate that music therapy may be beneficial for cancer
patients in acute and palliative situations, but the benefits of
music therapy for convalescing cancer patients remain unclear.
Whereas music therapy interventions for acute and palliative
patients often focus on physiological and psychosomatic
symptoms, such as pain perception and reducing medical side-
effects, 12music therapy with posthospital curative treatment
could have its main focus on psychological aspects. A cancer Depreende-se do cartum que a moça
patient is not free from cancer until five years after the tumour a) saiu escondida, deixando uma vela acesa no quarto para fingir
ablation. The patient fears that the cancer has not been defeated. que estava estudando.
In this stage of the disease, patients frequently feel insecure, b) chegou tarde em casa, descumprindo o horário que havia
depressive and are emotionally unstable. How to handle irksome combinado com a mãe.
and negative emotions is an important issue for many oncology c) voltou para casa, pois havia esquecido a vela do seu quarto
patients. After the difficult period of the medical treatment, which acesa.
they often have overcome in a prosaic way by masking emotions, d) pretendia sair de casa sem levar uma vela, desrespeitando a
13patients often express the wish to become aware of recomendação da mãe.
themselves again. They may wish to grapple with negative e) disse à mãe que ia sair só para comprar lâmpadas, mas acabou
emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to experience voltando para casa sem elas.
positive feelings, such as enjoyment and vitality.
The results indicate that music therapy can also have positive Exercício 24
influences on well-being of cancer patients in the post-hospital An increasing body of evidence suggests that the time we spend
curative stage as well as they offer valuable information about on our smartphones is interfering with our sleep, self-esteem,
patients' needs in this state of treatment and how effects can be relationships, memory, attention spans, creativity, productivity
dealt with properly. and problem-solving and decision-making skills. But there is
another reason for us to rethink our relationships with our
(Adapted from devices. By chronically raising levels of cortisol, the body’s main
https://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pdf - Access stress hormone, our phones may be threatening our health and
on 25/02/19) shortening our lives.
(Epcar (Afa) 2020) According to the text, cancer is
If they happened only occasionally, phone-induced cortisol spikes
a) the most relevant disease people face. might not matter. But the average American spends four hours a
b) not related to industrialized countries. day staring at their smartphone and keeps it within arm’s reach
c) actually restricted to German individuals. nearly all the time, according to a tracking app called Moment.
d) one of the major causes of people's death.
“Your cortisol levels are elevated when your phone is in sight or
Exercício 23
nearby, or when you hear it or even think you hear it,” says David
(Unifesp 2021) Examine o cartum de Caitlin Cass, publicado no
Greenfield, professor of clinical psychiatry at the University of
Instagram da revista The New Yorker em 10.03.2019:
Connecticut School of Medicine and founder of the Center for
Internet and Technology Addiction. “It’s a stress response, and it
feels unpleasant, and the body’s natural response is to want to
check the phone to make the stress go away.”
But while doing so might soothe you for a second, it probably will
make things worse in the long run. Any time you check your
phone, you’re likely to find something else stressful waiting for
you, leading to another spike in cortisol and another craving to
check your phone to make your anxiety go away. This cycle, when
continuously reinforced, leads to chronically elevated cortisol
levels. And chronically elevated cortisol levels have been tied to
an increased risk of serious health problems, including
depression, obesity, metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, fertility
issues, high blood pressure, heart attack, dementia and stroke.
(Catherine Price. www.nytimes.com, 24.04.2019. Adapted.)
(Famema 2020) No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “But there is

another reason for us to rethink our relationships with our
devices”, o termo sublinhado introduz uma
a) oposição.
b) conclusão.
c) exclusão.
d) adição.
e) explicação.
Exercício 25
Examine o cartum de Steinberg, publicado em seu Instagram
em 21.06.2019.
(Fac. Albert Einstein - Medicin 2020) Quanto ao sentido, o

provérbio que se relaciona mais diretamente com a fala da criança
é
a) “Deus dá o frio conforme o cobertor”.

b) “Se você deseja mover montanhas amanhã, precisa começar a
levantar pedras hoje”.
c) “Quem não sabe de onde veio nunca vai encontrar o seu
destino”.
d) “Cuidado com o que você deseja, pois poderá ser atendido”.
e) “Aquele que nunca se queimou ao sol não sabe o valor da
sombra”.
Exercício 27
(Unifesp 2019) Examine a tira de Steinberg, publicada em seu
Instagram no dia 20.08.2018.
(Fac. Albert Einstein - Medicin 2020) No cartum, a criança
a) mostra-se inconformada com o destino da excursão escolar.

b) sente-se responsável por um fenômeno climático.
c) sente-se frustrada com o final das férias.
d) mostra-se preocupada com as condições climáticas de seu
destino turístico.
e) sente-se triste por não poder viajar durante o verão.
Exercício 26
Examine o cartum de Steinberg, publicado em seu Instagram em
21.06.2019:
Colabora para o efeito humorístico da tira o recurso à figura de threat to the Cerrado’s biodiversity. Despite its environmental
linguagem denominada importance, it is one of the least protected regions in Brazil.
a) eufemismo.
Facts & Figures
b) pleonasmo.
c) hipérbole. - Covering or of the country’s territory, the
d) personificação. Cerrado is the second largest vegetation type in Brazil.
e) sinestesia. - The area is equivalent to the size of England, France, Germany,
Italy and Spain combined.
Exercício 28
(Unicamp 2020) - More than species of mammals, birds and reptiles have
been identified in the Cerrado.
- Annual rainfall is around to

- The capital of Brazil, Brasilia, is located in the heart of the
Cerrado.
less than of the area is currently guarded by law.
(http://wwf.panda.org. Adapted.)
A tira apresentada
a) ironiza uma ideia de liberdade de expressão.

b) critica políticas de imigração do governo dos EUA.
c) defende uma visão de inglês como língua mundial.
d) desaprova o uso da língua materna de imigrantes nos EUA.
Exercício 29
Cerrado
Located between the Amazon, Atlantic Forests and Pantanal, the

Cerrado is the largest savanna region in South America.
The Cerrado is one of the most threatened and overexploited
regions in Brazil, second only to the Atlantic Forests in vegetation
particularly soy production and cattle ranching, as well as
(Unesp 2020) No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Despite its
environmental importance”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em
português, a
a) desde que.
b) de acordo com.
c) devido a.
d) apesar de.
e) além de.
Exercício 30
(Enem 2ª aplicação 2016) New vaccine could fight nicotine
addiction
Cigarette smokers who are having trouble quitting because of

Paris, 1925. World War I had finished and the city was full of
nicotine’s addictive power may some day be able to receive a
people with cash looking for business opportunities. Victor Lustig
novel antibody-producing vaccine to help them kick the habit.
was reading the newspaper one day and found an article about
The average cigarette contains about different chemicals the Eiffel Tower. It said the tower was being neglected because it
that — when burned and inhaled — cause the serious health was too expensive to maintain. Lustig a great ‘business
problems associated with smoking. But it is the nicotine in opportunity’ – he would sell the Eiffel Tower!
cigarettes that, like other addictive substances, stimulates Lustig wrote to six important businessmen in the city and invited
rewards centers in the brain and hooks smokers to the them to a secret meeting in a well-known Paris hotel. He said he
pleasurable but dangerous routine. was a government official and he told them that he wanted to
Ronald Crystal, who chairs the department of genetic medicine at talk about a business deal. All six of the businessmen came to
Weill-Cornell Medical College in New York, where researchers the meeting.
are developing a nicotine vaccine, said the idea is to stimulate the At the meeting, Lustig told them that the city wanted to sell the
smoker’s immune system to produce antibodies or immune Eiffel Tower for scrap metal and that he had been asked to find a
proteins to destroy the nicotine molecule before it reaches the buyer. He said that the deal was secret because it would not be
brain. popular with the public. The businessmen believed him, perhaps
the Eiffel Tower was never planned to be permanent. It had been
BERMAN, J. Disponível em: www.voanews.com. Acesso em: 2 jul. built as part of the 1889 Paris Expo, and the original plan had
2012. been to remove it in 1909.
Lustig rented a limousine and took the men to visit the tower.
After the tour, he said that if they were interested, they should
Muitas pessoas tentam parar de fumar, mas fracassam e contact him the next day. Lustig told them he would give the
sucumbem ao vício. Na tentativa de ajudar os fumantes, tower contract to the person with the highest offer. One of the
pesquisadores da Weill-Cornell Medical College estão dealers, Andre Poisson, was very interested, but he was also
desenvolvendo uma vacina que worried. Why was Lustig in such a hurry?
a) diminua o risco de o fumante se tornar dependente da nicotina. The two men had a meeting, and Lustig confessed that he wasn’t
looking for the highest offer. He said he would give the contract
to anybody – for a price. Poisson understood: Lustig wanted a
b) seja produzida a partir de moléculas de nicotina. little extra money “under the table” for himself. This was Lustig’s
cleverest lie, because now Poisson believed him completely.
c) substitua a sensação de prazer oferecida pelo cigarro. Lustig sold Poisson a false contract for the Eiffel Tower – and on
top of that, Poisson paid him a little extra money “under the
d) ative a produção de anticorpos para combater a nicotina. table”. Lustig put all the money in a suitcase and took the first
train to Vienna. Poisson never told the police what had happened
e) controle os estímulos cerebrais do hábito de fumar. – he was too embarrassed. After a month, Lustig returned to Paris
and tried to sell the Eiffel Tower again, but this time somebody
Exercício 31 told the police and he had to escape to America. There, he
The Man Who Sold the Eiffel Tower continued his criminal career and finished his days in the famous
Alcatraz prison.
(Oxford UP 2009 - English Result, p.62. Adaptado.)
(Uemg 2014) Read the reported sentence below, from the text.
Lustig told them he would give the tower contract to the person b) Brazil: Latin America’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases.
with the highest offer. c) Brazil ratifies Paris agreement with pledge to sharply reduce
emissions.
Which of the alternatives below corresponds to Lustig’s direct d) Brazil ratifies Paris agreement with a pledge not to reduce
speech? emissions.
a) “I will give the tower contract to the person with the highest Exercício 33
offer”.
b) “I would give the tower contract to the person with the highest
offer”.
c) “I shall give the tower contract to the person with the highest
offer”.
d) “I could give the tower contract to the person with the highest
offer”.
Exercício 32
The Brazilian government has ratified its participation in the Paris
agreement on climate change, a significant step by Latin
America’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases that could spur
other countries to follow suit.
With a landmass larger than the continental US, Brazil emits
about of the world’s carbon dioxide and other polluting
gases, according to United Nations data.
“Our government is concerned about the future,” said President There are many ways to look at the weak June jobs report and
Michel Temer during a signing ceremony in Brasilia. “Everything this is one of them that captures more broadly the lack of labor
we do today is not aimed at tomorrow, but rather at a future that market activities. It’s the ratio of 16-and-overs that are employed
preserves the living conditions of Brazilians.” to the population of that group. In June, the employment-to-
Temer said Brazil’s ratification would be presented formally to the population ratio returned to 58.2%,
UN later this month. matching an eight-month low (To get a number worse than
58.2%, one has to go back to 1983!). Of course, some of the
The Paris agreement will enter into force once countries
younger group are students, and the older group retirees, but a
representing at least of global emissions have formally chart of those between the ages of 25-to-54 looks pretty similar.
joined it. Climate experts say that could happen later this year.
Countries set their own targets for reducing emissions. The (http://www.marketwatch.com/story. July, 2011. Adaptado)
targets are not legally binding, but nations must update them
every five years. Using 2005 levels as the baseline, Brazil (G1 - ifsp 2012) De acordo com o gráfico e o texto, o mercado de
committed to cutting emissions by 2025 and an “intended trabalho nos Estados Unidos
reduction” of by 2030. a) está em expansão.
In the last decade, Brazil has achieved significant emissions cuts b) está recebendo investimentos.
thanks to efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon and c) está em crise.
increase in the use of energy from hydropower and other d) melhorará nos próximos meses.
renewable sources including wind, solar and biomass. e) sofrerá intervenção do governo.
The Paris accord got a boost earlier this month when the US
president, Barack Obama, and China’s President, Xi Jinping, Exercício 34
sealed their nations’ participation. (Unicamp 2020)
“Brazil is now the next major country to move forward. It will add
even greater momentum,” said David Waskow, director of the
International Climate Initiative at the Washington, DC-based
think tank the World Resources Institute.
(Source: When 24-year-old fashion blogger Scarlett Dixon posted a

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/13/brazil- picture of herself having breakfast, the internet turned nasty. “The
ratifies-paris-agreement-with-pledge-to-sharplyreduce- best of days start with a smile and positive thoughts. And
emissions.) pancakes. And strawberries”, Dixon wrote on her Instagram feed.
The post was reposted on Twitter. “Instagram is a ridiculous lie
factory made to make us all feel inadequate”, wrote Nathan from
(Acafe 2017) Which title best expresses the main idea of the Cardiff. His post, which has garnered more than 111,000 likes (22
text? times as many as Dixon’s original) and almost 25,000 retweets,
a) The Brazilian efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon. prompted a wave of criticism, with comments going like
“Fakelife!”. Instagram looks like the friendliest social network followed, the most recent this week, when Argentina failed to
imaginable. But, for a growing number of users – and mental make a payment on bonds issued as partial compensation to
health experts – the very positivity of Instagram is precisely the victims of the previous default, in 2001.
problem. The site encourages its users to present an upbeat, Most investors think they can see a pattern in all this, but
attractive image that others may find at best misleading and at Argentina’s president, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, insists the
worse harmful. Instagram makes you worry that everyone is latest default is not like the others. Her government, she points
perfect – except you. out, had transferred the full $539m it owed to the banks that
administer the bonds. It is America’s courts (the bonds were
(Adaptado de issued under American law) that blocked the payment, at the
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/sep/17. Acessado behest of the tiny minority of owners of bonds from 2001 who
em 19/04/2019). did not accept the restructuring Argentina offered them in 2005
and again in 2010. These “hold-outs”, balking at the 65% haircut
the restructuring entailed, not only persuaded a judge that they
O texto anterior apresenta uma crítica should be paid in full but also got him to 1freeze payments on the
restructured bonds until Argentina coughs up.
Argentina claims that paying the hold-outs was impossible. It is
a) a Scarlett Dixon, por propagar uma autoimagem
not just that they are “vultures” as Argentine officials often put it,
excessivamente positiva e irreal.
who bought the bonds for cents on the dollar after the previous
default and are now holding those who accepted the
b) ao Instagram, por propiciar postagens que veiculam uma
restructuring (accounting for 93% of the debt) to ransom. The
autoimagem irreal das pessoas.
main problem is that a clause in the restructured bonds prohibits
Argentina from offering the hold-outs better terms without
c) ao post de Scarlett Dixon, por gerar uma onda de comentários
paying everyone else the same. Since it cannot afford to do that,
negativos em outras mídias sociais.
it says it had no choice but to default.
Yet it is not certain that the clause requiring equal treatment of all
d) à exposição excessiva da vida íntima das pessoas no Instagram
bondholders would have applied, given that Argentina would not
e em outras mídias sociais.
have been paying the hold-outs voluntarily, but on the courts’
Exercício 35 orders. Moreover, some owners of the restructured bonds had
Many South Africans remain poor and unemployment is high − a agreed to waive their rights; 2had Argentina made a concerted
factor blamed for a wave of violent attacks against migrant effort to persuade the remainder to do the same, it might have
workers from other African countries in 2008 and protests by succeeded. Lawyers and bankers have suggested various ways
township residents over poor living conditions during the summer around the clause in question, which expires at the end of the
of 2009. year. But Argentina’s government was slow to consider these
Land redistribution is a crucial problem that continues existing. options or negotiate with the hold-outs, hiding instead behind
Most farmland is still white-owned. ________ land acquisition on indignant nationalism.
a "willing buyer, willing seller" basis, officials have signaled that Ms Fernández is right that the consequences of America’s court
large-scale expropriations are on the cards. The government aims rulings have been perverse, unleashing a big financial dispute in
to transfer 30% of farmland to black South Africans by 2014. an attempt to solve a relatively small one. But 3hers is not the
first government to be hit with an awkward verdict. Instead of
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1071886. stm railing against it, she should have tried to minimize the harm it
did. Defaulting has helped no one: none of the bondholders will
now be paid, Argentina looks like a pariah again, and its economy
(Epcar (Afa) 2011) According to the text, will remain starved of loans and investment.
Happily, much of the damage can still be undone. It is not too late
a) a large number of Africans continue to live under bad condition.
to strike a deal with the hold-outs or back an ostensibly private
b) Africans are highly improving their quality of life.
effort to buy out their claims. A quick fix would make it easier for
c) unemployed South Africans migrate to other countries.
Argentina to borrow again internationally. That, in turn, would
d) violence is everywhere in Africa.
speed development of big oil and gas deposits, the income from
Exercício 36 which could help ease its money troubles.
Argentina defaults – Eighth time unlucky More important, it would help to change 4perceptions of
Argentina as a financial rogue state. Over the past year or so Ms
Cristina Fernández argues that her country’s latest default is Fernández seems to have been trying to rehabilitate Argentina’s
different. She is missing the point. image and resuscitate its faltering economy. She settled financial
Aug 2nd 2014 disputes with government creditors and with Repsol, a Spanish
oil firm whose Argentine assets she had expropriated in 2012.
ARGENTINA’S first bond, issued in 1824, was supposed to have This week’s events have overshadowed all that. For its own sake,
had a lifespan of 46 years. Less than four years later, the and everyone else’s, 5Argentina should hold its nose and do a
government defaulted. Resolving the ensuing stand-off with deal with the hold-outs.
creditors took 29 years. Since then seven more defaults have
(http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21610263. Adapted)
(Fgv 2015) The excerpt from the reference 2 — had Argentina

made a concerted effort to persuade the remainder to do the
same, it might have succeeded. denotes an idea of
a) obligation.
b) ability.
c) completion.
d) hypothesis.
e) necessity.
Exercício 37
Education for Sustainable Development
O cartum dialoga com o seguinte trecho do texto “Education for

Sustainable Development”:
a) “UNESCO aims to improve access to quality education on

sustainable development”.
b) “Education for Sustainable Development empowers people to
change the way they think”.
c) “Individuals are encouraged to be responsible actors who
resolve challenges”.
d) “what we do today can have implications on the lives of people
and the planet in future”.
e) “a world population of 7 billion people”.
With a world population of 7 billion people and limited natural Exercício 38

resources, we, as individuals and societies, need to learn to live Brazil at a Crossroads for LGBT Rights
together sustainably. We need to take action responsibly based
on the understanding that what we do today can have 7On March 19, 2011, President Barack Obama flew to Brazil to
implications on the lives of people and the planet in future. kick off a three-country tour of Latin America. His five-day visit to
Education for Sustainable Development empowers people to El Salvador, Brazil and Chile – countries in a region often called
change the way they think and work towards a sustainable “America's backyard” – presented an opportunity to redefine
future. America's historically thorny foreign policy towards Latin
UNESCO aims to improve access to quality education on America.
sustainable development at all levels and in all social contexts, to Obama's trip to South America was widely considered a nod
transform society by reorienting education and help people towards Latin America's growing power. 5Brazil, in particular,
develop knowledge, skills, values and behaviours needed for now the world's sixth-largest economy, is frequently lauded for
sustainable development. It is about including sustainable its dramatic economic progress. “More than half of this nation is
development issues, such as climate change and biodiversity into now considered middle class,” Obama noted in an address to the
teaching and learning. Individuals are encouraged to be Brazilian people at Rio de Janeiro's Teatro Municipal on March 20.
responsible actors who resolve challenges, respect cultural “4Millions have been lifted from poverty.” In a speech delivered in
diversity and contribute to creating a more sustainable world. Brasília the day before, 6Obama extolled Brazil for its remarkable
economic growth rate and its transition from dictatorship to open
(https://en.unesco.org. Adapted.) democracy. Thomas Shannon, the US ambassador to Brazil,
echoed this view, stating, “Brazil is no longer an emerging
country. It has emerged.”
(Unesp 2021) 1However, as Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff noted while
welcoming Obama to Brazil, “We still face enormous challenges.”

One such challenge is the alarming and infrequently discussed
rise in attacks on and murders of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgender) Brazilians. According to the Association for
Women's Rights in Development, Brazil suffers from the highest
rate of transphobic violence in the world, and is cited as the
“world’s deadliest place to be transgender.” Last year, at least
250 LGBT people were murdered in Brazil.
On March 2, 2011, a surveillance camera in the Brazilian city of
Belo Horizonte captured the brutal murder of Priscila Brandão, a Causes of food shortages
22-year-old transvestite shot while walking down the street. There are a number of social factors causing food shortages. The
Authorities, citing in the rise in violence against transgender rate of population increase is higher than increase in food
people in Brazil, believed the murder to be a hate crime, as production. The world is consuming more than it is producing,
opposed to a random act of violence. leading to decline in food stock and storage level and increased
Human rights organizations globally condemned Brandão's food prices due to 2soaring demand. Increased population has led
murder, but 8her case is just one of many homophobic and to clearing of agricultural land for human settlement reducing
transphobic hate crimes that have been piling up 2over the years agricultural production (Kamdor, 2007). 3Overcrowding of
in Brazil. According to the Brazilian gay rights group Grupo Gay population in a given place results in urbanization of previously
da Bahia, between 1980 and 2009 3about 3,100 homosexuals rich agricultural fields. Destruction of forests for human
were murdered in cold-blooded hate crimes in the country. settlement, particularly tropical rain forest has led to climatic
Brazilian policymakers have not remained entirely silent on gay changes, such as prolonged droughts and desertification.
rights. On June 4, 2010, then-President Inácio Lula da Silva Population increase means more pollution as people use more
signed a decree that a National Day Against Homophobia be fuel in cars, industry, domestic cooking. The resultant effect is
commemorated annually on May 17 in Brazil, paying homage to increased air and water pollution which affect the climate and
the date in 1990 when the World Health Organization officially food production.
removed homosexuality from the International Classification of Environmental factors have greatly contributed to food shortage.
Diseases. Climatic change has reduced agricultural production. 4The
change in climate is majorly caused by human activities and to
Adapted from http://www.thenation.com/article/159703/brazil- some small extent natural activities. Increased combustion of
crossroads-lgbt-rights#. fossil fuels due to increasing population through power plant,
Access on August 22nd, 2012. motor transport and mining of coal and oil emits green house
gases which have continued to affect world climate.
5Deforestation of tropical forest due to human pressure has
(Ufsj 2013) According to the last paragraph of the text, it is changed climatic patterns and rainfall seasons, and led to
CORRECT to say that: desertification which cannot support a crop production. 6Land
a) the Brazilian police force wanted to do something in order to degradation due to increased human activities has impacted
promote homosexual rights, so they decided not to stay silent. negatively on agricultural production (Kamdor, 2007). Natural
b) on June 4, 2010, President Lula signed a decree which disasters such as floods, tropical storms and prolonged droughts
explicitly criticized the idea that homosexuality was an are on the increase and have devastating impacts on food security
international disease. particularly in developing countries. There are several economic
c) according to President Lula's decree of June 4, 2010, a national factors that contribute to food shortage. Economic factors affect
day was established so as to celebrate the struggle against the ability of farmers to engage in agricultural production.
7Poverty situation in developing nations have reduced their
homophobia.
d) the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from capacity to produce food, as most farmers cannot afford seed and
the International Classification of Diseases, and Lula did the same fertilizers. They use poor farming methods that cannot 8yield
20 years later. enough, even substantial use. Investments in agricultural
research and developing are very low in developing nations.
Exercício 39 9Recent global financial crisis have led to increase in food prices
and reduced investments in agriculture by individuals and
Read the text below and answer the question(s) according to it.
governments in developed nations resulting in reduced food
production.
FOOD SHORTAGE CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS
Effects of food shortage

Food shortage is a serious problem facing the world and is
There are a number of short term effects of food shortage. The
prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The scarcity of food is caused by
impact on children, mothers and elderly are very evident as seen
economic, environmental and social factors such as crop failure,
in malnutrition and hunger related deaths. Children succumb to
overpopulation and poor government policies are the main cause
hunger within short period as they cannot stand long period of
of food scarcity in most countries. Environmental factors
starvation and they die even before the arrival of emergency
determine the kind of crops to be produced in a given place,
assistance.
economic factors determine the buying and production capacity
There are also long term effects of food shortage. These include
and socio-political factors determine distribution of food to the
increase in the price of food as a result demand and supply forces.
masses. Food shortage has far reaching long and short term
Increasing cost of food production due to the increase in fuel
negative impacts which include starvation, malnutrition,
prices coupled with persistent drought in grain producing regions
increased mortality and political 1unrest. There is need to has contributed to the increase in the price of food in the world.
collectively address the issue of food insecurity using both Increase in oil price led to increase in the price of fertilizers,
emergency and long term measures. transportation of food and also industrial agriculture. Increasing
food prices culminated in political instability and social unrest in
several nations across the globe in 2007, in countries of Mexico,
Cameroon, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Pakistan, Egypt and Bangladesh
among other nations (Kamdor, 2007).
Solution to problem of food shortage

There are some solutions to the problem of food shortage. There
is need to reduce production of carbon emissions and pollution to
reduce the resultant climatic change through concerted and
individual efforts. There is need to invest in clean energy such as
solar, nuclear, and geothermal power in homes and industries,
because 10they don’t have adverse effects on the environment
(Kamdor, 2007). Rich nations should help poor nations to develop
and use clean and renewable energy in order to stabilize green
house emissions into the atmosphere (Watson, nd). Government (Unesp 2018) Marque a alternativa que completa a lacuna da
need to work in consultation with climatic bodies, World Bank tira.
and the UN to engage in projects aimed at promoting green
a) must
environment.
b) am going to
c) can
Conclusion
d) have been
Causes of food shortage are well known and can be solved if
e) would
appropriate measures to solve the problem are taken and
effectively implemented. Environmental causes of food shortages Exercício 41
are changes in climatic and pollution due to human activities such When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?
11overgrazing and deforestation which can be controlled through
legislation.
Adapted from http://www.paypervids.com/food-shortage-

causeseffects-solutions/.
Acesso em: 14 fev 2017.
Glossary:
1. unrest – disagreement or fighting between different groups of

people
2. soaring – something that increases rapidly above the usual
level
Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause
8. yield – to supply or produce something such as profit or an
the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how
amount or food
soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the
11. overgrazing – excessive use of land where animals feed on
treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest
grass
canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It
looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are
(Epcar (Afa) 2018) Investing in clean energy is considered
species – is slowly drying out.
a) one of the worst solutions to the problem of food shortage. risen by 1-1.5°C. In some parts, the dry season has expanded
b) a good way to increase the green house emissions. droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift
c) a reasonable idea to reduce the adverse effects on the moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga,
environment. are dying. Those adapted to drier climes, such as the Brazil nut
tree (Bertholletia excelsa), are thriving.
d) a concern faced by several nations in political instability and At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest
social unrest. rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has
Exercício 40
year, deforestation in Brazil spiked by around 30% to almost c) funcionam melhor quando associadas a dispositivos
10,000 km2, the largest loss in a decade. And in August 2019, sincronizados em escala mundial.
videos of wildfires in the Amazon made international headlines. d) dependem de atualização constante para garantia de
The number of fires that month was the highest for any August desempenho satisfatório.
since an extreme drought in 2010. e) requerem avaliação ampla, quanto à possível presença de
elementos tendenciosos em sua concepção.
Exercício 43
(Unesp 2021) According to the first paragraph, the Amazon TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
rainforest THE FLAT EARTH CRUISE: SERIOUSLY, PEOPLE?
a) might eventually dry out due to climate change, deforestation 1Organizers of an annual conference that brings together 2people
and fires. who believe that our planet is not round are planning a cruise to
b) has already regenerated itself since it looks green and the supposed edge of the Earth. They’re looking for the ice wall
healthy. that holds back the oceans.
c) has lost over 16 thousand tree species over last decade.
d) appears large and resilient, so deforestation and fires will have The journey will take place in 2020, the Flat Earth International
a mild impact. Conference (FEIC) recently announced on its website. The goal?
e) has already reached a state that makes it difficult to recover To test so-called flat-Earthers’ assertion that the Earth is a
from fires and deforestation. flattened disk surrounded at its edge by a towering wall of ice.
Exercício 42
(Fuvest 2020) Assigning female genders to digital assistants Details about the event, including the dates, are forthcoming,
such as Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa is helping entrench according to the FEIC, which calls the cruise “3the biggest,
harmful gender biases, according to a UN agency. boldest adventure yet”. However, it’s worth noting that nautical
Research released by Unesco claims that the often submissive maps and navigation technologies such as global positioning
and flirty responses offered by the systems to many queries – systems (GPS) work as they do because the Earth is … a globe.
including outright abusive ones – reinforce ideas of women as
subservient. Believers in a flat Earth argue that images showing a curved
“Because the speech of most voice assistants is female, it sends a horizon are fake and that photos of a round Earth from space are
signal that women are obliging, docile and eager‐to-please part of a vast conspiracy perpetrated by NASA and other space
helpers, available at the touch of a button or with a blunt voice agencies to hide Earth’s flatness. “4This likely began during the
command like ‘hey’ or ‘OK’”, the report said. cold war”, the Flat Earth Society (FES) says. “The U.S.S.R. and
“The assistant holds no power of agency beyond what the U.S.A. were obsessed with beating each other into space to the
commander asks of it. It honours commands and responds to point that each faked their accomplishments in an attempt to
queries regardless of their tone or hostility. In many communities, keep pace with the other’s supposed achievements.” 5These and
this reinforces commonly held gender biases that women are other flat-Earth assertions appear on the website of the FES,
subservient and tolerant of poor treatment.” allegedly the world’s oldest official flat Earth organization, dating
The Unesco publication was entitled “I’d Blush if I Could”; a to the early 1800s.
reference to the response Apple’s Siri assistant offers to the
phrase: “You’re a slut.” Amazon’s Alexa will respond: “Well, However, 6the ancient Greeks demonstrated that Earth was a
thanks for the feedback.” sphere more than 2.000 years ago, and the gravity that keeps
The paper said such firms were “staffed by overwhelmingly male everything on the planet from flying off into space could exist
engineering teams” and have built AI (Artificial Intelligence) only on a spherical world.
systems that “cause their feminised digital assistants to greet
verbal abuse with catch‐me‐if‐you‐can flirtation”. But in diagrams shared on the FES website, the planet appears as
Saniye Gülser Corat, Unesco’s director for gender equality, said: a pancake-like disk with the North Pole smacked in the center
“The world needs to pay much closer attention to how, when and and an edge “7surrounded on all sides by an ice wall that holds
whether AI technologies are gendered and, crucially, who is the oceans back”. This ice wall – thought by some 8flat-Earthers
gendering them.” to be Antarctica – is the destination of the promised FEIC cruise.
The Guardian, May, 2019. Adaptado.
De acordo com o texto, na opinião de Saniye Gulser Corat, There’s just one catch: navigational charts and systems that guide
tecnologias que envolvem Inteligência Artificial, entre outros cruise ships and other vessels around the Earth’s oceans are all
aspectos, based on the principle of a round Earth, says Henk Keijer, a
a) são desenvolvidas segundo normas prescritas em convenções former cruise ship captain with 23 years of experience.
internacionais.
b) devem ser monitoradas por empresas multinacionais geridas GPS relies on a network of dozens of satellites orbiting
por mulheres. thousands of miles above Earth; signals from the satellites beam
down to the receiver inside of a GPS device, and at least three
satellites are required to pinpoint a precise position because of d) inserir uma vírgula após “Why” (3º quadrinho) e suprimir a
Earth’s curvature, Keijer explained. “9Had the Earth been flat, a vírgula após “Commas” (4º quadrinho).
total of three satellites would have been enough to provide this e) inserir uma vírgula após “Why” (3º quadrinho), apenas.
information to 10everyone on Earth”. He adds: “11But it is not
Exercício 45
enough, because the Earth is round”.
Howard Gardner: ‘Multiple intelligences’ are not ‘learning
styles’
Whether or not, the FEIC cruise will rely on GPS or deploy an
entirely new flat-Earth-based navigation system for finding the
by Valerie Strauss
end of the world remains to be seen.
Adaptado de livescience.com, 30/05/2017. The fields of psychology and education were revolutionized
years ago when we now world renowned psychologist Howard
Gardner published his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of
Multiple Intelligences, which detailed a new model of human
(Uerj 2020) Had the Earth been flat, a total of three satellites intelligence that went beyond the traditional view that 1there
would have been enough to provide this information (ref. 9) was a single kind that could be measured by standardized tests.
Gardner’s theory initially listed seven intelligences which work
In relation to the rest of the statement, the underlined fragment together: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-
has the objective of: kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal; he later added an
eighth, naturalist intelligence and says there may be a few more.
The theory became highly popular with 2K-12 educators around
a) formulating a hypothesis
the world seeking ways to reach students who did not respond to
b) supporting an opinion
traditional approaches, but over time, ‘multiple intelligences’
somehow became synonymous with the concept of ‘learning
c) implementing an idea
styles’. In this important post, Gardner explains 3why the former
is not the latter.
d) proving a point
4It’s been years since I developed the notion of ‘multiple
Exercício 44 intelligences’. I have been gratified by the interest shown in this
(Unesp 2021) Examine a tira de Alex Culang e Raynato Castro: idea and the ways it’s been used in schools, museums, and
business around the world. But 5one unanticipated consequence
has driven me to distraction and that’s the tendency of many
people, including persons whom I cherish, to credit me with the
notion of ‘learning styles’ or to collapse ‘multiple intelligences’
with ‘learning styles’. 6It’s high time to relieve my pain and to set
the record straight.
First a word about ‘MI theory’. On the basis of research in several
disciplines, including the study of how 7human capacities are
represented in the brain, I developed the idea that each of us has
a number of relatively independent mental faculties, which can be
termed our ‘multiple intelligences’. The basic idea is simplicity
itself. A belief in a single intelligence assumes that we have one
central, all-purpose computer, and it determines how well we
perform in every sector of life. In contrast, a belief in multiple
intelligences assumes that human beings have to distinct
intelligences.
Even before I spoke and wrote about ‘MI’, the term ‘learning
styles’ was being bandied about in educational circles. The idea,
reasonable enough on the surface, is that all children (indeed all
of us) have distinctive minds and personalities. Accordingly, it
makes sense to find out about learners and to teach and nurture
them in ways that are appropriate, that they value, and above all,
Para que a história tivesse um desfecho favorável à garota, seria are effective.
necessário Two problems: first, the notion of ‘learning styles’ is itself not
a) inserir uma vírgula após “Help” (1º quadrinho) e suprimir a coherent. Those who use this term do not define the criteria for a
vírgula após “Commas” (4º quadrinho). style, nor where styles come from, how they are
b) inserir uma vírgula após “Help” (1º quadrinho), apenas. recognized/assessed/exploited. Say that Johnny is said to have a
c) suprimir a vírgula após “Commas” (4º quadrinho), apenas. learning style that is ‘impulsive’. Does that mean that Johnny is
‘impulsive’ about everything? How do we know this? What does
this imply about teaching? Should we teach ‘impulsively’, or (Epcar (Afa) 2017) Select the option that shows the indirect
should we compensate by ‘teaching reflectively’? What of speech form for “These distinctions are consequential.” (reference
learning style is ‘right-brained’ or visual or tactile? Same issues 12).
apply.
Gardner
Problem #2: when 8researchers have tried to identify learning a) said that those distinctions were consequential.
styles, teach consistently with those styles, and examine b) told these distinctions are consequential.
outcomes, there is not persuasive evidence that the learning style c) said us these distinctions were consequential.
analysis produces more effective outcomes than a 9‘one size fits d) told those distinctions are consequential.
all approach’. Of course, the learning style analysis might have
been inadequate. Or even if it is on the mark, the fact that one Exercício 46
intervention did not work does not mean that the concept of (Eear 2019) Read the cartoon and answer the question:
learning styles is fatally imperfect; another intervention might
have proved effective. Absence of evidence does not prove non-
existence of a 10phenomenon; it signals to educational
researchers: 11‘back to the drawing boards’.
Here’s my considered judgment about the best way to analyze
this lexical terrain:
Intelligence: We all have the multiple intelligences. But we
signed out, as a strong intelligence, an area where the person has
considerable computational power.
Style or learning style: A hypothesis of how an individual
approaches the range of materials. If an individual has a
The word “bored”, used twice in the cartoon, is NOT closest in
‘reflective style’, he/she is hypothesized to be reflective about the
meaning to __________
full range of materials. We cannot assume that reflectiveness in
writing necessarily signals reflectiveness in one’s interaction with a) refreshed
the others. b) impatient
Senses: Sometimes people speak about a ‘visual’ learner or an c) sleepy
‘auditory’ learner. The implication is that some people learn d) tired
through their eyes, others through their ears. This notion is
incoherent. Both spatial information and reading occur with the Exercício 47
eyes, but they make use of entirely different cognitive faculties. TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
What matters is the power of the mental computer, the The search for life beyond Earth
intelligence that acts upon that sensory information once picked
1We have always been fascinated by the thought of alien life
up.
12These distinctions are consequential. If people want to talk elsewhere in the universe. The idea has provided 2the 3basis for a
about ‘an impulsive style’ or a ‘visual learner’, that’s their huge wealth of science fiction stories that have been limited only
prerogative. But they should recognize that these labels may be by our imaginations. But can other creatures exist in the vast
unhelpful, at best, and ill-conceived at worst. In contrast, there is reaches of space or on other planets or moons? And are there
strong evidence that human beings have a range of intelligences other intelligent forms of life out there – or are we more likely to
and that strength (or weakness) in one intelligence does not find something much simpler?
4Where are all the aliens?
predict strength (or weakness) in any other intelligences. All of us
exhibit jagged profiles of intelligences. There are common sense Our Sun is just one star among billions in our 5galaxy. In the last
ways of assessing our own intelligences, and even if it seems few years, scientists have detected thousands of planets around
appropriate, we can take a more formal test battery. And then, as other stars and it seems that most stars have planetary systems.
teachers, parents, or self-assessors, we can decide how best to It’s therefore likely that there will be large numbers of habitable
make use of this information. planets in the Milky Way galaxy and beyond that are capable of
supporting intelligent life. Some of these intelligent civilisations,
(Adapted from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer- if they’re out there, may have even developed interstellar travel.
sheet) Are there other intelligent forms of life out there – or are we
more likely to find something much simpler?
But Earth hasn’t been visited by any intelligent aliens (yet?). This
Glossary: apparent high probability of life, combined with a lack of evidence
for its existence, is called the Fermi Paradox, named for the
2K-12 educators defend the adoption of an interdisciplinary
physicist Enrico Fermi who first 6outlined the argument back in
curriculum and methods for teaching with objects. 1950. This begs the question: where is everybody?
Back in 1961, astronomer Francis Drake tried to rationalise this
question by developing an equation that takes into 7account all
the factors relevant to finding alien civilisations and gives an
estimate of the number of civilisations out there in the galaxy that All exploration will happen if they __________ robotic space
should be able to communicate with us. It considers factors such probes.
as the 8rate of new star formation, how many planets around a) will use
those new and existing stars might be able to support life, the
number of planets supporting intelligent 9life, how many of those b) using
civilisations might have technology we can detect, whether
they’re likely to communicate with us here on Earth, and so on. c) use
The 10search for extraterrestrial intelligence
Scientists and radio astronomers have started the search for d) are going to use
extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) in a systematic manner. Several
international organisations, including the SETI Institute and the Exercício 48
SETI League, are using radio telescopes to detect signals that (Enem 2019) LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Sugar fear-mongering
might have been produced by intelligent life. unhelpful
In 1995, the SETI Institute started 11Project Phoenix, which used By The Washington Times Tuesday, June 25, 2013
three of the most powerful radio telescopes in the world: the
Green Bank radio telescope in West Virginia, USA; the Arecibo In his recent piece “Is obesity a disease?” (Web, June 19), Dr.
telescope in Puerto Rico; and the Parkes radio telescope in NSW, Peter Lind refers to high-fructose corn syrup and other
Australia. During its initial phase, Project Phoenix used the Parkes “manufactured sugars” as “poison” that will “guarantee storage of
telescope to search for signals coming from 202 Sun-like stars as fat in the body.” Current scientific research strongly indicates that
distant as 155 light years away. By the end of its operations, obesity results from excessive calorie intake combined with a
sedentary lifestyle. The fact is, Americans are consuming more
Project Phoenix had scanned a total of 800 12‘nearby’ (up to 240
total calories now than ever before. According to the U.S.
light years away) stars for signs of life. The project detected some
Department of Agriculture, our total per-capita daily caloric intake
cosmic noises, but 13none of that could be attributed to aliens.
increased by 22 percent from 2,076 calories per day in 1970 to
These days, anyone can become involved in the search for
2,534 calories per day in 2010 – an additional 458 calories, only
extraterrestrial intelligence through their personal computer.
34 of which come from increased added sugar intake. A vast
While there’s currently excitement about sending human crews
majority of these calories come from increased fats and
to Mars, missions beyond the Red Planet are at this stage pretty
flour/cereals. Surprisingly, the amount of caloric sweeteners (i.e.
much not 14feasible the distances and travel times involved are sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, honey, etc.) Americans consume
simply too great. Basically, all exploration for life beyond Earth has actually decreased over the past decade. We need to
will need to be done using robotic space 15probes and landing continue to study the obesity epidemic to see what more can be
rovers. These instruments can provide a huge wealth of done, but demonizing one specific ingredient accomplishes
information and are capable of exploring as far away as Pluto, nothing and raises unnecessary fears that get in the way of real
perhaps even beyond our solar system. But as for life beyond the solutions.
solar system, the nearest stars are several light years away, and JAMES M. RIPPE.
even communications by electromagnetic waves (which all travel Shrewsbury, Mass.
at the speed of light) are essentially going to be a one-way
message. Disponível em: www.washingtontimes.com.
While we probably won’t find intelligent life too close to home, Acesso em: 29 jul. 2013. Adaptado.
16there’s a chance we may still find much simpler life forms. 17Do
we have neighbours beyond Earth? Time will tell – and the

search continues. Ao abordar o assunto “obesidade”, em uma seção de jornal, o
autor
(Adapted from https://www.science.org.au/curious/space-
a) defende o consumo liberado de açúcar.
time/search-lifebeyond- earth – Access on 16/02/19)
b) aponta a gordura como o grande vilão da saúde.
Glossary:
c) demonstra acreditar que a obesidade não é preocupante.
1. to outline – describe or give the main fact about something
2. to take into account – consider something
d) indica a necessidade de mais pesquisas sobre o assunto.
3. rate – expansion
4. nearby – short distance away
e) enfatiza a redução de ingestão de calorias pelos americanos.
5. feasible – appropriate; suitable
6. space probe – spy satellite Exercício 49
The effect of climate change on epidemic risk
(G1 - epcar (Cpcar) 2020) Mark the alternative that completes

the sentence below correctly.
1The potential impacts of climate change have returned to
headlines in recent weeks 2as scientists, activists and policy Como a febre amarela rompeu os limites da Floresta Amazônica e
makers try to understand the possible implications of a warming alcançou o Sudeste, atingindo os grandes centros urbanos? A
planet. 3While rising temperatures and sea levels are important partir do ano passado, o número de casos da doença alcançou
níveis sem precedentes nos últimos cinquenta anos. Desde o
to be considered, 4changing climate patterns can have vast
início de 2017, foram confirmados 779 casos, 262 deles
implications for epidemic risk as well.
resultando em mortes. Trata-se do maior surto da forma silvestre
da doença já registrado no país. Outros 435 registros ainda estão
Changes in global climate patterns have been 5widely discussed;
sob investigação.
however, rising temperatures also have implications for risk
reduction and management, including impacts on infectious
Como tudo começou? Os navios portugueses vindos da África nos
disease epidemics. With 2016 the hottest year ever recorded and
séculos XVII e XVIII não trouxeram ao Brasil somente escravos e
2017 following suit, we anticipate a continued growth in the
mercadorias. Dois inimigos silenciosos vieram junto: o vírus da
distribution of disease agents, like mosquitoes and ticks. 6These febre amarela e o mosquito Aedes aegypti. A consequência foi
can spread illnesses such as zika, yellow fever and dengue to uma série de surtos de febre amarela urbana no Brasil, com
areas where they previously could not be 7effectively milhares de mortos. Por volta de 1940, a febre amarela urbana foi
transmitted. erradicada. Mas o vírus migrou, pelo trânsito de pessoas
infectadas, para zonas de floresta na região Amazônica. No início
As predicted by climate scientists, 8increases in extreme weather dos anos 2000, a febre amarela ressurgiu em áreas da Mata
events may also lead to increases in infectious disease outbreaks. Atlântica. Três teses tentam explicar o fenômeno.
9Epidemics have previously been seen as a consequence of
natural disasters, 10which can lead to displaced and crowded Segundo o professor Aloísio Falqueto, da Universidade Federal
populations, the ideal situation for infection transmission. Severe do Espírito Santo, “uma pessoa pegou o vírus na Amazônia e
rainfall or flooding is 11particularly effective at creating entrou na Mata Atlântica depois, possivelmente na altura de
environments suitable for the transmission and propagation of Montes Claros, em Minas Gerais, onde surgiram casos de
infectious diseases, such as measles or cholera. macacos e pessoas infectadas”. O vírus teria se espalhado porque
os primatas da mata eram vulneráveis: como o vírus desaparece
Even without rising to the level of a natural catastrophe, da região na década de 1940, não desenvolveram anticorpos.
significant variation in weather patterns can result in changes in Logo os macacos passaram a ser mortos por seres humanos que
human and animal interactions, increasing the potential for temem contrair a doença. O massacre desses bichos, porém, é um
pathogens to move from animals into human populations. 12For “tiro no pé”, o que faz crescer a chance de contaminação de
example, unusually heavy rains may predispose regions to ebola pessoas. Sem primatas para picar na copa das árvores, os
outbreaks by creating more favorable environments for bats mosquitos procuram sangue humano.
hosting the virus. 13Similarly, food scarcity brought about by

De acordo com o pesquisador Ricardo Lourenço, do Instituto
drought, political instability or animal disease may lead to more
Oswaldo Cruz, os mosquitos transmissores da doença se
animal hunting, therefore raising the risk for ebola virus
deslocaram do Norte para o Sudeste, voando ao longo de rios e
epidemic.
corredores de mata. Estima-se que um mosquito seja capaz de
voar 3 km por dia. Tanto o homem quanto o macaco, quando
It is important to take note of the impact of climate change on
picados, só carregam o vírus da febre amarela por cerca de três
epidemic risk, but it is equally important to prepare for its impact
dias. Depois disso, o organismo produz anticorpos. Em cerca de
on global health. 14The global health community has largely
dez dias, primatas e humanos ou morrem ou se curam, tornando-
come to realize that public health preparedness is crucial to
se imunes à doença.
responding efficiently to infectious disease outbreaks. For this
reason, our work is, then, centered around helping governments
Para o infectologista Eduardo Massad, professor da Universidade
manage and quantify infectious disease risk. Besides, regardless
de São Paulo, o rompimento da barragem da Samarco, em
of weather patterns, insights into epidemics and into mechanisms
Mariana (MG), em 2015, teve papel relevante na disseminação
for ensuring adequate support are critical for managing this risk.
acelerada da doença no Sudeste. A destruição do habitat natural
de diferentes espécies teria reduzido significativamente os
Since the public health community agrees that 15the question is predadores naturais dos mosquitos. A tragédia ambiental ainda
not if another outbreak will happen, but when, the steps we take teria afetado o sistema imunológico dos macacos, tornando-os
in the coming years to prepare for and reduce the increasing mais suscetíveis ao vírus.
frequency of outbreaks will determine the broader implications
these diseases have on our world. Por que é importante determinar a “viagem” do vírus?
Basicamente, para orientar as campanhas de vacinação. Em 2014,
contagionlive.com Eduardo Massad elaborou um plano de imunização depois que 11
pessoas morreram vítimas de febre amarela em Botucatu (SP):
“Eu fiz cálculos matemáticos para determinar qual seria a
(Uerj 2019) Três teses sobre o avanço da febre amarela proporção da população nas áreas não vacinadas que deveria ser
imunizada, considerando os riscos de efeitos adversos da vacina. if successful, often creates paranoid and fatal structures of
Infelizmente, a Secretaria de Saúde não adotou essa estratégia. homogeneity by trying to mould memories and hopes.
Os casos acontecem exatamente nas áreas onde eu havia
recomendado a vacinação. A Secretaria está correndo atrás do Humankind has gathered impressive knowledge about the
prejuízo”. Desde julho de 2017, mais de 100 pessoas foram limitations of the human will and the failures of such
contaminadas em São Paulo e mais de 40 morreram. “engineering”. 12Nevertheless, despite this, and maybe even
because of it, we cannot give up trying the 3impossible: to create
O Ministério da Saúde afirmou em nota que, desde 2016, os conditions for equality and solidarity for individuals to flourish.
estados e municípios vêm sendo orientados para a necessidade These conditions should be accompanied by narratives of a just,
de intensificar as medidas de prevenção. A orientação é que fair and free commonwealth of all. If history and memory seem to
pessoas em áreas de risco se vacinem. make this dream an 4unlikely scenario, can art play this part?
NATHALIA PASSARINHO The role of art is precisely to keep inspiration alive, to deconstruct
Adaptado de bbc.com, 06/02/2018
ideology, to 5recall the necessary dream of freedom, of the
individual and of the common good beyond the “either/or” and
beyond simplicity. In this sense, art in general prevents false
The texts “Três teses sobre o avanço da febre amarela” and “The
hopes, and thus generates hope in the most paradoxical way: the
effect of climate change on epidemic risk” mention possible
only way of hoping that reaches beyond the private sphere
reasons for disease outbreaks.
without some kind of ideological distortion.
The reason which is presented in both texts is

What makes art so unique? And why? Because the best
a) animal hunting narratives of art are purpose-free, uniquely non-instrumental,
b) population growth simply human. Art narrates what we don’t understand in
c) governmental neglect 7enlightened ways. Artists in particular offer a wealth of 6unseen
d) environmental changes perspectives and 8unexpected pathways of human exploration.

Art makes us aware that all memories are personal, despite the
Exercício 50
power of collective narratives. Arts and culture empower people
to think freely, to imagine the 9unimagined, to feel responsible
The art of difference across borders and boundaries. Hopefully, the narratives of the
future will be 10intercultural – and art will be the ally in the art of
Mutuality in recognizing and negotiating difference is crucial for difference that needs to be further developed. “Art is about
people to deal with their past and the future; it is also essential in difference, art is difference”, as stated by Igor Dobricic*. And it is
the process of creating a culture of responsibility. How can this be difference that will be at the origin of the new bonding narratives
achieved and what is the role of art in this process? of confidence.
1A vision based on ideologies solves both challenges of sharing –
the interpretation of the past and the projections of the future. Gottfried Wagner
But ideologies are somehow “total”, if not totalitarian, because alliancepublishing.org
there is not much space for serious public negotiation. Individuals,
then, lose their integrity or are restricted to their private spheres *Igor Dobricic – dramaturgo da Sérvia
and, in the end, their memories become part of the dominant
identity discourse, their aspirations are delegated. Even in less
obvious systems of ideological rule, where individual subscription (Uerj 2013) We have learned, though, that this social
to the official story line seems to be consciously voluntary and engineering is a phantasm, (ref. 11)
collective memories are willingly encouraged for the sake of Nevertheless, despite this, and maybe even because of it, we
collective identities, the negotiation of difference is often not cannot give up trying the impossible: (ref. 12)
welcome: exclusion happens quickly 2and non-conformist doubts

The connectives underlined express the same notion.
produce suspicion.
They could be replaced by:
A democratic vision – shared aspirations for the future, based on a) so

negotiated interpretations of the past that respect diversity – is b) thus
necessarily found in complex processes of private and public c) however
discourse and participatory and inclusive culture. Yet, politics d) therefore
tends to reduce complexity and engineer the balance between
the individual and the collective rather than invest in processes of Exercício 51
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
negotiation. We have learned, 11though, that this social
engineering is a phantasm, largely limited and limiting, and, even
In broad terms, POLITICAL CORRUPTION is the misuse of public
(governmental) power for illegitimate, usually secret, private
advantage. c) há falhas na qualificação dos trabalhadores.
All forms of government are susceptible to political corruption. d) sobram atividades no mercado de trabalho.
Forms of corruption vary, but the most common are patronage, e) faltam atividades no mercado de trabalho.
bribery, extortion, influence peddling, fraud, embezzlement, and
nepotism. While corruption often facilitates criminal enterprise Exercício 53
such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and criminal The iEconomy
Apple’s Retail Army, Long on Loyalty but Short on Pay
prostitution, 2it is not restricted to these organized crime
by DAVID SEGAL
activities, and 3it does not always support or shield other crimes.
June, 2012
What constitutes corruption differs depending on the country or
jurisdiction. Certain political funding practices that are legal in
Last year, during his best three-month stretch, Jordan Golson sold
one place may be illegal in another. In some countries, police and
about $750,000 worth of computers and gadgets at the Apple
prosecutors have broad discretion over who to arrest and charge,
Store in Salem, N.H. It was a performance that might have called
and the line between discretion and corruption can be difficult to
for a bottle of Champagne — if that were a luxury Mr. Golson
draw, as in 1racial profiling. In countries with strong interest could have afforded. “I was earning $11.25 an hour,” he said.
group politics, practices that could easily constitute corruption “Part of me was thinking, ‘This is great. I’m an Apple fan, the
elsewhere are sometimes sanctified as official group preferences. store is doing really well.’ But when you look at the amount of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption.Bribery:_Bribe- money the company is making and then you look at your
takers_and_bribe-givers Access: Apr. 2006.(Adapted) paycheck, it’s kind of tough.”
America’s love affair with the smartphone has helped create tens
(Ufmg 2007) According to the text, the notion of corruption of thousands of jobs at places like Best Buy and Verizon Wireless
a) changes from place to place. and will this year pump billions into the economy. Within this
b) constitutes legal activities. world, the Apple Store is the undisputed king, a retail
c) reflects the official elections. phenomenon renowned for impeccable design, deft service and
d) results in racial profiling. spectacular revenues. Last year, the company’s 327 global stores
took in more money per square foot than any other United States
Exercício 52 retailer — wireless or otherwise — and almost double that of
Tiffany, which was No. 2 on the list.
Worldwide, its stores sold $16 billion in merchandise.
But most of Apple’s employees enjoyed little of that wealth.
While consumers tend to think of Apple’s headquarters as the
company’s heart and soul, a majority of its workers in the United
States are not engineers or executives with hefty salaries and
bonuses but rather hourly wage earners selling iPhones and
MacBooks.
About 30,000 of the 43,000 Apple employees in this country
work in Apple Stores, as members of the service economy, and
many of them earn about $25,000 a year. They work inside the
world’s fastest growing industry, for the most valuable company,
run by one of the country’s most richly compensated chief
executives, Tim Cook. Last year, he received stock grants, which
vest over a 10-year period, that at today’s share price would be
There are many ways to look at the weak June jobs report and worth more than $570 million.
this is one of them that captures more broadly the lack of labor And though Apple is unparalleled as a retailer, when it comes to
market activities. It’s the ratio of 16-and-overs that are employed its lowliest workers, the company is a reflection of the technology
to the population of that group. In June, the employment-to- industry as a whole.
population ratio returned to 58.2%, The Internet and advances in computing have created untold
matching an eight-month low (To get a number worse than millionaires, but most of the jobs created by technology giants are
58.2%, one has to go back to 1983!). Of course, some of the service sector representatives, repairmen and delivery drivers —
younger group are students, and the older group retirees, but a that offer little of Silicon Valley’s riches or glamour.
chart of those between the ages of 25-to-54 looks pretty similar. Much of the debate about American unemployment has focused
on why companies have moved factories overseas, but only 8
(http://www.marketwatch.com/story. July, 2011. Adaptado) percent of the American work force is in manufacturing, according
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Job growth has for decades
(G1 - ifsp 2012) O trecho – the lack of labor market activities – been led by service-related work, and any recovery with real legs,
indica que labor experts say, will be powered and sustained by this segment
of the economy.
a) há trabalhadores muito qualificados para o que o mercado
And as the service sector has grown, the definition of a career has
exige.
been reframed for millions of American workers.
b) há trabalhadores pouco qualificados no mercado.
By the standards of retailing, Apple offers above average pay — Anthony Cox was transported from England to Hobart as a
well above the minimum wage of $7.25 and better than the Gap, convict in 1833 for housebreaking. He was granted a conditional
though slightly less than Lululemon, the yoga and athletic pardon in May 1849 and married convict Jane Daly soon after. As
apparel chain, where sales staff earn about $12 an hour. The an ex-convict “of good conduct and disposition to industry”, he
company also offers very good benefits for a retailer. received a 19-acre parcel of land from the government on the site
But Apple is not selling polo shirts or yoga pants. Divide revenue that would become the Bruny Island Quarantine Station. Cox and
by total number of employees and you find that last year, each his family cut firewood for a living on land that was 4widely
Apple store employee — that includes non-sales staff like regarded as “very poor”, 5yet their home, Shellwood Cottage,
technicians and people stocking shelves — brought in $473,000. was neatly fenced and surrounded by flowers. Compared to the
Even Apple, it seems, has recently decided it needs to pay its 6hardships of convict life, 7the freedom and serenity of Bruny
workers more. Last week, four months after The New York Times Island was akin to paradise.
first began inquiring about the wages of its store employees, the The land was eventually sold, and the Bruny Island Quarantine
company started to inform some staff members that they would
Station was built in the mid-1800s 8to avoid the spread of
receive substantial raises. An Apple spokesman confirmed the
contagious diseases such as typhoid and smallpox that were
raises but would not discuss their size, timing or impetus, nor
prevalent at the time. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 saw
who would earn them.
an increase in international travel, and thousands of immigrants
travelling to Australia on passenger ships to start a new life in
(Ibmecrj 2013) Which of the alternatives is implied by the title of
the colonies were quarantined on Bruny Island.
the article?
Three of the original buildings from this time remain and can be
a) A tone of skepticism seen today. The cleansing room provided pedestrian access to the
b) Some sort of optimism isolation block and was enclosed by a 3m fence, which also
c) A critical tone surrounded the Health Officer’s quarters and the hospital,
d) A deep concern observation wards, laundry and mortuary. The mortuary was
e) A certain indifference divided into two sections, with one half used for disinfection and
fumigation of passengers; and the other used as a morgue that
Exercício 54 fortunately saw little use over the years.
Tasmania’s beautiful quarantine site When Captain Johann Meir and his sailors arrived at the
by Dr Tiana Templeman Quarantine Station in January 1915, it had been set up as a
German internment camp. The crew were put to work with other
When World War One broke out in 1914, 1the German crew of Germans cutting wood and clearing land. There were around 70
the SS Oberhausen were declared “enemy aliens” and were internees in total and just 15 guards to patrol almost 2km of
caught by a band of 11 Australian naval reservists. Captain shoreline and a long fence. The task of stopping them from
Johann Meir and his sailors, who were getting timber in Port escaping would have been impossible – had the prisoners
Huon in Tasmania at the time, could have topped up with fuel and actually wanted to leave.
got out of port. Instead, they stayed, as it was safer than Perhaps it was because they proved to have such little interest in
returning to Germany to fight. After piercing their ship’s liquor escaping that the prisoners were given so much freedom. They
casks and sharing the booze with their captors, all of them arrived often worked outside the Quarantine Station boundaries and
in the capital, Hobart, rolling drunk. The reservists had some constructed their own buildings, including several camps well
explaining to do, while the Germans were eventually sent to an away from the main base. According to Kathy Duncombe,
internment camp at Bruny Island Quarantine Station. 2Conditions researcher and committee member of the Friends of Bruny Island
at the camp were reasonably good and Captain Meir was Quarantine Station, one of their biggest challenges was
reported as saying, “What better place to spend the war?”. He 9boredom. “They spent their time chopping down trees, which
wasn’t the first, nor would he be the last, to experience the were sold, but also because it gave them something to do. Some
freedom and isolation of Bruny Island. of them made ships in bottles to pass the time.”
The tiny island located off Tasmania’s south-east coast has After the Germans were moved to Holsworthy Internment Camp
played a significant role in Australia’s history as its isolation made in Sydney in 1915, things were quiet at the Quarantine Station –
it the perfect location for quarantine. From 1884, passengers but not for long. The end of World War One coincided with the
arriving in Tasmania had to be disease-free before they were beginning of the Spanish influenza pandemic. 10Instead of
allowed into the general community. Instead of being confined to coming home to victory parades and being reunited with their
a ship, they served out their isolation period and underwent families, Tasmanian soldiers returning from war spent seven days
health checks ashore at Bruny Island Quarantine Station. in quarantine at Bruny Island with hundreds of other men. While
Prior to this, Europeans passing by as early as 1777, as 3vessels they were initially disappointed with the delay in their return
travelling around the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa often home, many later realized it was the best thing that could have
used Adventure Bay on Bruny Island as a safe anchorage for happened. They could get their land legs after many days at sea
replenishing supplies such as water and wood. However, and talk to others who had experienced the horrors of war. This
European occupation of the Quarantine Station site didn’t occur was good for the men psychologically as many didn’t want 11to
until 1856, with the arrival of the Cox family. burden their families. There was swimming, fishing, football, a
movie tent, and a boxing ring, which helped the soldiers
12release anger and frustration. 13Spirits were lifted by care
packages from the Red Cross Society containing luxuries such as What did John tell Mary last Saturday?
cigarettes, books and fruit. John told __________ the day before.
More about the Quarantine Station’s history continues to be a) Mary that he will buy some flowers
discovered, like the German internee’s diary a 90-year-old man b) her that he had bought some flowers
who speaks the same German dialect is translating. There are c) him that he did buy some flowers
578 pages filled with beautiful handwriting and photographs of d) to Mary that he bought some flowers
things we had never seen before. History never stands still, there e) that he has to buy some flowers
is always more to be told.
Exercício 57
Disponível em: http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200505- (Enem 2019) 5 Ways Pets Can Improve Your Health
tasmanias-ruggedly-beautiful-quarantine-site. Acesso em: 6
maio 2019. A pet is certainly a great friend. After a difficult day, pet owners
quite literally feel the love.
In fact, for nearly 25 years, research has shown that living with
pets provides certain health benefits. Pets help lower blood
(Ucs 2021) Com base no texto, assinale a alternativa em que a pressure and lessen anxiety. They boost our immunity. They can
tradução do(s) termo(s) sublinhado(s) é a mais adequada. even help you get dates.
Allergy Fighters: A growing number of studies have suggested
a) the German crew of the SS Oberhausen were declared
that kids growing up in a home with "furred animals" will have
“enemy aliens” (ref. 1) – tradução: desertores.
less risk of allergies and asthma.
b) the freedom and serenity of Bruny Island was akin to
Date Magnets: Dogs are great for making love connections.
paradise (ref. 7) – tradução: superior.
Forget Internet matchmaking – a dog is a natural conversation
c) to avoid the spread of contagious diseases such as typhoid
starter.
and smallpox (ref. 8) – tradução: varíola.
Dogs for the Aged: Walking a dog or just caring for a pet – for
d) Instead of coming home to victory parades and being
elderly people who are able – can provide exercise and
reunited with their families (ref. 10) – tradução: licenças.
companionship.
e) Spirits were lifted by care packages from the Red Cross
Good for Mind and Soul: Like any enjoyable activity, playing with
Society (ref. 13) – tradução: carregados.
a dog can elevate levels of serotonin and dopamine – nerve
Exercício 55 transmitters that are known to have pleasurable and calming
(Ufmg 2007) properties.
Good for the Heart: Heart attack patients who have pets survive
longer than those without, according to several studies.
DAVIS, J. L. Disponível em: www.webmd.com

Acesso em: 21 abr. 2013. Adaptado.
Ao discutir sobre a influência de animais de estimação no bem-

estar do ser humano, a autora, a fim de fortalecer seus
argumentos, utiliza palavras e expressões como research, a
growing number of research e several studies com o objetivo de
a) mostrar que animais de estimação ajudam na cura de doenças

como alergias e asma.
b) convencer sobre os benefícios da adoção de animais de

From: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. estimação para a saúde
A map was included in the text in order to show that corruption is c) fornecer dados sobre os impactos de animais de estimação nas
a relações amorosas.
a) long banned enterprise. d) explicar como o contato com animais de estimação pode
b) government top secret. prevenir ataques cardíacos.
c) few nations' problem.
d) worldwide phenomenon. e) esclarecer sobre o modo como os idosos devem se relacionar
Exercício 56 com animais de estimação.
(Esc. Naval 2016) Which is the correct option to complete the Exercício 58
dialogue below?
WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating.
Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters 18wield.
Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is While that's also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys don't
much like asking 1why evil itself intrigues us, but 2there's much ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come
more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the show how heroes become 19menaces when they try to take over.
eye. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to
3Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull 4run characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow
unconstrained by conventional morality, 5they exist outside the (who controls individuals' fears) to Doctor Doom (who's
limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a perpetually out to dominate the world).
touch of the unreal. Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and
But 6is our fascination with fantastic 7fiends healthy? From a feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and
psychological perspective, views vary on 8what drives our cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or
20become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into
enduring interest in superhuman bad guys.
Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on
confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as how 21all characters assert themselves in any given story.
human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can 22Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic
unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require
Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at great villains. Without supercriminals, the world's finest heroes
confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst seem like overpowered brutes 23nabbing thugs unworthy of
parts of ourselves. them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, 24we have
Wish fulfillment: 9Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great 25odds
inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined id's and take down giants.
pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it – born Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might
to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing what's out there.
develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without
(conscience), Freudians say the id still 10dwells underneath, and literally 26traipsing into mob hangouts and poorly lit 27alleyways.
it wishes for many selfish things – so it would love to be Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has
supervillainous. driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity
Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist 11Abraham Maslow makes us wonder about everything that 28baffles us, including
held that 12people who haven't met their most basic needs will the world's worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels
have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, you're unlikely to feel like it. 29When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through
secure. If starved for love and companionship, you'll have trouble the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanity's worst
building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real
envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people
people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize doing impossible things, the story's fantastic nature reassures us
about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need that this cannot happen – and therefore we don't have to turn
and greed. away.
Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate
supervillains with other things we value – 13like entertainment, Supervillains' Ultimate Purpose
strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or
Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such
or read about supervillains, but without knowing what's fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally
reinforcing about them, that's a bit like saying it's rewarding healthy and natural – frustrated drives that went the wrong way.
because it's rewarding. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and
ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create
Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting
Throughout history, 14humans have been captivated by stories of cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics' stars can
heroes facing off against superhuman 15foes. But what specific be.
rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy?
16Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-
us don't. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at supervillainsfascinate-us/)
least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as
supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as
they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Glossary:
Cosplayers who dress like 17Wonder Woman and Captain 7. fiend – an evil and cruel person
America can't do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without 10. to dwell – remain
15. foe – an enemy
18. to wield – influence, use power
19. menace – threat c) Peru.
23. to nab thugs – arrest criminals
25. odds – probability d) French Guiana.
26. to traipse into mob hangouts – walk among places where
gangs, criminals meet e) Bolivia.
27. poorly lit alleyways – narrow road or path with little light
28. to baffle – confuse somebody completely Exercício 60
TEXT
(Epcar (Afa) 2019) Choose the option in which the sentence is an BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a
example of passive voice. bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your
Excellency,” dress in billowing robes and wrap each utterance in
a) Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, grandiloquence, as if little had changed from the era when
biologically driven by the undisciplined id's pleasure principle. marquises and dukes held sway from their vast plantations.
(ref. 9) In one televised feud, Mr. Barbosa questioned another justice
b) People who haven't met their most basic needs will have about whether he would even be on the court had he not been
difficulty maturing. (ref. 12) appointed by his cousin, aformer president impeached in 1992.
c) Humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off With another justice, Mr. Barbosa rebuked him over what the
against superhuman foes. (ref. 14) chief justice considered his condescending tone, telling him he
d) We have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome was not his “capanga,” a term describing a hired thug.
great odds and take down giants. (ref. 24) In one of his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the high
court’s first and only black justice, took on the entire legal system
Exercício 59
of Brazil — where it is still remarkably rare for politicians to ever
spend time in prison, even after being convicted of crimes —
Analise o mapa.
contending that the mentality of judges was “conservative, pro-
status-quo and pro-impunity.”
“I have a temperament that doesn’t adapt well to politics,” Mr.
Barbosa, 58, said in a recent interview in his quarters here in the
Supreme Federal Tribunal, a modernist landmark designed by the
architect Oscar Niemeyer. “It’s because I speak my mind so much.”
His acknowledged lack of tact notwithstanding, he is the driving
force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking
rulings, turning Brazil’s highest court — and him in particular —
into a newfound political power and the subject of popular
fascination.
The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision
upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at
increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening
the way for one of the Western Hemisphere’s most sweeping
affirmative action laws for higher education.
In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and
president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively
legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an
anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting
trial of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for
their roles in a vast vote-buying scheme.
Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution
to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr.
Barbosa, the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an
impoverished city in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked
as a bricklayer.
But his prominence — not just on the court, but in the streets as
(Unesp 2021) The country covered by the Amazon rainforest well — is so well established that masks with his face were sold
presented in the map that displays less signs of forest clearing is for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his
handling of the corruption trial and posted them on YouTube, and
a) Ecuador.
demonstrators during the huge street protests that shook the
nation this year told pollsters that Mr. Barbosa was one of their
b) Colombia.
top choices for president in next year’s elections.
While the protests have subsided since their height in June, the Now the mensalão trial is entering what could be its final phases,
political tumult they set off persists. The race for president, once and Mr. Barbosa has at times been visibly exasperated that
considered a shoo-in for the incumbent, Dilma Rousseff, is now defendants who have already been found guilty and sentenced
up in the air, with Mr. Barbosa — who is now so much in the have managed to avoid hard jail time. He has clashed with other
public eye that gossip columnists are following his romance with justices over their consideration of a rare legal procedure in which
a woman in her 20s — repeatedly saying he will not run. “I’m not appeals over close votes at the high court are examined.
a candidate for anything,” he says. Losing his patience with one prominent justice, Ricardo
But the same public glare that has turned him into a celebrity has Lewandowski, who tried to absolve some defendants of certain
singed him as well. While he has won widespread admiration for crimes, Mr. Barbosa publicly accused him this month of
his guidance of the high court, Mr. Barbosa, like almost every “chicanery” by using legalese to prop up certain positions. An
other prominent political figure in Brazil, has recently come under outcry ensued among some who could not stomach Mr. Barbosa’s
scrutiny. And for someone accustomed to criticizing the so-called talking to a fellow justice like that. “Who does Justice Joaquim
supersalaries awarded to some members of Brazil’s legal system, Barbosa think he is?” asked Ricardo Noblat, a columnist for the
the revelations have put Mr. Barbosa on the defensive. newspaper O Globo, questioning whether Mr. Barbosa was
One report in the Brazilian news media described how he qualified to preside over the court. “What powers does he think
received about $180,000 in payments for untaken leaves of he has just because he’s sitting in the chair of the chief justice of
absence during his 19 years as a public prosecutor. (Such the Supreme Federal Tribunal?”
payments are common in some areas of Brazil’s large public Mr. Barbosa did not apologize. In the interview, he said some
bureaucracy.) Another noted that he bought an apartment in tension was necessary for the court to function properly. “It was
Miami through a limited liability company, suggesting an effort to always like this,” he said, contending that arguments are now just
pay less taxes on the property. In statements, Mr. Barbosa easier to see because the court’s proceedings are televised.
contends that he has done nothing wrong. Linking the court’s work to the recent wave of protests, he
In a country where a majority of people now define themselves as explained that he strongly disagreed with the violence of some
black or of mixed race — but where blacks remain remarkably demonstrators, but he also said he believed that the street
rare in the highest echelons of political institutions and movements were “a sign of democracy’s exuberance.”
corporations — Mr. Barbosa’s trajectory and abrupt manner have “People don’t want to passively stand by and observe these
elicited both widespread admiration and a fair amount of arrangements of the elite, which were always the Brazilian
resistance. tradition,” he said.
As a teenager, Mr. Barbosa moved to the capital, Brasília, finding
work as a janitor in a courtroom. Against the odds, he got into the (Uece 2014) The Brazilian tradition, according to Mr. Barbosa,
University of Brasília, the only black student in its law program at refers to a period of time in Brazil when:
the time. Wanting to see the world, he later won admission into
a) vote-buying schemes did not occur in our political system.
Brazil’s diplomatic service, which promptly sent him to Helsinki,
b) politicians did spend time in jail.
the Finnish capital on the shore of the Baltic Sea.
c) admission policies increased the number of black students in
Sensing that he would not advance much in the diplomatic
colleges.
service, which he has called “one of the most discriminatory
d) people stood by in a passive way and watched the elite’s
institutions of Brazil,” Mr. Barbosa opted for a career as a
arrangements.
prosecutor. He alternated between legal investigations in Brazil
and studies abroad, gaining fluency in English, French and Exercício 61
German, and earning a doctorate in law at Pantheon-Assas (Acafe 2020) How can the second question in the cartoon “can
University in Paris. you put that in layman’s terms?” be synonymously rephrased?
Fascinated by the legal systems of other countries, Mr. Barbosa
wrote a book on affirmative action in the United States. He still
voices his admiration for figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first
black Supreme Court justice in the United States, and William J.
Brennan Jr., who for years embodied the court’s liberal vision,
clearly drawing inspiration from them as he pushed Brazil’s high
court toward socially liberal rulings.
Still, no decision has thrust Mr. Barbosa into Brazil’s public
imagination as much as his handling of the trial of political
operatives, legislators and bankers found guilty in a labyrinthine
corruption scandal called the mensalão, or big monthly
allowance, after the regular payments made to lawmakers in
exchange for their votes.
Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced
some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers
Party to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including
bribery and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in
which impunity for politicians has been the norm.
– And grandma, what an enormous nose you have!
– Naturally, I could have had it surgically fixed, but I didn’t give in
to such societal pressures, my child.
– And grandma, what very big, sharp teeth you have!
The wolf could not take any more of this, grabbed Little Red
Riding Hood and opened his jaws so wide that she could see her
poor grandmother in his belly.
At the same time, the woodchopper burst into the cottage,
brandishing an axe.
– Hands off!, cried the woodchopper.
– And what do you think you’re doing?, cried Little Red Riding
Hood. If I let you help me now, I would be expressing a lack of
confidence in my own abilities.
– Get your hands off that endangered species! This is a police
raid!, screamed the woodchopper.
– Thank goodness you got here in time, said the Wolf. I thought I
was a goner.
(guy-sports.com)
a) Can you make the machine work?

(Uerj 2017) Little Red Riding Hood’s mother mentions a special
b) Can you answer my question in a simpler way?
compassionate mission exemption form (ref. 1).
c) Can you write down the machine manual's terms?
d) Can I try to make the machine work?
This form includes a permission to perform the following action:
Exercício 62 a) pick the flowers
Little Red Riding Hood b) cross the forest
c) carry the basket
There once was a young person named Little Red Riding Hood d) prepare the snacks
who lived on the edge of a large forest full of endangered fauna
and rare plants. One day her mother asked her to take a basket of Exercício 63
organically grown fruit and mineral water to her grandmother’s Sleeping on stilts in the Amazon
house.
– But mother, won’t this be stealing work from the people who
have struggled for years to earn the right to carry all packages
between various people in the woods?
Red Riding Hood’s mother assured her that she had called the
union secretary and had been given 1a special compassionate
mission exemption form.
2– But mother, aren’t you oppressing me by ordering me to do
this? Red Riding Hood’s mother pointed out that it was

impossible for women to oppress each other, since all women
were equally oppressed until all women were free.
On her way to grandma’s house, Red Riding Hood passed a
woodchopper and wandered off the path in order to examine
some flowers. She was startled to find herself standing before a
wolf, who asked her what was in her basket.
– I am taking my grandmother some healthy snacks in a gesture Texto da legenda: When the Amazon floods, all of its residents —
of solidarity. Now, if you’ll excuse me, I would prefer to be on my both animals and people — have to adopt an amphibious
way. lifestyle.
Red Riding Hood returned to the main path and proceeded
towards her grandmother’s house. But the wolf knew of a quicker As 75-year-old villager Antônio Gomes told us stories of growing
route to grandma’s house. He burst into the house and ate up in Boca do Mamirauá, a tiny settlement in the northern
grandma, a course of action affirmative of his nature as a Amazon rainforest, I tried to ignore the tiny blue flies biting
predator. He put on grandma’s nightclothes and awaited. through my trousers. Despite my interest in hearing how locals
Red Riding Hood entered the cottage and said: survive in this remote part of the Brazilian rainforest, now a part
– Goodness! grandma, what big eyes you have! of the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, I was
– You forget that I am optically challenged. grateful to escape when he finished, finding refuge in one of the
tall wooden houses.
The houses hover some 3m above the ground. They are not echoed this view, stating, “Brazil is no longer an emerging
unusual: almost everything in the Mamirauá reserve is on stilts, country. It has emerged.”
even the chicken coop. It has to be. Although much of Brazil is 1However, as Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff noted while
currently suffering one of the worst droughts in decades, this part welcoming Obama to Brazil, “We still face enormous challenges.”
of the Amazon is almost completely flooded for the six-month One such challenge is the alarming and infrequently discussed
wet season. By April, the end of the rainy season, the river rises rise in attacks on and murders of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual,
up to 10m high and overflows its banks. As a result, all living and transgender) Brazilians. According to the Association for
things in the forest, including locals, must adopt an amphibious Women's Rights in Development, Brazil suffers from the highest
lifestyle. Even the jaguars have learned to adapt by living in tree rate of transphobic violence in the world, and is cited as the
branches when the floods arrive. “world’s deadliest place to be transgender.” Last year, at least
Only 1,000 tourists per year are allowed to visit Mamirauá, which, 250 LGBT people were murdered in Brazil.
at 57,000sqkm, is the largest wildlife reserve in the country. On March 2, 2011, a surveillance camera in the Brazilian city of
Created in 1984 to save the once-endangered uakari monkey, the Belo Horizonte captured the brutal murder of Priscila Brandão, a
reserve is the most carefully managed and protected part of the 22-year-old transvestite shot while walking down the street.
Amazon – and is also home to what many consider Brazil’s most Authorities, citing in the rise in violence against transgender
successful sustainable tourist resort, the Uakari Floating Lodge. people in Brazil, believed the murder to be a hate crime, as
“If [the reserve] had not been created,” guide Francisco Nogeuira opposed to a random act of violence.
said, “the rivers and lakes would be empty of fish, and who Human rights organizations globally condemned Brandão's
knows how many trees would remain today?” murder, but 8her case is just one of many homophobic and
transphobic hate crimes that have been piling up 2over the years
(Disponível em: http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20140626- in Brazil. According to the Brazilian gay rights group Grupo Gay
sleeping-on-stilts-in-the-amazon)
da Bahia, between 1980 and 2009 3about 3,100 homosexuals
were murdered in cold-blooded hate crimes in the country.
Brazilian policymakers have not remained entirely silent on gay
(Upe 2015) According to the text, the Mamirauá reserve
rights. On June 4, 2010, then-President Inácio Lula da Silva
signed a decree that a National Day Against Homophobia be
I. is in the Amazon rainforest.
commemorated annually on May 17 in Brazil, paying homage to
II. has a six-month wet season.
the date in 1990 when the World Health Organization officially
III. makes all living things have an amphibious lifestyle.
removed homosexuality from the International Classification of
IV. makes even the jaguars change their lifestyle because of flood.
Diseases.
V. was created to save the once-endangered uakari monkey.
Adapted from http://www.thenation.com/article/159703/brazil-

It is CORRECT
crossroads-lgbt-rights#.
a) I, II, III, IV, and V. Access on August 22nd, 2012.
b) just I, II, and III.
c) just III, IV, and V. (Ufsj 2013) The sentence “Millions have been lifted from
d) just I and II. poverty” (ref. 4) means that millions of people:
e) just II, III, and IV.
a) will not be poor in the future.
Exercício 64 b) are not poor anymore.
Brazil at a Crossroads for LGBT Rights c) are very rich today.
d) are getting poorer and poorer.
7On March 19, 2011, President Barack Obama flew to Brazil to
Exercício 65
kick off a three-country tour of Latin America. His five-day visit to TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
El Salvador, Brazil and Chile – countries in a region often called A ARTE DE ENVELHECER
“America's backyard” – presented an opportunity to redefine
America's historically thorny foreign policy towards Latin 1O envelhecimento é sombra que nos acompanha desde a
America.
concepção: o feto de seis meses é muito mais velho do que o
Obama's trip to South America was widely considered a nod
embrião de cinco dias.
towards Latin America's growing power. 5Brazil, in particular, Lidar com a inexorabilidade desse processo exige uma
now the world's sixth-largest economy, is frequently lauded for habilidade na qual nós somos inigualáveis: a adaptação. Não há
its dramatic economic progress. “More than half of this nation is animal capaz de criar soluções diante da adversidade como nós,
now considered middle class,” Obama noted in an address to the de sobreviver em nichos ecológicos que vão do calor tropical às
Brazilian people at Rio de Janeiro's Teatro Municipal on March 20. geleiras do Ártico.
“4Millions have been lifted from poverty.” In a speech delivered in Da mesma forma que ensaiamos os primeiros passos por
Brasília the day before, 6Obama extolled Brazil for its remarkable imitação, temos que aprender a ser adolescentes, adultos e a ficar
economic growth rate and its transition from dictatorship to open cada vez mais velhos.
democracy. Thomas Shannon, the US ambassador to Brazil,
A adolescência é um fenômeno moderno. 2Nossos
ancestrais passavam da infância à vida adulta sem estágios (Uerj simulado 2018) HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER
intermediários. Nas comunidades agrárias o menino de sete anos THE ELDERLY
trabalhava na roça e as meninas cuidavam dos afazeres
domésticos antes de chegar a essa idade. The elderly have often been neglected by technology
A figura do adolescente que mora com os pais até os 30 developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are
anos, sem abrir mão do direito de reclamar da comida à mesa e technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations.
da camisa mal passada, surgiu nas sociedades industrializadas However, in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using
depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Bem mais cedo, nossos avós a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often
tinham filhos para criar. in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in
A exaltação da juventude como o período áureo da their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples
existência humana é um mito das sociedades ocidentais. Confinar out there.
aos jovens a publicidade dos bens de consumo, exaltar a estética,
os costumes e os padrões de comportamento característicos It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the
dessa faixa etária tem o efeito perverso de insinuar que o declínio size of new devices to make them more and more portable.
começa assim que essa fase se aproxima do fim. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to
A ideia de envelhecer aflige mulheres e homens spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from
modernos, muito mais do que afligia nossos antepassados. one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a
Sócrates tomou cicuta aos 70 anos, Cícero foi assassinado aos 63, great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as
Matusalém sabe-se lá quantos anos teve, mas seus “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home
contemporâneos gregos, romanos ou judeus viviam em média 30 living can be very useful, especially when they are designed
anos. No início do século 20, a expectativa de vida ao nascer nos appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV
países da Europa mais desenvolvida não passava dos 40 anos. remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as
A mortalidade infantil era altíssima; epidemias de peste lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio
negra, varíola, malária, febre amarela, gripe e tuberculose amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks
dizimavam populações inteiras. Nossos ancestrais viveram num downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices
mundo devastado por guerras, enfermidades infecciosas, directly from a browser or a playlist.
escravidão, dores sem analgesia e a onipresença da mais temível
das criaturas. Que sentido haveria em pensar na velhice quando a The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone
probabilidade de morrer jovem era tão alta? Seria como hoje security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are
preocupar-nos com a vida aos cem anos de idade, que sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity
pouquíssimos conhecerão. patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when
3Os que estão vivos agora têm boa chance de passar dos there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine.
80. Se assim for, 4é preciso sabedoria para aceitar que nossos There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can
atributos se modificam com o passar dos anos. Que nenhuma be placed around the home with ease.
cirurgia devolverá aos 60 o rosto que tínhamos aos 18, mas que
envelhecer não é sinônimo de decadência física para aqueles que For those who wander due to conditions such as
se movimentam, não fumam, comem com parcimônia, exercitam a Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great
cognição e continuam atentos às transformações do mundo. facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers
Considerar a vida um vale de lágrimas no qual can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies
submergimos de corpo e alma ao deixar a juventude é torná-la ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online
experiência medíocre. Julgar, aos 80 anos, que os melhores foram tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or
aqueles dos 15 aos 25 é não levar em conta que a memória é browser with the login details.
editora autoritária, capaz de suprimir por conta própria as A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user
experiências traumáticas e relegar ao esquecimento friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad
inseguranças, medos, desilusões afetivas, riscos desnecessários e range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group.
as burradas que fizemos nessa época. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be
5Nada mais ofensivo para o velho do que dizer que ele tem respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into
this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.
“cabeça de jovem”. É considerá-lo mais inadequado do que o
rapaz de 20 anos que se comporta como criança de dez.
psychcentral.com
Ainda que maldigamos o envelhecimento, é ele que nos
traz a aceitação das ambiguidades, das diferenças, do
contraditório e abre espaço para uma diversidade de experiências
This text shares its general theme with the one in A arte de
com as quais nem sonhávamos anteriormente.
envelhecer, de Dráuzio Varella.
DRÁUZIO VARELLA
The theme addressed in both texts concerns the following issue:
Folha de São Paulo, 23/01/2016.
a) ageing
Since the public health community agrees that 15the question is
b) withering not if another outbreak will happen, but when, the steps we take
in the coming years to prepare for and reduce the increasing
c) rejuvenating frequency of outbreaks will determine the broader implications
these diseases have on our world.
d) deteriorating
contagionlive.com
Exercício 66
(Uerj 2019) One of the marked characteristics of scientific texts is

the presence of passive voice.
headlines in recent weeks 2as scientists, activists and policy An example from the text that illustrates this characteristic is
makers try to understand the possible implications of a warming indicated in
planet. 3While rising temperatures and sea levels are important
a) The potential impacts of climate change have returned to
to be considered, 4changing climate patterns can have vast
headlines in recent weeks (ref. 1)
implications for epidemic risk as well.
b) increases in extreme weather events may also lead to
increases in infectious disease outbreaks. (ref. 8)
Changes in global climate patterns have been 5widely discussed; c) Epidemics have previously been seen as a consequence of
however, rising temperatures also have implications for risk natural disasters, (ref. 9)
reduction and management, including impacts on infectious d) which can lead to displaced and crowded populations, (ref. 10)
disease epidemics. With 2016 the hottest year ever recorded and
2017 following suit, we anticipate a continued growth in the Exercício 67
distribution of disease agents, like mosquitoes and ticks. 6These POLITICAL CORRUPTION
can spread illnesses such as zika, yellow fever and dengue to
areas where they previously could not be 7effectively In broad terms, POLITICAL CORRUPTION is the misuse of public
transmitted. (governmental) power for illegitimate, usually secret, private
advantage.
As predicted by climate scientists, 8increases in extreme weather All forms of government are susceptible to political corruption.
events may also lead to increases in infectious disease outbreaks. Forms of corruption vary, but the most common are patronage,
9Epidemics have previously been seen as a consequence of bribery, extortion, influence peddling, fraud, embezzlement, and
nepotism. While corruption often facilitates criminal enterprise
natural disasters, 10which can lead to displaced and crowded
such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and criminal
populations, the ideal situation for infection transmission. Severe
rainfall or flooding is 11particularly effective at creating
environments suitable for the transmission and propagation of
infectious diseases, such as measles or cholera.
jurisdiction. Certain political funding practices that are legal in
one place may be illegal in another. In some countries, police and
Even without rising to the level of a natural catastrophe,
prosecutors have broad discretion over who to arrest and charge,
significant variation in weather patterns can result in changes in
and the line between discretion and corruption can be difficult to
human and animal interactions, increasing the potential for
draw, as in 1racial profiling. In countries with strong interest
pathogens to move from animals into human populations. 12For
group politics, practices that could easily constitute corruption
example, unusually heavy rains may predispose regions to ebola
elsewhere are sometimes sanctified as official group preferences.
outbreaks by creating more favorable environments for bats
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption.Bribery:_Bribe-
hosting the virus. 13Similarly, food scarcity brought about by
takers_and_bribe-givers Access: Apr. 2006.(Adaptado)
drought, political instability or animal disease may lead to more
animal hunting, therefore raising the risk for ebola virus
(Ufmg 2007) "RACIAL PROFILING" (ref. 1) is mentioned in the
epidemic.
text as a kind of practice
It is important to take note of the impact of climate change on a) difficult to categorize.

epidemic risk, but it is equally important to prepare for its impact b) impossible to fight.
on global health. 14The global health community has largely c) resultant from arrest.
come to realize that public health preparedness is crucial to d) seen as corruption.
responding efficiently to infectious disease outbreaks. For this
Exercício 68
(Unicamp 2018) Coral reefs are colorful underwater forests
manage and quantify infectious disease risk. Besides, regardless
which teem with life and act as a natural protective barrier for
of weather patterns, insights into epidemics and into mechanisms
coastal regions. The fishes and plants which call them home
for ensuring adequate support are critical for managing this risk.
belong to some of the most diverse ― and fragile ― ecosystems
on the planet. Higher sea temperatures from global warming Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause
have already caused major coral bleaching events. Bleaching the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how
occurs when corals respond to the stress of warmer temperatures soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the
by expelling the colorful algae that live within them. Increased treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest
levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide result in higher levels of canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It
looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are
in the water, leading to ocean acidification, which is also a
threat to coral. As the oceans become more acidic, the corals'
species – is slowly drying out.
ability to form skeletons through calcification is inhibited, causing
their growth to slow. Increasing sea levels caused by melting sea
risen by 1-1.5°C. In some parts, the dry season has expanded
ice could also cause problems for some reefs by making them too
deep to receive adequate sunlight, another factor important for
droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift
survival.
moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga,
(Adaptado de Coral Reefs, The National Wildlife Federation.
Disponível em https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-
Wildlife/Global-Warming/Effects-on-Wildlife-and-Habitat/Coral-
At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest
Reefs.aspx. Acessado em 26/07/2017.)
rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has
Considerando o texto e seus conhecimentos, marque a alternativa
correta.
Os recifes de corais estão seriamente ameaçados pela
combinação dos seguintes fatores:
a) branqueamento das esponjas calcárias pela exalação de suas since an extreme drought in 2010.
algas simbiontes; acidificação marinha em virtude da elevação do
nível do mar; e menor taxa fotossintética pelo aumento do (www.nature.com, 25.02.2020. Adapted.)
nos oceanos.
b) bloqueio das conchas dos cnidários pela expulsão de suas
algas parasíticas; acidificação marinha em virtude dos maiores (Unesp 2021) De acordo com o terceiro parágrafo, a floresta
amazônica
níveis de no ar; e maior incidência de luz solar por causa do
degelo das calotas polares. a) perdeu mais de 50% da cobertura vegetal na área localizada
c) branqueamento dos pólipos de cnidários pela expulsão de suas no Brasil.
algas simbiontes; acidificação marinha em virtude dos maiores b) tem apresentado uma desaceleração contínua, porém
insuficiente, no ritmo de desmatamento.
níveis de no ar; e menor taxa fotossintética em razão dos
c) teve uma redução de cerca de 15% da extensão que tinha nos
níveis oceânicos elevados.
anos 1970.
d) bloqueio das esponjas calcárias pela aquisição de algas
d) perdeu 30% de sua área desde 2019 devido a queimadas e
comensalistas; acidificação marinha em virtude dos maiores níveis
incêndios.
de no ar; e maior incidência de luz solar por causa do e) enfrentou o mais longo período de queimadas e incêndios em
degelo das calotas polares. 2010.
Exercício 69 Exercício 70
When will the Amazon hit a tipping point? U.S. AFFAIRS
LIGHTING INTO BIG TOBACCO
A jury's staggering $145 billion damage award may not stand,

but it signals what could be a grim new legal era for the once
invincible cigarette marketers.
By David Noonam
PENALTY in dollars:
PHILIP MORRIS
$74 billion - 94% OF 1999 REVENUE
R. J. REYNOLDS c) Carole Walter makes great recipes.
$36 billion - 479% OF 1999 REVENUE d) Carole Walter made great recipes.
BROWN & WILLIAMSON Exercício 72

$18 billion - 58% OF 1999 REVENUE WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
LORILLARD TOBACCO
$16 billion - 76% OF 1999 REVENUE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is
much like asking 1why evil itself intrigues us, but 2there's much
LIGGETT more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the
$79 billion - 139% OF 1999 REVENUE eye.
3Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull 4run
unconstrained by conventional morality, 5they exist outside the

TOBACCO ON TRIAL limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a
touch of the unreal.
1 ENGLE V. R. J. REYNOLDS et al. won't go on forever, as defense But 6is our fascination with fantastic 7fiends healthy? From a
lawyers promise. It couldn't possibly last more than 75 years. psychological perspective, views vary on 8what drives our
The Engle case is a class-action suit-the first ever tried against enduring interest in superhuman bad guys.
the tobacco industry-which means that the plaintiffs (in this Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to
instance, three) sue on behalf of themselves and others, united by confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as
a common complaint. The case bears the name of physician human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can
Howard Engle, who suffers from emphysema and was originally unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark
the lead plaintiff. For the case truly to run its course, say some Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at
legal experts, Florida would have to try each of the hundreds of confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst
thousands of complainants' suits individually-to corroborate the parts of ourselves.
$145 billion aggregate penalty. Wish fulfillment: 9Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as
2 And who can bring those suits? Any one of the 500,000 or so inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined id's
Florida smokers who have been harmed by tobacco automatically pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it – born
belongs to the class action. If the case approaches a conclusion to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully
favorable to smokers, trial lawyers Stanley and Susan Rosenblatt develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego
in Miami, who are class counsel, will organize the plaintiffs.
(conscience), Freudians say the id still 10dwells underneath, and
3 In the meantime, Judge Robert Kaye will issue his final
it wishes for many selfish things – so it would love to be
judgment on the jury's verdict. He will probably lower the penalty
supervillainous.
in order to stay within a Florida law that prevents juries from
Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist 11Abraham Maslow
bankrupting defendant companies. The tobacco companies will
ask him to overturn the verdict. Most likely he won't. Off to the held that 12people who haven't met their most basic needs will
appellate court, where the defendants will ask that the class be have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, you're unlikely to feel
decertified, as other tobacco class actions have been before it. secure. If starved for love and companionship, you'll have trouble
The case will be heard in Florida's Third District Court of Appeals building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may
and, from there, the state supreme court. Both have green-lighted envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some
parts of the case challenged by defendants but have yet to people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize
review the whole case. about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need
4 If the appeals fail at the state level, the federal appeals system and greed.
beckons. Optimists see a conclusion in a "few years". Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate
(Uff 2001) In "Optimists see a conclusion in a 'few years'." (par. supervillains with other things we value – 13like entertainment,
4), Eric Roston is being strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F.
Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch
a) ironical or read about supervillains, but without knowing what's
b) arrogant reinforcing about them, that's a bit like saying it's rewarding
c) optimistic because it's rewarding.
d) conceited
e) pessimistic Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains
Exercício 71 Throughout history, 14humans have been captivated by stories of
(Eear 2019) Select the alternative that corresponds to the Active heroes facing off against superhuman 15foes. But what specific
Voice of the following sentence: “Great recipes are made by rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy?
Carole Walter”. 16Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of
us don't. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at

a) Carole Walter is making great recipes.
least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as
b) Carole Walter has made great recipes.
supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as
they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Glossary:
Cosplayers who dress like 17Wonder Woman and Captain 7. fiend – an evil and cruel person
America can't do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without 10. to dwell – remain
seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as 15. foe – an enemy
villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. 18. to wield – influence, use power
Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters 18wield. 19. menace – threat
While that's also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys don't 23. to nab thugs – arrest criminals
ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come 25. odds – probability
show how heroes become 19menaces when they try to take over. 26. to traipse into mob hangouts – walk among places where
So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to gangs, criminals meet
characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow 27. poorly lit alleyways – narrow road or path with little light
(who controls individuals' fears) to Doctor Doom (who's 28. to baffle – confuse somebody completely
perpetually out to dominate the world).
Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and
feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and (Epcar (Afa) 2019) Select the alternative which has the sentence
cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or below correctly reported.
20become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into
“[…] is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy?” (ref. 6)
destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on
how 21all characters assert themselves in any given story.
The author
22Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic
as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require a) replied: “is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy?”
great villains. Without supercriminals, the world's finest heroes b) said that their fascination with fantastic fiends had been
seem like overpowered brutes 23nabbing thugs unworthy of healthy.
c) told the readers their fascination with fantastic fiends has been
them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, 24we have
healthy.
needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great 25odds
d) asked if people’s fascination with fantastic fiends was healthy.
and take down giants.
Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might Exercício 73
reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing what's out there. (Ueg 2019) Observe o infográfico a seguir para responder à
Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without questão.
literally 26traipsing into mob hangouts and poorly lit 27alleyways.
Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has
driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity
makes us wonder about everything that 28baffles us, including
the world's worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels
like it. 29When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through
the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanity's worst
without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real
human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people
doing impossible things, the story's fantastic nature reassures us
that this cannot happen – and therefore we don't have to turn
away.
Supervillains' Ultimate Purpose

In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or
unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such
fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally
healthy and natural – frustrated drives that went the wrong way.
Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and
According to the information expressed in the image and data,
ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create
when kids are physically active, we verify that:
supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting
cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics' stars can a) physical activity is very important for children to have better
be. grades at school, that´s why they need to practice exercises at
least 5 days a week.
(Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do- b) nowadays we have parents and teachers who are concerned
supervillainsfascinate-us/) with children’s healthy that´s why they are motivating kids to
practice physical activities.
c) students in better physical fitness conditions are going to have Owing to lack of funds, the Planalto Palace has decided to
successful career and professions and will achieve better job suspend the offer of new scholarships as part of the program
positions and salaries. Science Without Borders for next year.
d) physical fitness condition is related to the students’ As Folha has learnt, the budget defined by the government’s
performance at school, which also can be related with them
economic team for next year, a total of billion
having higher or lower grades.
e) in recent years students are more physically active then on million), is only enough to cover students who are
their parents’ school time which nowadays reflects on their better already living abroad on the program.
grades at school. The Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Students
(CAPES, in its Portuguese acronym) said that the designated
Exercício 74 resources would be used to “pay for scholarships
(Unifesp 2019) amongst undergraduates and postgraduates” in 2016, under its
supervision.
The National Council of Scientific and Technological Development
(CNPQ), another government agency that encourages research,
will be allocated resources for another scholarships.
In total, both institutions will send undergraduates
abroad in the second semester of this year. This group of
students enters the program under last year’s selection process.
Undergraduates account for the majority of those enrolled in the
program, with of the scholarships granted.
Advisors to President Rousseff have admitted that the
government was considering an even harsher cut to the program,
but the idea was rejected owing to the likely negative effects it
would produce.
Acoording to the strip, the woman
The cut for Science Without Borders next year is from
a) regrets that people accept only her internet identity.
last year’s budget of billion million).
b) presents herself in an unreal way on the internet.
Cutting just one percentage point more would mean disrupting
c) discovered that her date is catfishing on the internet.
the studies of those who have already been selected and left for
d) wishes to be like someone she met on the internet.
university abroad.
e) fell in love with a fake internet profile.
Launched in July 2011, the program has become one of President
Exercício 75 Rousseff’s flagship policies. After the creation of places
(Unesp 2021) Leia a tirinha. by last year, the promise for her second term was to create
another
The high value of the dollar, however, has drastically increased
the cost of program. The program pays foreign universities for the
tuition of Brazilian students, as well as providing maintenance
grants to the students themselves.
While in July 2011 the dollar was worth now the
exchange rate is close to There is currently no date

defined for the call of new applications to the program. Last year,
the selection process began in August.
The current expectation is that if the government allocates more
A expressão “laugh your head off” equivale, em português, a funds for the program next year, the main focus will be
a) sorrir amarelo. postgraduates. Questioned on this, Capes would not comment.
b) morrer de rir. The agency said, “All the Ministry of Education programs will be
c) contar uma piada. maintained” in 2016. “The Ministry is conducting a detailed
d) perder a cabeça. analysis of the budget in order to determine the scope of the
e) ficar feliz da vida. programs for next year,” it said in a statement.
Exercício 76 PRONATEC
Science Without Borders Program to be Suspended If Science Without Borders is suspended in 2016, another federal
09/03/2015 - 09H02 education program will be significantly expanded next year,
VALDO CRUZ according to the budget provisions.
FLÁVIA FOREQUE In 2016, the government is expected to offer five million places
on technical courses and on the National Program of Access to
Technical Education and Employment (PRONATEC), both for 4It’s been years since I developed the notion of ‘multiple
those enrolling in the program as well as those continuing their intelligences’. I have been gratified by the interest shown in this
training. idea and the ways it’s been used in schools, museums, and
This year, thanks to budget cuts, the numbers of offered places business around the world. But 5one unanticipated consequence
on the program fell to nearly a million, less than the has driven me to distraction and that’s the tendency of many
three million in 2014. Added to the cost of covering those already people, including persons whom I cherish, to credit me with the
enrolled, the total cost of the program in 2015 is billion notion of ‘learning styles’ or to collapse ‘multiple intelligences’
with ‘learning styles’. 6It’s high time to relieve my pain and to set
billion).
the record straight.
After hitting its target of enrolling eight million students, the
First a word about ‘MI theory’. On the basis of research in several
government’s aim was to enroll 12 million new students in its
disciplines, including the study of how 7human capacities are
second term. If 2016’s targets are reached, the government will
represented in the brain, I developed the idea that each of us has
achieve exactly of the target in the first two years of its a number of relatively independent mental faculties, which can be
second term. termed our ‘multiple intelligences’. The basic idea is simplicity
itself. A belief in a single intelligence assumes that we have one
central, all-purpose computer, and it determines how well we
perform in every sector of life. In contrast, a belief in multiple
(Mackenzie 2016) The sentence “If Science Without Borders is
intelligences assumes that human beings have to distinct
suspended, another federal education program will be
intelligences.
significantly expanded” written in the third conditional form is:
Even before I spoke and wrote about ‘MI’, the term ‘learning
a) If Science Without Borders were suspended, another federal styles’ was being bandied about in educational circles. The idea,
education program would be significantly expanded. reasonable enough on the surface, is that all children (indeed all
b) If Science Without Borders have been suspended, another of us) have distinctive minds and personalities. Accordingly, it
federal education program will have been significantly makes sense to find out about learners and to teach and nurture
expanded. them in ways that are appropriate, that they value, and above all,
c) If Science Without Borders could be suspended, another are effective.
federal education program could have been significantly Two problems: first, the notion of ‘learning styles’ is itself not
expanded. coherent. Those who use this term do not define the criteria for a
d) If Science Without Borders had being suspended, another style, nor where styles come from, how they are
federal education program will have being significantly recognized/assessed/exploited. Say that Johnny is said to have a
expanded. learning style that is ‘impulsive’. Does that mean that Johnny is
e) If Science Without Borders had been suspended, another ‘impulsive’ about everything? How do we know this? What does
federal education program would have been significantly this imply about teaching? Should we teach ‘impulsively’, or
expanded should we compensate by ‘teaching reflectively’? What of
learning style is ‘right-brained’ or visual or tactile? Same issues
Exercício 77
apply.
Howard Gardner: ‘Multiple intelligences’ are not ‘learning
Problem #2: when 8researchers have tried to identify learning
styles’
styles, teach consistently with those styles, and examine
outcomes, there is not persuasive evidence that the learning style
by Valerie Strauss
analysis produces more effective outcomes than a 9‘one size fits
all approach’. Of course, the learning style analysis might have
The fields of psychology and education were revolutionized
been inadequate. Or even if it is on the mark, the fact that one
years ago when we now world renowned psychologist Howard
intervention did not work does not mean that the concept of
Gardner published his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of
learning styles is fatally imperfect; another intervention might
Multiple Intelligences, which detailed a new model of human
have proved effective. Absence of evidence does not prove non-
intelligence that went beyond the traditional view that 1there
existence of a 10phenomenon; it signals to educational
was a single kind that could be measured by standardized tests.
researchers: 11‘back to the drawing boards’.
Gardner’s theory initially listed seven intelligences which work
Here’s my considered judgment about the best way to analyze
together: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-
this lexical terrain:
kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal; he later added an
Intelligence: We all have the multiple intelligences. But we
eighth, naturalist intelligence and says there may be a few more.
signed out, as a strong intelligence, an area where the person has
The theory became highly popular with 2K-12 educators around
considerable computational power.
the world seeking ways to reach students who did not respond to
Style or learning style: A hypothesis of how an individual
traditional approaches, but over time, ‘multiple intelligences’
approaches the range of materials. If an individual has a
somehow became
‘reflective style’, he/she is hypothesized to be reflective about the
synonymous with the concept of ‘learning styles’. In this
full range of materials. We cannot assume that reflectiveness in
important post, Gardner explains 3why the former is not the writing necessarily signals reflectiveness in one’s interaction with
latter. the others.
Senses: Sometimes people speak about a ‘visual’ learner or an the information stored in her cellphone and by consenting to the
‘auditory’ learner. The implication is that some people learn use of that information to aid in ... ongoing criminal
through their eyes, others through their ears. This notion is investigations.” But as the case attracted widespread media
incoherent. Both spatial information and reading occur with the attention over privacy concerns, the Justice Department decided
eyes, but they make use of entirely different cognitive faculties. to review the case.
What matters is the power of the mental computer, the The drama began in 2010 when the authorities arrested Arquiett
intelligence that acts upon that sensory information once picked and seized her cellphone as part of a drug bust. Arquiett later
up. pleaded guilty to a conspiracy to distribute cocaine, and a judge
12These distinctions are consequential. If people want to talk eventually sentenced her six weeks of time already served, in
about ‘an impulsive style’ or a ‘visual learner’, that’s their addition to a period of home detention and five years probation.
prerogative. But they should recognize that these labels may be But as Arquiett was awaiting trial, DEA Special Agent Timothy
unhelpful, at best, and ill-conceived at worst. In contrast, there is Sinnigen used information taken from her cellphone and created a
strong evidence that human beings have a range of intelligences fake Facebook page. He then used this fake account to gather
and that strength (or weakness) in one intelligence does not information about an alleged drug ring.
predict strength (or weakness) in any other intelligences. All of us In 2013 Arquiett sued the agency, claiming the page endangered
exhibit jagged profiles of intelligences. There are common sense her well being as it “initiate[d] contact with dangerous
ways of assessing our own intelligences, and even if it seems individuals,” such as sending a friend request to a fugitive, and
appropriate, we can take a more formal test battery. And then, as made it appear as if she was cooperating with a federal
teachers, parents, or self-assessors, we can decide how best to investigation.
make use of this information.
Disponível no site: <http://www.newsweek.com/feds-settle-over-
(Adapted from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer- fake-facebook-profile-used-drug-case-301096>. Aceso em 25
sheet) jan. 2015 (adaptado).
Glossary:
Segundo o texto, Sondra Arquiett decidiu processar o
2K-12 educators defend the adoption of an interdisciplinary Departamento de Justiça dos Estados Unidos, porque
curriculum and methods for teaching with objects. a) discordava da sentença dada pelo juiz, após seu julgamento.
b) precisava chamar a atenção da mídia, depois da prisão
domiciliar.
(Epcar (Afa) 2017) Select the best option to change the sentence c) sentia-se em situação de risco, depois das ações de um agente
“human capacities are represented in the brain” (reference 7), into do DEA.
the active form. d) considerava impróprias as informações usadas pelo DEA, após
sua prisão.
The brain __________ human capacities.
Exercício 79
a) has represented
b) represents
c) has been represented
d) representing
Exercício 78
(Ufu 2015) Feds Settle Over Fake Facebook Profile Used in
Drug Case
By Lauren Walker
A DEA agent created a fake Facebook profile in a woman's name

using the contents from her seized cellphone.
The Justice Department reached a $134,000 settlement with a

woman in upstate New York on Tuesday after the Drug
Enforcement Administration used information from her cellphone
to create a fake Facebook page in her name in an attempt to nab There are many ways to look at the weak June jobs report and
an alleged drug ring. this is one of them that captures more broadly the lack of labor
The settlement comes more than a year after the woman, Sondra market activities. It’s the ratio of 16-and-overs that are employed
Arquiett, sued the Justice Department saying the DEA had caused to the population of that group. In June, the employment-to-
“fear and great emotional distress” by creating the fake account. population ratio returned to 58.2%,
The government initially defended the agency, saying that matching an eight-month low (To get a number worse than
Arquiett implicitly consented to the page by “granting access to 58.2%, one has to go back to 1983!). Of course, some of the
younger group are students, and the older group retirees, but a Her mail was just a paragraph, but it meant a great deal to me.
chart of those between the ages of 25-to-54 looks pretty similar. 6She had given me a window into myself. I was still fully
17engaged. I still knew life was good. I was doing OK.
(http://www.marketwatch.com/story. July, 2011. Adaptado)
Fonte: PAUSCH, R. The last lecture. New York, Hyperion, 2008.
(G1 - ifsp 2012) De acordo com o texto, p.64-65.
a) a proporção de desempregados na faixa dos 25 a 54 anos é
parecida com a de mais jovens.
b) a maior parte dos estudantes ainda não encontrou emprego (Ita 2015) Na sentença “She said she had been driving home
adequado. from work the night before, and she found herself behind a man
c) em 1983, a maior parte dos aposentados ainda trabalhava. in a convertible” (ref. 22), a formação correta quanto ao uso do
d) após os 54 anos, muitos trabalhadores começam a se discurso direto é:
aposentar. a) She said: “I was driving home from work last night, and I found
e) após oito meses sem emprego, os trabalhadores podem myself behind a man in a convertible”.
pleitear aposentadoria. b) She said: “I had been driving home from work last night, and I
found me behind a man in a convertible”.
Exercício 80
c) She said: “I drove home yesterday night from work, and I had
THE MAN IN THE CONVERTIBLE
found myself behind a man in a convertible”.
d) She said: “I had driven home the night before, and I found
One morning, well after I was diagnosed with cancer, I got an
myself behind a man in a convertible”.
email from Robbee Kosak, 7Carnegie Mellon’s vice president for
e) She said: “I was driving home from work yesterday, and I was
advancement. She told me a story.
finding myself behind a man in a convertible”.
22She said she had been driving home from work the night
before, and 11she found herself behind a man in a convertible. 1It Exercício 81
was a warm, gorgeous, early-spring evening, and the man had his TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
top down and all his windows lowered. His arm was hanging The effect of climate change on epidemic risk
over 8the driver’s side door, and his fingers were tapping along to
the music on his radio. His head was bobbing along, too, 13as the
wind blew through his hair. headlines in recent weeks 2as scientists, activists and policy
Robbee changed lanes and pulled a little closer. From the side, makers try to understand the possible implications of a warming
she could see that the man had a slight smile on his face, the kind planet. 3While rising temperatures and sea levels are important
of 16absentminded smile a person might have when he’s all to be considered, 4changing climate patterns can have vast
alone, happy in his own thoughts. 12Robbee found herself implications for epidemic risk as well.
thinking: “Wow, this is the epitome of a person appreciating this
day and this moment.” Changes in global climate patterns have been 5widely discussed;
The convertible 18eventually turned the corner, and that’s when however, rising temperatures also have implications for risk
Robbee got a look at 9the man’s full face. “Oh my God,” she said reduction and management, including impacts on infectious
to herself. “It’s Randy Pausch!” disease epidemics. With 2016 the hottest year ever recorded and
2She was so struck by the sight of me. She knew that my cancer 2017 following suit, we anticipate a continued growth in the
diagnosis was grim. And yet, 14as she wrote in her email, 3she distribution of disease agents, like mosquitoes and ticks. 6These
was moved by how contented I seemed. In this private moment, can spread illnesses such as zika, yellow fever and dengue to
4I was 19obviously in high spirits. Robbee wrote in her email: “You areas where they previously could not be 7effectively transmitted.
can never know how much that glimpse of you made my day,
reminding me of what life is all about.” As predicted by climate scientists, 8increases in extreme weather
I read 10Robbee’s email several times. I came to look at it 15as a events may also lead to increases in infectious disease outbreaks.
9Epidemics have previously been seen as a consequence of
feedback loop of sorts.
It has not always been easy to stay positive through my cancer natural disasters, 10which can lead to displaced and crowded
treatment. When you have a dire medical issue, it’s tough to populations, the ideal situation for infection transmission. Severe
know how you’re 20really faring emotionally. I had wondered rainfall or flooding is 11particularly effective at creating
whether a part of me was acting when I was with other people. environments suitable for the transmission and propagation of
Maybe at times I forced myself to appear strong and upbeat. infectious diseases, such as measles or cholera.
Many cancer patients feel obliged to put up a brave front. Was I
doing that, too? Even without rising to the level of a natural catastrophe,
But Robbee had come upon me in an unguarded moment. I’d like significant variation in weather patterns can result in changes in
to think she saw me as I am. 5She 21certainly saw me as I was human and animal interactions, increasing the potential for
that evening. pathogens to move from animals into human populations. 12For
example, unusually heavy rains may predispose regions to ebola
outbreaks by creating more favorable environments for bats
hosting the virus. 13Similarly, food scarcity brought about by De acordo com o pesquisador Ricardo Lourenço, do Instituto
drought, political instability or animal disease may lead to more Oswaldo Cruz, os mosquitos transmissores da doença se
animal hunting, therefore raising the risk for ebola virus epidemic. deslocaram do Norte para o Sudeste, voando ao longo de rios e
corredores de mata. Estima-se que um mosquito seja capaz de
It is important to take note of the impact of climate change on voar 3 km por dia. Tanto o homem quanto o macaco, quando
epidemic risk, but it is equally important to prepare for its impact picados, só carregam o vírus da febre amarela por cerca de três
on global health. 14The global health community has largely dias. Depois disso, o organismo produz anticorpos. Em cerca de
come to realize that public health preparedness is crucial to dez dias, primatas e humanos ou morrem ou se curam, tornando-
responding efficiently to infectious disease outbreaks. For this se imunes à doença.
manage and quantify infectious disease risk. Besides, regardless Para o infectologista Eduardo Massad, professor da Universidade
of weather patterns, insights into epidemics and into mechanisms de São Paulo, o rompimento da barragem da Samarco, em
for ensuring adequate support are critical for managing this risk. Mariana (MG), em 2015, teve papel relevante na disseminação
acelerada da doença no Sudeste. A destruição do habitat natural
Since the public health community agrees that 15the question is de diferentes espécies teria reduzido significativamente os
not if another outbreak will happen, but when, the steps we take predadores naturais dos mosquitos. A tragédia ambiental ainda
in the coming years to prepare for and reduce the increasing teria afetado o sistema imunológico dos macacos, tornando-os
frequency of outbreaks will determine the broader implications mais suscetíveis ao vírus.
these diseases have on our world.
Por que é importante determinar a “viagem” do vírus?
contagionlive.com Basicamente, para orientar as campanhas de vacinação. Em 2014,
Eduardo Massad elaborou um plano de imunização depois que 11
pessoas morreram vítimas de febre amarela em Botucatu (SP):
5. (Uerj 2019) Três teses sobre o avanço da febre amarela “Eu fiz cálculos matemáticos para determinar qual seria a
proporção da população nas áreas não vacinadas que deveria ser
Como a febre amarela rompeu os limites da Floresta Amazônica e imunizada, considerando os riscos de efeitos adversos da vacina.
alcançou o Sudeste, atingindo os grandes centros urbanos? A Infelizmente, a Secretaria de Saúde não adotou essa estratégia.
partir do ano passado, o número de casos da doença alcançou Os casos acontecem exatamente nas áreas onde eu havia
níveis sem precedentes nos últimos cinquenta anos. Desde o recomendado a vacinação. A Secretaria está correndo atrás do
início de 2017, foram confirmados 779 casos, 262 deles prejuízo”. Desde julho de 2017, mais de 100 pessoas foram
resultando em mortes. Trata-se do maior surto da forma silvestre contaminadas em São Paulo e mais de 40 morreram.
da doença já registrado no país. Outros 435 registros ainda estão
sob investigação. O Ministério da Saúde afirmou em nota que, desde 2016, os
estados e municípios vêm sendo orientados para a necessidade
Como tudo começou? Os navios portugueses vindos da África nos de intensificar as medidas de prevenção. A orientação é que
séculos XVII e XVIII não trouxeram ao Brasil somente escravos e pessoas em áreas de risco se vacinem.
mercadorias. Dois inimigos silenciosos vieram junto: o vírus da
febre amarela e o mosquito Aedes aegypti. A consequência foi NATHALIA PASSARINHO
uma série de surtos de febre amarela urbana no Brasil, com Adaptado de bbc.com, 06/02/2018.
milhares de mortos. Por volta de 1940, a febre amarela urbana foi
erradicada. Mas o vírus migrou, pelo trânsito de pessoas
infectadas, para zonas de floresta na região Amazônica. No início The texts “Três teses sobre o avanço da febre amarela” and “The
dos anos 2000, a febre amarela ressurgiu em áreas da Mata effect of climate change on epidemic risk” mention possible
Atlântica. Três teses tentam explicar o fenômeno. reasons for disease outbreaks.
Segundo o professor Aloísio Falqueto, da Universidade Federal The reason which is presented in both texts is:
do Espírito Santo, “uma pessoa pegou o vírus na Amazônia e a) animal hunting
entrou na Mata Atlântica depois, possivelmente na altura de
Montes Claros, em Minas Gerais, onde surgiram casos de b) population growth
macacos e pessoas infectadas”. O vírus teria se espalhado porque
os primatas da mata eram vulneráveis: como o vírus desaparece c) governmental neglect
da região na década de 1940, não desenvolveram anticorpos.
Logo os macacos passaram a ser mortos por seres humanos que d) environmental changes
temem contrair a doença. O massacre desses bichos, porém, é um
“tiro no pé”, o que faz crescer a chance de contaminação de Exercício 82
pessoas. Sem primatas para picar na copa das árvores, os (Fac. Pequeno Príncipe - Medici 2020) Choose the alternative
mosquitos procuram sangue humano. which presents a reasonable conclusion from the news presented
below:
Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than
The lack of effective tools to control Aedes aegypti mosquito the euro zone average during the pre-crisis years, large exporters
populations has resulted in the continued expansion of dengue kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
virus, Zika virus and CHIKV. Some recent attempts at curbing competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250
mosquito populations have resulted in reductions in mosquito workers stayed just as productive as their German, Italian, and
density but not reductions in human disease. AGO traps consist French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank.
of a pail with hay and water to attract egg-bearing female
mosquitos and a sticky lining to which the insects adhere. Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on
Previous studies have shown that placing three AGO traps to its global market share of exports. That puts it in a league with
outside of 85% of homes in a community resulted in an 80% Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the
reduction in adult mosquito populations but the studies did not clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster
assess rates of mosquito-borne diseases in humans. child of Spanish competitiveness. It shrugged off the European
In the new work, Tyler Sharp, of the CDC, and colleagues financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter
randomly selected 290 households in Puerto Rican communities profits.
that had AGO trap interventions and 349 households in
communities without AGO traps. 175 household members from The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of
intervention communities and 152 from non-intervention Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate for the steep drop in demand at
communities were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
collected from each participant to detect CHIKV infection and Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by
surveys recorded demographic information as well as data on 8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique business
mosquito repellent and bed net use and frequency of mosquito model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
bites. schools.
A total of 114 participants (34.9%) were seropositive for CHIKV.
Among people who spent most of their daytime hours inside the Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen
community they lived in, 10.3% were seropositive for CHIKV in sharply from its peak of about 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to
communities with AGO traps whereas 48.7% were positive for about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
CHIKV in communities without traps. steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or
Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in balance.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190725150924.htm One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better
way, in the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in
a) The best way to fight these diseases is to clean the areas in
Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity.
order to avoid mosquito reproduction.
b) The use of repellent is the most recommended.
Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But
c) Simple solutions such as trapping female mosquitoes can have
their success has been despite, not because of, the country’s
a big impact on reducing the diseases.
politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
d) Bed net use helps more than taking vaccination.
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but
e) There is no need of further studies since the number of
they will take time to feed into the economy. The bank bailout
participants has enough impact.
may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
Exercício 83 term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder
(Esc. Naval 2017) Which is the correct option to complete the for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses.
sentence below?
(Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012)
Peter: I saw Jane yesterday.
Peter ____________________. (Fgvrj 2013) In the last paragraph, “they” in the phrase “…but
they will take time to feed into the economy” most likely refers to
a) said Jane that he saw her yesterday
b) told he saw Jane the previous day a) recently elected Spanish politicians.
c) says he had seen Jane the following day b) difficult but necessary changes in Spanish regulations.
d) told Jane that he has seen her the next day c) Spain’s emblematic companies.
e) said that he had seen Jane the day before d) Spain’s traditionally rigid employment laws.
e) the investment money now available to Spanish companies.
Exercício 84
SPAIN’S ECONOMY Exercício 85
BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your
100 billion euro bailout of its banking system, it’s easy to be Excellency,” dress in billowing robes and wrap each utterance in
pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for grandiloquence, as if little had changed from the era when
optimism. marquises and dukes held sway from their vast plantations.
In one televised feud, Mr. Barbosa questioned another justice
about whether he would even be on the court had he not been
appointed by his cousin, aformer president impeached in 1992. payments are common in some areas of Brazil’s large public
With another justice, Mr. Barbosa rebuked him over what the bureaucracy.) Another noted that he bought an apartment in
chief justice considered his condescending tone, telling him he Miami through a limited liability company, suggesting an effort to
was not his “capanga,” a term describing a hired thug. pay less taxes on the property. In statements, Mr. Barbosa
In one of his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the high contends that he has done nothing wrong.
court’s first and only black justice, took on the entire legal system In a country where a majority of people now define themselves as
of Brazil — where it is still remarkably rare for politicians to ever black or of mixed race — but where blacks remain remarkably
spend time in prison, even after being convicted of crimes — rare in the highest echelons of political institutions and
contending that the mentality of judges was “conservative, pro- corporations — Mr. Barbosa’s trajectory and abrupt manner have
status-quo and pro-impunity.” elicited both widespread admiration and a fair amount of
“I have a temperament that doesn’t adapt well to politics,” Mr. resistance.
Barbosa, 58, said in a recent interview in his quarters here in the As a teenager, Mr. Barbosa moved to the capital, Brasília, finding
Supreme Federal Tribunal, a modernist landmark designed by the work as a janitor in a courtroom. Against the odds, he got into the
architect Oscar Niemeyer. “It’s because I speak my mind so much.” University of Brasília, the only black student in its law program at
His acknowledged lack of tact notwithstanding, he is the driving the time. Wanting to see the world, he later won admission into
force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking Brazil’s
rulings, turning Brazil’s highest court — and him in particular — diplomatic service, which promptly sent him to Helsinki, the
into a newfound political power and the subject of popular Finnish capital on the shore of the Baltic Sea.
fascination. Sensing that he would not advance much in the diplomatic
The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision service, which he has called “one of the most discriminatory
upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at institutions of Brazil,” Mr. Barbosa opted for a career as a
increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening prosecutor. He alternated between legal investigations in Brazil
the way for one of the Western Hemisphere’s most sweeping and studies abroad, gaining fluency in English, French and
affirmative action laws for higher education. German, and earning a doctorate in law at Pantheon-Assas
In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and University in Paris.
president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively Fascinated by the legal systems of other countries, Mr. Barbosa
legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an wrote a book on affirmative action in the United States. He still
anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting voices his admiration for figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first
trial of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for black Supreme Court justice in the United States, and William J.
their roles in a vast vote-buying scheme. Brennan Jr., who for years embodied the court’s liberal vision,
Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution clearly drawing inspiration from them as he pushed Brazil’s high
to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr. court toward socially liberal rulings.
Barbosa, the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an Still, no decision has thrust Mr. Barbosa into Brazil’s public
impoverished city in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked imagination as much as his handling of the trial of political
as a bricklayer. operatives, legislators and bankers found guilty in a labyrinthine
But his prominence — not just on the court, but in the streets as corruption scandal called the mensalão, or big monthly
well — is so well established that masks with his face were sold allowance, after the regular payments made to lawmakers in
for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his exchange for their votes.
handling of the corruption trial and posted them on YouTube, and Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced
demonstrators during the huge street protests that shook the some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers
nation this year told pollsters that Mr. Barbosa was one of their Party to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including
top choices for president in next year’s elections. bribery and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in
While the protests have subsided since their height in June, the which impunity for politicians has been the norm.
political tumult they set off persists. The race for president, once Now the mensalão trial is entering what could be its final phases,
considered a shoo-in for the incumbent, Dilma Rousseff, is now and Mr. Barbosa has at times been visibly exasperated that
up in the air, with Mr. Barbosa — who is now so much in the defendants who have already been found guilty and sentenced
public eye that gossip columnists are following his romance with have managed to avoid hard jail time. He has clashed with other
a woman in her 20s — repeatedly saying he will not run. “I’m not justices over their consideration of a rare legal procedure in which
a candidate for anything,” he says. appeals over close votes at the high court are examined.
But the same public glare that has turned him into a celebrity has Losing his patience with one prominent justice, Ricardo
singed him as well. While he has won widespread admiration for Lewandowski, who tried to absolve some defendants of certain
his guidance of the high court, Mr. Barbosa, like almost every crimes, Mr. Barbosa publicly accused him this month of
other prominent political figure in Brazil, has recently come under “chicanery” by using legalese to prop up certain positions. An
scrutiny. And for someone accustomed to criticizing the so-called outcry ensued among some who could not stomach Mr. Barbosa’s
supersalaries awarded to some members of Brazil’s legal system, talking to a fellow justice like that. “Who does Justice Joaquim
the revelations have put Mr. Barbosa on the defensive. Barbosa think he is?” asked Ricardo Noblat, a columnist for the
One report in the Brazilian news media described how he newspaper O Globo, questioning whether Mr. Barbosa was
received about $180,000 in payments for untaken leaves of qualified to preside over the court. “What powers does he think
absence during his 19 years as a public prosecutor. (Such
he has just because he’s sitting in the chair of the chief justice of a) Did you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book?
the Supreme Federal Tribunal?” b) Should you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book?
Mr. Barbosa did not apologize. In the interview, he said some c) Need you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book?
tension was necessary for the court to function properly. “It was d) Would you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book?
always like this,” he said, contending that arguments are now just e) Do you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book?
easier to see because the court’s proceedings are televised.
Linking the court’s work to the recent wave of protests, he Exercício 87
explained that he strongly disagreed with the violence of some Blurring the mandate
demonstrators, but he also said he believed that the street Is the Central Bank targeting growth?
movements were “a sign of democracy’s exuberance.”
“People don’t want to passively stand by and observe these Oct 29th 2011, Brasília
arrangements of the elite, which were always the Brazilian For much of the last century inflation was as prominent a feature
tradition,” he said. of Brazilian life as football. It was finally tamed, first by the Real
(Uece 2014) One of the Chief Justice’s positive actions that the Plan of 1994 involving a new currency and fiscal measures, and
text mentions was then from 1999 by requiring the Central Bank, which was granted
operational independence, to set interest rates to meet an
a) allowing amateur musicians to join an orchestra in Minas inflation target. Since 2005 that target has been 4.5%, plus or
Gerais. minus two percentage points. So the Central Bank surprised
b) helping to legalize same-sex marriage all over Brazil. everyone in August when it cut its benchmark rate by half a point
c) pushing the country’s high court to assert its independence. (to 12%) even though inflation was then at 6.9%. On October
d) building a public school in the impoverished city of Paracatu. 19th, the bank did the same again. So is the government of
President Dilma Rousseff, in office since January, giving priority to
Exercício 86
other goals, such as sustaining growth and preventing the
The photography exercise book by Bert Krages
overvaluation of the currency, rather than keeping inflation low?
Training your eye to shoot like a pro
And has the Central Bank lost its independence?
No, say officials, who cite two sets of reasons for the rate cuts.
A while ago I was asked if I’d like to have a look at Bert Krages’
First, having overheated last year, the economy stalled in the
book. My initial thought was that it would pretty much be a list of
third quarter, partly as a result of earlier interest-rate rises and
‘try this’ exercises. Well in a way it is, in that you really need to go
modest fiscal tightening. The consensus forecast is for GDP to
out and try the exercises, not just read about them. In much the
expand by only 3.3% this year. Second, the bank argues that
same way that my piano playing won’t improve by just buying
inflation was boosted by one-off factors, such as big rises in
more books about playing the piano…
municipal bus fares and a shortage of ethanol. In the minutes of
Try the technical exercises – a desk lamp and an egg really can
its August meeting, the bank’s monetary-policy committee stated
teach you an enormous amount about the realities of lighting,
that the deteriorating outlook for the world economy and falling
shadows and reflected light. I’ve been a pro photographer since
commodity prices would put downward pressure on prices in
2004 and taking the time to do some of the exercises has been of
Brazil, allowing inflation to reach the 4.5% target in the course of
real benefit.
next year.
A well-written book that is packed with useful images to
There are indeed signs that inflation is starting to fall. But the
illustrate the matters at hand. It’s nice to see the author didn’t fall
government’s critics argue that by starting to cut so early and so
into the trap of only including ‘perfect’ photos – you will look at
aggressively, while inflation is still almost three points above the
some and think ‘I could do better than that’ – good!
target, the bank has damaged its hard-won credibility. As a
It’s a book for people who want to take more photos and increase
result, inflation expectations for the years ahead are rising. The
their satisfaction from doing so. Definitely one to try if you feel
minimum wage is due to rise by 14% or so in January and
you’re perhaps clinging to some of the technical aspects of
unemployment remains low. The biggest problem is that some
photography as a bit of a safety blanket, to avoid the fluffy artsy
prices and wages are indexed to last year’s inflation, a hangover
stuff.
from the past.
The bank may yet be vindicated by outside events and turn out to
Book Author Info.
have provided Brazil with a soft landing. As inflation falls,
Bert Krages is a photographer and attorney who is the author of
expectations will quickly follow, says Nelson Barbosa, the deputy
two previous photography books, Legal Handbook for
finance minister. Certainly lower interest rates would help the
Photographers and Heavenly Bodies: The Photographer’s Guide
country. Among the reasons why they are so high—including
to Astrophotography.
government borrowing, taxes on credit, and lack of competition in
banking—the most powerful may be sheer inertia.
Adapted from http://www.northlight-images.co.uk/
In a vicious circle, high rates depress investment, add to the
government’s borrowing costs (which total some 5% of GDP) and
thus its fiscal deficit (of over 2% of GDP). They also attract hot
(Espcex (Aman) 2019) What is the question the author refers to
money from abroad, which has helped to make the real
when he says: “...I was asked if I’d like to have a look at Bert
uncomfortably strong, hurting exporters. “We are in a bad
Krages’ book.”? (paragraph 1).
equilibrium,” says Mr Barbosa. “We can live with this exchange
rate with a lower interest rate, but not with this interest rate. One and psychological symptoms of cancer patients as well as in
of them has to go.” acute or palliative situations.
The government wants the real interest rate to fall to 2%-3%, There are several definitions of music therapy. According to the
but Mr Barbosa insists this is not a formal target. If inflation rises, World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT, 1996), music therapy
the bank will hike rates again, he says. Some other central banks, is: “the use of music and/or its music elements (sound, rhythm,
including America’s Federal Reserve, have a mandate to pursue melody and harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a client
both growth and low inflation. But when it comes to inflation, or group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote
Brazil is a recovering alcoholic. It needs its Central Bank to keep it communication, relationship, learning, mobilization, expression,
on the straight and narrow. organization, and other relevant therapeutic objectives, in order to
meet physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive needs”.
www.economist.com/node/21534796. Adaptado. The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT, 1999) defines
music therapy as “5a methodological form of assistance in which
(Fgv 2012) The first paragraph of the text musical means are used within a therapeutic relation to manage
a) shows that the main goal of the present Brazilian changes, developments, stabilisation or acceptance on the
administration is to curb inflation as never really done before emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the physical field”.
1994. The assumption is that the 6patient's musical behaviour conforms
b) questions whether the Brazilian Central Bank is being directly to their general behaviour. The starting points are the features of
controlled by the Rousseff administration. the patient's specific disorder or disease pattern. There is an
c) implies that Brazilian inflation began to be controlled only in analogy between psychological problems and musical behaviour,
the 21st century. which means that emotions can be expressed musically. 7For
d) says that the cut of the Central Bank’s benchmark rate in patients who have difficulties in expressing emotions, music
August had been expected since the beginning of the Rousseff therapy can be a useful medium. Music therapy might be a useful
administration. intervention for breast cancer patients in order to facilitate and
e) states that the benchmark rate was cut by half a point in order enhance their emotional expressivity. 8Besides analogy, there are
to adjust inflation, which had reached 6.9% in August. further qualities of music that can be beneficial within therapeutic
treatment. One of these qualities is symbolism: music can
Exercício 88 symbolize persons, objects, incidents, experiences or memories of
Music therapy with cancer patients
daily life. 9Therefore, music is a reality, which represents another
reality. The symbolism of the musical reality enables the patient
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States,
to deal safely with the other reality 10for it evokes memories
in Germany and in many other industrialized countries. In 2007,
about persons, objects or incidents. These associations can be
about 12 million people were diagnosed with cancer worldwide
perceived as positive or negative, so they release emotions in the
with a mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society,
patient.
2007). In the industrial countries, 1the most commonly diagnosed
Music therapy both addresses physical and psychological needs
cancers in men are prostate cancer, lung cancer and colorectal
of the patient. Numerous studies indicate that music therapy can
cancer. Women are most commonly diagnosed with breast
be beneficial to both acute cancer patients and palliative cancer
cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer.
patients in the final stage of disease.
The symptoms of cancer depend on the type of the disease, but
Most research with acute cancer patients receiving chemotherapy,
there are common symptoms caused by cancer and/or by its
surgery or stem cell transplantation examined the effectiveness
medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy and radiation). Common
of receptive music therapy. Listening to music during
physical symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of
chemotherapy, either played live by the music therapist or from
appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness, limited
tape has a positive effect on pain perception, relaxation, anxiety
physical activity, hair loss, a sore mouth/throat and bowel
and mood. There was also found a decrease in diastolic blood
problems. 2Cancer also often causes psychological problems pressure or heart rate and an improvement in fatigue; insomnia
such as depression, anxiety, mood disturbances, stress, insecurity, and appetite loss could be significantly decreased in patients
grief and decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate social older than 45 years. Further improvements by receptive music
consequences. Social isolation can occur due to physical or therapy were found for physical comfort, vitality, dizziness and
psychological symptoms (for example, feeling too tired to meet tolerability of the chemotherapy. A study with patients
friends, cutting oneself off due to depressive complaints). undergoing surgery found that receptive music therapy led to
Besides conventional pharmacological treatments of cancer, there decreased anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before, during and
are treatments to meet psychological and physical needs of the after surgery. Music therapy can also be applied in palliative
patient. Psychological consequences of cancer, such as situations, for example to patients with terminal cancer who live
depression, anxiety or loss of control, can be counteracted by
in 11hospices.
psychotherapy. For example, within cognitive therapy cancer
Studies indicate that music therapy may be beneficial for cancer
patients may develop 3coping strategies to handle the disease. patients in acute and palliative situations, but the benefits of
Research indicates that 4music therapy, which is a form of music therapy for convalescing cancer patients remain unclear.
psychotherapy, can have positive effects on both physiological Whereas music therapy interventions for acute and palliative
patients often focus on physiological and psychosomatic
symptoms, such as pain perception and reducing medical side- about 10 percent of a person’s performance on IQ tests. But how
effects, 12music therapy with posthospital curative treatment will parents and educators use that information?
could have its main focus on psychological aspects. A cancer
patient is not free from cancer until five years after the tumour (Adaptado de Derek Brahney, Genetic Fortune-Telling. MIT
ablation. The patient fears that the cancer has not been defeated. Technology Review, Março/Abril 2018)
In this stage of the disease, patients frequently feel insecure,
depressive and are emotionally unstable. How to handle irksome
and negative emotions is an important issue for many oncology Segundo o texto, um dos riscos do prognóstico genético dos
patients. After the difficult period of the medical treatment, which indivíduos desde o nascimento seria o de
they often have overcome in a prosaic way by masking emotions, a) empresas usarem as informações para não contratar pessoas
13patients often express the wish to become aware of
que teriam predisposição a certas doenças ou vícios.
themselves again. They may wish to grapple with negative b) algumas mulheres descuidarem da prevenção de problemas de
emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to experience saúde para os quais pareciam não estar predispostas.
positive feelings, such as enjoyment and vitality. c) governos usarem as informações genéticas para negar a certos
The results indicate that music therapy can also have positive cidadãos o acesso a serviços de saúde pública.
influences on well-being of cancer patients in the post-hospital d) pais e educadores passarem a desconsiderar dados sobre o
curative stage as well as they offer valuable information about coeficiente de inteligência de seus filhos ou alunos.
patients' needs in this state of treatment and how effects can be
dealt with properly. Exercício 90
(Eear 2016) Mark the alternative that completes the sentence
(Adapted from below in the third conditional.
https://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pdf - Access
on 25/02/19) If she hadn’t read the news magazine, she __________.
a) hadn’t seen the ad

(Epcar (Afa) 2020) The second paragraph of the text states that b) would see the ad
a) social isolation happens as a result of physical effort and c) couldn’t see the ad
medical treatments. d) wouldn’t have seen the ad
b) radiation and chemotherapy prove to be ineffective for cancer
Exercício 91
treatment.
Would it be wrong to eradicate mosquitoes?
c) there may be a relation between kinds of disease as well as
their symptoms.
The mosquito is the most dangerous animal in the world, carrying
d) dizziness and bowel disturbances could be caused by different
diseases that kill one million people a year. Now the Zika virus,
tunes.
which is carried by mosquitoes, has been linked with thousands
Exercício 89 of babies born with brain defects in South America. There are
(Unicamp 2019) Genetic Fortune-Telling known species of mosquitoes, but only the females from
just of species draw blood from humans – to help them
develop their eggs. Of these, just half carry parasites that cause
human diseases.
More than a million people, mostly from poorer nations, die each
year from mosquito-borne diseases, including Malaria, Dengue
Fever and Yellow Fever. Some mosquitoes also carry the Zika
virus, which was first thought to cause only mild fever and rashes.
However, scientists are now worried that it can damage babies in
the womb. There’s a constant effort to educate people to use nets
One day, babies will get DNA report cards at birth. These reports and other tactics to avoid being bitten. But would it just be
will offer predictions about their chances of suffering a heart simpler to make an entire species of disease-carrying mosquito
attack or cancer, of getting hooked on tobacco, and of being extinct?
smarter than average. In Britain, scientists at Oxford University and the biotech firm
Though the new DNA tests offer probabilities, not diagnoses, Oxitec have genetically modified (GM) the males of Aedes
they could greatly benefit medicine. For example, if women at aegypti – a mosquito species that carries both the Zika and
high risk for breast cancer got more mammograms and those at Dengue viruses. These GM males carry a gene that stops their
low risk got fewer, those exams might catch more real cancers offspring from developing properly. This second generation of
and set off fewer false alarms. The trouble is, the predictions are mosquitoes then die before they can reproduce and become
far from perfect. What if someone with a low risk score for cancer carriers of disease themselves.
puts off being screened, and then develops cancer anyway? So are there any downsides to removing mosquitoes?
Polygenic scores are also controversial because they can predict Mosquitoes, which mostly feed on plant nectar, are important
any trait, not only diseases. For instance, they can now forecast pollinators. They are also a food source for birds and bats while
their young – as larvae – are consumed by fish and frogs. This overcoming our relatively feeble powers of reasoning, self-
could have an effect further ahead in the food chain. Mosquitoes control, motivation, self-awareness and agency—the factors that
also have limited the destructive impact of humanity on nature. make behaviour change so difficult.
Mosquitoes make tropical rainforests, for humans, virtually Herein lies the true potential of technology: not in the laboratory
uninhabitable. Rainforests are home to a large share of our total or the workshop, but in an understanding of the behavioural
plant and animal species, and nothing has done more to delay dynamics that define the human condition, both generally and
man-made destruction over the past years than the within the context of a specific user-group, market segment or
mosquito. community.
Adaptado de http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35408835 Fonte: JOHNSON, Steven. Recognising the true potential of

technology to change behaviour. Disponível em:
<https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-
business/behavioural-insights/true-potential-technology-change-
(Espcex (Aman) 2017) According to the text, choose the correct behaviour>. Acesso em: 23 ago. 2017. (Adaptado).
statement.
a) Female mosquitoes from all the species cause the diseases (Ueg 2018) Considering the ideas expressed in the text,
mentioned. technology
b) People from wealthy countries are the most bitten by
mosquitoes.
c) Mosquitoes are also important for food chain balance and a) is changing its technological characteristics according human
pollination. beings have been changing theirs behavioural aspects.
d) A few species of male mosquitoes were genetically modified.
e) Mosquitoes carry diseases, infect animals and destroy the b) has been a powerful and potential tool to change things which
rainforests. society hasn´t been able to overcome along the decades.
Exercício 92 c) is a historic element which has always been directing human

TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: beings, in order to help them find ways to make life easier.
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à(s) questão(ões) a seguir.
d) advances in every decade as a successfully result of the great
The true potential of technology to change behavior amount of the campaigns and legislation dedicated to it.
Technology could successfully change behaviours where decades e) has a huge power to unlock distinguished communication
of campaigns and legislation have failed. With the quantified self channels between companies and consumer society.
already walking among us and the internet of things within easy
reach, digital technology is creating unprecedented opportunities Exercício 93
to encourage, enable and empower more sustainable behaviours. (Enem PPL 2018) Which skin colour are you? The human
If we are to unlock the power of technology we must be more swatch chart that confronts racism
ambitious than simply digitising analogue strategies or creating
another communications channel. In 1933, in a book called The Masters and the Slaves, the
The true potential of technology lies in its ability to do things that Brazilian anthropologist Gilberto Freyre wrote: “Every Brazilian,
nothing else can do. In behaviour change terms, the potential to even the light-skinned, fair-haired one, carries about him on his
succeed where decades of education programmes, awareness soul, when not on soul and body alike, the shadow, or at least the
campaigns and product innovation have failed; to make a birthmark, of the aborigine or the negro.” This was forefront in the
difference where government policy and legislation has had mind of the French artist Pierre David when he moved to Brazil in
limited impact. 2009. “When I was in the streets, I could see so many skin
Using behavioural insights, it is possible to highlight the colours”, he says. He decided to make a human colour chart, like
bottlenecks, drop out points and achilles heels of traditional one you would find in the paint section of B&Q shop, but showing
behaviour change efforts — the reasons why we have failed in the gradations and shades of our skin colour. The project, called
the past — and apply the unique possibilities of technology to Nuancier or “swatches”, was first shown at the Museu de Arte
these specific challenges. Moderna in Salvador – Bahia, and is now on show in his native
France. “Brazil has a better attitude to skin colour than other
Overcoming our limitations developed nations”, he says. “There's no doubt, because the
Luckily, the history of the human race is almost defined by its concept of skin colour difference was recognised very early in
ability to invent stuff that bolsters its feeble capabilities. That their history. Now, it even appears on identity documents.”
stuff is, of course, what we generically refer to as 'technology'.
And in the same way that the internal combustion engine and the Yet Nuancier, David says, is still a critique of racism, in Brazil and
light bulb allow us to overcome our relatively feeble powers of around the world. “This work may seem provocative – to classify
motion and perception, so digital technology can be directed to men by colour, to industrially produce the colour of an individual
so it can be store-bought. But this is a demonstration of the
commodification of bodies. It denounces racism anywhere it is I definitely don’t have a “typical day”. I sometimes have a plan,
found in the world.” but _____10_____ stick to it as much of my work is responsive to
situations which are transient. The range of things I can get
SEYMOUR, T. Disponível em: www.theguardian.com. Acesso em: involved in is huge and includes specifying materials for use in
21 out. 2015 (adaptado). challenging environments, new plant designs and
decommissioning activates.
O artista francês Pierre David, ao evidenciar seu encantamento RATHBONE, Penny. Adapted from: The Guardian. A day in the life
com a diversidade de cores de peles no Brasil, no projeto of a nuclear materials engineer. Disponível em:
Nuancier, também <https://www.theguardian.com/women-in-
leadership/2016/jan/22/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-nuclear-materials-
a) desencadeia um estudo sobre a atitude dos brasileiros com
engineer>. Acesso em: 22/06/2017.
base na análise de características raciais.
(Ime 2018) Selecione a alternativa que completa corretamente a
lacuna 9 do texto.
b) denuncia a discriminação social gerada com a distinção de
cores na população de Salvador. a) have recognised
b) have been recognised
c) destaca a mistura racial como elemento-chave no impedimento c) might have recognised
para a ascensão social. d) had recognised
e) was being recognised
d) provoca uma reflexão crítica em relação à classificação e à
mercantilização das raças. Exercício 95
TRACING THE CIGARETTE'S PATH FROM SEXY TO DEADLY
e) elabora um produto com base na variedade de cores de pele By Howard Markel, MD
para uso comercial.
In contrast to the symbol of death and disease it is today, from
Exercício 94 the early 1900s to the 1960s the cigarette was a cultural icon of
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A NUCLEAR MATERIALS ENGINEER sophistication, glamour and sexual allure - a highly prized
commodity for one out of two Americans.
My career _____1_____ a planned one in any way. At school I was Many advertising campaigns from the 1930s through the 1950s
athletic; I ran and played badminton to a high standard when I extolled the healthy virtues of cigarettes. Full-color magazine ads
was young and always thought my career would be a sporting depicted kindly doctors clad in white coats proudly lighting up or
one _____2_____ I suffered an injury during my teens. The rest of puffing away, with slogans like "More doctors smoke Camels than
my family was academic; my father was an aerodynamic engineer any other cigarette."
and my mother a mathematician, _____3_____ my sister studied Early in the 20th century, opposition to cigarettes took a moral
geology. rather than a health-conscious tone, especially for women who
At the age of 16, I attended a Women in Science and Engineering wanted to smoke, although even then many doctors were
careers week with school, just to have a look at what was concerned that smoking was a health risk.
available. This helped me decide that _____4_____ I really wanted The 1930s were a period when many Americans began smoking
to do was an engineering degree, so I chose to do a BEng in and the most significant health effects had not yet developed. As
materials science and engineering at Liverpool University, and a result, the scientific studies of the era often failed to find clear
then went on to do a PhD. evidence of serious pathology and had the perverse effect of
My PhD looked at auxetic polymeric materials. No one exonerating the cigarette.
_____5_____ of them: they get fatter as you stretch them, The years after World War II, however, were a time of major
_____6_____ is very novel, and at the time there were only a breakthroughs in epidemiological thought. In 1947, Richard Doll
handful of researchers in the world working on these. The PhD and A. Bradford Hill of the British Medical Research Council
started my interest in polymeric materials. Towards the end of my created a sophisticated statistical technique to document the
PhD I _____7_____ two research roles, and ended up taking a job association between rising rates of lung cancer and increasing
with British Nuclear Fuels Limited at the Company Research numbers of smokers. The prominent surgeon Evarts A. Graham
Laboratory (CRL). and a medical student, Ernst L. Wynder, published a landmark
(…) article in 1950 comparing the incidence of lung cancer in their
During my time at CRL I _____8_____ on secondment to the nonsmoking and smoking patients at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis.
Sellafield site in Cumbria, which then turned into a permanent They concluded that "cigarette smoking, over a long period, is at
position in the research and technology materials and inspection least one important factor in the striking increase in bronchogenic
group. During this time I became a chartered engineer and a full cancer." Predictably, the tobacco companies derided these and
professional member of the Institute of Materials Minerals and other studies as mere statistical arguments or anecdotes rather
Mining. I now head up one of Sellafield’s Centres of Expertise than definitions of causality.
(CoE): I am the CoE lead and subject matter expert for polymeric In the 1980s, scientists established the revolutionary concept
materials. Recently I _____9_____ as a fellow of the Institute of that nicotine is extremely addictive. The tobacco companies
Materials. publicly rejected such claims, even as they took advantage of
cigarettes' addictive potential by routinely spiking them with Marque a alternativa que apresenta a reescrita mais adequada do
extra nicotine to make it harder to quit smoking. And their segmento acima, em discurso indireto.
marketing memorandums document advertising campaigns
a) This was my hope. This was the faith that I would go back to
aimed at youngsters to hook whole new generations of smokers.
the South with.
b) That was their hope. That was the faith that he would go back
www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/health (Adaptado)
to the South with.
c) That has been their hope. That has been the faith that they
(Unifesp 2008) No trecho do sexto parágrafo - "The tobacco
have gone back to the South with.
companies publicly rejected such claims"... - a expressão "such
d) That was our hope. That was the faith with which we went
claims" refere-se a
back to the South.
a) nicotine is extremely addictive. e) Those were their hopes. Those were the faiths with which they
b) extra nicotine. went back to the South.
c) tobacco companies.
d) statistical arguments or anecdotes. Exercício 97
e) quit smoking. Brazil at a Crossroads for LGBT Rights
Exercício 96 7On March 19, 2011, President Barack Obama flew to Brazil to
I am happy to join 1__________ you today in what will go down in kick off a three-country tour of Latin America. His five-day visit to
history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history El Salvador, Brazil and Chile – countries in a region often called
of our nation. “America's backyard” – presented an opportunity to redefine
In the process 2__________ gaining our rightful place we must not America's historically thorny foreign policy towards Latin
be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst America.
for freedom 3__________ drinking from the cup of bitterness and Obama's trip to South America was widely considered a nod
hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane towards Latin America's growing power. 5Brazil, in particular,
of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest now the world's sixth-largest economy, is frequently lauded for
to degenerate into physical violence. 4The marvelous new its dramatic economic progress. “More than half of this nation is
militancy which has engulfed the 15Negro community must not now considered middle class,” Obama noted in an address to the
Brazilian people at Rio de Janeiro's Teatro Municipal on March 20.
lead us to distrust of 8all white people, for 13many of our white
“4Millions have been lifted from poverty.” In a speech delivered in
brothers, as evidenced by 5their presence here today, have come
to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their Brasília the day before, 6Obama extolled Brazil for its remarkable
economic growth rate and its transition from dictatorship to open
freedom is 17inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk
democracy. Thomas Shannon, the US ambassador to Brazil,
alone.
echoed this view, stating, “Brazil is no longer an emerging
I have a 9dream that one day 11this nation will rise up and 18live
country. It has emerged.”
out the true 16meaning of 6its creed: “We hold these truths to be 1However, as Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff noted while
self-evident: that all men are created equal.” I have a dream that
welcoming Obama to Brazil, “We still face enormous challenges.”
my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will
One such challenge is the alarming and infrequently discussed
not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their
rise in attacks on and murders of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual,
character.
and transgender) Brazilians. According to the Association for
19This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South
Women's Rights in Development, Brazil suffers from the highest
with. When we allow 10freedom to 12ring, when we let 7it ring rate of transphobic violence in the world, and is cited as the
from every state and every city, we will speed up that 14day “world’s deadliest place to be transgender.” Last year, at least
when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and 250 LGBT people were murdered in Brazil.
Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will join hands and sing the On March 2, 2011, a surveillance camera in the Brazilian city of
old Negro spiritual, “Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, Belo Horizonte captured the brutal murder of Priscila Brandão, a
we are free at last!” 22-year-old transvestite shot while walking down the street.
Authorities, citing in the rise in violence against transgender
people in Brazil, believed the murder to be a hate crime, as
Adaptado de: LUTHER KING JR., Martin. I have a dream. opposed to a random act of violence.
Disponível em: <http://www.archives.gov/press/exhibits/dream- Human rights organizations globally condemned Brandão's
speech.pdf>. Acesso em: 06 set. 2013. murder, but 8her case is just one of many homophobic and
in Brazil. According to the Brazilian gay rights group Grupo Gay
(Ufrgs 2014) Considere o segmento a seguir:
This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South
with (ref. 19).
the date in 1990 when the World Health Organization officially 1. ‘Coupling’ and ‘decoupling’
removed homosexuality from the International Classification of The first is to consider how inclined people are to ‘couple’ or
Diseases. ‘decouple’ topics involving wider political and social factors.
Swedish data analyst John Nerst has used the terms to describe
Adapted from http://www.thenation.com/article/159703/brazil- the contrasting ways in which people approach contentious
crossroads-lgbt-rights#. issues. Those of us more inclined to ‘couple’ see them as
Access on August 22nd, 2012. inextricably related to a broader matrix of factors, whereas those
more predisposed to ‘decouple’ prefer to consider an issue in
(Ufsj 2013) About Priscila Brandão's murder, it is CORRECT to isolation. To take a crude example, a decoupler might consider in
say that: isolation the question of whether a vaccine provides a degree of
immunity to a virus; a coupler, by contrast, would immediately see
a) somebody shot a 22-year-old transvestite in a street in Belo
the issue as inextricably entangled in a mesh of factors, such as
Horizonte, and this was recorded by a surveillance camera.
pharmaceutical industry power and parental choice.
b) human rights organizations around the world condemned
Brandão's murder, but they think that nothing can be done about
2. ______________________
it.
Most of us are deeply committed to our beliefs, especially
c) because the murder is an example of violence against
concerning moral and social issues, such that when we’re
transgender people, authorities opposed to a random act of
presented with facts that contradict our beliefs, we often choose
violence.
to dismiss those facts, rather than update our beliefs.
d) because of a surveillance camera, Brandão's brutal murderer
A study at Arizona State University, U.S., analysed more than
was captured in the Brazilian city of Belo Horizonte.
100,000 comments on a forum where users post their views on
Exercício 98 an issue and invite others to persuade them to change their mind.
(Unesp 2020) Analyse the following comic: The researchers found that regardless of the kind of topic, people
were more likely to change their mind when confronted with
more evidence-based arguments. “Our work may suggest that
while attitude change is hard-won, providing facts, statistics and
citations for one’s arguments can convince people to change their
minds,” they concluded.
3. Just be nicer?
Finally, it’s easier said than done, but let’s all try to be more
respectful of and attentive to each other’s positions. We should
do this not just for virtuous reasons, but because the more we
create that kind of a climate, the more open-minded and
intellectually flexible we will all be inclined to be. And then
hopefully, collectively, we can start having more constructive
The objective of the comic is to disagreements — even in our present very difficult times.
a) promote the recycling of domestic garbage.
b) prevent the proliferation of malaria vector mosquitoes. (Christian Jarrett. www.bbc.com, 14.10.2020. Adapted.)
c) keep the community and public places clean.
d) motivate children to kill deadly malaria mosquitoes.
e) frighten the population with threats about diseases. (Unifesp 2021) No trecho do quarto parágrafo “whereas those
more predisposed to ‘decouple’ prefer to consider an issue in
Exercício 99 isolation”, o termo sublinhado introduz
Remember the good old days, when you could have a heated-
a) uma explicação.
yet-enjoyable debate with your friends about things that didn’t
b) um exemplo.
matter that much — times when you could be a true fan of the
c) um contraste.
Manchester United soccer team when you didn’t come from the
d) uma condição.
city of Manchester?
e) uma consequência.
How things have changed.
Now disagreements feel deadly serious. Like when your Exercício 100
colleague pronounces that wearing a face mask in public is a Triple killing in Coffee Shop Stirs Death Penalty Debate
threat to his liberty. Or when you see that one of your friends has
just tweeted that, actually, all lives matter. Before you know it, By JOHN FILES
you’re feeling angry and forming harsh new judgments about
your colleagues and friends. Let’s take a collective pause and WASHINGTON, Feb. 19 - Federal prosecutors are pressing for
breathe: there are some ways we can all try to have more civil the death penalty against a man charged with murdering three
disagreements in this febrile age of culture wars.
employees at a Starbucks coffee shop here in July 1997, clearing Mayor Anthony A. Williams said he agreed with the attorney
the way for the city's first death penalty case in nearly 30 years. general on "the need for harsh penalties, including life in prison
In an outline issued this week, the prosecutors said they wanted without parole." But, he added, "I do not support the death
to press a capital charge because the defendant has a history of penalty."
violent crime. They said he shows no remorse and poses a Ms. Norton and Amnesty International USA have drawn
continuing threat. comparisons to a 1995 triple murder at a McDonald's in
Carl D. Cooper, 30, has been charged with the three killings in the Southeast Washington. Kennedy J. Marshall pleaded guilty and
affluent Georgetown section of the city. The bodies of Emory received 80 years to life in prison.
Allen Evans, 25; Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 24; and Aaron David The New York Times, Sunday, February 20, 2000
Goodrich, 18, were found by another Starbucks employee.
The case gained national attention because it happened in one of (Fgv 2000) According to the information presented in the article,
the city's fashionable neighborhoods, a 34-square-block area what is the significance of Robert E. Carter?
northwest of downtown Washington known for bars, restaurants,
a) He was executed for murder in 1972 in Washington.
boutiques and narrow residential streets of expensive town
b) He electrocuted a Washington police officer in 1957.
houses. Georgetown is home to members of Congress, Secretary
c) He was the last person tried for murder in Washington.
of State Madeleine K. Albright and other major political figures,
d) He was the last person in Washington to die because of the
as well as Georgetown University, but not to a great deal of crime
death penalty.
or violence. Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the
e) He is a symbol of the inability of capital punishment to deter
death penalty for Mr. Cooper with advice from Wilma A. Lewis,
crime.
the United States attorney for the District of Columbia. A death
penalty review panel at the Justice Department concurred. Exercício 101
Kenneth L. Wainstein, assistant United States attorney, in a 35- SPAIN’S ECONOMY
page document, cited Mr. Cooper's "continuing pattern of criminal
conduct," including armed robberies dating to 1989 and In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a
possession of firearms and drugs dating to 1988; laundering of 100 billion euro bailout of its banking system, it’s easy to be
money obtained from robberies; and threats to murder witnesses pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
and law enforcement officers. optimism.
The case moved to federal court in August with a 48-count
indictment against Mr. Cooper, charging him with crimes from Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than
1993 to 1997. His trial is to start on May 2 in United States the euro zone average during the pre-crisis years, large exporters
District Court in Washington. kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
The last person executed in the city was Robert E. Carter, 28, an competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250
unemployed laborer electrocuted on April 27, 1957, for killing an workers stayed just as productive as their German, Italian, and
unarmed, off-duty police officer. The last trial in a capital case French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank.
was in 1972.
The city repealed the death penalty in 1980. Residents voted Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on
overwhelmingly in the 1992 election to reject a provision that to its global market share of exports. That puts it in a league with
would have reinstated the death sentence. Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the
City officials, many of whom are opposed to the decision to make clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster
this a capital case, criticized Ms. Reno for ignoring the views of child of Spanish competitiveness. It shrugged off the European
the city's residents and urged that the city be allowed to handle financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter
the situation with some autonomy. If Mr. Cooper were prosecuted profits.
under local jurisdiction, the maximum sentence he could receive
would be life in prison without the possibility of parole. The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of
Eleanor Holmes Norton, the city's delegate to Congress, wrote to Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate for the steep drop in demand at
Ms. Lewis: "The Cooper case is essentially a local homicide home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
matter with federal charges tacked on. If the District had a local Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by
prosecutor, she could not ask for the death penalty. The 8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique business
application of the harshest and most controversial penalty in our model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
law should not depend on whether the U. S. attorney or a locally schools.
chosen prosecutor litigates the case. Where the local jurisdiction
of taxpaying citizens is deprived of a local prosecutor, the U.S. Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen
attorney has a special obligation to respect local law." sharply from its peak of about 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to
Ms. Norton said in an interview that "serious equal protection about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
questions are raised" when a high-profile case is chosen for the steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or
death penalty. She said it is disturbing that, with about 300 Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in balance.
homicides in the city in a year, most of them in poor One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better
neighborhoods, federal officials chose to elevate a case from the way, in the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in
"most glamorous part of Washington". Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity.
Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But In broad terms, POLITICAL CORRUPTION is the misuse of public
their success has been despite, not because of, the country’s (governmental) power for illegitimate, usually secret, private
politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already advantage.
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but All forms of government are susceptible to political corruption.
they will take time to feed into the economy. The bank bailout Forms of corruption vary, but the most common are patronage,
may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short bribery, extortion, influence peddling, fraud, embezzlement, and
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder nepotism. While corruption often facilitates criminal enterprise
for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses. such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and criminal
(Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012) activities, and 3it does not always support or shield other crimes.
(Fgvrj 2013) Which of the following is most supported by the jurisdiction. Certain political funding practices that are legal in
information in the article? one place may be illegal in another. In some countries, police and
a) It will take decades for Spain to find a way out of its current prosecutors have broad discretion over who to arrest and charge,
economic crisis. and the line between discretion and corruption can be difficult to
b) Various poorly planned European efforts to rescue Spain’s draw, as in 1racial profiling. In countries with strong interest
economy have only made the situation worse. group politics, practices that could easily constitute corruption
c) Spain’s economic problems are in fact much less serious than elsewhere are sometimes sanctified as official group preferences.
those in the other European countries. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption.Bribery:_Bribe-
d) Despite the problems that Spain is facing, some factors takers_and_bribe-givers Access: Apr. 2006.(Adaptado)
indicate that there is hope for the country’s economic future.
e) The pessimism surrounding Spain’s economic situation is based
on a certain prejudice rather than on a clear understanding of the (Ufmg 2007) According to the text, whenever public power is
factors involved. used for illegal purposes,
Exercício 102 a) crime activities are restricted.

(Fatec 2019) Analise a charge: b) personal benefits are reached.
c) political corruption is banned.
d) public advantage is achieved.
Exercício 104
(Esc. Naval 2016) Which of the sentences below is INCORRECT?
a) If the Earth dies, you die. If you die, the planet surely survives.
b) If you don’t want to wait 1,5 seconds, press Control-Power

button.
c) I will not go away if you promise to change and behave

yourself.
d) You could see it through my eyes if you would realize how

special you are.
e) My mother is going to kick me out tomorrow unless I stop all

contact with my boyfriend.
Exercício 105
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES:
As expressões "I’m not lacking leadership" e "Everyone else is
lacking", para expressar o sarcasmo da charge, demonstram que
o profissional em questão
a) acredita ser um bom líder.

b) sente falta de seus funcionários.
c) se importa com seus funcionários.
d) tem dificuldade de ser comandado.
e) ignora a habilidade de liderança de seus funcionários.
Exercício 103
POLITICAL CORRUPTION
a) was the first Olympic Games host city to have an integrated
urban surveillance center.
b) is a smart city from South America placed side by side with

smart cities from highly developed northern countries.
c) illustrates the argument that certain uses of technology to

collect data about citizens are also a kind of policing.
d) has been seen as the perfect example of a smart city with very
low efficiency levels.
Sometimes, it is the very ordinariness of a scene that
makes it terrifying. So it was with a clip from a recent BBC e) contradicts the illusion that smart cities necessarily offer their
documentary on facial recognition technology. A man tries to population a safer life.
avoid the cameras, covering his face by pulling up his jacket. He is
stopped by the police and forced to have his photo taken. He is Exercício 106
then fined £90 for “disorderly behavior”. “What’s your suspicion?” SPAIN’S ECONOMY
someone asks the police. “The fact that he’s walked past clearly
masking his face from recognition,” replies one of the officers. If In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a
you want to protect your privacy, it must be because you have 100 billion euro bailout of its banking system, it’s easy to be
something to hide. pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
There is considerable concern in the west about Chinese optimism.
tech firms acting as Trojan horses for Beijing. But perhaps we
should worry less about the tech companies than about the social Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than
use of technology. Because it’s not just in China that “algorithmic the euro zone average during the pre-crisis years, large exporters
governance” is beginning to take hold. As the tech entrepreneur kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
Maciej Ceglowski pointed out before the US Senate, “Until competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250
recently, even people living in a police state could count on the workers stayed just as productive as their German, Italian, and
fact that the authorities didn’t have enough equipment or French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank.
manpower to observe everyone, everywhere, and so enjoyed
more freedom from monitoring than we do living in a free society Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on
today.” to its global market share of exports. That puts it in a league with
Surveillance is at the heart, too, of “smart cities”. From Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the
Amsterdam to Dubai to Toronto, cities are embracing technology clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster
to collect data on citizens, ostensibly to make public services and child of Spanish competitiveness. It shrugged off the European
urban spaces function better. But what smart cities also enable is financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter
a new form of policing. As the mayor of Rio de Janeiro said of the profits.
“integrated urban command centre” built for the 2016 Olympics,
the system “allows us to have people looking into every corner of The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of
the city, 24 hours a day, seven days a week”. Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate for the steep drop in demand at
Buses that run on time and rubbish that is efficiently home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
cleared are good things (in most smart cities, and in Rio as well, Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by
neither actually happens). There is, however, more to the good 8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique business
life than an ordered city. Human flourishing requires the existence model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
of a sphere of life outside public scrutiny; not only within the schools.
intimacy of the home but also in semi-private spaces such as the
workplace or the church or the pub. It’s that kind of space Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen
shielded from scrutiny that increasingly is vanishing. As sharply from its peak of about 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to
Ceglowski observed, one of the features of the “new world of about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
ambient surveillance” is that “we cannot opt out of it, any more steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or
than we might opt out of automobile culture by refusing to drive”. Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in balance.
And that is possibly the most disturbing thought of all. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better
(Kenan Malik. www.theguardian.com, 19.05.2019. Adaptado.) Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity.

(Fac. Albert Einstein - Medicin 2020) Rio de Janeiro is mentioned their success has been despite, not because of, the country’s
in the third and fourth paragraphs because it politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
they will take time to feed into the economy. The bank bailout BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a
may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder Excellency,” dress in billowing robes and wrap each utterance in
for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses. grandiloquence, as if little had changed from the era when
marquises and dukes held sway from their vast plantations.
(Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012) In one televised feud, Mr. Barbosa questioned another justice
(Fgvrj 2013) In paragraph 3, the phrase “That puts it in a league appointed by his cousin, aformer president impeached in 1992.
with Germany…” most likely refers to which of the following? With another justice, Mr. Barbosa rebuked him over what the
chief justice considered his condescending tone, telling him he
a) Spain and Germany both export products to Asia.
was not his “capanga,” a term describing a hired thug.
b) The economies of Asia, Spain, and Germany are all based
In one of his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the high
strongly on exports.
c) Spain’s performance in the area of exports is similar to
Germany’s performance.
d) Spain’s economy is now more dependent on exports than is
Germany’s economy.
e) By providing an ample market for Spanish products, Germany
is helping to keep Spain’s export industry robust.
Exercício 107 Supreme Federal Tribunal, a modernist landmark designed by the
Read the text below and answer the question(s). architect Oscar Niemeyer. “It’s because I speak my mind so much.”
A Region’s Soccer Strongmen are facing a hard fall force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking
After rising as a governor under Brazil’s military dictatorship, José into a newfound political power and the subject of popular
Maria Marin became such a towering figure in the world of fascination.
Brazilian sports that the headquarters of the nation’s soccer The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision
federation was recently named in his honor. upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at
Now, the United States Justice Department’s charging Mr. Marin, increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening
and other senior sports officials and executives across the the way for one of the Western Hemisphere’s most sweeping
Americas with taking part in a sweeping bribery and kickback affirmative action laws for higher education.
scheme within FIFA, the governing body of global soccer. In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and
Of the men named as defendants in the indictment, all but two president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively
of them are citizens of Latin American and Caribbean nations, a legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an
reflection of the investigation’s focus on corruption in the anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting
hemisphere. trial of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for
their roles in a vast vote-buying scheme.
(Fonte: www.nytimes.com) Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution
to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr.
Barbosa, the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an
GLOSSARY impoverished city in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked
but: exceto as a bricklayer.
bribery: suborno But his prominence — not just on the court, but in the streets as
headquarters: sede well — is so well established that masks with his face were sold
for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his
(Eear 2016) According to the text, all the sentences bellow are demonstrators during the huge street protests that shook the
correct, except nation this year told pollsters that Mr. Barbosa was one of their
a) José Maria Marin used to be a governor during military
While the protests have subsided since their height in June, the
dictatorship.
political tumult they set off persists. The race for president, once
b) Mr. Marin was accused of participating in a corruption scheme
considered a shoo-in for the incumbent, Dilma Rousseff, is now
within FIFA.
up in the air, with Mr. Barbosa — who is now so much in the
c) of the men named as defendants in the accusation, only two
public eye that gossip columnists are following his romance with
are Latin American and Caribbean citizens.
a woman in her 20s — repeatedly saying he will not run. “I’m not
d) the United States Justice Department is accusing Mr. Marin,
a candidate for anything,” he says.
among other senior sports officials and executives of bribery.
But the same public glare that has turned him into a celebrity has
Exercício 108 singed him as well. While he has won widespread admiration for
his guidance of the high court, Mr. Barbosa, like almost every
As a teenager, Mr. Barbosa moved to the capital, Brasília, finding (Uece 2014) Talking with journalists recently, the Chief Justice
work as a janitor in a courtroom. Against the odds, he got into the explained the reason why
University of Brasília, the only black student in its law program at
a) justices must dress in billowing robes
b) he is uncomfortable with the media attention.
c) he couldn’t fit into politics.
d) impunity should no longer exist in the country.
service, which he has called “one of the most discriminatory Exercício 109
institutions of Brazil,” Mr. Barbosa opted for a career as a Blurring the mandate
prosecutor. He alternated between legal investigations in Brazil Is the Central Bank targeting growth?
and studies abroad, gaining fluency in English, French and
German, and earning a doctorate in law at Pantheon-Assas Oct 29th 2011, Brasília
University in Paris. For much of the last century inflation was as prominent a feature
Fascinated by the legal systems of other countries, Mr. Barbosa of Brazilian life as football. It was finally tamed, first by the Real
wrote a book on affirmative action in the United States. He still Plan of 1994 involving a new currency and fiscal measures, and
voices his admiration for figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first then from 1999 by requiring the Central Bank, which was granted
black Supreme Court justice in the United States, and William J. operational independence, to set interest rates to meet an
Brennan Jr., who for years embodied the court’s liberal vision, inflation target. Since 2005 that target has been 4.5%, plus or
clearly drawing inspiration from them as he pushed Brazil’s high minus two percentage points. So the Central Bank surprised
court toward socially liberal rulings. everyone in August when it cut its benchmark rate by half a point
Still, no decision has thrust Mr. Barbosa into Brazil’s public (to 12%) even though inflation was then at 6.9%. On October
imagination as much as his handling of the trial of political 19th, the bank did the same again. So is the government of
operatives, legislators and bankers found guilty in a labyrinthine President Dilma Rousseff, in office since January, giving priority to
corruption scandal called the mensalão, or big monthly other goals, such as sustaining growth and preventing the
allowance, after the regular payments made to lawmakers in overvaluation of the currency, rather than keeping inflation low?
exchange for their votes. And has the Central Bank lost its independence?
Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced No, say officials, who cite two sets of reasons for the rate cuts.
some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers First, having overheated last year, the economy stalled in the
Party to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including third quarter, partly as a result of earlier interest-rate rises and
bribery and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in modest fiscal tightening. The consensus forecast is for GDP to
which impunity for politicians has been the norm. expand by only 3.3% this year. Second, the bank argues that
Now the mensalão trial is entering what could be its final phases, inflation was boosted by one-off factors, such as big rises in
and Mr. Barbosa has at times been visibly exasperated that municipal bus fares and a shortage of ethanol. In the minutes of
defendants who have already been found guilty and sentenced its August meeting, the bank’s monetary-policy committee stated
have managed to avoid hard jail time. He has clashed with other that the deteriorating outlook for the world economy and falling
justices over their consideration of a rare legal procedure in which commodity prices would put downward pressure on prices in
appeals over close votes at the high court are examined. Brazil, allowing inflation to reach the 4.5% target in the course of
Losing his patience with one prominent justice, Ricardo next year.
Lewandowski, who tried to absolve some defendants of certain There are indeed signs that inflation is starting to fall. But the
crimes, Mr. Barbosa publicly accused him this month of government’s critics argue that by starting to cut so early and so
“chicanery” by using legalese to prop up certain positions. An aggressively, while inflation is still almost three points above the
target, the bank has damaged its hard-won credibility. As a original text is correct.
result, inflation expectations for the years ahead are rising. The "This actually changes the way we think about the genetic code,"
minimum wage is due to rise by 14% or so in January and said lead author Mathew Berg, a PhD Candidate at Western's
unemployment remains low. The biggest problem is that some Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry. "We have shown that
prices and wages are indexed to last year’s inflation, a hangover variation in tRNA has the potential to lead to a protein being
from the past. made improperly, which can lead to misfolding and malfunction
The bank may yet be vindicated by outside events and turn out to of the protein."
have provided Brazil with a soft landing. As inflation falls, The research team, led by Schulich Medicine & Dentistry
expectations will quickly follow, says Nelson Barbosa, the deputy Professors Christopher Brandl, Robert Hegele and Patrick
finance minister. Certainly lower interest rates would help the O'Donoghue, say this is significant because many human diseases
country. Among the reasons why they are so high—including like Alzheimer's disease and diseases of the heart muscle are
government borrowing, taxes on credit, and lack of competition in linked to misfolded proteins.
In a vicious circle, high rates depress investment, add to the https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190813130422.htm
a) Environmental genome’s mutations which make them translate
proteins incorrectly.
b) Translator apps which can contribute to the spread of mental
illnesses.
c) Protein diseases caused by fast folding.
rate with a lower interest rate, but not with this interest rate. One
d) Disease researches on proteins mutations.
of them has to go.”
e) Genes that read incorrectly the tRNAs, which can harm the
The government wants the real interest rate to fall to 2%-3%,
function of proteins.
but Mr Barbosa insists this is not a formal target. If inflation rises,
the bank will hike rates again, he says. Some other central banks, Exercício 111
including America’s Federal Reserve, have a mandate to pursue Forest fires: the good and the bad
both growth and low inflation. But when it comes to inflation,
Brazil is a recovering alcoholic. It needs its Central Bank to keep it Every year it seems like there’s another disastrous wildfire in the
on the straight and narrow. American West. In 2018, nearly 9 million acres were burned in
the US alone. Uncontrolled fires often started accidentally by
www.economist.com/node/21534796. Adaptado. people, rampage and decimate forests.
For most people, a forest fire is synonymous with disaster. But
there are some kinds of forest fires that actually benefit the
(Fgv 2012) Segundo a opinião do secretário-executivo do environment.
Ministério da Fazenda, Nelson Barbosa, citada no último A controlled burn is a wildfire that people set intentionally for a
parágrafo, specific purpose. Well-thought-out and well-managed controlled
a) as expectativas comerciais do Brasil devem melhorar, com a burns can be incredibly beneficial for forest management–in part
queda da inflação. because they can help stop an out-of-control wildfire. The
b) o Banco Central aumentará as taxas de juros se a inflação technique is called backburning, and it involves setting a
subir. controlled fire in the path of the approaching wildfire. All the
c) as taxas de juros são consequência, entre outras, da falta de flammable material is burnt up and extinguished. When the
competição. wildfire approaches, there’s no more fuel left for it to keep going,
d) o governo tem a meta específica de reduzir as taxas de juros. and it dies out.
e) o Banco Central brasileiro deveria seguir o mesmo Controlled burns are also used to prevent forest fires. Even before
procedimento do Federal Reserve. human involvement, natural, low-intensity wildfires occurred
every few years to burn up fuel, plant debris, and dead trees,
Exercício 110 making way for young, healthy trees and vegetation to thrive.
(Fac. Pequeno Príncipe - Medici 2020) What is this text below That new growth in turn supports forest wildlife. Forest
about? managers are now replicating this natural strategy when
appropriate, starting manageable, slow-burning fires to make
Lost in translation: Researchers discover translator gene may play room for new life that will help keep the forest healthy in the long
a role in disease term.
When researchers and clinicians investigate the genome's The same method is one of WWF’s strategies for maintaining
relation to disease, they have traditionally focused on mutations grassland habitats in the Northern Great Plains. Working with
in the code for proteins. But now researchers at Western partners such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, WWF has
University have shown that the genes encoding tRNAs can also intentionally burned hundreds of acres of prairie land to revitalize
have mutations that cause the code to be misread, and in greater these key habitats. The fire burns off tall, aggressive vegetation
numbers than previously thought. that isn’t as hospitable to wildlife, and makes room for new
Think of it like a translator app on your phone -- if it has errors in growth that attracts bison, birds, and prairie dogs.
its software, the output is going to be all wrong, even if the
This doesn’t mean all intentional wildfires are good – far from it.
Many of the fires intentionally set for agriculture and land
clearing are at best ill-advised, and at worst devastating. Slash
and burn fires are set every day to destroy large sections of
forests. Of course, these forests don’t just remove trees; they kill
and displace wildlife, alter water cycles and soil fertility, and
endanger the lives and livelihoods of local communities. They
also can rage out of control. In 1997, fires set intentionally to
clear forests in Indonesia escalated into one of the largest How do they live?
wildfires in recorded history. Hundreds of people died; millions of Most Indians live in settled villages by the rivers, and grow
acres burned; already at-risk species like orangutans perished by vegetables and fruits like manioc, corn, beans and bananas. They
the hundreds; and a smoke and ash haze hung over southeast also hunt and fish, using plant-based poisons to stun the fish.
Asia for months, reducing visibility and causing acute health Some tribes use shotguns for hunting, others use bows and
conditions. arrows, spears, or blowguns with darts tipped with curare. Only a
That’s exactly why WWF helps governments around the world few Amazonian tribes are nomadic; they tend to live deep in the
crack down on slash and burn deforestation. WWF also works forest away from the rivers. They grow some crops but rely more
with farmers and companies to stop unnecessary agricultural on hunting and gathering.
burns. And when our scientists think fire could be the best
solution for revitalizing wild areas, we bring the right experts to 2__________ their problems?
the table to study the situation and come up with a plan.
Almost all the Indians’ problems revolve around land: 3outsiders
All fire is risky. To minimize that risk as much as possible,
either want their land, or something on or underneath it. The key
controlled burns must be well-considered, well-planned, and
threats are a massive boom in oil and gas exploration, rampant
ignited and maintained by trained professionals. The bottom line?
illegal logging and the rapid spread of ranching and farming.
Fire can be a tool for conservation, but only when used the right
way.
(www.survivalinternational.org. Adapted.)
(Disponível em: https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/forest-fires-

(Uea 2014) De acordo com o texto,
the-good-and-the-bad. Acesso em: 08 out. 2019.)
a) a maior parte dos indígenas vive em aldeias perto de rios e não
são nômades.
(Ueg 2020) According to the ideas expressed in the text, we b) a maioria das 400 tribos amazônicas é nômade.
verify that c) todos os indígenas já abandonaram o uso de armas de caça
tradicionais.
a) WWF used controlled fires to revitalize prairie lands and
d) as tribos nômades plantam roças de mandioca e milho e quase
aggressive vegetation forests which were inhospitable to wildlife
não caçam mais.
and human beings.
e) um milhão de indígenas de 400 tribos já foram aculturados
b) in 2018 US had a massive burning forest incident which
pelo homem branco.
accidentally was set by WWF to clear acres of forests and it went
out of control on that year. Exercício 113
c) controlled burns doesn´t alter water cycles, soil fertility or Tasmania’s beautiful quarantine site
grassland habits because it is a millennial technique to restore by Dr Tiana Templeman
soil conditions for farming.
d) beneficial fire burn, for forest management, is an important When World War One broke out in 1914, 1the German crew of
technique used along the years to support new wildlife growth the SS Oberhausen were declared “enemy aliens” and were
and it can also revitalize habitats. caught by a band of 11 Australian naval reservists. Captain
e) controlled burns are used for forest management by American Johann Meir and his sailors, who were getting timber in Port
and Indonesian governments with WWF scientists supporting Huon in Tasmania at the time, could have topped up with fuel and
them to maintain grassland habitats. got out of port. Instead, they stayed, as it was safer than
returning to Germany to fight. After piercing their ship’s liquor
Exercício 112
casks and sharing the booze with their captors, all of them arrived
Amazon tribes
in the capital, Hobart, rolling drunk. The reservists had some
explaining to do, while the Germans were eventually sent to an
The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest. It is also the
ancestral home of one million Indians. They are divided into about internment camp at Bruny Island Quarantine Station. 2Conditions
400 tribes, each with its own language, culture and territory. at the camp were reasonably good and Captain Meir was
1Many have had contact with outsiders for almost 500 years. reported as saying, “What better place to spend the war?”. He
wasn’t the first, nor would he be the last, to experience the
Others – ‘uncontacted’ tribes – have had no contact at all.
freedom and isolation of Bruny Island.
The tiny island located off Tasmania’s south-east coast has
played a significant role in Australia’s history as its isolation made
it the perfect location for quarantine. From 1884, passengers beginning of the Spanish influenza pandemic. 10Instead of
arriving in Tasmania had to be disease-free before they were coming home to victory parades and being reunited with their
allowed into the general community. Instead of being confined to families, Tasmanian soldiers returning from war spent seven days
a ship, they served out their isolation period and underwent in quarantine at Bruny Island with hundreds of other men. While
health checks ashore at Bruny Island Quarantine Station. they were initially disappointed with the delay in their return
Prior to this, Europeans passing by as early as 1777, as 3vessels home, many later realized it was the best thing that could have
travelling around the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa often happened. They could get their land legs after many days at sea
used Adventure Bay on Bruny Island as a safe anchorage for and talk to others who had experienced the horrors of war. This
replenishing supplies such as water and wood. However, was good for the men psychologically as many didn’t want 11to
European occupation of the Quarantine Station site didn’t occur burden their families. There was swimming, fishing, football, a
until 1856, with the arrival of the Cox family. movie tent, and a boxing ring, which helped the soldiers
Anthony Cox was transported from England to Hobart as a 12release anger and frustration. 13Spirits were lifted by care
convict in 1833 for housebreaking. He was granted a conditional packages from the Red Cross Society containing luxuries such as
pardon in May 1849 and married convict Jane Daly soon after. As cigarettes, books and fruit.
an ex-convict “of good conduct and disposition to industry”, he More about the Quarantine Station’s history continues to be
received a 19-acre parcel of land from the government on the site discovered, like the German internee’s diary a 90-year-old man
that would become the Bruny Island Quarantine Station. Cox and who speaks the same German dialect is translating. There are
his family cut firewood for a living on land that was 4widely 578 pages filled with beautiful handwriting and photographs of
regarded as “very poor”, 5yet their home, Shellwood Cottage, things we had never seen before. History never stands still, there
was neatly fenced and surrounded by flowers. Compared to the is always more to be told.
6hardships of convict life, 7the freedom and serenity of Bruny
Island was akin to paradise. Disponível em: http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200505-

The land was eventually sold, and the Bruny Island Quarantine tasmanias-ruggedly-beautiful-quarantine-site. Acesso em: 6
Station was built in the mid-1800s 8to avoid the spread of maio 2019.
contagious diseases such as typhoid and smallpox that were
prevalent at the time. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 saw
an increase in international travel, and thousands of immigrants
travelling to Australia on passenger ships to start a new life in (Ucs 2021) Marque a alternativa cujo elemento melhor substitui
the colonies were quarantined on Bruny Island. o termo sublinhado no segmento a seguir.
Three of the original buildings from this time remain and can be
seen today. The cleansing room provided pedestrian access to the - vessels travelling around the Cape of Good Hope in South
isolation block and was enclosed by a 3m fence, which also Africa often used Adventure Bay on Bruny Island as a safe
surrounded the Health Officer’s quarters and the hospital, anchorage for replenishing supplies such as water and wood.
observation wards, laundry and mortuary. The mortuary was However, European occupation of the Quarantine Station site
divided into two sections, with one half used for disinfection and didn’t occur until 1856, with the arrival of the Cox family (ref.
fumigation of passengers; and the other used as a morgue that 3)
fortunately saw little use over the years. a) And
When Captain Johann Meir and his sailors arrived at the b) Also
Quarantine Station in January 1915, it had been set up as a c) Moreover
German internment camp. The crew were put to work with other d) Until
Germans cutting wood and clearing land. There were around 70 e) Yet
internees in total and just 15 guards to patrol almost 2km of
shoreline and a long fence. The task of stopping them from Exercício 114
escaping would have been impossible – had the prisoners TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
actually wanted to leave. HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY
Perhaps it was because they proved to have such little interest in
escaping that the prisoners were given so much freedom. They The elderly have often been neglected by technology
often worked outside the Quarantine Station boundaries and developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are
constructed their own buildings, including several camps well technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations.
away from the main base. According to Kathy Duncombe, However, 1in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using
researcher and committee member of the Friends of Bruny Island a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often
Quarantine Station, one of their biggest challenges was in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in
9boredom. “They spent their time chopping down trees, which their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples
were sold, but also because it gave them something to do. Some out there.
of them made ships in bottles to pass the time.”
After the Germans were moved to Holsworthy Internment Camp It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the
in Sydney in 1915, things were quiet at the Quarantine Station – size of new devices to make them more and more portable.
but not for long. The end of World War One coincided with the However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to
spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from 1The advent of the internet hasn't just 2cooked up new
one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a conspiracy theories, it's also accelerated existing ones. If you
great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as refuse to believe that it was the Iranians that killed him, perhaps
“ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home you'll be convinced that MJ is actually still alive. Proof? 3His own
living can be very useful, especially when they are designed daughter Paris Jackson took a photo of him. Seriously. What do
appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV you mean you don't see him? 4He's right there in the back seat,
remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as 5stacked under that pile of clothes wearing his iconic hat. Believe,
lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio
man. Thriller Vol.2 to drop next year.
amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks
downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices
The Moon Doesn't Exist
directly from a browser or a playlist.
It's no good looking at it, night after night. The moon doesn't
exist. It's a hologram, put there by persons unknown. Of course,
The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone
serial conspiracy theorist David Icke has a theory. There are also
security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are
countless YouTubers keeping an eye out, one of whom has gone
sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity
as far as "looking at it regularly for a year".
patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when
Jay Z Is A Time-Travelling Vampire
there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine.
There are vast regions of the internet devoted to explaining why
There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can
Jay Z is part of the Illuminati. 6Hence when this photo, which was
be placed around the home with ease.
taken in New York in 1939, appeared last year, he was accused of
being a time-traveller. And a vampire. This video lists other old-
For those who wander due to conditions such as
Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great time celebrity 7lookalikes, as well as suggesting that 8Hollywood
facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers stars don't age because they're the immortal bloodsucking
can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies undead. Not because they're 9stuffed with botox, then?
ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online
tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or The Earth Is Hollow
10Don't give up, readers. We're halfway through this list. We can
browser with the login details.
A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user make it to the end. 11Dig deep. Well, not 12too deep. You see, the
friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad Earth is 13hollow and accessible via portals at the north and
range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. south poles. Luckily though, it's quite habitable down there,
After all, this is a segment of the population who should be providing excellent living 14quarters for the lost Viking colonies
respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into of Greenland and the Nazis, while "aliens" are in fact just visitors
this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end. from the subterranean areas.
psychcentral.com Siri Can Predict The Apocalypse

Amazing as it may seem, given that 15it can't do anything else
you actually ask it to do, Siri can predict the apocalypse. When
(Uerj simulado 2018) According to the last paragraph, the asked "What day is 27th July 2014?", Apple's assistant replied,
elderly is a new market segment to be considered.
"The opening of the gate of Hades", 16aka The End Of The
World. That date has now passed without 17issue. Say what you
In this sense, the main idea behind the technology developed for
like about the maligned MS Office paperclip, but at least he didn't
the elderly is:
18scaremonger that the end was near.
a) respect 19We All Live In The Matrix And Billionaires Want To Break Us
Out Of It
b) difficulty The New Yorker’s Tad Friend claims that many people in Silicon
Valley are obsessed with the idea that we're all living in a Matrix-
c) modernity like simulation, and some are taking that obsession a stage
20further: “Two tech billionaires have gone so far as to secretly
d) negligence
engage scientists to work on breaking us out of the simulation.”
Exercício 115 Here's hoping Mark Zuckerberg is 'The One', yeah?
Read the text below and answer the question(s) according to it. Hitler Is Still Alive
"21Hitler is still alive" rumours have circulated since the 1970s,
SOME OF THE INTERNET'S CRAZIEST CONSPIRACY fuelled by the fact that his crony Josef Mengele hid in South
THEORIES America. Stories like this one, however, speculate the 125-year-
old Hitler has been responsible for various world disasters,
Michael Jackson Is Still Alive including 9/11 and the 2010 Gulf oil spill, which happened on his
birthday. Other theories say he died in 1984 in Brazil, aged 94. Or Sales incentives schemes are often an excuse for poor
in Argentina, aged 73. management of the sales resource. There are many lasting
benefits in creating an effective team relationship within a sales
Adapted from http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/20-of-the- force: shared experience is a benefit that does not arise from a
internets-craziestconspiracy-theories/. totally competitive environment.
Acesso em: 14 de fev 2017. The other forgotten standard of performance is control of debt. A
sale is not a sale until the debt has been paid. The sales force
should chase up money owed to the company. It was responsible
Glossary: for the sale and should be responsible for assuring its payment –
2. cook up – to invent a story, a plan, etc. before team members are paid a bonus.
5. stacked – covered with things
6. hence – the reason, the explanation for
7. lookalikes – similar in appearance (Ibmecrj 2010) In the sentence “Successful sales managers and
9. stuffed – filled with something directors keep the pressure on their sales force”, the author is
11. dig – to make a hole in the ground saying, in effect, that
13. hollow – a hole or empty space
a) they urge the sales force to a course of action insistently and
14. quarter – a place to live
forcefully.
16. aka – abbreviation for also known as
b) they punish the sales force for bad results in selling.
17. issue – problem
c) they exert physical pressure on their sales personnel.
18. scaremonger – a person that creates stories that cause public
d) they dismiss the sales force unless the members are efficient.
fear
e) they apply sanctions on the sales force when they fail.
Exercício 117
(G1 - epcar (Cpcar) 2018) We can deduce from the first (Ufg 2012) Read the comic graph.
paragraph that
a) the new conspiracy theories were created to reinforce the

advent of the internet.
b) conspiracy theories are reliable speculations.
c) technology spread the existence of conspiracy theories.
d) the internet convinced people to be against conspiracy

theories.
Exercício 116
SELLING AND MARKETING
Management is fundamentally about direction and control. According to the graph, when people say “I'm fine”,
Selling is no different.
All salespeople, particularly those in large companies, present a
basic problem: they enjoy spending their time doing what they a) most of them mean what they say.
know best, with the products that are the easiest to sell, and
selling to those customers who are easiest to sell to. Direction, b) very few of them feel really happy.
management and control are needed to ensure that selling time
and cost is spent where it is most effective – on prime and hot c) more than 40% of them are thrilling.
prospects.
Successful sales managers and directors keep the pressure on d) all of them must be very bored.
their sales force by meeting regularly with them to review certain
items, such as, performance and budget, key performance ratios, e) half of them is asking for help.
follow-up procedures, opportunities and competitor activity.
Exercício 118
Incentives do no figure high on this list. Many sales mangers
spend too much time inventing elaborate sales incentive
schemes, which the sales-force can manipulate to their personal
benefit. Incentives must be geared toward the overall objectives
of the marketing plan in terms of turnover and cost. When used,
they should be short, sharp and regular, enhancing the overall
sales effort, not detracting from it.
Em relação às diferenças entre o consumo diário de calorias em
proteína, gordura e carboidratos nos dois tipos de dieta da figura,
tem-se que:
a) Fat is less consumed on the typical American diet.
b) Carbohydrate consumption is cut in half on the Scarsdale

Medical Diet.
c) One of the three items is as much consumed on both diets.
Solid Waste Disposal in U.S. 1990 d) Calorie intake is doubled on the Scarsdale Medical Diet.
This graphic shows that the vast majority of the waste in the e) Protein consumption is higher on the Scarsdale Medical Diet.
United States is landfilled. Since 1990, the numbers of recycled
and composted waste have increased significantly. Exercício 120
(Uerj 2016)
(Disponível em
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/316solidwaste.html.
Acesso em: 12.07.2011)
(G1 - ifba 2012) Segundo o texto, podemos afirmar que:
a) A eliminação dos resíduos sólidos nos Estados Unidos

começou em 1990.
b) Apenas 10% do lixo reciclado foram eliminados nos Estados

Unidos em 1990.
c) A partir de 1990, o percentual de lixo reciclado começou a

declinar nos Estados Unidos. Consider the visual representation of the tiger in the comic strip.
The effect of closeness between the tiger and the viewer is
d) 80% da eliminação dos resíduos sólidos aconteceram em obtained in the panel below:
aterros nos Estados Unidos em 1990. a) 5
b) 6
e) Nos Estados Unidos, em 1990, a maior parte dos resíduos c) 7
sólidos foi eliminada pela reciclagem e pela incineração. d) 8
(Ufg 2004) Observe a figura a seguir: TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE ACADEMY
AFA (Air Force Academy), located at Pirassununga, State of São

TARNOWER, H.; BAKER, S. S. "The complete Scarsdale Medical Paulo, is responsible for the training of Pilots, Administrative and
Diet". New York: Bantam Books, 1980. p. 18. Aeronautics Infantry Officers for the Brazilian Air Force.
The history of the Brazilian military pilots schools goes back to According to the chosen specialization, the Cadet will receive
1913, when the Brazilian Aviation School was founded, at Campo specific instruction:
dos Afonsos, State of Rio de Janeiro. Its mission was to provide Pilots: Instruction on precision maneuvering, aerobatics,
instruction at similar levels to those of the best European schools formation flying and by instruments, with 75 flying hours on the
at the time; Blériot and Farman aircraft, made in France, were primary/basic training aircraft T-25 Universal, beginning on the
available for the instruction of the pupils. The Great War 1914- 2nd term of the 1st year and completed in the 3rd year. Advanced
1918, however, forced its instructors to leave and the school was training is given on T-27 Tucano aircraft, with 125 flying hours.
closed. Administrative: Training on the scientific and technological
At that time, both the Brazilian Army and Navy had their own air modern foundations of economics and financial management, and
arms, the Military Aviation and the Naval Aviation. The Navy logistics training.
bought Curtiss F seaplanes in May 1916 to equip the latter, and Aeronautics Infantry: Instruction on defense and security
in August of the same year, the Naval Aviation School was techniques of military Aeronautics installations, anti-aircraft
created. measures, command of troops and firefighting teams, military
The Military Aviation, 5however, only activated its Military laws and regulations, armament usage, military service and call-
Aviation School after the Great War, on 10 July 1919. Among the up procedures.
aircrafts used at the school, one could find the Sopwith 1A2, During their leisure time, the Cadets participate on the activities
Bréguet 14A2, and Spad 7. of seven different clubs: Aeromodelling, Literature, Informatics,
Until the beginning of the 1940s, both schools continued with Firearms shooting, Gauchos Heritage (for those coming from the
their activities. ¹The Brazilian Government was concerned with South of Brazil), Gerais Club and Sail Flying. The clubs are
the air war in Europe and decided to concentrate under a single directed by the Cadets themselves, under supervision of Air Force
command the military aviation activities. 6Thus, on 20 January officers.
1941, the Air Ministry was created and both the Army and Navy The Academy also houses the Brazilian Air Force Air
air arms were disbanded, their personnel and equipment forming Demonstration Squadron – The Smoke Squadron.
the Brazilian Air Force. On 25 March 1941, the Aeronautics
School was based at Campo dos Afonsos, and its students Flying as the eagles do!
became known as Aeronautics Cadets from 1943 to the current
days. Adapted from http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/afa.html
As early as 1942, it became clear that the Aeronautics School
would need to be transferred to another place, offering better
climate and little interference with the flight instruction of the (Epcar (Afa) 2013) The connectives however (ref. 5) and thus
future pilots. ²The town of Pirassununga was chosen among (ref. 6) express, respectively, _____ and ____.
others, and, in 1952, the first buildings construction was initiated. a) contrast – result
The transfer of the School activities to Pirassununga occurred b) addition – conclusion
from 1960 to 1971. ³The School was redesigned as the Air Force c) contrast – addition
Academy in 1969. d) conclusion – result
The motto of the Academy is the Latin expression “Macte Animo!
Generose Puer, sic itur ad astra”, extracted from the poem Exercício 122
Thebaida, by the Roman poet Tatius. It is an exhortation to the TRACING THE CIGARETTE'S PATH FROM SEXY TO DEADLY
cadets, which can be translated as Courage! This is the way, oh By Howard Markel, MD
noble youngster, to the stars.
The instruction of the Aeronautics Cadets, during the four-year- In contrast to the symbol of death and disease it is today, from
long course, has its activities centred in the words COURAGE – the early 1900s to the 1960s the cigarette was a cultural icon of
LOYALTY – HONOUR – DUTY – MOTHERLAND. The future sophistication, glamour and sexual allure - a highly prized
officers take courses on several subjects, including Calculus, commodity for one out of two Americans.
Computer Science, Mechanics, Portuguese and English, given by Many advertising campaigns from the 1930s through the 1950s
civilian lecturers, Air Force instructors and supervisors. The extolled the healthy virtues of cigarettes. Full-color magazine ads
military instruction itself is given on a daily basis, and 4the Cadets depicted kindly doctors clad in white coats proudly lighting up or
are trained on different subjects, including parachuting, and sea puffing away, with slogans like "More doctors smoke Camels than
and jungle survival. any other cigarette."
Early in the 20th century, opposition to cigarettes took a moral
rather than a health-conscious tone, especially for women who
wanted to smoke, although even then many doctors were
concerned that smoking was a health risk.
The 1930s were a period when many Americans began smoking
and the most significant health effects had not yet developed. As
a result, the scientific studies of the era often failed to find clear
evidence of serious pathology and had the perverse effect of
exonerating the cigarette.
The years after World War II, however, were a time of major retailer — wireless or otherwise — and almost double that of
breakthroughs in epidemiological thought. In 1947, Richard Doll Tiffany, which was No. 2 on the list.
and A. Bradford Hill of the British Medical Research Council Worldwide, its stores sold $16 billion in merchandise.
created a sophisticated statistical technique to document the But most of Apple’s employees enjoyed little of that wealth.
association between rising rates of lung cancer and increasing While consumers tend to think of Apple’s headquarters as the
numbers of smokers. The prominent surgeon Evarts A. Graham company’s heart and soul, a majority of its workers in the United
and a medical student, Ernst L. Wynder, published a landmark States are not engineers or executives with hefty salaries and
article in 1950 comparing the incidence of lung cancer in their bonuses but rather hourly wage earners selling iPhones and
nonsmoking and smoking patients at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis. MacBooks.
They concluded that "cigarette smoking, over a long period, is at About 30,000 of the 43,000 Apple employees in this country
least one important factor in the striking increase in bronchogenic work in Apple Stores, as members of the service economy, and
cancer." Predictably, the tobacco companies derided these and many of them earn about $25,000 a year. They work inside the
other studies as mere statistical arguments or anecdotes rather world’s fastest growing industry, for the most valuable company,
than definitions of causality. run by one of the country’s most richly compensated chief
In the 1980s, scientists established the revolutionary concept executives, Tim Cook. Last year, he received stock grants, which
that nicotine is extremely addictive. The tobacco companies vest over a 10-year period, that at today’s share price would be
publicly rejected such claims, even as they took advantage of worth more than $570 million.
cigarettes' addictive potential by routinely spiking them with And though Apple is unparalleled as a retailer, when it comes to
extra nicotine to make it harder to quit smoking. And their its lowliest workers, the company is a reflection of the technology
marketing memorandums document advertising campaigns industry as a whole.
aimed at youngsters to hook whole new generations of smokers. The Internet and advances in computing have created untold
millionaires, but most of the jobs created by technology giants are
www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/health (Adaptado) service sector representatives, repairmen and delivery drivers —
that offer little of Silicon Valley’s riches or glamour.
Much of the debate about American unemployment has focused
(Unifesp 2008) Richard Doll and Bradford Hill percent of the American work force is in manufacturing, according
a) were the first scientists to develop epidemiological thought.
been led by service-related work, and any recovery with real legs,
b) created a scientific breakthrough in 194 when they applied
labor experts say, will be powered and sustained by this segment
statistics to explain daily life facts.
of the economy.
c) proved, in the British Medical Research Council, that the
number of smokers was constantly increasing.
d) statistically related rising rates of both smokers and lung
By the standards of retailing, Apple offers above average pay —
cancer.
well above the minimum wage of $7.25 and better than the Gap,
e) studied medical documents provided by The British Medical
though slightly less than Lululemon, the yoga and athletic
Research Council.
apparel chain, where sales staff earn about $12 an hour. The
Exercício 123 company also offers very good benefits for a retailer.
The iEconomy But Apple is not selling polo shirts or yoga pants. Divide revenue
Apple’s Retail Army, Long on Loyalty but Short on Pay by total number of employees and you find that last year, each
by DAVID SEGAL Apple store employee — that includes non-sales staff like
June, 2012 technicians and people stocking shelves — brought in $473,000.
Even Apple, it seems, has recently decided it needs to pay its
Last year, during his best three-month stretch, Jordan Golson sold workers more. Last week, four months after The New York Times
about $750,000 worth of computers and gadgets at the Apple first began inquiring about the wages of its store employees, the
Store in Salem, N.H. It was a performance that might have called company started to inform some staff members that they would
for a bottle of Champagne — if that were a luxury Mr. Golson receive substantial raises. An Apple spokesman confirmed the
could have afforded. “I was earning $11.25 an hour,” he said. raises but would not discuss their size, timing or impetus, nor
“Part of me was thinking, ‘This is great. I’m an Apple fan, the who would earn them.
store is doing really well.’ But when you look at the amount of
money the company is making and then you look at your (Ibmecrj 2013) Which of the following statements is NOT
paycheck, it’s kind of tough.” expressed or implied by the author in the passage?
America’s love affair with the smartphone has helped create tens a) Most of Apple’s workers are highly qualified and well paid
of thousands of jobs at places like Best Buy and Verizon Wireless professionals
and will this year pump billions into the economy. Within this b) Apple is number one retail store and its revenues much further
world, the Apple Store is the undisputed king, a retail higher than any other
phenomenon renowned for impeccable design, deft service and c) There is a tendency within the technology industry in general
spectacular revenues. Last year, the company’s 327 global stores not to pay good salaries to the most modest workers
took in more money per square foot than any other United States
d) Most of the American factories are not located in the US England.” This was disturbing to Milton, who wrote, “as good
e) Apple acknowledges it should pay higher salaries to its almost kill a man as kill a good book: [he] who kills a man kills a
employees reasonable creature; but he who destroys a good book, kills
reason itself.”
Exercício 124
(Adapted from https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-
1048971311/milton-s-areopagitica-freedom-of-speech-on-
campus. Access in 15/05/2019.)
A relação entre o posicionamento do autor do texto e o de John

Milton na publicação mencionada é de
a) divergência, pois o autor julga que as ideias de Milton sobre

liberdade de expressão parecem ultrapassadas em relação ao
que ocorre hoje nas universidades.
b) divergência, pois diferentemente de Milton, o autor critica o
fato de haver, nas universidades inglesas, apelos para que a
censura seja exercida no campus.
c) concordância, pois o autor apoia a mesma linha de pensamento
de Milton quanto às críticas ao controle da liberdade de
There are many ways to look at the weak June jobs report and
imprensa.
this is one of them that captures more broadly the lack of labor
d) concordância, pois o autor alinha-se a Milton quanto à ideia de
market activities. It’s the ratio of 16-and-overs that are employed
que destruir um bom livro é o mesmo que destruir uma criatura
to the population of that group. In June, the employment-to-
racional.
population ratio returned to 58.2%,
matching an eight-month low (To get a number worse than Exercício 126
58.2%, one has to go back to 1983!). Of course, some of the Refugees in Germany
younger group are students, and the older group retirees, but a
chart of those between the ages of 25-to-54 looks pretty similar.
(http://www.marketwatch.com/story. July, 2011. Adaptado)
(G1 - ifsp 2012) De acordo com o texto, em 1983
a) o número de empregos era maior que o atual.

b) o número de empregos era menor que o atual.
c) os trabalhadores eram mais qualificados que os de agora.
d) houve um recorde de empregabilidade.
e) a maioria dos desempregados tinha entre 25 e 54 anos.
Exercício 125
(Unicamp 2020) John Milton and Freedom of Speech on Cheering crowds greeted the new arrivals and handed out toys
Campus and chocolate as they filed off trains and into tents for basic
By Daniel F. Sullivan medical checks.
They are then taken by bus to conference centres, school halls
A few years ago, at a seminar meant to help college presidents and other large spaces that have been pressed into service as
think about the issues they face as campus leaders, I read John temporary housing centres, part of a complex system for
Milton's Areopagitica: A speech for the liberty of unlicensed managing the influx set up almost overnight. Dieter Reiter said he
printing to the parliament of England. Originally published in was surprised at how effectively his city had responded to the
1644, Areopagitica makes a powerful argument for freedom of crisis. The mayor said: “Of course there are some limits in
speech and against censorship in publishing. After twenty years response to the space we have in Munich but that is not the
as a college president, having experienced and observed many question I am asking myself”
calls to censor, I've come to believe that there is not much to “Every day I am asking myself how can we accommodate these
know on the topic beyond what Milton wrote over 350 years ago. people, these refugees, how can we give them a feeling that they
Areopagitica was published in response “to Parliament's are safe here in Munich, here in Germany. I am not really thinking
ordinance for licensing the press of June 14, 1643.” The effect of about how many people can we afford and can we take here in
the ordinance against which Milton wrote “was to give Munich. That is not the question,” he told journalists at a news
Archbishop Laud, who was also Chancellor of the University of conference.
Oxford, control over every press in England, with power to stop
publication of any book contrary to the Doctrine of the Church of
On Saturday people arrived in Munich on trains, many of The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision
them from the large group that had set off to walk from Budapest upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at
after days stranded at a train station in the Hungarian capital. increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening
After a long day’s march, most were picked up by buses and the way for one of the Western Hemisphere’s most sweeping
taken to the border, but many arrived exhausted and ill. The city affirmative action laws for higher education.
In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and
is expecting another people to arrive on Sunday. The first president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively
came in the early hours of the morning, but their trains legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an
were diverted straight away to other German cities, including anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting
Frankfurt, to ease the pressure on Munich. trial of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for
There were so many well-wishers at Munich’s station that police their roles in a vast vote-buying scheme.
had to push back barricades to give those arriving more space, Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution
and volunteers were turning away people with clothes to donate to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr.
away. Many of those at Munich station think maybe Germany Barbosa, the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an
should act as a role model for other nations and Robert Bogner, a impoverished city in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked
Munich’s citizen, says: “These people have left enough behind.” as a bricklayer.
But his prominence — not just on the court, but in the streets as
Disponível em: well — is so well established that masks with his face were sold
<http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/06/munich-mayor- for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his
i-dont-think-about-numbers-only-refugees-safety>. handling of the corruption trial and posted them on YouTube, and
Acesso em: 04/10/2015, às 17h (adaptado). demonstrators during the huge street protests that shook the
(Usf 2016) According to Munich’s Mayor: While the protests have subsided since their height in June, the
a) he was surprised at how his city overreacted to the world
crisis.
b) there isn’t a space limit to host the refugees in Munich.
c) he is concerned about the refugees’ wellfare.
d) fewer than refugees arrived over the weekend. a candidate for anything,” he says.
e) these people left a lot behind. But the same public glare that has turned him into a celebrity has
singed him as well. While he has won widespread admiration for
Exercício 127
his guidance of the high court, Mr. Barbosa, like almost every
BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a
other prominent political figure in Brazil, has recently come under
bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your
scrutiny. And for someone accustomed to criticizing the so-called
Excellency,” dress in billowing robes and wrap each utterance in
supersalaries awarded to some members of Brazil’s legal system,
grandiloquence, as if little had changed from the era when
the revelations have put Mr. Barbosa on the defensive.
marquises and dukes held sway from their vast plantations.
One report in the Brazilian news media described how he
In one televised feud, Mr. Barbosa questioned another justice
received about $180,000 in payments for untaken leaves of
absence during his 19 years as a public prosecutor. (Such
appointed by his cousin, aformer president impeached in 1992.
payments are common in some areas of Brazil’s large public
With another justice, Mr. Barbosa rebuked him over what the
bureaucracy.) Another noted that he bought an apartment in
Miami through a limited liability company, suggesting an effort to
was not his “capanga,” a term describing a hired thug.
pay less taxes on the property. In statements, Mr. Barbosa
In one of his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the high
contends that he has done nothing wrong.
In a country where a majority of people now define themselves as
black or of mixed race — but where blacks remain remarkably
rare in the highest echelons of political institutions and
corporations — Mr. Barbosa’s trajectory and abrupt manner have
elicited both widespread admiration and a fair amount of
resistance.
As a teenager, Mr. Barbosa moved to the capital, Brasília, finding
Supreme Federal Tribunal, a modernist landmark designed by the
work as a janitor in a courtroom. Against the odds, he got into the
architect Oscar Niemeyer. “It’s because I speak my mind so much.”
force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking
into a newfound political power and the subject of popular
fascination.
institutions of Brazil,” Mr. Barbosa opted for a career as a Exercício 128
prosecutor. He alternated between legal investigations in Brazil (Fac. Pequeno Príncipe - Medici 2020) The sentence “we’ll break
and studies abroad, gaining fluency in English, French and even” may be understood, in this context, as:
German, and earning a doctorate in law at Pantheon-Assas
University in Paris.
Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced
some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers
Party to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including
bribery and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in
which impunity for politicians has been the norm. a) to share the meal and, consequently, the calories.
Now the mensalão trial is entering what could be its final phases, b) to avoid depression by having a nice time with a friend.
and Mr. Barbosa has at times been visibly exasperated that c) to contradict someone’s opinion based on scientific
defendants who have already been found guilty and sentenced experiment.
have managed to avoid hard jail time. He has clashed with other d) to convince someone to change his/her mind.
justices over their consideration of a rare legal procedure in which e) to reach a balance between pleasure and side effects of eating
appeals over close votes at the high court are examined. fast food.
Losing his patience with one prominent justice, Ricardo
Lewandowski, who tried to absolve some defendants of certain Exercício 129
crimes, Mr. Barbosa publicly accused him this month of (G1 - col. naval 2020) Read the comic strip below.
“chicanery” by using legalese to prop up certain positions. An
outcry ensued among some who could not stomach Mr. Barbosa’s
talking to a fellow justice like that. “Who does Justice Joaquim
Barbosa think he is?” asked Ricardo Noblat, a columnist for the
newspaper O Globo, questioning whether Mr. Barbosa was
qualified to preside over the court. “What powers does he think
he has just because he’s sitting in the chair of the chief justice of
the Supreme Federal Tribunal?”
Mr. Barbosa did not apologize. In the interview, he said some
tension was necessary for the court to function properly. “It was
always like this,” he said, contending that arguments are now just
easier to see because the court’s proceedings are televised.
Linking the court’s work to the recent wave of protests, he Mark the correct sentence that explains the comic strip:
explained that he strongly disagreed with the violence of some
a) Mafalda has great plans for Susanita’s future.
demonstrators, but he also said he believed that the street
b) Susanita makes future plans for Mafalda as a to-do-Iist.
movements were “a sign of democracy’s exuberance.”
c) Mafalda thinks that planning one’s future as a to-do-list is a
“People don’t want to passively stand by and observe these
great idea.
arrangements of the elite, which were always the Brazilian
d) Mafalda realizes that her future plans are exact the same as
tradition,” he said.
Susanita’s.
(Uece 2014) Despite his rude manner, Mr. Barbosa is praised for
e) Mafalda thinks that Susanita should not focus on trying to
some important rulings, like helping to
achieve social expectations.
a) increase the number of black and indigenous students in
universities. Exercício 130
b) oversee former trials of political figures in Democratic Party. POLITICAL CORRUPTION
c) establish strong rulings against child labor.
d) organize street movements. In broad terms, POLITICAL CORRUPTION is the misuse of public
(governmental) power for illegitimate, usually secret, private
advantage. Disponível em: <http://cafe.cynicmag.com/>. Acesso em: 20 set.
All forms of government are susceptible to political corruption. 2012.
Forms of corruption vary, but the most common are patronage,
bribery, extortion, influence peddling, fraud, embezzlement, and Glossário:
nepotism. While corruption often facilitates criminal enterprise steamin': fumegante
such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and criminal sweltering: abafado
prostitution, 2it is not restricted to these organized crime stumbled: cambaleei
jurisdiction. Certain political funding practices that are legal in (Ufg 2013) “I should be safe and sound now/ If I was miles from
one place may be illegal in another. In some countries, police and L.A.” means that the poet
prosecutors have broad discretion over who to arrest and charge, a) isn't in Los Angeles (L.A.).
and the line between discretion and corruption can be difficult to b) feels free of danger in L.A.
draw, as in 1racial profiling. In countries with strong interest c) is likely to move to another city.
group politics, practices that could easily constitute corruption d) wishes he was somewhere else.
elsewhere are sometimes sanctified as official group preferences. e) regrets a past situation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption.Bribery:_Bribe-
takers_and_bribe-givers Access: Apr. 2006.(Adapted) Exercício 132
_____1_____ September 11, 2001, at 8:46 A.M., a hijacked airliner
crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New
York. At 9:03 A.M. a second plane crashed into the south tower.
(Ufmg 2007) "RACIAL PROFILING" (ref. 1) is mentioned in the The resulting infernos caused the buildings to collapse, 1the
text as a type of practice south tower after burning for an hour and two minutes, the north
tower twenty-three minutes after that. 2The attacks were
a) difficult to categorize.
masterminded by Osama bin Laden in an attempt to intimidate
b) impossible to fight.
the United States and unite Muslims for a restoration of the
c) resultant from arrest.
caliphate.
d) seen as corruption.
Exercício 131 9/11, as the happenings of that day are now called, has set off
The following poem presents a different version of the popular debates on a vast array of topics. But I would like to explore a
song “California Dreamin'” by The Mammas and The Papas lesserknown debate triggered by it. Exactly how many events
(1965). took place in New York on that morning _____2_____ September?
California Steamin' 3It could be argued that the answer is one. The attacks on the
two buildings were part of a single plan conceived by one man in

By Clinton VanInman – Contributing Poet service of a single agenda. They unfolded _____3_____ a few
minutes and yards of each other, targeting the parts of a complex
All the tress are brown with a single name, design, and owner. And they launched a
And the sky is gray single chain of military and political events in their aftermath.
I've been for a walk
On a greenhouse day. Or it could be argued that the answer is two. The towers were
distinct collections of glass and steel separated by an expanse of
I should be safe and sound now space, and they were hit at different times and went out of
If I was miles from L.A. existence at different times. The amateur video that showed the
California steamin' second plane 4closing in on the south tower as the north tower
On such a sweltering day. billowed with smoke makes the twoness unmistakable: while one
event was frozen in the past, the other loomed in the future.
Stopped into a church
I stumbled along the way The gravity of 9/11 would seem to make this discussion frivolous
Got down on my knees to the point of impudence, a matter of mere "semantics," as we
And prayed for a rainy day. say, with its implication of 5splitting hairs. But the relation of
language to our inner and outer worlds is a matter of intellectual
You know the preacher likes it cold fascination and real-world importance.
Now that all his candles have melted away,
California steamin' _____4_____ "importance" is often hard to quantify, _____5_____
Please don't take my fan away. this case I can put an exact value on it: 3,5 billion dollars. That
was the sum in a legal dispute for the insurance payout to Larry
Silverstein, the leaseholder of the World Trade Center site.
Silverstein’s insurance policies stipulated a maximum His acknowledged lack of tact notwithstanding, he is the driving
reimbursement for each destructive "event." If 9/11 comprised a force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking
single event, he stood to receive 3,5 billion dollars; if two, he rulings, turning Brazil’s highest court — and him in particular —
stood to receive 7 billion. In the trials, the attorneys disputed the into a newfound political power and the subject of popular
applicable meaning of the term event. The lawyers for the fascination.
leaseholder defined it in physical terms (two collapses); those for The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision
the insurance companies defined it in mental terms (one plot). upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at
There is nothing "mere" about semantics! increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening
Adapted from: PINKER, Steven. The Stuff of Thought. New York: affirmative action laws for higher education.
Penguin, 2007. p. 1-2. In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and
president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively
(Ufrgs 2018) Consider the following statements about the text: legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an
anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting
I. To take 9/11 as a single event ensues not only a smaller trial of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for
reimbursement from the insurance company, but also the their roles in a vast vote-buying scheme.
acknowledgement of Osama bin Laden as the mastermind of the Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution
terrorist attacks. to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr.
II. Larry Silverstein’s attorneys’ attempt to pin 9/11 as two events Barbosa, the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an
so as to collect twice as much the insurance reimbursement impoverished city in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked
verges on impudence, since it gives way to frivolous discussions as a bricklayer.
concerning a catastrophe. But his prominence — not just on the court, but in the streets as
III. The text states that there is nothing simple about semantics well — is so well established that masks with his face were sold
because the meaning of the words we use to encompass reality for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his
are neither fixed nor unchanging, which allows several valid handling of the corruption trial and posted them on YouTube, and
interpretations. demonstrators during the huge street protests that shook the
Which ones are correct according to the text? top choices for president in next year’s elections.
a) Only I.
b) Only II.
c) Only III.
d) Only I and III.
e) I, II and III.
Exercício 133 a candidate for anything,” he says.
TEXT But the same public glare that has turned him into a celebrity has
BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a his guidance of the high court, Mr. Barbosa, like almost every
bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your other prominent political figure in Brazil, has recently come under
Excellency,” dress in billowing robes and wrap each utterance in scrutiny. And for someone accustomed to criticizing the so-called
grandiloquence, as if little had changed from the era when supersalaries awarded to some members of Brazil’s legal system,
marquises and dukes held sway from their vast plantations. the revelations have put Mr. Barbosa on the defensive.
In one televised feud, Mr. Barbosa questioned another justice One report in the Brazilian news media described how he
about whether he would even be on the court had he not been received about $180,000 in payments for untaken leaves of
appointed by his cousin, aformer president impeached in 1992. absence during his 19 years as a public prosecutor. (Such
With another justice, Mr. Barbosa rebuked him over what the payments are common in some areas of Brazil’s large public
chief justice considered his condescending tone, telling him he bureaucracy.) Another noted that he bought an apartment in
was not his “capanga,” a term describing a hired thug. Miami through a limited liability company, suggesting an effort to
In one of his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the high pay less taxes on the property. In statements, Mr. Barbosa
court’s first and only black justice, took on the entire legal system contends that he has done nothing wrong.
of Brazil — where it is still remarkably rare for politicians to ever In a country where a majority of people now define themselves as
spend time in prison, even after being convicted of crimes — black or of mixed race — but where blacks remain remarkably
contending that the mentality of judges was “conservative, pro- rare in the highest echelons of political institutions and
status-quo and pro-impunity.” corporations — Mr. Barbosa’s trajectory and abrupt manner have
“I have a temperament that doesn’t adapt well to politics,” Mr. elicited both widespread admiration and a fair amount of
Barbosa, 58, said in a recent interview in his quarters here in the resistance.
Supreme Federal Tribunal, a modernist landmark designed by the As a teenager, Mr. Barbosa moved to the capital, Brasília, finding
architect Oscar Niemeyer. “It’s because I speak my mind so much.” work as a janitor in a courtroom. Against the odds, he got into the
the time. Wanting to see the world, he later won admission into a) legislator in Salvador.
Brazil’s diplomatic service, which promptly sent him to Helsinki, b) bricklayer in Brasília.
the Finnish capital on the shore of the Baltic Sea. c) public prosecutor.
Sensing that he would not advance much in the diplomatic d) janitor in a courtroom.
institutions of Brazil,” Mr. Barbosa opted for a career as a Exercício 134
prosecutor. He alternated between legal investigations in Brazil JAPAN'S CHANCE FOR REAL GROWTH
German, and earning a doctorate in law at Pantheon-Assas 1. JAPAN TURNED IN ITS BEST performance in 15 years in the
University in Paris. final quarter of 2003, growing at an annualized 7% rate. Profits
Fascinated by the legal systems of other countries, Mr. Barbosa were up, exports soared, and even capital spending rose. This is
wrote a book on affirmative action in the United States. He still great news for the world's second-largest economy and has
voices his admiration for figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first raised hopes for a sustained recovery after many aborted liftoffs.
black Supreme Court justice in the United States, and William J. But before investors and policymakers get carried away with the
Brennan Jr., who for years embodied the court’s liberal vision, notion that Japan is about to become, once again, a global
clearly drawing inspiration from them as he pushed Brazil’s high locomotive of growth, they should remember what's behind the
court toward socially liberal rulings. country's surprising turnaround: China.
Still, no decision has thrust Mr. Barbosa into Brazil’s public 2. Japanese corporations are riding the Chinese boom, exporting
imagination as much as his handling of the trial of political steel for skyscrapers, machinery for new factories, and cars and
operatives, legislators and bankers found guilty in a labyrinthine electronics for China's rising middle class. It is classic Japanese
corruption scandal called the mensalão, or big monthly economic policy - to export its way to growth. And that same
allowance, after the regular payments made to lawmakers in strategy makes sustained Japanese growth highly vulnerable in
exchange for their votes. the months ahead.
Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced 3. The truth is that Japan has not yet cleaned up the financial
some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers mess of the boom-and-bust 1980s. "Zombie" companies are still
Party to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including being kept alive by banks that continue to lend to them (rather
bribery and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in than to startups) and then carry their bad loans on the books.
which impunity for politicians has been the norm. Gigantic public debts, equivalent to 160% of gross domestic
Now the mensalão trial is entering what could be its final phases, product, weigh heavily on an aging population.
and Mr. Barbosa has at times been visibly exasperated that 4. Perhaps most worrisome is the continued Japanese reluctance
defendants who have already been found guilty and sentenced to embrace market capitalism and transparency. The initial public
have managed to avoid hard jail time. He has clashed with other offering of Shinsei Bank, the once-powerful Long-Term Credit
justices over their consideration of a rare legal procedure in which Bank that collapsed and was sold to Ripplewood Holdings, is
appeals over close votes at the high court are examined. causing a furor in Tokyo. Members of the Diet, the press, and
Losing his patience with one prominent justice, Ricardo CEOs are denouncing Ripplewood as a foreigner exploiting Japan
Lewandowski, who tried to absolve some defendants of certain and making too much money on the deal. This attitude explains
crimes, Mr. Barbosa publicly accused him this month of why needed structural reforms in government and banking have
“chicanery” by using legalese to prop up certain positions. An yet to be made.
outcry ensued among some who could not stomach Mr. Barbosa’s 5. lf China's property boom pops, if its factory overcapacity leads
talking to a fellow justice like that. “Who does Justice Joaquim to trouble, or if the impending revaluation of the causes financial
Barbosa think he is?” asked Ricardo Noblat, a columnist for the problems, Japan's economy could flounder once again. It would
newspaper O Globo, questioning whether Mr. Barbosa was be wise for Japan to take advantage of its momentary prosperity
qualified to preside over the court. “What powers does he think to finish building a strong domestic foundation for sustained
he has just because he’s sitting in the chair of the chief justice of growth.
the Supreme Federal Tribunal?” (Business Week - March 1, 2004.)
tension was necessary for the court to function properly. “It was
always like this,” he said, contending that arguments are now just
easier to see because the court’s proceedings are televised. (Fgv 2004) You can infer from the information in the article that
Linking the court’s work to the recent wave of protests, he the "'zombie' companies" mentioned in paragraph 3 are most
explained that he strongly disagreed with the violence of some likely
demonstrators, but he also said he believed that the street a) Japanese companies that went bankrupt in the 1980s but that
movements were “a sign of democracy’s exuberance.” are still officially listed as active.
“People don’t want to passively stand by and observe these b) the factor most responsible for Japan's enormous public as
arrangements of the elite, which were always the Brazilian well as private debts.
tradition,” he said. c) Japanese companies that avoid bankruptcy by continuously
borrowing money from Japanese banks.
(Uece 2014) When Mr. Barbosa was a teenager, he was d) Japanese companies that can survive only by exporting to
employed as a: China.
e) older Japanese companies that attempt to strangle any new an error in a single gene (an instruction in the DNA), and anyone
competition. carrying it has a 50-50 chance of passing it on to their children. In
the study, described in the journal Nature, the genetic repair
Exercício 135 happened during conception. Sperm from a man with
(Esc. Naval 2016) Which option completes the paragraph below hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was injected into healthy donated
correctly? eggs alongside Crispr technology to correct the defect. It did not
work all the time, but 72% of embryos were free from disease-
Electric Bikes causing mutations.
The US is different from other countries when it comes to electric Dr Shoukhrat Mitalipov, a key figure in the research team, said:
bikes. Nearly e-bikes __________ in 2014, most of them in “Every generation on would carry this repair because we’ve
China, where they are primarily used for transportation. They are removed the disease-causing gene variant from that family’s
popular in much of Europe, too. They are common in the lineage.” By using this technique, it’s possible to reduce the
Netherland and Switzerland; German postal workers use them to burden of this heritable disease on the family and eventually the
human population.”
get around and BMW offers one for about
Electric bikes are different from motorcycles or mopeds, which
There have been multiple attempts before, including, in 2015,
rely on motorized power; they are bicycles that __________ with –
teams in China using Crispr-technology to correct defects that
or without – help from an electric motor. Riding an e-bike feels
lead to blood disorders. But they could not correct every cell, so
like riding a normal bike with a strong wind behind you; the motor
the embryo was a “mosaic” of healthy and diseased cells.
just helps you to go faster or climb hills. Unlike mopeds, e-
bicycles __________ on bike paths and they cannot travel faster
Their approach also led to other parts of the genetic code
than becoming mutated. Those technical obstacles have been
overcome in the latest research. However, this is not about to
(Abridged from www.theguardian.com). become routine practice. The biggest question is one of safety,
a) were sold – can be pedaled – are usually permitted and that can be answered only by far more extensive research.
b) were sold – can be pedal – usually permit There are also questions about when it would be worth doing -
c) are sold – can be pedaled – are usually permitted embryos can already be screened for disease through pre-
d) have been sold – can be pedal – usually permit implantation genetic diagnosis. However, there are about 10,000
e) have been sold – can be pedaled – are usually permitted genetic disorders that are caused by a single mutation and could,
in theory, be repaired with the same technology.
Exercício 136
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: Prof Robin Lovell-Badge, from the Francis Crick Institute, told the
Human embryos edited to stop disease BBC: “A method of being able to avoid having affected children
passing on the affected gene could be really very important for
By James Gallagher, health and science reporter, BBC News those families.” In terms of when, definitely not yet. It’s going to
website, 2 August 2017. be quite a while before we know that it’s going to be safe.”
Scientists have, for the first time, successfully freed embryos of Nicole Mowbray lives with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and has
a piece of faulty DNA that causes deadly heart disease to run a defibrillator implanted in her chest in case her heart stops. But
in families. she is unsure whether she would ever consider gene editing: “I
wouldn’t want to pass on something that caused my child to have
It potentially opens the door to preventing 10,000 disorders that a limited or painful life. That does come to the front of my mind
are passed down the generations. The US and South Korean when I think about having children. But I wouldn’t want to create
team allowed the embryos to develop for five days before the ‘perfect’ child, I feel like my condition makes me, me.”
stopping the experiment.
Darren Griffin, a professor of genetics at the University of Kent,
The study hints at the future of medicine, but also provokes deep said: “Perhaps the biggest question, and probably the one that
questions about what is morally right. Science is going through a will be debated the most, is whether we should be physically
golden age in editing DNA thanks to a new technology called altering the genes of an IVF embryo at all.
Crispr, named breakthrough of the year in 2015. Its applications
in medicine are vast and include the idea of wiping out genetic “This is not a straightforward question... equally, the debate on
faults that cause diseases from cystic fibrosis to breast cancer.US how morally acceptable it is not to act when we have the
teams at Oregon Health and Science University and the Salk technology to prevent these life-threatening diseases must also
Institute along with the Institute for Basic Science in South Korea come into play.”
focused on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
The study has already been condemned by Dr David King, from
The disorder is common, affecting one in every 500 people, and the campaign group Human Genetics Alert, which described the
can lead to the heart suddenly stopping beating. It is caused by
research as “irresponsible” and a “race for first genetically boutiques and narrow residential streets of expensive town
modified baby”. houses. Georgetown is home to members of Congress, Secretary
Dr Yalda Jamshidi, a reader in genomic medicine at St George’s as well as Georgetown University, but not to a great deal of crime
University of London, said: “The study is the first to show or violence. Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the
successful and efficient correction of a disease-causing mutation death penalty for Mr. Cooper with advice from Wilma A. Lewis,
in early stage human embryos with gene editing. Whilst we are the United States attorney for the District of Columbia. A death
just beginning to understand the complexity of genetic disease, penalty review panel at the Justice Department concurred.
gene-editing will likely become acceptable when its potential Kenneth L. Wainstein, assistant United States attorney, in a 35-
benefits, both to individuals and to the broader society, exceeds page document, cited Mr. Cooper's "continuing pattern of criminal
its risks.” conduct," including armed robberies dating to 1989 and
possession of firearms and drugs dating to 1988; laundering of
The method does not currently fuel concerns about the extreme money obtained from robberies; and threats to murder witnesses
end of “designer babies” engineered to have new advantageous and law enforcement officers.
traits. The case moved to federal court in August with a 48-count
indictment against Mr. Cooper, charging him with crimes from
The way Crispr is designed should lead to a new piece of 1993 to 1997. His trial is to start on May 2 in United States
engineered DNA being inserted into the genetic code. However, District Court in Washington.
in a complete surprise to the researchers, this did not happen. The last person executed in the city was Robert E. Carter, 28, an
Instead, Crispr damaged the mutated gene in the father’s sperm, unemployed laborer electrocuted on April 27, 1957, for killing an
leading to a healthy version being copied over from the mother’s unarmed, off-duty police officer. The last trial in a capital case
egg. This means the technology, for now, works only when there was in 1972.
is a healthy version from one of the parents. Prof Lovell-Badge The city repealed the death penalty in 1980. Residents voted
added: “The possibility of producing designer babies, which is overwhelmingly in the 1992 election to reject a provision that
unjustified in any case, is now even further away.” would have reinstated the death sentence.
City officials, many of whom are opposed to the decision to make
this a capital case, criticized Ms. Reno for ignoring the views of
(Fcmmg 2018) We can NOT say, after reading the text above, the city's residents and urged that the city be allowed to handle
that: the situation with some autonomy. If Mr. Cooper were prosecuted
a) this study has already been condemned.
would be life in prison without the possibility of parole.
b) the technology, so far, works only when there is a healthy
Eleanor Holmes Norton, the city's delegate to Congress, wrote to
version from one of the parents.
Ms. Lewis: "The Cooper case is essentially a local homicide
c) scientists have not successfully freed embryos of a piece of
matter with federal charges tacked on. If the District had a local
faulty DNA that causes deadly heart disease to run in families.
prosecutor, she could not ask for the death penalty. The
application of the harshest and most controversial penalty in our
d) the study is the first to show successful and efficient correction
law should not depend on whether the U. S. attorney or a locally
of a disease-causing mutation in early stage human embryos with
gene editing.
of taxpaying citizens is deprived of a local prosecutor, the U.S.
Exercício 137 attorney has a special obligation to respect local law."
Triple killing in Coffee Shop Stirs Death Penalty Debate Ms. Norton said in an interview that "serious equal protection
questions are raised" when a high-profile case is chosen for the
By JOHN FILES death penalty. She said it is disturbing that, with about 300
homicides in the city in a year, most of them in poor
WASHINGTON, Feb. 19 - Federal prosecutors are pressing for neighborhoods, federal officials chose to elevate a case from the
the death penalty against a man charged with murdering three "most glamorous part of Washington".
Allen Evans, 25; Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 24; and Aaron David The New York Times, Sunday, February 20, 2000.
The case gained national attention because it happened in one of (Fgv 2000) According to the information in the article, if Carl D.
the city's fashionable neighborhoods, a 34-square-block area Cooper were tried under local Washington law instead of federal
northwest of downtown Washington known for bars, restaurants, law:
a) his case would probably attract little attention outside of Eleanor Holmes Norton, the city's delegate to Congress, wrote to
Washington. Ms. Lewis: "The Cooper case is essentially a local homicide
b) he would have a better chance of being judged innocent. matter with federal charges tacked on. If the District had a local
c) he would receive a light sentence. prosecutor, she could not ask for the death penalty. The
d) his chances of receiving a fair trial would be better. application of the harshest and most controversial penalty in our
e) the worst sentence he could receive would be life in prison. law should not depend on whether the U. S. attorney or a locally
Exercício 138 of taxpaying citizens is deprived of a local prosecutor, the U.S.
Triple killing in Coffee Shop Stirs Death Penalty Debate attorney has a special obligation to respect local law."
Ms. Norton said in an interview that "serious equal protection
By JOHN FILES questions are raised" when a high-profile case is chosen for the
death penalty. She said it is disturbing that, with about 300
WASHINGTON, Feb. 19 - Federal prosecutors are pressing for homicides in the city in a year, most of them in poor
the death penalty against a man charged with murdering three neighborhoods, federal officials chose to elevate a case from the
employees at a Starbucks coffee shop here in July 1997, clearing "most glamorous part of Washington".
the way for the city's first death penalty case in nearly 30 years. Mayor Anthony A. Williams said he agreed with the attorney
In an outline issued this week, the prosecutors said they wanted general on "the need for harsh penalties, including life in prison
to press a capital charge because the defendant has a history of without parole." But, he added, "I do not support the death
violent crime. They said he shows no remorse and poses a penalty."
continuing threat. Ms. Norton and Amnesty International USA have drawn
Carl D. Cooper, 30, has been charged with the three killings in the comparisons to a 1995 triple murder at a McDonald's in
affluent Georgetown section of the city. The bodies of Emory Southeast Washington. Kennedy J. Marshall pleaded guilty and
Allen Evans, 25; Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 24; and Aaron David received 80 years to life in prison.
Goodrich, 18, were found by another Starbucks employee. The New York Times, Sunday, February 20, 2000
The case gained national attention because it happened in one of
the city's fashionable neighborhoods, a 34-square-block area (Fgv 2000) According to the information in the article,
northwest of downtown Washington known for bars, restaurants, in Washington city, which of the following is most likely true?
houses. Georgetown is home to members of Congress, Secretary a) City officials are rarely in agreement with federal officials.
of State Madeleine K. Albright and other major political figures, b) City officials know better than federal officials how to deal with
as well as Georgetown University, but not to a great deal of crime violent crime.
or violence. Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the c) The federal government may not interfere in the operations of
death penalty for Mr. Cooper with advice from Wilma A. Lewis, the city government.
the United States attorney for the District of Columbia. A death d) The federal government is introducing new legislation to
penalty review panel at the Justice Department concurred. reduce the power of the city government.
Kenneth L. Wainstein, assistant United States attorney, in a 35- e) Certain city laws do not agree with certain federal laws.
Exercício 139
conduct," including armed robberies dating to 1989 and
JUST 10 YEARS INTO A NEW CENTURY, MORE THAN TWO-
money obtained from robberies; and threats to murder witnesses
thirds of the country sees the past decade as a period of decline
and law enforcement officers.
for the U.S., according to a new TIME/Aspen Ideas Festival poll
that probed Americans on the decade since the tragic events of
Sept. 11, 2001. Osama bin Laden is dead and al-Qaeda seriously
1993 to 1997. His trial is to start on May 2 in United States
weakened, but the impact of the 9/11 attacks and the decisions
District Court in Washington.
that followed have, in the view of most Americans, put the U.S. in
The last person executed in the city was Robert E. Carter, 28, an
a tailspin that the country has been unable to shake during two
unemployed laborer electrocuted on April 27, 1957, for killing an
administrations and almost 10 years of trying.
unarmed, off-duty police officer. The last trial in a capital case
ACCORDING TO THE POLL, ONLY 6% OF MORE THAN 2,000
was in 1972.
Americans believe the country has completely recovered from the
The city repealed the death penalty in 1980. Residents voted
events of 9/11. Some of this pessimism can be tied to fears of
overwhelmingly in the 1992 election to reject a provision that
more terrorist attacks. Despite the death of bin Laden, most
would have reinstated the death sentence.
Americans think another terrorist attack in the U.S. is likely.
City officials, many of whom are opposed to the decision to make
this a capital case, criticized Ms. Reno for ignoring the views of
the city's residents and urged that the city be allowed to handle
the situation with some autonomy. If Mr. Cooper were prosecuted
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250
workers stayed just as productive as their German, Italian, and
French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank.
Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on

to its global market share of exports. That puts it in a league with
Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the
clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster
child of Spanish competitiveness. It shrugged off the European
financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter
profits.
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of

Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate for the steep drop in demand at
home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by
8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique business
model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
schools.
Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen

sharply from its peak of about 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to
about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or
One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better

(Fuvest 2012) Com base nos gráficos que acompanham o texto, é
correto afirmar que, para os norte-americanos,
a) o evento de 11 de setembro de 2001 é mais significativo que they will take time to feed into the economy. The bank bailout
outros eventos ocorridos na última década. may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder
b) a morte de Osama Bin Laden reduz o receio de novos ataques for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses.
terroristas contra os EUA.
Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012.
c) o governo de Obama é avaliado com pessimismo e descrédito,
hoje.
(Fgvrj 2013) In the last paragraph, “they” in the phrase “…but
d) o risco de um ataque praticado por terroristas internos é maior they will take time to feed into the economy” most likely refers to
que o de um ataque praticado por terroristas externos.
a) recently elected Spanish politicians.
b) difficult but necessary changes in Spanish regulations.
e) a recessão econômica tem relação com os ataques e as
c) Spain’s emblematic companies.
ameaças sofridos pelos EUA.
d) Spain’s traditionally rigid employment laws.
Exercício 140 e) the investment money now available to Spanish companies.
SPAIN’S ECONOMY
Exercício 141
Operation Desert Storm Was Not Won By Smart Weaponry
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a
Alone
100 billion euro bailout of its banking system, it’s easy to be
pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
Technology has long been a deciding factor on the battlefield,
optimism.
from powerful artillery to new weaponry to innovations in the
seas and the skies. Twenty-five years ago, it was no different, as
the United States and its allies proved overwhelmingly successful
the euro zone average during the pre-crisis years, large exporters
in the Persian Gulf War. A coalition of U.S. Army Apache attack
kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
helicopters, cruise missiles from naval vessels, and Lockheed F-
117 Nighthawk “stealth fighters” soundly broke through Saddam parachute into the Olympic stadium with James Bond? And who
Hussein’s army defenses in Kuwait during Operation Desert 3__________ predict how far this process of evolution will have
Storm, which became known as the “100-hour war”. travelled by the time the new prince reaches the throne? From
But for all the possibilities that this “Computer War” offered, the pit to the Palace in three generations? Surely it is the perfect
Operation Desert Storm was not won by smart weaponry, alone. fairytale for a nation that grows more middle-class 9by the year.
Despite the “science fiction”-like technology deployed, 90 percent
of the pieces of ammunition used in Desert Storm were actually
“dumb weapons”. The bombs, which weren’t guided by lasers or Adapted from: THORTON, Michael. A very middle class baby
satellites, were lucky to get within half a kilometer of their targets who will secure the future of the royal family. Daily Mail. 22 jul
after they were dumped from planes. While dumb bombs might 2013. Disponível em: < http://www. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-
not have been exciting enough to make the headlines during the 2374279/Kate-Middletongives-birth-middle-class-Royal-baby-
attack, they were cheaper to produce and could be counted on to boy-securemonarchys-future.html>. Acesso em: 06 set. 2013.
work. But frequency of use doesn’t change why history will
remember Desert Storm for its smart weapons, rather than its
dumb ones. (Ufrgs 2014) Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente
as lacunas do segmento abaixo, na ordem em que aparecem.
Adapted from
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/operation-desert-storm- If the present Queen __________ for another ten years, Charles
was-not- __________ to the throne at 75.
won-smart-weaponry-alone-180957879/
a) survives – comes
b) survives – will come
(Espcex (Aman) 2017) Select the alternative that has the c) will survive – comes
sentence “Operation Desert Storm was not won by smart d) survived – can come
weaponry” (paragraph 2) correctly changed into active voice. e) survives – would come
a) Smart weaponry hasn’t won operation desert storm. Exercício 143

b) Smart weaponry didn’t win operation desert storm. TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
c) Smart weaponry doesn’t win operation desert storm.
d) Smart weaponry isn’t winning operation desert storm. THE SURVIVAL OF THE WEAKEST; THE RETURN OF THE
e) Smart weaponry won’t win operation desert storm. STRONG: THE DRIFT TO GLOBAL DISORDER
Exercício 142 Don't be fooled by the title of Robert Harvey's sweeping analysis
Britain has met the heir who will certainly change the face of of post-Cold War chaos. He is not advocating some kind of right-
monarchy for ever. Kate and William’s son enters this world as a wing philosopher's survival -of-the-fittest utopia, in which the
Royal Highness, destined to be king of his country. Though his toughest strongman will stop the rot of the New World Disorder.
mother is a Duchess, the title 1__________ disguise the fact that On the contrary, the Return of the Strong is about the lack of
there has never been a royal child quite like Kate’s. For while control over the "strong" - be they greedy corporations, money-
William descends from a line of monarchs, this baby boy’s market manipulators, rogue regimes or jackbooted nationalist
maternal grandparents 5once worked for British Airways and leaders. On top of that, Harvey wants to put a stop to it by that
now run their own company. most unfashionable of instruments: government. The bigger, the
This new prince will become the first British monarch with better. Preferably, groups of governments acting together.
working-class blood running through his veins. Monarchy these The title and his basic thesis are drawn from the 17th century
days is a precarious business, and increasingly hard to justify – English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes and his successors,
not only in terms of the funds taxpayers donate to the Crown, but both British and American, who saw the "state of nature" as one
in a wider world in which royal families seem ever more in which the strong lived at the expense of the weak. Hobbes
anachronistic. This baby has arrived at a time of profound social argued, says Harvey, for a triangular relationship between the
change and evolution – 2__________ is why I believe a royal child strong, the weak and the state. The state's job would be to keep
with middle-class antecedents can provide the social alchemy the strong and the weak apart.
that will secure the future of the House of Windsor. Hobbes was criticised for advocating absolutism by demanding
William and Kate, a modern couple, lived together quite openly huge powers for the state. But what he really wanted, Harvey
for several years before their marriage, a 6sensible decision argues, was a state which existed to serve the people and protect
7condoned by the Queen, which 4__________ been seen as them from each other's selfishness. Rights were natural and
unthinkable less than a decade earlier. This was after prince inalienable - both those of the strong to make their advances and
Charles had moved in with his divorced former mistress, Camila those of the weak not to be exploited.
Parker Bowles, a situation that would have been equally If that were all he was trying to say, this would be a dull book
unacceptable a few years ago. indeed. Instead, Harvey examines a range of current issues from
All this evidences a rapidly evolving monarchy. Who would have the wars and political turmoil bedeviling the post-Soviet world
and the West's inability to deal with it; to the danger of East
suspected that the Queen would have been seen 8pretending to
Asian, especially Chinese, rearmament; the spurious nature of (Ibmecrj 2010) Connectives or linking words are very important
Japanese democracy (disguising an authoritarian regime), and the discourse cohesive elements. Which of the alternatives below
temptation for China and others to follow the Japanese model - could properly substitute the underlined connective in “On top of
with or without the democratic facade. that, Harvey wants to put a stop to it by that most unfashionable
The flaws in the free market and the weaknesses and similarities of instruments: government”, retaining its original meaning?
to communist bureaucracy of international capitalist enterprise
a) Nevertheless, Harvey wants to put a stop to it by that most
are further grist to his philosophical mill . Economically, he
unfashionable of instruments: government.
argues, global capitalism is not much different in its outlook and
b) Moreover, Harvey wants to put a stop to it by that most
insensitivity to the nation - based capitalism of the end of the last
century. It is complacent, uncaring, authoritarian and (as the
c) Still, Harvey wants to put a stop to it by that most
international debt crisis of the 1980s showed) incompetent. It is
out of control and could engender a reaction in the 21st century
d) Yet, Harvey wants to put a stop to it by that most
not unlike the communist reaction that grew out of the capitalism
of the 19th.
e) Although Harvey wants to put a stop to it by that most
He debunks the belief of right-wing economists and philosophers
that letting the market decide will eventually put the
international economy right, arguing that the forces unleashed by Exercício 144
global capitalism are too big for individual governments. TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Far from undermining national sovereignty, membership of big
groups of countries with single currencies, such as the one
proposed for the European Union, is the only hope left for
governments too small individually to counter the arbitrary
destruction wreaked by market forces. A world divided into a
Euro-currency zone, a dollar zone and a yen zone would have the
muscle to keep those forces in check. It would also have to co-
operate economically as well as militarily. It could not avoid
friction entirely – but the alternative would be economic
instability and possibly war.
The peace dividend of the end of the Cold War is being
squandered. The major powers at the end of this century, says Sometimes, it is the very ordinariness of a scene that
Harvey, exude the same self-congratulation as at the end of the makes it terrifying. So it was with a clip from a recent BBC
last. America is blindly and dangerously disengaging itself from documentary on facial recognition technology. A man tries to
Europe and the world; Germany and Japan are reverting to avoid the cameras, covering his face by pulling up his jacket. He is
nationalism; China is rearming and throwing its weight about. stopped by the police and forced to have his photo taken. He is
Unless joint action is taken, we face the same global horrors as then fined £90 for “disorderly behavior”. “What’s your suspicion?”
our great-grandfathers, but this time through a nuclear haze. someone asks the police. “The fact that he’s walked past clearly
Joint action would mean an alliance, through NATO, (but masking his face from recognition,” replies one of the officers. If
including, flexibly, the Russians and the Japanese where you want to protect your privacy, it must be because you have
necessary), to consistently enforce the rule that territory cannot something to hide.
be taken by force. The world must no longer have one rule for There is considerable concern in the west about Chinese
Iraq and another for Serbia. tech firms acting as Trojan horses for Beijing. But perhaps we
In the vast sweep of this global review, one is occasionally left should worry less about the tech companies than about the social
wondering where the author is heading. There are also a few use of technology. Because it’s not just in China that “algorithmic
glaring inconsistencies and omissions. Having warned of the governance” is beginning to take hold. As the tech entrepreneur
threat to global security of Chinese expansionism, for instance, he Maciej Ceglowski pointed out before the US Senate, “Until
fails to deal with it in his chapter. That leaves a gaping hole in his recently, even people living in a police state could count on the
strategic thinking. But, by the end, Harvey manages to deliver a fact that the authorities didn’t have enough equipment or
coherent argument and a reasonably plausible set of solutions, manpower to observe everyone, everywhere, and so enjoyed
although he recognises the chances of getting governments to more freedom from monitoring than we do living in a free society
work together so smoothly are slim indeed. today.”
Harvey has drawn on his enormous experience as a Surveillance is at the heart, too, of “smart cities”. From
parliamentarian, foreign affairs analyst and writer to produce a Amsterdam to Dubai to Toronto, cities are embracing technology
book that is readable, despite its complexity and vast subject to collect data on citizens, ostensibly to make public services and
matter. Whether he can get the world to heed his warning that urban spaces function better. But what smart cities also enable is
"Without a New World Order, there will be no order" remains to a new form of policing. As the mayor of Rio de Janeiro said of the
be seen. “integrated urban command centre” built for the 2016 Olympics,
the system “allows us to have people looking into every corner of
the city, 24 hours a day, seven days a week”.
Buses that run on time and rubbish that is efficiently Legacy Effects admits that bringing an Iron Man to life
cleared are good things (in most smart cities, and in Rio as well, presents significant challenges. For one thing, a real-life version
neither actually happens). There is, however, more to the good of the suit would add extra bulk to a soldier limiting his or her
life than an ordered city. Human flourishing requires the existence agility. Also, the company estimates that the Iron Man suit would
of a sphere of life outside public scrutiny; not only within the probably weigh about 180kg, and would need to be supported by
intimacy of the home but also in semi-private spaces such as the a mobile exoskeleton, 1but "none of the exoskeletons in the
workplace or the church or the pub. It’s that kind of space industry are capable of moving that much weight", SlashGear
shielded from scrutiny that increasingly is vanishing. As reports.
Ceglowski observed, one of the features of the “new world of Russ Angold of Ekso Bionics, a company that designs
ambient surveillance” is that “we cannot opt out of it, any more exoskeletons for medical use, says that power armour in films
than we might opt out of automobile culture by refusing to drive”. offer an unrealistic model, so engineers are presently trying to
And that is possibly the most disturbing thought of all. make the suits more practical. "Hollywood has definitely made
the Iron Man suit impossibly thin, impossibly light, impossibly
(Kenan Malik. www.theguardian.com, 19.05.2019. Adaptado.) agile and impossibly energy efficient. So we're really trying to
(Fac. Albert Einstein - Medicin 2020) The text discusses an issue solve the problem and ask the question: What would Iron Man
of worldwide concern in the present days, namely, look like if it was real?"
a) the main gains and losses brought about by the newest The US military has so far spent about $10 million on
surveillance technologies. Talos, prompting the armed services committee to request a
briefing on the project to ensure taxpayer money is not being
b) changes in people´s everyday behavior due to the spread of wasted.
face tracking cameras. "Will you ever have an Iron Man? I don't know," said Brian
Dowling, a former soldier involved in the project. "But you'll have
c) the dispute over the legitimacy of facial recognition technology some greatly improved technology along the way".
use.
Fonte: http://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/59323/iron-man-
d) the unprecedented scale in which actions of citizens are being designers-to-build-body-armour-for-us-army
monitored. Acesso: 13/ago/2014
e) governments’ outrageous policies to control their populations’

every step. (Ita 2015) A vestimenta idealizada no projeto Talos deverá
satisfazer apenas uma das condições abaixo:
Exercício 145
a) não ultrapassar o orçamento de 10 milhões de dólares previsto
pelo governo americano.
IRON MAN DESIGNERS TO BUILD BODY ARMOUR FOR US
ARMY
b) ajustar-se ao corpo humano independentemente do peso e do
tamanho do usuário.
Hollywood special effect team is working on a new Iron Man
'agile exoskeleton' for US soldiers
c) oferecer condições de realizar operações militares carregando
muito peso.
The Oscar-nominated special effects team behind the Iron
Man suit has been contracted to design body armour for the US
d) auxiliar o soldado em combate, aumentando o tempo em
military.
incursões militares não motorizadas.
Legacy Effects, a Hollywood design studio based in
California, has previously worked on power suits for films such as
e) ser funcional e conter bateria duradoura e recarregável por
RoboCop, Captain America, The Terminator and Iron Man. Now,
energia solar.
the company is building body armour equipped with an "agile
exoskeleton" that will allow soldiers to carry hundreds of pounds Exercício 146
of equipment, the Wall Street Journal reports. SPAIN’S ECONOMY
"We are trying to be revolutionary," said Mike Fieldson,
who manages the US military project known as the Tactical In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a
Assault Light Operator Suit (Talos). 100 billion euro bailout of its banking system, it’s easy to be
Three prototypes have been presented to the Pentagon by pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
teams of bioengineers, technologists and a Canadian company optimism.
that studies insect and animal exoskeletons. The prototypes will
contribute to the creation of a new generation of body armour Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than
which the US Special Operations Command aims to complete the euro zone average during the pre-crisis years, large exporters
within four years. kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
The suits are designed to protect soldiers from bullets, competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250
explosions and bayonet attacks.
workers stayed just as productive as their German, Italian, and 15 months derailed again yesterday when one of the chief
French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank. lawyers representing Ms. Duff abruptly asked to quit the case.
2. The lawyer, Julia Heit, said in court papers that she wanted to
Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on leave because Ms. Duff had accused her of secretly being in the
to its global market share of exports. That puts it in a league with employ of Mr. Perelman, the billionaire majority owner of Revlon.
Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the 3. The judge, Justice Franklin R. Weissberg of State Supreme
clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster Court in Manhattan, blocked her request, and she denied that she
child of Spanish competitiveness. It shrugged off the European was being paid by Mr. Perelman.
financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter 4. The latest legal casualty in the case - Ms. Heit is the 20th
profits. lawyer to represent Ms. Duff, who was Mr. Perelman's third wife -
incensed Justice Weissberg.
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of 5. In a series of highly unusual moves, he refused to postpone the
Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate for the steep drop in demand at case yet again, accused Ms. Duff of intentionally delaying the
home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain. proceedings and forced her to recite in open court the name of
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by each lawyer who had represented her and why each one left.
8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique business 6. Ms. Duff said during a break yesterday that she had spent $3
model is studied in the classrooms of top American business million in legal fees in the case.
schools. 7. The judge also criticized the actions of Mr. Perelman, who was
not in court, and accused both sides of callously harming the 4-
Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen year-old girl at the center of the legal dispute, their daughter,
sharply from its peak of about 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to Caleigh. "We have two very rich, very willful people who are
about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been locked in a dispute which I am absolutely certain is causing
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or severe damage to Caleigh," he said.
Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in balance. 8. The case, which began in the spring of 1998, has involved two
One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better judges and frequent appeals to a higher court. Justice Weissberg
way, in the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in bluntly told both sides that the overcrowded court system has
Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity. little time left for them.
9. "This may come as a shock to you," Justice Weissberg snapped
Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But at Ms. Duff at one point. "But there are many, many people
their success has been despite, not because of, the country’s clamoring for this courtroom, needy people who aren't rich."
politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already 10. Justice Weissberg forced both sides to hold settlement
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but negotiations all afternoon yesterday, but by 6 P.M. no agreement
they will take time to feed into the economy. The bank bailout had been reached, and the two sides were ordered to return
may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short again this morning.
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder 11. Both Mr. Perelman and Ms. Duff, an influential Democrat who
for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses. has raised considerable sums for the party, want full custody of
Caleigh. Mr. Perelman's representatives say he has given Ms. Duff
(Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012) $30 million in real estate, jewelry and cash, plus alimony of $1.2
million. Ms. Duff has said the value of all Mr. Perelman has given
(Fgvrj 2013) Which of the following is mentioned in the article as her is actually $21 million. He is also paying her temporary child
a way to help Spain’s economy? support of $12,000 per month.
12. Ms. Duff would like him to provide a Manhattan apartment or
a) The European Central Bank should provide more money to
house for her and Caleigh that will accommodate the 24-hour
support Spain’s banking system.
live-in security he has requested. Last week, an appeal court
b) Spanish companies with fewer than 250 employees should be
ruled that Ms. Duff could not be forced to provide the security Mr.
subject to an exclusive set of employment laws.
Perelman demanded.
c) Spain should spend less money on foreign products.
13. The sniping inside and outside the courtroom continued
d) Spanish companies should make significant cuts in their
yesterday. Ms. Duff said during a break in the proceedings that
number of employees.
she was being unfairly treated by a court system that she
e) Spain should set up more businesses based on the American
charged was being influenced by her powerful ex-husband.
model.
14. "I have become a kicking bag for some of the most outrageous
Exercício 147 legal decisions that have come down the pike," she said. "Yes, I
Another Court Tangle in the Perelman-Duff think something is going on."
Custody Case 15. But in court, Adria Hillman, a lawyer representing Mr.
By DAVID ROHDE Perelman, painted him as the victim, saying Ms. Duff "has made
allegations about my client that are absolutely ridiculous and
1. The custody and child-support battle between Ronald O. absolutely false."
Perelman and Patricia Duff that has raged in court for more than 16. Justice Weissberg made it clear that he had little patience for
either side and that he believed there was only one victim in the
dispute. politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
17. "In one way she is very blessed to have wealthy parents," he implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but
said of Caleigh. "But in another way she is unlucky, because no they will take time to feed into the economy. The bank bailout
child should have to be put through this." may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
The New York Times, Thursday, August 12, 1999. term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder
for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses.

(Fgv 2000) You can infer from the information in the article that:
a) Patricia Duff will probably win full custody of Caleigh.

(Fgvrj 2013) According to the information in the article, which of
b) Ronald O. Perelman will probably win full custody of Caleigh.
the following is most likely a positive aspect of Spain’s economy?
c) Caleigh will never recover from the harm being done to her.
d) neither Ronald O. Perelman nor Patricia Duff can yet be a) Exporters have maintained their expenses at a reasonable level
considered the winner. and so are still able to compete with other companies.
e) Ronald O. Perelman cares more about Caleigh than Patricia b) Spanish workers still earn, on average, more than workers do
Duff does. in other European countries.
c) More than 250 big Spanish companies have managed to
Exercício 148 achieve greater productivity than have similar companies in
SPAIN’S ECONOMY Germany, Italy, and France.
d) Because they invested heavily in modernization and worker
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a training in the pre-crisis years, Spanish companies have been able
100 billion euro bailout of its banking system, it’s easy to be to maintain high levels of profitability.
pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for e) By drastically reducing their number of employees, Spanish
optimism. exporters have been able to maintain high levels of profitability.
Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than Exercício 149
the euro zone average during the pre-crisis years, large exporters (Fac. Pequeno Príncipe - Medici 2020) What is this text about?
kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 Lost in translation: Researchers discover translator gene may play
workers stayed just as productive as their German, Italian, and a role in disease
French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank. When researchers and clinicians investigate the genome's
relation to disease, they have traditionally focused on mutations
Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on in the code for proteins. But now researchers at Western
to its global market share of exports. That puts it in a league with University have shown that the genes encoding tRNAs can also
Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the have mutations that cause the code to be misread, and in greater
clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster numbers than previously thought.
child of Spanish competitiveness. It shrugged off the European Think of it like a translator app on your phone -- if it has errors in
financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter its software, the output is going to be all wrong, even if the
profits. original text is correct.
"This actually changes the way we think about the genetic code,"
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of said lead author Mathew Berg, a PhD Candidate at Western's
Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate for the steep drop in demand at Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry. "We have shown that
home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain. variation in tRNA has the potential to lead to a protein being
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by made improperly, which can lead to misfolding and malfunction
8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique business of the protein."
model is studied in the classrooms of top American business The research team, led by Schulich Medicine & Dentistry
schools. Professors Christopher Brandl, Robert Hegele and Patrick
O'Donoghue, say this is significant because many human diseases
Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen like Alzheimer's disease and diseases of the heart muscle are
sharply from its peak of about 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to linked to misfolded proteins.
about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190813130422.htm)
a) Environmental genome’s mutations which make them translate
One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better
proteins incorrectly.
b) Translator apps which can contribute to the spread of mental
illnesses.
c) Protein diseases caused by fast folding.
d) Disease researches on proteins mutations.
e) Genes that read incorrectly the tRNAs, which can harm the radiation on ecosystems are poorly understood. With this in mind,
function of proteins. a team led by Timothy Mousseau of the University of South
Carolina and Anders Moller of the University of Paris-Sud set out
Exercício 150 to compare bird species dwelling near the Fukushima plant with
Amazon tribes those living at the site of another nuclear incident that scored a
seven on the INES: the Ukrainian town of Chernobyl, where
The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest. It is also the disaster struck in 1986. Remarkably, they found that some
ancestral home of one million Indians. They are divided into about species seem to develop a tolerance for radioactivity over time.
400 tribes, each with its own language, culture and territory.
1Many have had contact with outsiders for almost 500 years.
Fukushima and Chernobyl are more than 7.000km (4.350 miles)
Others – ‘uncontacted’ tribes – have had no contact at all. apart, but Dr. Mousseau and his colleagues soon realised that the
two sites had much in common. Both are in areas that have a
temperate climate with species that have similar habits and
needs. And both are surrounded by a mixture of farmland and
forest. Upon closer examination the researchers found that 14
species of bird lived in both regions, including the barn swallow,
great tit, great reed warbler, buzzard and Eurasian jay. With so
many similarities between the two places, a comparison of the
biological responses to radiation in each (recent in Fukushima;
long-term in Chernobyl) would surely be illuminating.
How do they live?
Most Indians live in settled villages by the rivers, and grow To do this, during July 2011, the researchers counted and
vegetables and fruits like manioc, corn, beans and bananas. They identified birds at 300 locations near Fukushima that had
also hunt and fish, using plant-based poisons to stun the fish. radiation levels as low as 0.5 microsieverts per hour and as high
Some tribes use shotguns for hunting, others use bows and as 35 (for comparison, dental X-rays rarely expose patients to
arrows, spears, or blowguns with darts tipped with curare. Only a more than 0.05 microsieverts). Then they compared these results
few Amazonian tribes are nomadic; they tend to live deep in the to bird data collected in areas that had the same range of
forest away from the rivers. They grow some crops but rely more radiation levels near Chernobyl between 2006 and 2009.
on hunting and gathering.
Their results show that as radiation levels in an area rose to 35
2__________ their problems? microsieverts per hour, the average number of birds dropped by
Almost all the Indians’ problems revolve around land: 3outsiders almost a third compared with the areas where radiation levels
either want their land, or something on or underneath it. The key were only 0.5 microsieverts per hour. This makes sense: in those
threats are a massive boom in oil and gas exploration, rampant areas with a high level of radiation, living things would tend to
illegal logging and the rapid spread of ranching and farming. die or sicken and fail to reproduce. However, when researchers
looked at the 14 bird species that lived in both regions, they
(www.survivalinternational.org. Adapted.) found that the same level of radiation was associated with twice
as large a drop in bird numbers in Fukushima as in Chernobyl.
(Uea 2014) No trecho do primeiro parágrafo – Many have had The reasons for this are not clear. It is possible that the
contact with outsiders for almost 500 years. (ref. 1) – e no trecho composition of the radionuclides are proving more dangerous to
do ultimo parágrafo – outsiders either want their land, or the Fukushima birds than they are to the birds near Chernobyl.
something on or underneath it. (ref. 3) –, a palavra outsiders But Dr. Mousseau suggests a more likely explanation is that
refere-se evolution has already been at work near Chernobyl, killing off
individual birds that cannot cope with the background radiation
a) aos indígenas. and allowing the genes of those that have some tolerance to be
b) aos colonizadores portugueses. passed on. The birds at Fukushima are only beginning to face the
c) aos não indígenas. evolutionary challenge of living in a radioactive world.
d) a um milhão de indígenas.
e) a cerca de 400 tribos. Adapted from The Economist, March 3, 2012
Exercício 151
(Fgvrj 2013) With respect to the information in the article, which
RADIATION AND EVOLUTION
of the following is most likely not true about Fukushima and
Chernobyl?
THE disaster last year at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power
plant, caused by an earthquake and tsunami, scored seven on the a) Both sites are located in regions that can be considered rural.
International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES). No b) Both sites are located within ecosystems that share enough
worse rating exists. Radiation is harmful to living things, yet the similarities to justify scientific comparison.
long-term effects of persistently high levels of background
c) Exposure to natural and nuclear disasters quickly killed all life
within a large radius of both sites. Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than
d) Within the ecosystems surrounding both sites, scientists found the euro zone average during the pre-crisis years, large exporters
some birds that appeared to be relatively unaffected by high kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
levels of radiation. competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250
e) Disasters at both sites were given the same score on the workers stayed just as productive as their German, Italian, and
International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale. French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank.
Exercício 152 Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on
SELLING AND MARKETING to its global market share of exports. That puts it in a league with
Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the
Management is fundamentally about direction and control. clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster
Selling is no different. child of Spanish competitiveness. It shrugged off the European
All salespeople, particularly those in large companies, present a financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter
basic problem: they enjoy spending their time doing what they profits.
know best, with the products that are the easiest to sell, and
selling to those customers who are easiest to sell to. Direction, The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of
management and control are needed to ensure that selling time Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate for the steep drop in demand at
and cost is spent where it is most effective – on prime and hot home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
prospects. Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by
Successful sales managers and directors keep the pressure on 8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique business
their sales force by meeting regularly with them to review certain model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
items, such as, performance and budget, key performance ratios, schools.
follow-up procedures, opportunities and competitor activity.
Incentives do no figure high on this list. Many sales mangers Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen
spend too much time inventing elaborate sales incentive sharply from its peak of about 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to
schemes, which the sales-force can manipulate to their personal about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
benefit. Incentives must be geared toward the overall objectives steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or
of the marketing plan in terms of turnover and cost. When used, Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in balance.
they should be short, sharp and regular, enhancing the overall One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better
sales effort, not detracting from it. way, in the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in
Sales incentives schemes are often an excuse for poor Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity.
management of the sales resource. There are many lasting
benefits in creating an effective team relationship within a sales Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But
force: shared experience is a benefit that does not arise from a their success has been despite, not because of, the country’s
totally competitive environment. politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
The other forgotten standard of performance is control of debt. A implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but
sale is not a sale until the debt has been paid. The sales force they will take time to feed into the economy. The bank bailout
should chase up money owed to the company. It was responsible may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
for the sale and should be responsible for assuring its payment – term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder
before team members are paid a bonus. for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses.
(Ibmecrj 2010) Which of the statements below is implied in this (Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012)
passage?
a) Selling is not the same as any other field of management. (Fgvrj 2013) According to the information in the article, which of
b) It is most effective to sell the easiest products to the easiest the following is one of Spain’s serious problems?
customers. a) Exports have fallen sharply and now represent only 30 percent
c) Incentive systems are usually a good idea. of Spain’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
d) Salespersons often do not help each other when incentive b) The European financial crisis has devastated Spain’s export-
system is in operation. based companies.
e) Chasing debts is not the responsibility of the sales force. c) Many Spanish multinational companies have moved their
Exercício 153 production facilities overseas.
SPAIN’S ECONOMY d) Consumers in Spain have drastically reduced spending.
e) Spanish companies that concentrate on the domestic market
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a are highly inefficient.
100 billion euro bailout of its banking system, it’s easy to be Exercício 154
pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a
optimism. bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your
Excellency,” dress in billowing robes and wrap each utterance in supersalaries awarded to some members of Brazil’s legal system,
grandiloquence, as if little had changed from the era when the revelations have put Mr. Barbosa on the defensive.
marquises and dukes held sway from their vast plantations. One report in the Brazilian news media described how he
In one televised feud, Mr. Barbosa questioned another justice received about $180,000 in payments for untaken leaves of
about whether he would even be on the court had he not been absence during his 19 years as a public prosecutor. (Such
force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking Brazil’s diplomatic service, which promptly sent him to Helsinki,
rulings, turning Brazil’s highest court — and him in particular — the Finnish capital on the shore of the Baltic Sea.
into a newfound political power and the subject of popular Sensing that he would not advance much in the diplomatic
fascination. service, which he has called “one of the most discriminatory
The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision institutions of Brazil,” Mr. Barbosa opted for a career as a
upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at prosecutor. He alternated between legal investigations in Brazil
increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening and studies abroad, gaining fluency in English, French and
the way for one of the Western Hemisphere’s most sweeping German, and earning a doctorate in law at Pantheon-Assas
affirmative action laws for higher education. University in Paris.
In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and Fascinated by the legal systems of other countries, Mr. Barbosa
president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively wrote a book on affirmative action in the United States. He still
legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an voices his admiration for figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first
anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting black Supreme Court justice in the United States, and William J.
trial of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for Brennan Jr., who for years embodied the court’s liberal vision,
their roles in a vast vote-buying scheme. clearly drawing inspiration from them as he pushed Brazil’s high
Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution court toward socially liberal rulings.
to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr. Still, no decision has thrust Mr. Barbosa into Brazil’s public
Barbosa, the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an imagination as much as his handling of the trial of political
impoverished city in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked operatives, legislators and bankers found guilty in a labyrinthine
as a bricklayer. corruption scandal called the mensalão, or big monthly
But his prominence — not just on the court, but in the streets as allowance, after the regular payments made to lawmakers in
well — is so well established that masks with his face were sold exchange for their votes.
for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced
handling of the corruption trial and posted them on YouTube, and some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers
demonstrators during the huge street protests that shook the Party to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including
nation this year told pollsters that Mr. Barbosa was one of their bribery and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in
top choices for president in next year’s elections. which impunity for politicians has been the norm.
Barbosa think he is?” asked Ricardo Noblat, a columnist for the e) revela um posicionamento a respeito do impacto do sistema
newspaper O Globo, questioning whether Mr. Barbosa was capitalista no meio ambiente.
qualified to preside over the court. “What powers does he think
he has just because he’s sitting in the chair of the chief justice of Exercício 156
the Supreme Federal Tribunal?” The Internet of Things
tension was necessary for the court to function properly. “It was The “Internet of Things” (IoT) is becoming an increasingly
always like this,” he said, contending that arguments are now just growing topic of conversation both in the workplace and outside
easier to see because the court’s proceedings are televised. of it. It’s a concept that not only has the potential to impact how
Linking the court’s work to the recent wave of protests, he we live but also how we work. But what exactly is the “Internet
explained that he strongly disagreed with the violence of some of Things” and what impact is it going to have on you, if any?
demonstrators, but he also said he believed that the street There are a lot of complexities around the “Internet of Things” but
movements were “a sign of democracy’s exuberance.” we want to stick to the basics. Lots of technical and policy-related
“People don’t want to passively stand by and observe these conversations are being had but many people are still just trying
arrangements of the elite, which were always the Brazilian to grasp the foundation of what the heck these conversations are
tradition,” he said. about.
Let’s start with understanding a few things.
Broadband Internet is becoming more widely available, the cost
(Uece 2014) The sentences: “he is the driving force behind a of connecting is decreasing, more devices are being created with
series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking rulings” and Wi-Fi capabilities and sensors built into them, technology costs
“Mr. Barbosa was one of their top choices for president in next are going down, and smartphone penetration is sky-rocketing. All
year’s elections” contain, respectively, a/an of these things are creating a “perfect storm” for the IoT.
So What Is The Internet of Things?
a) subject noun clause and a subject complement. Simply put, this is the concept of basically connecting any device
b) object complement and an object complement. with an on and off switch to the Internet (and/or to each other).
c) subject complement and a subject complement. This includes everything from cell phones, coffee makers,
d) subject complement and subject noun clause. washing machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices and
almost anything else you can think of.
Exercício 155
So what now?
2. (Unesp 2021) Analise o cartum.
The new rule for the future is going to be, “Anything that can be
connected, will be connected.”
Disponível em:
<http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/05/13/simple-
explanation-internet-things-that-anyone-can-
understand/#29a0a1cd6828>. Acesso em: 12 set. 2016.
(Adaptado).
(Ueg 2017) Analisando-se os aspectos estruturais do texto,

verifica-se que:
a) a sentença more devices are being created encontra-se na voz

passiva. Na voz ativa seria “They create many more devices”.
b) a sentença technology costs are going down, na forma
negativa, seria “technology costs be not going down”.
A fala do personagem c) na sentença Let’s start with understanding a few things, o
a) apresenta um questionamento sobre a relevância do termo “Let´s” é composto pela contração dos vocábulos “Let” e
desenvolvimento econômico para a população do planeta. “is”.
d) na sentença Anything that can be connected, o modal “can”
b) coloca em dúvida o custo do desenvolvimento econômico para apresenta a ideia de possibilidade de ocorrência.
a preservação do meio ambiente. e) na sentença many people are still just trying, o termo “many”
pode ser substituído pelo vocábulo “much”, sem alteração de
c) sugere uma alternativa viável para o desenvolvimento sentido.
econômico sustentável.
Exercício 157
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A NUCLEAR MATERIALS ENGINEER
d) expõe uma constatação sobre a importância da preservação do
meio ambiente em benefício do equilíbrio da economia.
My career _____1_____ a planned one in any way. At school I was
athletic; I ran and played badminton to a high standard when I
was young and always thought my career would be a sporting
one _____2_____ I suffered an injury during my teens. The rest of In an outline issued this week, the prosecutors said they wanted
my family was academic; my father was an aerodynamic engineer to press a capital charge because the defendant has a history of
and my mother a mathematician, _____3_____ my sister studied violent crime. They said he shows no remorse and poses a
geology. continuing threat.
At the age of 16, I attended a Women in Science and Engineering Carl D. Cooper, 30, has been charged with the three killings in the
careers week with school, just to have a look at what was affluent Georgetown section of the city. The bodies of Emory
available. This helped me decide that _____4_____ I really wanted Allen Evans, 25; Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 24; and Aaron David
to do was an engineering degree, so I chose to do a BEng in Goodrich, 18, were found by another Starbucks employee.
materials science and engineering at Liverpool University, and The case gained national attention because it happened in one of
then went on to do a PhD. the city's fashionable neighborhoods, a 34-square-block area
My PhD looked at auxetic polymeric materials. No one northwest of downtown Washington known for bars, restaurants,
_____5_____ of them: they get fatter as you stretch them, boutiques and narrow residential streets of expensive town
_____6_____ is very novel, and at the time there were only a houses. Georgetown is home to members of Congress, Secretary
handful of researchers in the world working on these. The PhD of State Madeleine K. Albright and other major political figures,
started my interest in polymeric materials. Towards the end of my as well as Georgetown University, but not to a great deal of crime
PhD I _____7_____ two research roles, and ended up taking a job or violence. Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the
with British Nuclear Fuels Limited at the Company Research death penalty for Mr. Cooper with advice from Wilma A. Lewis,
Laboratory (CRL). the United States attorney for the District of Columbia. A death
(…) penalty review panel at the Justice Department concurred.
During my time at CRL I _____8_____ on secondment to the Kenneth L. Wainstein, assistant United States attorney, in a 35-
Sellafield site in Cumbria, which then turned into a permanent page document, cited Mr. Cooper's "continuing pattern of criminal
position in the research and technology materials and inspection conduct," including armed robberies dating to 1989 and
group. During this time I became a chartered engineer and a full possession of firearms and drugs dating to 1988; laundering of
professional member of the Institute of Materials Minerals and money obtained from robberies; and threats to murder witnesses
Mining. I now head up one of Sellafield’s Centres of Expertise and law enforcement officers.
(CoE): I am the CoE lead and subject matter expert for polymeric The case moved to federal court in August with a 48-count
materials. Recently I _____9_____ as a fellow of the Institute of indictment against Mr. Cooper, charging him with crimes from
Materials. 1993 to 1997. His trial is to start on May 2 in United
I definitely don’t have a “typical day”. I sometimes have a plan, States District Court in Washington.
but _____10_____ stick to it as much of my work is responsive to The last person executed in the city was Robert E. Carter, 28, an
situations which are transient. The range of things I can get unemployed laborer electrocuted on April 27, 1957, for killing an
involved in is huge and includes specifying materials for use in unarmed, off-duty police officer. The last trial in a capital case
challenging environments, new plant designs and was in 1972.
decommissioning activates. The city repealed the death penalty in 1980. Residents voted
overwhelmingly in the 1992 election to reject a provision that
RATHBONE, Penny. Adapted from: The Guardian. A day in the life would have reinstated the death sentence.
of a nuclear materials engineer. Disponível em: City officials, many of whom are opposed to the decision to make
<https://www.theguardian.com/women-in- this a capital case, criticized Ms. Reno for ignoring the views of
leadership/2016/jan/22/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-nuclear-materials- the city's residents and urged that the city be allowed to handle
engineer>. Acesso em: 22/06/2017. the situation with some autonomy. If Mr. Cooper were prosecuted
(Ime 2018) Selecione a alternativa que completa corretamente a Eleanor Holmes Norton, the city's delegate to Congress, wrote to
lacuna 8 do texto. Ms. Lewis: "The Cooper case is essentially a local homicide
matter with federal charges tacked on. If the District had a local
a) sent
b) was sent
c) have sent
d) have been sending
e) am to be sent
without parole." But, he added, "I do not support the death highly saleable, explaining their use as money. Government plays
penalty." no role here. The origin of money is a market-led response to
Ms. Norton and Amnesty International USA have drawn barter costs, in which the best money is that which minimises the
comparisons to a 1995 triple murder at a McDonald's in costs of trade. Menger’s is a good description of how informal
Southeast Washington. Kennedy J. Marshall pleaded guilty and monies, such as those used by prisoners, originate.
received 80 years to life in prison. But the story just doesn’t match the facts in most monetary
The New York Times, Sunday, February 20, 2000. economies, according to a 1998 paper by Charles Goodhart of the
London School of Economics. Take the widespread use of
precious metals as money. A Mengerian would say that this
happens because metals are durable, divisible and portable: that
(Fgv 2000) Which of the following is NOT stated or implied in makes them an ideal medium of exchange. But it is incredibly
the article as a reason why federal prosecutors are seeking the hard to value raw metals, Goodhart argued, so the cost of using
death penalty for the Starbucks coffee-shop murders? them in trade is high. It is much easier to assess the value of a
bag of salt or a cow than a lump of metal. Raw metals fail
a) Federal law allows murder to be punished by death.
Menger’s own saleableness test.
b) The accused has murdered before.
c) The accused doesn't feel sorry for what he did.
* The exchange of goods and services for other goods and
d) The accused is too dangerous to be allowed to live.
services.
e) The accused has been a dangerous criminal for many years.
Exercício 159 (Adapted from The Economist, August 18, 2012.)

MONEY
Money is perhaps the most basic building-block in economics. It (Fgv 2013) In paragraph 2, the sentence “Lots of things can do
helps states collect taxes to fund public goods. It allows these jobs” most likely refers to the fact that
producers to specialise and reap gains from trade. It is clear what a) tea, salt and cattle have historically proven inadequate in
it does, but its origins are a mystery. Some argue that money has fulfilling the three main functions of money.
its roots in the power of the state. Others claim the origin of b) the three main functions that money fulfills make it the basis of
money is a purely private matter: it would exist even if any viable economy.
governments did not. This debate is long-running but it informs c) people only use substitutes for money when money itself is
some of the most pressing monetary questions of today. unavailable.
Money fulfils three main functions. First, it must be a medium of d) all employment is based on the exchange of labor for money of
exchange, easily traded for goods and services. Second, it must one kind or another.
be a store of value, so that it can be saved and used for e) if an item fulfills the three main functions of money, it can then
consumption in the future. Third, it must be a unit of account, a be considered money.
useful measuring-stick. Lots of things can do these jobs. Tea, salt
and cattle have all been used as money. In Britain’s prisons, Exercício 160
inmates currently favour shower-gel capsules or rosary beads. Triple killing in Coffee Shop Stirs Death Penalty Debate
The use of money stretches back millennia. Electrum, an alloy of
gold and silver, was used to make coins in Lydia (now western By JOHN FILES
Turkey) in around 650BC. The first paper money circulated in
China in around 1000AD. The Aztecs used cocoa beans as cash WASHINGTON, Feb. 19 - Federal prosecutors are pressing for
until the 12th century. The puzzle is how people agreed what to the death penalty against a man charged with murdering three
use. employees at a Starbucks coffee shop here in July 1997, clearing
Karl Menger, an Austrian economist, set out one school of the way for the city's first death penalty case in nearly 30 years.
thought as long ago as 1892. In his version of events, the In an outline issued this week, the prosecutors said they wanted
monetisation of an economy starts when agricultural to press a capital charge because the defendant has a history of
communities move away from subsistence farming and start to violent crime. They said he shows no remorse and poses a
specialise. This brings efficiency gains but means that trade with continuing threat.
others becomes necessary. The problem is that operating markets Carl D. Cooper, 30, has been charged with the three killings in the
on the basis of barter * is a pain: you have to scout around looking affluent Georgetown section of the city. The bodies of Emory
for the rare person who wants what you have and has what you Allen Evans, 25; Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 24; and Aaron David
want. Goodrich, 18, were found by another Starbucks employee.
Money evolves to reduce barter costs, with some things working The case gained national attention because it happened in one of
better than others. The commodity used as money should not the city's fashionable neighborhoods, a 34-square-block area
lose value when it is bought and sold. So clothing is a bad money, northwest of downtown Washington known for bars, restaurants,
since no one places the same value on second-hand clothes as boutiques and narrow residential streets of expensive town
new ones. Instead, something that is portable, durable (fruit and houses. Georgetown is home to members of Congress, Secretary
vegetables are out) and divisible into smaller pieces is needed. of State Madeleine K. Albright and other major political figures,
Menger called this property “saleableness”. Spices and shells are as well as Georgetown University, but not to a great deal of crime
or violence. Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the d) Janet Reno
death penalty for Mr. Cooper with advice from Wilma A. Lewis, e) Eleanor Holmes Norton
penalty review panel at the Justice Department concurred. Exercício 161
Kenneth L. Wainstein, assistant United States attorney, in a 35- ELIF BILGIN GOES BANANAS
page document, cited Mr. Cooper's "continuing pattern of criminal Sep 25 2013 Bloggers, People
conduct," including armed robberies dating to 1989 and By Chiara Spagnoli Gabardi
money obtained from robberies; and threats to murder witnesses Turkish teen Elif Bilgin has thrilled her teachers, parents and
and law enforcement officers. those who care about the planet by discovering a way to make
The case moved to federal court in August with a 48-count bio-plastic from an item commonly found in our waste bins:
indictment against Mr. Cooper, charging him with crimes from banana peels. The 16 year old prodigy always showed promise
1993 to 1997. His trial is to start on May 2 in United States academically. From the 4th grade, she was put into a school for
District Court in Washington. gifted children, where she was encouraged to develop her
The last person executed in the city was Robert E. Carter, 28, an already advanced skills and talents. Since then, the teen has
unemployed laborer electrocuted on April 27, 1957, for killing an excelled at her studies and learned more about climate change
unarmed, off-duty police officer. The last trial in a capital case and the environment. Somewhat alarmed at what she was
was in 1972. discovering, she was determined to find an alternative to
The city repealed the death penalty in 1980. Residents voted petroleum produced plastics.
overwhelmingly in the 1992 election to reject a provision that When Elif found that potatoes and mango peels are already used
would have reinstated the death sentence. to make bio-plastic, that fact, combined with the knowledge that
City officials, many of whom are opposed to the decision to make Thailand alone discards 200 tons of banana peels per day
this a capital case, criticized Ms. Reno for ignoring the views of motivated Elif to work on extracting the starch and cellulose
the city's residents and urged that the city be allowed to handle needed for bio-plastic production out of banana peels.
the situation with some autonomy. If Mr. Cooper were prosecuted Elif's research took a couple of years, and her trials initially failed:
under local jurisdiction, the maximum sentence he could receive the plastics created weren't strong enough and decayed too
would be life in prison without the possibility of parole. quickly. But her persistence paid off, since she obtained the result
Eleanor Holmes Norton, the city's delegate to Congress, wrote to she was pursuing and this discovery made her win the 2013
Ms. Lewis: "The Cooper case is essentially a local homicide Science in Action award, Google's third $50,000 annual
matter with federal charges tacked on. If the District had a local competition. Now she'll continue competing as a finalist in the
prosecutor, she could not ask for the death penalty. The Google Science Fair for the 15-16-year-old category, and will
application of the harshest and most controversial penalty in our travel, along with 14 other contenders, to the company's
law should not depend on whether the U. S. attorney or a locally Mountain View campus in California.
chosen prosecutor litigates the case. Where the local jurisdiction She is enthusiastic that her discovery will make a difference to
of taxpaying citizens is deprived of a local prosecutor, the U.S. the planet: “The reason why I chose this particular aspect of
attorney has a special obligation to respect local law." science is that the bio-plastic is such a new concept and its range
Ms. Norton said in an interview that "serious equal protection of use has been widening ever since it has been discovered
questions are raised" when a high-profile case is chosen for the (especially in the 21st century).” The young inventor's dream is to
death penalty. She said it is disturbing that, with about 300 attend medical school in the US and continue with projects
homicides in the city in a year, most of them in poor concerning the environment, such as building a greenhouse made
neighborhoods, federal officials chose to elevate a case from the of waste materials. No doubt whatever Elif does, future
"most glamorous part of Washington". generations will thank her.
Mayor Anthony A. Williams said he agreed with the attorney
general on "the need for harsh penalties, including life in prison Disponível em: <http://eluxemagazine.com/people/elifbilgin/#
without parole." But, he added, "I do not support the death sthash.kWg4Muw3.dpuf>. Acesso em: 18 fev. 2014. (Adaptado).
penalty."
Ms. Norton and Amnesty International USA have drawn
comparisons to a 1995 triple murder at a McDonald's in Glossário
Southeast Washington. Kennedy J. Marshall pleaded guilty and has thrilled: emocionou
received 80 years to life in prison. peels: cascas
The New York Times, Sunday, February 20, 2000. environment: meio ambiente
starch: amido
(Fgv 2000) The person most responsible for attempting to decayed: deterioraram
impose the death penalty in the Starbucks coffee shop murders paid off: compensou
case is range of use: gama de uso
a) Kenneth L. Wainstein
b) Madeleine K. Albright (Ufg 2014) The excerpt “The young inventor's dream is to attend
c) Wilma A. Lewis medical school in the US and continue with projects concerning
the environment” in the last paragraph is written in direct speech term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder
as: for Spanish entrepreneurs to finance their businesses.
a) “If only I had attended medical school in the US and continued

with projects concerning the environment.”
b) “I wish I had attended medical school in the US and continued
(Fgvrj 2013) According to the information in the article, during
with projects concerning the environment.”
the economic crisis
c) “I wished I attended medical school in the US and continued
with projects concerning the environment.” a) the Inditex clothing group has grown by concentrating on
d) “I hope I attend medical school in the US and continue with Spain’s domestic market.
projects concerning the environment.” b) the Mercadona supermarket chain has increased its sales to
e) “I would like to have attended medical school in the US and foreign markets by 8 percent.
continued with projects concerning the environment.” c) the economy of Spain has declined more than have the
economies of Greece and Portugal.
Exercício 162 d) some Spanish companies have actually benefited from the
SPAIN’S ECONOMY relative economic weakness of Greece and Portugal.
e) the current account deficits of Greece and Portugal have
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a decreased more slowly than has the current account deficit of
100 billion euro bailout of its banking system, it’s easy to be Spain.
pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
optimism. Exercício 163
SELLING AND MARKETING
the euro zone average during the pre-crisis years, large exporters Management is fundamentally about direction and control.
kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively Selling is no different.
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 All salespeople, particularly those in large companies, present a
workers stayed just as productive as their German, Italian, and basic problem: they enjoy spending their time doing what they
French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 bank. know best, with the products that are the easiest to sell, and
selling to those customers who are easiest to sell to. Direction,
Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on management and control are needed to ensure that selling time
to its global market share of exports. That puts it in a league with and cost is spent where it is most effective – on prime and hot
Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, the prospects.
clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster Successful sales managers and directors keep the pressure on
child of Spanish competitiveness. It shrugged off the European their sales force by meeting regularly with them to review certain
financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in first-quarter items, such as, performance and budget, key performance ratios,
profits. follow-up procedures, opportunities and competitor activity.
Incentives do no figure high on this list. Many sales mangers
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of spend too much time inventing elaborate sales incentive
Spain’s GDP, can’t compensate for the steep drop in demand at schemes, which the sales-force can manipulate to their personal
home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain. benefit. Incentives must be geared toward the overall objectives
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by of the marketing plan in terms of turnover and cost. When used,
8 percent last year, to 17.8 billion euros. Its unique business they should be short, sharp and regular, enhancing the overall
model is studied in the classrooms of top American business sales effort, not detracting from it.
schools. Sales incentives schemes are often an excuse for poor
management of the sales resource. There are many lasting
Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen benefits in creating an effective team relationship within a sales
sharply from its peak of about 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to force: shared experience is a benefit that does not arise from a
about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been totally competitive environment.
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or The other forgotten standard of performance is control of debt. A
Portugal, but investors would still like to see trade in balance. sale is not a sale until the debt has been paid. The sales force
One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better should chase up money owed to the company. It was responsible
way, in the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in for the sale and should be responsible for assuring its payment –
Spain “needs to work harder” to boost productivity. before team members are paid a bonus.
Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But (Ibmecrj 2010) How would you describe the author's attitude
their success has been despite, not because of, the country’s towards incentives schemes
a) the author thinks they should be permanently developed.
b) the author does not consider them an essential item for sales
they will take time to feed into the economy. The bank bailout
managers to take into account.
may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
c) he is in favour of letting market forces control the sales. matter with federal charges tacked on. If the District had a local
d) the author overestimates their role within competitive sales prosecutor, she could not ask for the death penalty. The
contexts. application of the harshest and most controversial penalty in our
e) he thinks they should be regarded as a powerful tool to exert law should not depend on whether the U. S. attorney or a locally
pressure on the sales forces. chosen prosecutor litigates the case. Where the local jurisdiction
The case gained national attention because it happened in one of (Fgv 2000) According to the information in the article,
the city's fashionable neighborhoods, a 34-square-block area Georgetown:
northwest of downtown Washington known for bars, restaurants,
boutiques and narrow residential streets of expensive town a) has lately been experiencing an increase in violent crime.
houses. Georgetown is home to members of Congress, Secretary b) is the site of many important political institutions.
of State Madeleine K. Albright and other major political figures, c) is normally a safe place to live.
as well as Georgetown University, but not to a great deal of crime d) is a rich neighborhood in an essentially poor city.
or violence. Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the e) was the scene of only one murder in 1997.
Exercício 165
The cost of closed schools
penalty review panel at the Justice Department concurred.
Kenneth L. Wainstein, assistant United States attorney, in a 35-
conduct," including armed robberies dating to 1989 and
was in 1972.
overwhelmingly in the 1992 election to reject a provision that Three-quarters of the world’s children live in countries where
would have reinstated the death sentence. classrooms are closed. As lockdowns ease, schools should be
City officials, many of whom are opposed to the decision to make among the first places to reopen. Children seem to be less likely
this a capital case, criticized Ms. Reno for ignoring the views of than adults to catch covid-19. And the costs of closure are
the city's residents and urged that the city be allowed to handle staggering: in the lost productivity of home schooling parents;
the situation with some autonomy. If Mr. Cooper were prosecuted and, far more important, in the damage done to children by lost
under local jurisdiction, the maximum sentence he could receive learning. The costs fall most heavily on the youngest, who among
would be life in prison without the possibility of parole. other things miss out on picking up social and emotional skills;
Eleanor Holmes Norton, the city's delegate to Congress, wrote to and on the less well-off, who are less likely to attend online
Ms. Lewis: "The Cooper case is essentially a local homicide lessons and who may be missing meals as well as classes. West
African children whose schools were closed during the Ebola d) pais e educadores passarem a desconsiderar dados sobre o
epidemic in 2014 are still paying the price. coeficiente de inteligência de seus filhos ou alunos.
(www.economist.com, 01.05.2020. Adapted.) Exercício 167

New riot-control technology
THE SOUND AND THE FURY
Quelling unrest is a lucrative trade
(Unesp 2021) No trecho “As lockdowns ease, schools should be
among the first places to reopen”, o termo sublinhado indica
a) tempo.
b) comparação.
c) acréscimo.
d) decorrência.
e) condição.
Exercício 166
(Unicamp 2019) Genetic Fortune-Telling
MOBS are bad for businesses – unless you are selling riot-control
gear, that is. Even before this week’s riots in Britain governments
were bracing themselves against protests stoked by the economic
downturn. Firms such as Israel’s Hagor Industries are doing a
roaring trade in antiriot shields, batons and helmets. David
Frenkel, the firm’s production manager, says demand is growing
from police and military services in Europe, South America and
One day, babies will get DNA report cards at birth. These reports Africa, bolstered by “war, unrest and natural disasters”.
will offer predictions about their chances of suffering a heart Ochlocracy – mob rule – was a term coined in ancient times, when
attack or cancer, of getting hooked on tobacco, and of being grain prices or a celebrity murder could spark a riot. The Roman
smarter than average. emperors’ Praetorian Guard used cavalry and swords against
Though the new DNA tests offer probabilities, not diagnoses, stone-throwers. Their latter-day counterparts (human and
they could greatly benefit medicine. For example, if women at equine) are better protected, with goggles, shields and other kit
high risk for breast cancer got more mammograms and those at made of lightweight, flameresistant, unshatterable and stab-
low risk got fewer, those exams might catch more real cancers proof materials.
and set off fewer false alarms. The trouble is, the predictions are
far from perfect. What if someone with a low risk score for cancer They also have more ways of disrupting the rioters. Police in India
puts off being screened, and then develops cancer anyway? spray unruly crowds with coloured water: stained and sodden
Polygenic scores are also controversial because they can predict agitators are easier to identify. America’s forces have developed
any trait, not only diseases. For instance, they can now forecast (but not used) a “heat ray” designed to clear crowds by painfully
about 10 percent of a person’s performance on IQ tests. But how zapping the skin. The unfamiliar tones of classical music can
will parents and educators use that information? disperse loiterers, while big sound-blasters, known as “long-
range acoustic devices” (LRADS), have been deployed against
(Adaptado de Derek Brahney, Genetic Fortune-Telling. MIT protesters in some American states. At a cost of up to $30,000
Technology Review, Março/Abril 2018) they can emit sound at 150-plus decibels (like a roaring jet
engine at close range). Israel has a fancier version known as the
“Scream” that affects the inner ear and induces nausea. When
De acordo com o texto, um dos riscos do prognóstico genético ochlophonics fail, authorities there have been known to douse
dos indivíduos desde o nascimento seria o de Palestinian protesters with “skunk bombs” of smelly liquid.
Eyes are as vulnerable as ears and noses. A firm called Intelligent

a) empresas usarem as informações para não contratar pessoas
Optical Systems, based in California, is developing, with
que teriam predisposição a certas doenças ou vícios.
government backing, a strobe torch that makes targets dizzy and
disoriented (at least within a range of 15 metres). Laser
b) algumas mulheres descuidarem da prevenção de problemas de
Energetics, in New Jersey, sells “Dazer Lasers” that emit a green
saúde para os quais pareciam não estar predispostas.
beam capable of dazzling people up to 2.4 km away.
c) governos usarem as informações genéticas para negar a certos

(Aug 13th 2011 | www.economist.com)
cidadãos o acesso a serviços de saúde pública.
(Espm 2012) Another way of saying: “MOBS are bad for be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships
businesses – unless you are selling riot-control gear” would be since at least 1985. The study’s results state that twenty-five
a) Unless you are selling riot-control gear, mobs are not bad for percent of 4Americans have no close confidants, and the average
business. total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to
b) If you are selling riot-control gear, mobs are not bad for two. According to the study, 5Americans' dependence on family
business. as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty
c) Unless you are not selling riot-control gear, mobs are bad for percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up
business. from five percent to nine percent.
d) If you are not selling riot-control gear, mobs are not bad for Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships,
business. especially in quality, and psychological and physiological
e) Provided you are not selling riot-control gear, mobs are not bad regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the
for business. individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before
the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the
Exercício 168 intervening period between the end of early childhood and the
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important
FRIENDSHIP relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often
more intense than relationships experienced later in life.
Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more. 6Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people.
There are also those people who are just friends and also arch- Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from
enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends young children to full grown adults. A study performed by
it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-
they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a education friendships, college and university last longer than the
friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and
or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. 7Socially
different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social
one another.
world is so difficult to thrive in. 8This does not mean that they are
Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two
not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and
friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, 1friendship is proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing
considered to be closer than association, although a wide range their own strengths and weaknesses.
of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and 9There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link,
associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as
including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more
spanning across the same continuum. 2The study of friendship is
healthy lifestyles; 10Good friends encourage their friends to seek
included in the fields of sociology, social psychology,
help and access services, when needed; 11Good friends enhance
anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have
familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been their friend’s 12coping skills in dealing with illness and other
proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological
pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we
theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. 3In Russia,
think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends,
one typically bestows very few people the status of “friend”.
best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they
These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack
in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first are clearly more different. 13Nonetheless we all have every single
names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of type in our lives.
polite behavior is addressing "acquaintances" by full first name
plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which (Adapted from:
elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship-
workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay. php)
whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with.
Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while
less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable (Epcar (Afa) 2016) Select the option that shows the sentence
in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their “good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access
first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that services” (reference 10) in the indirect speech form.
friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. a) The text told good friends encourage their friends to seek help
Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still and access services.
respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. b) The text said us that good friends encourage their friends to
Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and seek help and access services.
even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a c) The text told that good friends encourage their friends to seek
decline in genuine friendships. help and access services.
According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the d) The text said that good friends encouraged their friends to
Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to seek help and access services.
Exercício 169 took in more money per square foot than any other United States
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: retailer — wireless or otherwise — and almost double that of
"Scientists have been talking about producing better foods Tiffany, which was No. 2 on the list.
___(I)___ genetic engineering ever since the technology first Worldwide, its stores sold $16 billion in merchandise.
became available more than 20 years ago. Now, after decades of But most of Apple’s employees enjoyed little of that wealth.
biotech setbacks and controversy, American consumers finally While consumers tend to think of Apple’s headquarters as the
have something they can sink their teeth into. The US Food and company’s heart and soul, a majority of its workers in the United
Drug Administration (FDA) last week endorsed as safe the first States are not engineers or executives with hefty salaries and
genetically altered food to be sold to consumers - a tomato called bonuses but rather hourly wage earners selling iPhones and
the Flavr Savr and billed as offering 'summer taste' all year long. MacBooks.
The biotech industry immediately hailed the government decision About 30,000 of the 43,000 Apple employees in this country
as the breakthrough it had been waiting for. 'This is a real shot in work in Apple Stores, as members of the service economy, and
the arm', says Roger Salquist, Calgene's chief executive officer. 'It many of them earn about $25,000 a year. They work inside the
validates the company's science.' world’s fastest growing industry, for the most valuable company,
But the new tomato is also a fat target for critics of run by one of the country’s most richly compensated chief
biotechnology. (...) 'The middle class is moving in the direction of executives, Tim Cook. Last year, he received stock grants, which
organic, healthy foods.', says Rifkin, 'The last thing they want to vest over a 10-year period, that at today’s share price would be
hear about is gene-spliced tomatoes.'" worth more than $570 million.
(Adapted from TIME, May 30, 1994) And though Apple is unparalleled as a retailer, when it comes to
its lowliest workers, the company is a reflection of the technology
industry as a whole.
(Ita 1995) O que Roger Salquist quis dizer com a frase "This is a The Internet and advances in computing have created untold
real shot in the arm"? millionaires, but most of the jobs created by technology giants are
service sector representatives, repairmen and delivery drivers —
a) que a comercialização de um tomate produzido através da
that offer little of Silicon Valley’s riches or glamour.
utilização da engenharia genética é um tiro no escuro.
Much of the debate about American unemployment has focused
b) que a produção de Flavr Savr pode trazer riscos à industria da
percent of the American work force is in manufacturing, according
biotecnologia.
c) que a comercialização do Flavr Savr pode representar um
grande impulso à industria genética.
of the economy.
d) que a produção de Flavr Savr compromete a utilização da
tecnologia aplicada à indústria alimentícia.
e) que a produção de Flavr Savr pode provocar alterações
genéticas no corpo humano.
store is doing really well.’ But when you look at the amount of
money the company is making and then you look at your (Ibmecrj 2013) All the following sentences extracted from the
paycheck, it’s kind of tough.” text are used to point out Apple’s flaws, EXPEPT:
America’s love affair with the smartphone has helped create tens a) “But when you look at the amount of money the company is
of thousands of jobs at places like Best Buy and Verizon Wireless making and then you look at your paycheck, it’s kind of tough.”
and will this year pump billions into the economy. Within this b) “Last year, the company’s 327 global stores took in more
world, the Apple Store is the undisputed king, a retail money per square foot than any other United States retailer…”
phenomenon renowned for impeccable design, deft service and c) “…most of Apple’s employees enjoyed little of that wealth…”
spectacular revenues. Last year, the company’s 327 global stores
d) “…but rather hourly wage earners selling iPhones and regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the
MacBooks.” individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before
e) “…that offer little of Silicon Valley’s riches or glamour.” the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the
intervening period between the end of early childhood and the
Exercício 171 onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often
FRIENDSHIP more intense than relationships experienced later in life.
6Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people.
Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more.
Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from
There are also those people who are just friends and also arch-
young children to full grown adults. A study performed by
enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends
researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-
it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though
education friendships, college and university last longer than the
they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a
friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and
friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends
autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. 7Socially
or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these
crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social
different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from
one another. world is so difficult to thrive in. 8This does not mean that they are
Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and
proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing
friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, 1friendship is
their own strengths and weaknesses.
considered to be closer than association, although a wide range
9There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link,
of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and
associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more
spanning across the same continuum. 2The study of friendship is healthy lifestyles; 10Good friends encourage their friends to seek
included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, help and access services, when needed; 11Good friends enhance
anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have their friend’s 12coping skills in dealing with illness and other
familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological
proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we
theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. 3In Russia, think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends,
one typically bestows very few people the status of “friend”. best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they
These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack are clearly more different. 13Nonetheless we all have every single
in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first type in our lives.
names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of
polite behavior is addressing "acquaintances" by full first name (Adapted from:
plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship-
elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay. php)
workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with
whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with.
Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while (Epcar (Afa) 2016) Select the best option to complete the active
less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable form of the sentence: “The study of friendship is included in the
in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy,
first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that and zoology” (reference 2).
friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. The fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology,
Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still philosophy, and zoology __________ the study of friendship.
respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. a) Include
Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and b) have included
even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a c) are including
decline in genuine friendships. d) have been including
According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the
Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to Exercício 172
be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships Triple killing in Coffee Shop Stirs Death Penalty Debate
since at least 1985. The study’s results state that twenty-five
percent of 4Americans have no close confidants, and the average By JOHN FILES
total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to
two. According to the study, 5Americans' dependence on family WASHINGTON, Feb. 19 - Federal prosecutors are pressing for
as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty the death penalty against a man charged with murdering three
percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up employees at a Starbucks coffee shop here in July 1997, clearing
from five percent to nine percent. the way for the city's first death penalty case in nearly 30 years.
Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships, In an outline issued this week, the prosecutors said they wanted
especially in quality, and psychological and physiological to press a capital charge because the defendant has a history of
The case gained national attention because it happened in one of (Fgv 2000) You can infer, from the information in Paragraph 11,
the city's fashionable neighborhoods, a 34-square-block area that Eleanor Holmes Norton thinks that the federal prosecutors in
northwest of downtown Washington known for bars, restaurants, the Starbucks coffee-shop murders case
a) are wrong in seeking the death penalty.
houses. Georgetown is home to members of Congress, Secretary
b) have no respect for poor people.
c) should work in partnership with local Washington prosecutors
as well as Georgetown University, but not to a great deal of crime
instead of acting alone.
or violence. Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the
d) are seeking the death penalty because they are ignorant of
local law.
e) would not seek the death penalty if the victims of the crime
penalty review panel at the Justice Department concurred.
had been poor.
Kenneth L. Wainstein, assistant United States attorney, in a 35-
page document, cited Mr. Cooper's "continuing pattern of criminal Exercício 173
conduct," including armed robberies dating to 1989 and How can consumers find out if a corporation is “greenwashing”
possession of firearms and drugs dating to 1988; laundering of environmentally unsavory practices?
was in 1972.
overwhelmingly in the 1992 election to reject a provision that In essence, greenwashing involves falsely conveying to
would have reinstated the death sentence. consumers that a given product, service, company or institution
City officials, many of whom are opposed to the decision to make factors environmental responsibility into its offerings and/or
this a capital case, criticized Ms. Reno for ignoring the views of operations. CorpWatch, a non-profit organization dedicated to
the city's residents and urged that the city be allowed to handle keeping tabs on the social responsibility (or lack thereof) of U.S.-
the situation with some autonomy. If Mr. Cooper were prosecuted based companies, characterizes greenwashing as “the
under local jurisdiction, the maximum sentence he could receive phenomena of socially and environmentally destructive
would be life in prison without the possibility of parole. corporations, attempting to preserve and expand their markets or
Eleanor Holmes Norton, the city's delegate to Congress, wrote to power by posing as friends of the environment.”
Ms. Lewis: "The Cooper case is essentially a local homicide One of the groups leading the charge against greenwashing is
matter with federal charges tacked on. If the District had a local Greenpeace. “Corporations are falling all over themselves,”
prosecutor, she could not ask for the death penalty. The reports the group, “to demonstrate that they are environmentally
application of the harshest and most controversial penalty in our conscious. The average citizen is finding it more and more difficult
law should not depend on whether the U. S. attorney or a locally to tell the difference between those companies genuinely
chosen prosecutor litigates the case. Where the local jurisdiction dedicated to making a difference and those that are using a green
of taxpaying citizens is deprived of a local prosecutor, the U.S. curtain to conceal dark motives.”
attorney has a special obligation to respect local law." Greenpeace launched its Stop Greenwash campaign in 2009 to
Ms. Norton said in an interview that "serious equal protection call out bad actors and help consumers make better choices. The
questions are raised" when a high-profile case is chosen for the most common greenwashing strategy, the group says, is when a
death penalty. She said it is disturbing that, with about 300 company touts an environmental program or product while its
homicides in the city in a year, most of them in poor core business is inherently polluting or unsustainable.
neighborhoods, federal officials chose to elevate a case from the Another involves what Greenpeace calls “ad bluster”: using
"most glamorous part of Washington". targeted advertising or public relations to exaggerate a green
Mayor Anthony A. Williams said he agreed with the attorney achievement so as to divert attention from actual environmental
general on "the need for harsh penalties, including life in prison problems – or spending more money bragging about green
without parole." But, he added, "I do not support the death behavior than on actual deeds. In some cases, companies may
penalty."
boast about corporate green commitments while lobbying behind expand by only 3.3% this year. Second, the bank argues that
the scenes against environmental laws. inflation was boosted by one-off factors, such as big rises in
Greenpeace also urges vigilance about green claims that brag municipal bus fares and a shortage of ethanol. In the minutes of
about something the law already requires: “For example, if an its August meeting, the bank’s monetary-policy committee stated
industry or company has been forced to change a product, clean that the deteriorating outlook for the world economy and falling
up its pollution or protect an endangered species, then uses commodity prices would put downward pressure on prices in
Public Relations campaigns to make such action look proactive or Brazil, allowing inflation to reach the 4.5% target in the course of
voluntary.” next year.
For consumers, the best way to avoid getting “greenwashed” is to There are indeed signs that inflation is starting to fall. But the
be educated about who is truly green and who is just trying to government’s critics argue that by starting to cut so early and so
look that way to make more money. Look beyond advertising aggressively, while inflation is still almost three points above the
claims, read ingredient lists or ask employees about the real target, the bank has damaged its hard-won credibility. As a
information on their company’s environmental commitment. Also, result, inflation expectations for the years ahead are rising. The
look for labels that show if a given offering has been inspected by minimum wage is due to rise by 14% or so in January and
a reliable third-party. For example, the U.S. Department of unemployment remains low. The biggest problem is that some
Agriculture’s Certified Organic label can only go on products that prices and wages are indexed to last year’s inflation, a hangover
meet the federal government’s organic standard. Just because a from the past.
label says “made with organic ingredients” or “all-natural” does The bank may yet be vindicated by outside events and turn out to
not mean the product qualifies as Certified Organic, so be sure to have provided Brazil with a soft landing. As inflation falls,
look beyond the hype. expectations will quickly follow, says Nelson Barbosa, the deputy
finance minister. Certainly lower interest rates would help the
(www.scientificamerican.com. Adaptado.) country. Among the reasons why they are so high—including
(Unesp 2014) O objetivo do texto é In a vicious circle, high rates depress investment, add to the
a) denunciar as empresas que não utilizam matérias-primas
naturais.
b) esclarecer os leitores sobre o que é e como ocorre o
greenwashing.
c) defender as organizações Greenpeace e CorpWatch de ataques
à sua idoneidade.
d) promover campanhas de educação ambiental e de consumo
sustentável.
e) criar o hábito de consumo de alimentos orgânicos e
the bank will hike rates again, he says. Some other central banks,
verdadeiramente naturais.
including America’s Federal Reserve, have a mandate to pursue
Exercício 174 both growth and low inflation. But when it comes to inflation,
Blurring the mandate Brazil is a recovering alcoholic. It needs its Central Bank to keep it
Is the Central Bank targeting growth? on the straight and narrow.
Oct 29th 2011, Brasília www.economist.com/node/21534796. Adaptado.

For much of the last century inflation was as prominent a feature
of Brazilian life as football. It was finally tamed, first by the Real (Fgv 2012) Segundo os dois parágrafos iniciais do texto,
Plan of 1994 involving a new currency and fiscal measures, and a) o Brasil conviveu com o problema da inflação ao longo de
then from 1999 by requiring the Central Bank, which was granted quase todo o século XX.
operational independence, to set interest rates to meet an b) as medidas fiscais implantadas pelo Plano Real acabaram
inflation target. Since 2005 that target has been 4.5%, plus or sendo bastante modestas.
minus two percentage points. So the Central Bank surprised c) o governo de Dilma Rousseff estabeleceu a meta inflacionária
everyone in August when it cut its benchmark rate by half a point de 4,5%, aceitando pequenas variações.
(to 12%) even though inflation was then at 6.9%. On October d) as perspectivas da economia mundial estão sendo analisadas
19th, the bank did the same again. So is the government of pelo COPOM desde agosto passado, a pedido do governo de
President Dilma Rousseff, in office since January, giving priority to Dilma Rousseff.
other goals, such as sustaining growth and preventing the e) há um consenso de que o PIB de 2011 não aumentará mais de
overvaluation of the currency, rather than keeping inflation low? 3,3% neste ano devido ao aumento da inflação.
No, say officials, who cite two sets of reasons for the rate cuts. Exercício 175
First, having overheated last year, the economy stalled in the Blurring the mandate
third quarter, partly as a result of earlier interest-rate rises and Is the Central Bank targeting growth?
modest fiscal tightening. The consensus forecast is for GDP to
of Brazilian life as football. It was finally tamed, first by the Real (Fgv 2012) A comparação indicada pelo fragmento do terceiro
Plan of 1994 involving a new currency and fiscal measures, and parágrafo – and wages are indexed to last year’s inflation, a
then from 1999 by requiring the Central Bank, which was granted hangover from the past – está relacionada à comparação utilizada
operational independence, to set interest rates to meet an em
inflation target. Since 2005 that target has been 4.5%, plus or
a) For much of the last century inflation was as prominent a
minus two percentage points. So the Central Bank surprised
feature of Brazilian life as football.
everyone in August when it cut its benchmark rate by half a point
b) On October 19th, the bank did the same again.
(to 12%) even though inflation was then at 6.9%. On October
c) But when it comes to inflation, Brazil is a recovering alcoholic.
19th, the bank did the same again. So is the government of
d) In a vicious circle, high rates depress investment...
President Dilma Rousseff, in office since January, giving priority to
e) “We are in a bad equilibrium,” says Mr Barbosa.
overvaluation of the currency, rather than keeping inflation low? Exercício 176
And has the Central Bank lost its independence? Blurring the mandate
No, say officials, who cite two sets of reasons for the rate cuts. Is the Central Bank targeting growth?
First, having overheated last year, the economy stalled in the
third quarter, partly as a result of earlier interest-rate rises and Oct 29th 2011, Brasília
modest fiscal tightening. The consensus forecast is for GDP to For much of the last century inflation was as prominent a feature
expand by only 3.3% this year. Second, the bank argues that of Brazilian life as football. It was finally tamed, first by the Real
inflation was boosted by one-off factors, such as big rises in Plan of 1994 involving a new currency and fiscal measures, and
municipal bus fares and a shortage of ethanol. In the minutes of then from 1999 by requiring the Central Bank, which was granted
its August meeting, the bank’s monetary-policy committee stated operational independence, to set interest rates to meet an
that the deteriorating outlook for the world economy and falling inflation target. Since 2005 that target has been 4.5%, plus or
commodity prices would put downward pressure on prices in minus two percentage points. So the Central Bank surprised
Brazil, allowing inflation to reach the 4.5% target in the course of everyone in August when it cut its benchmark rate by half a point
next year. (to 12%) even though inflation was then at 6.9%. On October
There are indeed signs that inflation is starting to fall. But the 19th, the bank did the same again. So is the government of
government’s critics argue that by starting to cut so early and so President Dilma Rousseff, in office since January, giving priority to
aggressively, while inflation is still almost three points above the other goals, such as sustaining growth and preventing the
target, the bank has damaged its hard-won credibility. As a overvaluation of the currency, rather than keeping inflation low?
result, inflation expectations for the years ahead are rising. The And has the Central Bank lost its independence?
minimum wage is due to rise by 14% or so in January and No, say officials, who cite two sets of reasons for the rate cuts.
unemployment remains low. The biggest problem is that some First, having overheated last year, the economy stalled in the
prices and wages are indexed to last year’s inflation, a hangover third quarter, partly as a result of earlier interest-rate rises and
from the past. modest fiscal tightening. The consensus forecast is for GDP to
The bank may yet be vindicated by outside events and turn out to expand by only 3.3% this year. Second, the bank argues that
have provided Brazil with a soft landing. As inflation falls, inflation was boosted by one-off factors, such as big rises in
expectations will quickly follow, says Nelson Barbosa, the deputy municipal bus fares and a shortage of ethanol. In the minutes of
finance minister. Certainly lower interest rates would help the its August meeting, the bank’s monetary-policy committee stated
country. Among the reasons why they are so high—including that the deteriorating outlook for the world economy and falling
government borrowing, taxes on credit, and lack of competition in commodity prices would put downward pressure on prices in
banking—the most powerful may be sheer inertia. Brazil, allowing inflation to reach the 4.5% target in the course of
In a vicious circle, high rates depress investment, add to the next year.
government’s borrowing costs (which total some 5% of GDP) and There are indeed signs that inflation is starting to fall. But the
thus its fiscal deficit (of over 2% of GDP). They also attract hot government’s critics argue that by starting to cut so early and so
money from abroad, which has helped to make the real aggressively, while inflation is still almost three points above the
uncomfortably strong, hurting exporters. “We are in a bad target, the bank has damaged its hard-won credibility. As a
equilibrium,” says Mr Barbosa. “We can live with this exchange result, inflation expectations for the years ahead are rising. The
rate with a lower interest rate, but not with this interest rate. One minimum wage is due to rise by 14% or so in January and
of them has to go.” unemployment remains low. The biggest problem is that some
The government wants the real interest rate to fall to 2%-3%, prices and wages are indexed to last year’s inflation, a hangover
but Mr Barbosa insists this is not a formal target. If inflation rises, from the past.
the bank will hike rates again, he says. Some other central banks, The bank may yet be vindicated by outside events and turn out to
including America’s Federal Reserve, have a mandate to pursue have provided Brazil with a soft landing. As inflation falls,
both growth and low inflation. But when it comes to inflation, expectations will quickly follow, says Nelson Barbosa, the deputy
Brazil is a recovering alcoholic. It needs its Central Bank to keep it finance minister. Certainly lower interest rates would help the
on the straight and narrow. country. Among the reasons why they are so high—including
government borrowing, taxes on credit, and lack of competition in Em seu comentário, a leitora Anna B. discorda do autor do texto
banking—the most powerful may be sheer inertia. quanto à
a) gravidade de burnout nas condições atuais.
b) existência de burnout em gerações passadas.
c) influência da economia no avanço de burnout.
d) prevalência de burnout no ambiente de trabalho.
equilibrium,” says Mr Barbosa. “We can live with this exchange Exercício 178
rate with a lower interest rate, but not with this interest rate. One SOME OF THE INTERNET'S CRAZIEST CONSPIRACY
of them has to go.” THEORIES
but Mr Barbosa insists this is not a formal target. If inflation rises, Michael Jackson Is Still Alive
the bank will hike rates again, he says. Some other central banks, 1The advent of the internet hasn't just 2cooked up new
including America’s Federal Reserve, have a mandate to pursue conspiracy theories, it's also accelerated existing ones. If you
both growth and low inflation. But when it comes to inflation, refuse to believe that it was the Iranians that killed him, perhaps
Brazil is a recovering alcoholic. It needs its Central Bank to keep it you'll be convinced that MJ is actually still alive. Proof? 3His own
on the straight and narrow. daughter Paris Jackson took a photo of him. Seriously. What do
you mean you don't see him? 4He's right there in the back seat,
www.economist.com/node/21534796. Adaptado. 5stacked under that pile of clothes wearing his iconic hat. Believe,
man. Thriller Vol.2 to drop next year.

(Fgv 2012) Na frase do quinto parágrafo – One of them has to
go. – a palavra them refere-se a
The Moon Doesn't Exist
a) empréstimos públicos e impostos sobre o crédito. It's no good looking at it, night after night. The moon doesn't
b) queda da inflação e do desemprego. exist. It's a hologram, put there by persons unknown. Of course,
c) indexação de salários e de preços. serial conspiracy theorist David Icke has a theory. There are also
d) taxa de câmbio e taxa de juros atuais. countless YouTubers keeping an eye out, one of whom has gone
e) alta do Real e prejuízo dos exportadores. as far as "looking at it regularly for a year".
Jay Z Is A Time-Travelling Vampire
Exercício 177
There are vast regions of the internet devoted to explaining why
(Unicamp 2021) Apresenta-se, a seguir, um artigo de opinião,
Jay Z is part of the Illuminati. 6Hence when this photo, which was
seguido da resposta de uma leitora.
taken in New York in 1939, appeared last year, he was accused of
being a time-traveller. And a vampire. This video lists other old-
IS BURNOUT REAL?
time celebrity 7lookalikes, as well as suggesting that 8Hollywood
Last week, the World Health Organization upgraded burnout stars don't age because they're the immortal bloodsucking
from a “state” of exhaustion to “a syndrome” resulting from undead. Not because they're 9stuffed with botox, then?
“chronic workplace stress” in its International Disease
Classification. That is such a broad definition that it could well The Earth Is Hollow
10Don't give up, readers. We're halfway through this list. We can
apply to most people at some point in their working lives. When
a disorder is reportedly so widespread, it makes me wonder make it to the end. 11Dig deep. Well, not 12too deep. You see, the
whether we are at risk of medicalizing everyday distress. If almost Earth is 13hollow and accessible via portals at the north and
everyone suffers from burnout, then no one does, and the concept south poles. Luckily though, it's quite habitable down there,
loses all credibility. providing excellent living 14quarters for the lost Viking colonies
By Richard A. Friedman of Greenland and the Nazis, while "aliens" are in fact just visitors
from the subterranean areas.
I'm sure the author's generation also experienced workplace
stress. However, his generation also experienced real economic Siri Can Predict The Apocalypse
stability and socioeconomic gains. There was a light at the end of Amazing as it may seem, given that 15it can't do anything else
the tunnel. Currently, we are working tirelessly towards what you actually ask it to do, Siri can predict the apocalypse. When
ends? There doesn't seem to be a light at the end of the tunnel. asked "What day is 27th July 2014?", Apple's assistant replied,
The burnout is psychological and existential as much as it is
"The opening of the gate of Hades", 16aka The End Of The
physical.
World. That date has now passed without 17issue. Say what you
Anna B. – New York, June 4, 2019
like about the maligned MS Office paperclip, but at least he didn't
18scaremonger that the end was near.
(Adaptado de
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/03/opinion/burnout-
19We All Live In The Matrix And Billionaires Want To Break Us
stress.html. Acessado em 16/09/2020)
Out Of It
The New Yorker’s Tad Friend claims that many people in Silicon negative impacts which include starvation, malnutrition,
Valley are obsessed with the idea that we're all living in a Matrix- increased mortality and political 1unrest. There is need to
like simulation, and some are taking that obsession a stage collectively address the issue of food insecurity using both
20further: “Two tech billionaires have gone so far as to secretly emergency and long term measures.
engage scientists to work on breaking us out of the simulation.”
Here's hoping Mark Zuckerberg is 'The One', yeah? Causes of food shortages
There are a number of social factors causing food shortages. The
Hitler Is Still Alive rate of population increase is higher than increase in food
"21Hitler is still alive" rumours have circulated since the 1970s, production. The world is consuming more than it is producing,
fuelled by the fact that his crony Josef Mengele hid in South leading to decline in food stock and storage level and increased
America. Stories like this one, however, speculate the 125-year- food prices due to 2soaring demand. Increased population has led
old Hitler has been responsible for various world disasters, to clearing of agricultural land for human settlement reducing
including 9/11 and the 2010 Gulf oil spill, which happened on his agricultural production (Kamdor, 2007). 3Overcrowding of
birthday. Other theories say he died in 1984 in Brazil, aged 94. Or population in a given place results in urbanization of previously
in Argentina, aged 73. rich agricultural fields. Destruction of forests for human
settlement, particularly tropical rain forest has led to climatic
Adapted from http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/20-of-the- changes, such as prolonged droughts and desertification.
internets-craziestconspiracy-theories/. Population increase means more pollution as people use more
Acesso em: 14 de fev 2017. fuel in cars, industry, domestic cooking. The resultant effect is
increased air and water pollution which affect the climate and
food production.
Glossary Environmental factors have greatly contributed to food shortage.
2. cook up – to invent a story, a plan, etc. Climatic change has reduced agricultural production. 4The
5. stacked – covered with things change in climate is majorly caused by human activities and to
6. hence – the reason, the explanation for some small extent natural activities. Increased combustion of
7. lookalikes – similar in appearance fossil fuels due to increasing population through power plant,
9. stuffed – filled with something motor transport and mining of coal and oil emits green house
11. dig – to make a hole in the ground gases which have continued to affect world climate.
13. hollow – a hole or empty space 5Deforestation of tropical forest due to human pressure has
14. quarter – a place to live changed climatic patterns and rainfall seasons, and led to
16. aka – abbreviation for also known as
desertification which cannot support a crop production. 6Land
17. issue – problem
degradation due to increased human activities has impacted
18. scaremonger – a person that creates stories that cause public
negatively on agricultural production (Kamdor, 2007). Natural
fear
disasters such as floods, tropical storms and prolonged droughts
are on the increase and have devastating impacts on food security
particularly in developing countries. There are several economic
(G1 - epcar (Cpcar) 2018) Complete the fragment below with the
factors that contribute to food shortage. Economic factors affect
grammatically correct verb tense.
the ability of farmers to engage in agricultural production.
7Poverty situation in developing nations have reduced their
According to paragraph four, if the earth is hollow, you
capacity to produce food, as most farmers cannot afford seed and
__________ it via portals at the north and south poles.
fertilizers. They use poor farming methods that cannot 8yield
a) accessed enough, even substantial use. Investments in agricultural
b) have entered research and developing are very low in developing nations.
c) will reach 9Recent global financial crisis have led to increase in food prices
d) stays and reduced investments in agriculture by individuals and
Exercício 179 governments in developed nations resulting in reduced food
FOOD SHORTAGE CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS production.
Food shortage is a serious problem facing the world and is Effects of food shortage
prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The scarcity of food is caused by There are a number of short term effects of food shortage. The
economic, environmental and social factors such as crop failure, impact on children, mothers and elderly are very evident as seen
overpopulation and poor government policies are the main cause in malnutrition and hunger related deaths. Children succumb to
of food scarcity in most countries. Environmental factors hunger within short period as they cannot stand long period of
determine the kind of crops to be produced in a given place, starvation and they die even before the arrival of emergency
economic factors determine the buying and production capacity assistance.
and socio-political factors determine distribution of food to the There are also long term effects of food shortage. These include
masses. Food shortage has far reaching long and short term increase in the price of food as a result demand and supply forces.
Increasing cost of food production due to the increase in fuel
prices coupled with persistent drought in grain producing regions
has contributed to the increase in the price of food in the world. It’s a hunt. It’s therapy. It’s a way of life. But has it gotten out of
Increase in oil price led to increase in the price of fertilizers, control?
transportation of food and also industrial agriculture. Increasing
food prices culminated in political instability and social unrest in AIMEE LEE BALL investigates why we spend the way we do.
several nations across the globe in 2007, in countries of Mexico,
Cameroon, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Pakistan, Egypt and Bangladesh Alas, our romance with shopping seems to be coming to an end –
among other nations (Kamdor, 2007). or at least it’s up for careful reevaluation. According to research
from Stanford University, more than one in 20 adults are
Solution to problem of food shortage compulsive shoppers, purchasing things they don’t need, use, or
There are some solutions to the problem of food shortage. There even want. That’s because shopping, once devoted to procuring
is need to reduce production of carbon emissions and pollution to necessities, has come to fill multiple emotional needs – it’s
reduce the resultant climatic change through concerted and entertainment, a bonding activity, a sport, a form of self-
individual efforts. There is need to invest in clean energy such as expression, and, quite often, a means of solace. “These days what
solar, nuclear, and geothermal power in homes and industries, you buy is a way to connect to others and showcase your
because 10they don’t have adverse effects on the environment personality and values”, says Kit Yarrow, PhD, professor of
(Kamdor, 2007). Rich nations should help poor nations to develop psychology and marketing at Golden Gate University in San
and use clean and renewable energy in order to stabilize green Francisco. So what happens now when more than five million
house emissions into the atmosphere (Watson, nd). Government people have lost their jobs since December 2007, and many of us
need to work in consultation with climatic bodies, World Bank are trying to curb our enthusiasm? Ironically, “when people feel
and the UN to engage in projects aimed at promoting green economically insecure, they tend to reassure themselves by
environment. shopping,” says George Loewenstein, PhD, professor of
economics and psychology at Carnegie Mellon University in
Conclusion Pittsburgh. The thinking is: If I were economically secure, I would
Causes of food shortage are well known and can be solved if go shopping, so if I’m shopping, I must be economically secure.
appropriate measures to solve the problem are taken and And that’s just one thing to be aware of as you head for the mall.
effectively implemented. Environmental causes of food shortages Here are a few others.
are changes in climatic and pollution due to human activities such
11overgrazing and deforestation which can be controlled through The Oprah Magazine, July 2009, page 96
legislation.
(Ufal 2010) Researchers contend that
Adapted from http://www.paypervids.com/food-shortage- a) shopping brings no personal satisfaction.
causeseffects-solutions/. b) most adults are compulsive shoppers.
Acesso em: 14 fev 2017. c) shopping helps people socialize with others.
d) due to the recession, shoppers have quit buying.
e) what you buy cannot reflect your personality.
Glossary:
Exercício 181
1. unrest – disagreement or fighting between different groups of (Ueg 2012) Leia o texto abaixo.
people
2. soaring – something that increases rapidly above the usual
level
8. yield – to supply or produce something such as profit or an
amount or food
11. overgrazing – excessive use of land where animals feed on
grass
(Epcar (Afa) 2018) Some environmental factors that have

contributed to food shortage are:
a) land degradation, deforestation and fuel prices.

b) climatic change, combustion of fossil fuels and floods.
c) agriculture, fertilizers and cost of food production.
d) droughts, tropical storms and reduced investments in
agriculture.
Exercício 180 Conforme o conteúdo do texto, letramento digital pressupõe a

Your Brain on Shopping habilidade de
a) apply technological tools to express ideas and discuss different online quite often – they may be a more confident or more
points of view. argumentative version of their real selves – but what’s the
alternative? Is meeting people at work so much better than
b) interpret correctly the content of hypertexts and be able to making friends in a virtual world? Perhaps, but for some a
reproduce their ideas. professional distance between their “work” selves and their
“social” selves is necessary, especially, if they tend to let their
c) select information and exchange messages through the use of guard down and might say or do something they will later regret.
digital sources. Those people disapproving of online friendships argue that the
concept of “friendship” is used loosely in a world driven by
d) use multimedia with the purpose of disseminating knowledge technology, in which you might have a thousand online friends.
and beliefs. They make a distinction between “social connections” –
1acquaintances who are only one click away – and meaningful
Exercício 182
human interaction, which they say requires time and effort. They
(Uerj 2016)
note that for many Facebook “friends,” conversation is a way of
exchanging information quickly and efficiently rather than being a
social activity.
However, I’ve found that far from being the home of oddballs and
potential serial killers, the internet is full of like-minded people.
For the first time in history, we’re lucky to enough to choose
friends not by location or luck, but by those who have similar
interests and senses of humour, or passionate feelings about the
same things. The friends I’ve made online might be spread wide
geographically, but I’m closer to them than anyone I went to
school with, by millions miles. They are the best friends I have.
Obviously, there will be concerns about the dangers of online
friendship. There are always stories buzzing around such as “man
runs off with the woman he met on Second Life” or people who
meet their “soulmate” online and are never seen again. But
By establishing links between different parts of a text, one might people are people, whether online or not. As for “real” friendship
guess the meaning of an unknown word. dying out, surely, is social networking simply redefining our
Based on Calvin’s evaluation of the show he is watching, the notion of what this is in the twenty-first century? The figures –
meaning of the word tripe, in panel 8, is: half a billion Facebook users worldwide – speak for themselves.
a) fun And technology has allowed countless numbers of these people
b) trash to keep in close contact with their loved ones, however far away
c) pastime they are. Without it, many disabled or household people might go
d) program without social contact at all. Call me naive, call me a social misfit,
I don’t care. Virtual people make best real friends.
Exercício 183
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: Adapted from
Read the article below and answer the question(s) that follow. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jan/02/internet-
relationships
Virtual people, real friends
by Anna Pickard (The Guardian)
(Uemg 2015) Which alternative contains the correct conditional
The benefits of forming friendships with those we meet online to complete the gap below?
are obvious, so why is the idea still treated with such disdain?
Another week, another survey claiming to reveal great truths He would have chatted with his Facebook friends last night if he
about ourselves. This one says that people are increasingly ___________ so busy.
turning “online friends” into people they’d think worthy of calling
a) hadn’t been
real-life friends. Well, that’s stating the obvious, I would have
thought! If there’s a more perfect place for making friends, I have
b) wasn’t
yet to find it. However, when surveys like this are reported in the
media, it’s always with a slight air of “it’s a crazy, crazy world!”
c) weren’t
And whenever the subject crops up in the conversation, it’s clear
that people look down on friends like these. In fact some
d) hasn’t been
members of my family still refer to my partner of six years as my
“Internet Boyfriend.” Exercício 184
It’s the shocked reaction that surprises me as if people on the Blurring the mandate
internet were not “real” at all. Certainly, people play a character Is the Central Bank targeting growth?
of Brazilian life as football. It was finally tamed, first by the Real (Fgv 2012) O autor do artigo acredita que a principal razão por
Plan of 1994 involving a new currency and fiscal measures, and que as taxas de juros brasileiras são tão altas talvez esteja
then from 1999 by requiring the Central Bank, which was granted
a) no preço das commodities, que caiu muito recentemente.
operational independence, to set interest rates to meet an
b) na pouca autonomia do Banco Central.
inflation target. Since 2005 that target has been 4.5%, plus or
c) na imobilidade dos bancos comerciais.
minus two percentage points. So the Central Bank surprised
d) na prática da indexação dos preços e salários.
everyone in August when it cut its benchmark rate by half a point
e) na falta de iniciativa para solucionar a questão.
(to 12%) even though inflation was then at 6.9%. On October
19th, the bank did the same again. So is the government of Exercício 185
President Dilma Rousseff, in office since January, giving priority to Triple killing in Coffee Shop Stirs Death Penalty Debate
overvaluation of the currency, rather than keeping inflation low? By JOHN FILES
No, say officials, who cite two sets of reasons for the rate cuts. WASHINGTON, Feb. 19 - Federal prosecutors are pressing for
First, having overheated last year, the economy stalled in the the death penalty against a man charged with murdering three
third quarter, partly as a result of earlier interest-rate rises and employees at a Starbucks coffee shop here in July 1997, clearing
modest fiscal tightening. The consensus forecast is for GDP to the way for the city's first death penalty case in nearly 30 years.
expand by only 3.3% this year. Second, the bank argues that In an outline issued this week, the prosecutors said they wanted
inflation was boosted by one-off factors, such as big rises in to press a capital charge because the defendant has a history of
municipal bus fares and a shortage of ethanol. In the minutes of violent crime. They said he shows no remorse and poses a
its August meeting, the bank’s monetary-policy committee stated continuing threat.
that the deteriorating outlook for the world economy and falling Carl D. Cooper, 30, has been charged with the three killings in the
commodity prices would put downward pressure on prices in affluent Georgetown section of the city. The bodies of Emory
Brazil, allowing inflation to reach the 4.5% target in the course of Allen Evans, 25; Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 24; and Aaron David
next year. Goodrich, 18, were found by another Starbucks employee.
There are indeed signs that inflation is starting to fall. But the The case gained national attention because it happened in one of
government’s critics argue that by starting to cut so early and so the city's fashionable neighborhoods, a 34-square-block area
aggressively, while inflation is still almost three points above the northwest of downtown Washington known for bars, restaurants,
target, the bank has damaged its hard-won credibility. As a boutiques and narrow residential streets of expensive town
result, inflation expectations for the years ahead are rising. The houses. Georgetown is home to members of Congress, Secretary
minimum wage is due to rise by 14% or so in January and of State Madeleine K. Albright and other major political figures,
unemployment remains low. The biggest problem is that some as well as Georgetown University, but not to a great deal of crime
prices and wages are indexed to last year’s inflation, a hangover or violence. Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the
from the past. death penalty for Mr. Cooper with advice from Wilma A. Lewis,
The bank may yet be vindicated by outside events and turn out to the United States attorney for the District of Columbia. A death
have provided Brazil with a soft landing. As inflation falls, penalty review panel at the Justice Department concurred.
expectations will quickly follow, says Nelson Barbosa, the deputy Kenneth L. Wainstein, assistant United States attorney, in a 35-
finance minister. Certainly lower interest rates would help the page document, cited Mr. Cooper's "continuing pattern of criminal
country. Among the reasons why they are so high—including conduct," including armed robberies dating to 1989 and
government borrowing, taxes on credit, and lack of competition in possession of firearms and drugs dating to 1988; laundering of
banking—the most powerful may be sheer inertia. money obtained from robberies; and threats to murder witnesses
In a vicious circle, high rates depress investment, add to the and law enforcement officers.
government’s borrowing costs (which total some 5% of GDP) and The case moved to federal court in August with a 48-count
thus its fiscal deficit (of over 2% of GDP). They also attract hot indictment against Mr. Cooper, charging him with crimes from
money from abroad, which has helped to make the real 1993 to 1997. His trial is to start on May 2 in United
uncomfortably strong, hurting exporters. “We are in a bad States District Court in Washington.
equilibrium,” says Mr Barbosa. “We can live with this exchange The last person executed in the city was Robert E. Carter, 28, an
rate with a lower interest rate, but not with this interest rate. One unemployed laborer electrocuted on April 27, 1957, for killing an
of them has to go.” unarmed, off-duty police officer. The last trial in a capital case
The government wants the real interest rate to fall to 2%-3%, was in 1972.
but Mr Barbosa insists this is not a formal target. If inflation rises, The city repealed the death penalty in 1980. Residents voted
the bank will hike rates again, he says. Some other central banks, overwhelmingly in the 1992 election to reject a provision that
including America’s Federal Reserve, have a mandate to pursue would have reinstated the death sentence.
both growth and low inflation. But when it comes to inflation, City officials, many of whom are opposed to the decision to make
Brazil is a recovering alcoholic. It needs its Central Bank to keep it this a capital case, criticized Ms. Reno for ignoring the views of
on the straight and narrow. the city's residents and urged that the city be allowed to handle
the situation with some autonomy. If Mr. Cooper were prosecuted vowed to reopen the investigation. "I had given up all hope," says
under local jurisdiction, the maximum sentence he could receive Li, "but now a ray of light has been shown in."
would be life in prison without the possibility of parole. 2. Chen wants to illuminate a half century of darkness. Despite
Eleanor Holmes Norton, the city's delegate to Congress, wrote to emerging as one of Asia's few true democracies, Taiwan has been
Ms. Lewis: "The Cooper case is essentially a local homicide unable to rid itself of a legacy of corruption. Vote-buying, insider
matter with federal charges tacked on. If the District had a local trading, bribes and kickbacks in the private sector and the
prosecutor, she could not ask for the death penalty. The government became part of the fabric of society under the
application of the harshest and most controversial penalty in our Kuomintang, which ruled Taiwan for 50 years. Fed up with "black-
law should not depend on whether the U. S. attorney or a locally money politics," the Taiwanese voted in March for Chen, who
chosen prosecutor litigates the case. Where the local jurisdiction promised to clean up society. Chen has launched a major
of taxpaying citizens is deprived of a local prosecutor, the U.S. campaign against political corruption, the first in Taiwan, with
attorney has a special obligation to respect local law." indictments of two legislators, investigations of several public
Ms. Norton said in an interview that "serious equal protection officials and the highprofile Yin case. Symbolically, he is taking on
questions are raised" when a high-profile case is chosen for the the Kuomintang's entire legacy. "Even if this case shakes the
death penalty. She said it is disturbing that, with about 300 nation to its very foundations," Chen said in mid-August, "it must
homicides in the city in a year, most of them in poor still be solved, no matter how high it may go."
neighborhoods, federal officials chose to elevate a case from the
"most glamorous part of Washington". 3. The blame could reach right to the top. Former president Lee
Mayor Anthony A. Williams said he agreed with the attorney Teng-hui, the first native-born president, fought for greater
general on "the need for harsh penalties, including life in prison democracy. But as he consolidated his power against mainland-
without parole." But, he added, "I do not support the death born hardliners, he cultivated close ties with local factions and
penalty." shady businessmen. During his tenure the local media uncovered
Ms. Norton and Amnesty International USA have drawn hundreds of corruption cases. Finance committees in the
comparisons to a 1995 triple murder at a McDonald's in legislature became dominated by men with criminal records.
Southeast Washington. Kennedy J. Marshall pleaded guilty and Some crusaders want to include the entire party, of which Lee
received 80 years to life in prison. was chairman, in a witch hunt. Chen Ding-nan, Chen's new
The New York Times, Sunday, February 20, 2000 Justice minister, seems ready to purge everyone. "The
Kuomintang government," he says, "was just a group of [criminal]
accomplices that included government officials, large enterprises
and gangsters."
(Fgv 2000) In Paragraph 10, "the situation" in the sentence: "City
officials ... urged that the city be allowed to handle the situation 4. Taiwan's boisterous press is re-examining clues in Captain
with some "autonomy" most likely refers to Yin's murder. Li is convinced that her husband's death was
related to the purchase of the French frigates. She says that
a) the unpopularity of the death penalty in Washington.
shortly before his murder, Yin returned from a trip to France and
b) Carl D. Cooper's murders trial and controversy surrounding it.
told her he had learned of some defects with the ships' design.
c) the legalization of the death penalty in Washington.
One of his co-workers in the military's procurement department
d) the hiring of a Washington prosecutor who is independent of
was later convicted for taking bribes; other suspects fled
federal jurisdiction.
overseas. Military officers warn direly of "chaos" if Chen proceeds
e) the possibility of putting Carl D. Cooper on trial in a city outside
with the case. "if all those involved were prosecuted, Taiwan's
of Washington.
national-security forces would be thrown into confusion," one
Exercício 186 source close to the naval procurement process told NEWSWEEK.
Catching the Corrupt
Clen Shui-bian reopens a political murder case 5. Corrupt lawmakers can no longer hide behind legislative
immunity. Taking advantage of a legal loophole, prosecutors
By MAHLON MEYER AND WILLIAM IDE searched an office used by Liao Hwu-peng, a Kuomintang
legislator. Liao is suspected of obtaining false stocks. Last week
1. The gold silk blouse and earrings are signs that Li Mei-kuei is prosecutors searched another office used by Gary Wang, a
finally coming out of mourning. Seven years ago her husband's Kuomintang legislator suspected of involvement in a $32 million
bloated corpse washed ashore in the northern Taiwanese fishing land-fraud deal. Prosecutors indicted the mayor of southern
port of Suao. Capt. Yin Ching-feng had been the chief naval Tainan, a member of Chen's Democratic Progressive Party, for
officer overseeing Taiwan's purchases of foreign weapons, alleged corruption involving the construction of a canal. All three
including six French Lafayette frigates that cost $2.7 billion. At insist they are innocent.
first the Navy insisted he had drowned. But an outside autopsy
showed he was bludgeoned to death. Li, his 49 year-old widow, 6. Chen may feel a sense of personal mission to solve the case of
insists he was murdered for uncovering a corruption ring within Captain Yin. As a leader of the opposition under the Kuomintang,
the military. But the Kuomintang regime, which was closely tied he was repeatedly exposed to the violence inflicted on its
to the military, never cracked the case. Earlier this month Clen opponents. He has pledged to reopen the case of the mother and
Shui-bian, the first opposition president in Taiwan's history, daughters of Lin Yi-hsiung, a fellow opposition leader, who were
murdered in their sleep in 1980. Chen's own wife was run down There are indeed signs that inflation is starting to fall. But the
and paralyzed in 1985 - another unsolved case. For Chen, solving government’s critics argue that by starting to cut so early and so
the murder of Yin has symbolic importance. "Perhaps it was the aggressively, while inflation is still almost three points above the
spirit of Captain Yin Ching-feng in heaven that helped me get into target, the bank has damaged its hard-won credibility. As a
the presidential office," he says. Widow Li may see justice yet. result, inflation expectations for the years ahead are rising. The
minimum wage is due to rise by 14% or so in January and
Newsweek September 4, 2000 unemployment remains low. The biggest problem is that some
prices and wages are indexed to last year’s inflation, a hangover
from the past.
The bank may yet be vindicated by outside events and turn out to
(Fgv 2001) In the article above, Li Mei-kuei cites which of the have provided Brazil with a soft landing. As inflation falls,
following in support of her thesis about why her husband was expectations will quickly follow, says Nelson Barbosa, the deputy
murdered? finance minister. Certainly lower interest rates would help the
country. Among the reasons why they are so high—including
a) Her husband was a victim of the corruption and violence that
have long been a part of Taiwanese society.
b) An independent autopsy showed that her husband's drowning
was intentional rather than accidental, as had been claimed by
the government.
c) Just before her husband died, he said that he had discovered
flaws in the design of the ships that the Taiwanese Navy
intended to buy.
d) The fact the Taiwan's Kuomintang regime was closely allied
with the military made a cover-up of her husband's death almost
inevitable.
e) Her husband had obviously been killed by the "criminal
accomplices" of the Kuomintang regime.
the bank will hike rates again, he says. Some other central banks,
Exercício 187 including America’s Federal Reserve, have a mandate to pursue
Blurring the mandate both growth and low inflation. But when it comes to inflation,
Is the Central Bank targeting growth? Brazil is a recovering alcoholic. It needs its Central Bank to keep it
on the straight and narrow.
Oct 29th 2011, Brasília
For much of the last century inflation was as prominent a feature www.economist.com/node/21534796. Adaptado.
of Brazilian life as football. It was finally tamed, first by the Real
Plan of 1994 involving a new currency and fiscal measures, and (Fgv 2012) De acordo com o texto, o Banco Central do Brasil
then from 1999 by requiring the Central Bank, which was granted a) afirma que o aumento do álcool combustível elevou a tarifa dos
operational independence, to set interest rates to meet an ônibus municipais.
inflation target. Since 2005 that target has been 4.5%, plus or b) cortou as taxas de juros para tentar melhorar as previsões do
minus two percentage points. So the Central Bank surprised crescimento do PIB para 2011, que é de 3,3%.
everyone in August when it cut its benchmark rate by half a point c) prevê que a inflação em 2012 estará dentro da meta
(to 12%) even though inflation was then at 6.9%. On October estabelecida em 2005.
19th, the bank did the same again. So is the government of d) ordenou ao COPOM (Comitê de Política Monetária) que
President Dilma Rousseff, in office since January, giving priority to reduzisse a pressão dos preços na economia.
other goals, such as sustaining growth and preventing the e) tenta controlar o preço das commodities brasileiras por meio
overvaluation of the currency, rather than keeping inflation low? das taxas de juros estabelecidas pelo COPOM.
No, say officials, who cite two sets of reasons for the rate cuts. Exercício 188
First, having overheated last year, the economy stalled in the SELLING AND MARKETING
third quarter, partly as a result of earlier interest-rate rises and
modest fiscal tightening. The consensus forecast is for GDP to Management is fundamentally about direction and control.
expand by only 3.3% this year. Second, the bank argues that Selling is no different.
inflation was boosted by one-off factors, such as big rises in All salespeople, particularly those in large companies, present a
municipal bus fares and a shortage of ethanol. In the minutes of basic problem: they enjoy spending their time doing what they
its August meeting, the bank’s monetary-policy committee stated know best, with the products that are the easiest to sell, and
that the deteriorating outlook for the world economy and falling selling to those customers who are easiest to sell to. Direction,
commodity prices would put downward pressure on prices in management and control are needed to ensure that selling time
Brazil, allowing inflation to reach the 4.5% target in the course of and cost is spent where it is most effective – on prime and hot
next year. prospects.
Successful sales managers and directors keep the pressure on que a linhagem que deu origem aos homens modernos se
their sales force by meeting regularly with them to review certain separou da que deu origem aos macacos modernos. 2Lucy já foi
items, such as, performance and budget, key performance ratios, chamada de elo perdido, o ponto de bifurcação que nos separou
follow-up procedures, opportunities and competitor activity. dos nossos parentes mais próximos.
Incentives do no figure high on this list. Many sales mangers Uma das principais dúvidas sobre a vida de Lucy é a seguinte: ela
spend too much time inventing elaborate sales incentive já era um animal terrestre, como nós, ou ainda subia em árvores?
schemes, which the sales-force can manipulate to their personal 3Muitos ossos de Lucy foram encontrados quebrados, seus
benefit. Incentives must be geared toward the overall objectives fragmentos espalhados pelo chão. Até agora, se acreditava que
of the marketing plan in terms of turnover and cost. When used, isso se devia ao processo de fossilização e às diversas forças às
they should be short, sharp and regular, enhancing the overall quais esses ossos haviam sido submetidos. Mas os cientistas
sales effort, not detracting from it. resolveram estudar em detalhes as fraturas.
Sales incentives schemes are often an excuse for poor As fraturas, principalmente no braço, são de compressão, aquela
management of the sales resource. There are many lasting que ocorre quando caímos de um local alto e apoiamos os
benefits in creating an effective team relationship within a sales membros para amortecer a queda. Nesse caso, a força é exercida
force: shared experience is a benefit that does not arise from a ao longo do eixo maior do osso, causando um tipo de fratura que
totally competitive environment. é exatamente o encontrado em Lucy. Usando raciocínios como
The other forgotten standard of performance is control of debt. A esse, os cientistas foram capazes de explicar todas as fraturas a
sale is not a sale until the debt has been paid. The sales force partir da hipótese de que Lucy caiu do alto de uma árvore de pé,
should chase up money owed to the company. It was responsible se inclinou para frente e amortizou a queda com o braço.
for the sale and should be responsible for assuring its payment – 4Uma queda de 20 a 30 metros e Lucy atingiria o solo a 60 km/h,
before team members are paid a bonus. o suficiente para matar uma pessoa e causar esse tipo de fratura.
Como existiam árvores dessa altura onde Lucy vivia e muitos
(Ibmecrj 2010) Which of the statements below could be said to chimpanzés sobem até 150 metros para comer, uma queda como
substantiate the above text? essa é fácil de imaginar.
I) The author criticizes salespeople’s attitude, particularly those in A conclusão é que Lucy morreu ao cair da árvore. E se caiu era
big companies. porque estava lá em cima. E se estava lá em cima era porque
II) Incentives should be brought into precise adjustment so as to sabia subir. Enfim, sugere que Lucy habitava árvores.
conform with general marketing goals Mas na minha mente ficou uma dúvida. Quando criança, eu subia
III) Incentives are advised to be constantly utilized by sales em árvores. E era por não sermos grandes escaladores de árvores
managers within the companies que eu e meus amigos vivíamos caindo, alguns quebrando braços
a) I only e pernas. Será que Lucy morreu exatamente por tentar fazer algo
b) II only que já não era natural para sua espécie?
c) I and II only
d) I and III only Fernando Reinach
e) I, II and III adaptado de O Estado de S. Paulo, 24/09/2016.
Exercício 189
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: (Uerj 2018) Recent Human Adaptations
Lucy caiu da árvore
Human populations live in an extraordinary variety of different
Conta a lenda que, na noite de 24 de novembro de 1974, as habitats: hot and cold, wet and dry; in forests, grasslands and
estrelas brilhavam na beira do rio Awash, no interior da Etiópia. tundra. Different human groups feed on a wide variety of food
Um gravador K7 repetia a música dos Beatles “Lucy in the Sky sources. For many populations, diets shifted further with the
with Diamonds”. Inspirados, os paleontólogos decidiram que a development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years. To what
fêmea AL 288-1, cujo esqueleto havia sido escavado naquela extent have these and other factors led to genetic adaptation?
tarde, seria apelidada carinhosamente de Lucy. 1Human populations differ in various phenotypes – observable
Lucy tinha 1,10 m e pesava 30 kg. Altura e peso de um characteristics that result from interactions between genes and
chimpanzé. 1Mas não se iluda, Lucy não pertence à linhagem que the environment –, 2but scientific studies have shown that
deu origem aos macacos modernos. Ela já andava ereta sobre os phenotypic differences have a genetic basis and are adaptive. For
membros inferiores. Lucy pertence à linhagem que deu origem ao example, mammals that live in cold climates tend to have larger,
animal que escreve esta crônica e ao animal que a está lendo, eu rounder bodies and shorter limbs than members of the same or
e você.
closely related species in warm climates. 3These patterns do
Os ossos foram datados. Lucy morreu 3,2 milhões de anos atrás.
appear to also hold in humans, implying that population
Ela viveu 2 milhões de anos antes do aparecimento dos primeiros
movements into colder climates were accompanied by adaptation
animais do nosso gênero, o Homo habilis. A enormidade de 3
to larger, stockier body shape, presumably to improve thermal
milhões de anos separa Lucy dos mais antigos esqueletos de
efficiency. At the other end of the spectrum is the pygmy
nossa espécie, o Homo sapiens, que surgiu no planeta faz meros
phenotype that has evolved in rainforest populations in Africa,
200 mil anos. Lucy, da espécie Australopithecus afarensis, é uma
South-East Asia and South America. Research has suggested
representante das muitas espécies que existiram na época em
that 4this phenotype may be an adaptation to food limitations, store is doing really well.’ But when you look at the amount of
high humidity or dense forest undergrowth. money the company is making and then you look at your
Another impressive example of adaptation is provided by human paycheck, it’s kind of tough.”
populations living at high altitude, especially in the Himalayas America’s love affair with the smartphone has helped create tens
and the Andes. Compared to related lowland populations, 5these of thousands of jobs at places like Best Buy and Verizon Wireless
high-elevation populations show a group of physiological and will this year pump billions into the economy. Within this
adaptations to low oxygen. These adaptations include markedly world, the Apple Store is the undisputed king, a retail
increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the uterus during phenomenon renowned for impeccable design, deft service and
pregnancy, substantially reducing the risk of babies with low spectacular revenues. Last year, the company’s 327 global stores
birthweight. 6Current evidence suggests that these differences took in more money per square foot than any other United States
are not simply the result of recent acclimation, but are at least retailer — wireless or otherwise — and almost double that of
Tiffany, which was No. 2 on the list.
partly genetic. If this is the case, then 7the adaptation must have
occurred rapidly, because 8these high altitude regions were
But most of Apple’s employees enjoyed little of that wealth.
settled within the last 10,000 years.
While consumers tend to think of Apple’s headquarters as the
9Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies most
obviously among human populations. States are not engineers or executives with hefty salaries and
10Dark pigmentation is strongly associated with tropical climates,
and the spread of prehistoric humans into northern latitudes was MacBooks.
accompanied by a shift to lighter skin color. We now know of at About 30,000 of the 43,000 Apple employees in this country
least half a dozen different genes that affect skin, hair or eye work in Apple Stores, as members of the service economy, and
pigmentation. In particular, the evolution of light skin color many of them earn about $25,000 a year. They work inside the
occurred largely in parallel in western Eurasia and east Asia, but world’s fastest growing industry, for the most valuable company,
we still know few of the relevant genes in east Asia. Adaptation run by one of the country’s most richly compensated chief
to lighter pigmentation may have been motivated by a need to executives, Tim Cook. Last year, he received stock grants, which
increase UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis at high latitudes vest over a 10-year period, that at today’s share price would be
or by sexual selection. worth more than $570 million.
These are only a few cases of genetic adaptation. There are And though Apple is unparalleled as a retailer, when it comes to
surely some – perhaps many – other 11factors yet to be found. its lowliest workers, the company is a reflection of the technology
industry as a whole.
sciencedirect.com The Internet and advances in computing have created untold
millionaires, but most of the jobs created by technology giants are
service sector representatives, repairmen and delivery drivers —
The text “Lucy caiu da árvore” is about an ancestral African that offer little of Silicon Valley’s riches or glamour.
female. Her characteristics can be related to the studies on Much of the debate about American unemployment has focused
phenotypes presented in the text “Recent human adaptations”. on why companies have moved factories overseas, but only 8
Among her characteristics, the ones that best illustrate one of to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Job growth has for decades
these studies are: been led by service-related work, and any recovery with real legs,
a) weight and pigmentation labor experts say, will be powered and sustained by this segment
of the economy.
b) pigmentation and agility And as the service sector has grown, the definition of a career has
c) agility and height By the standards of retailing, Apple offers above average pay —
d) height and weight though slightly less than Lululemon, the yoga and athletic
(Ibmecrj 2013) Which of the following alternatives were the date in 1990 when the World Health Organization officially
mentioned in the text as causes for the Apple’s great success? removed homosexuality from the International Classification of
Diseases.
I. Faultless design
II. Striking amount of income before deductions are made Adapted from http://www.thenation.com/article/159703/brazil-
III. It created tens of thousands of jobs crossroads-lgbt-rights#.
Access on August 22nd, 2012.
a) II only
b) I only
(Ufsj 2013) According to the text, it is CORRECT to say that:
c) II and III only
d) I and II only a) during Obama's visit to Brazil, he recognized Brazil's economic
e) I, II, and III growth rate, but he criticized America's policy towards Latin
America.
Exercício 191 b) despite Brazil's important progress with policies on LGBT
Brazil at a Crossroads for LGBT Rights people, the country still has serious problems concerning
poverty.
c) in spite of Brazil's dramatic economic progress, the country still
kick off a three-country tour of Latin America. His five-day visit to has to deal with the problem of violence against LGBT people.
El Salvador, Brazil and Chile – countries in a region often called d) during Obama's visit to Brazil, he recognized Brazil's economic
“America's backyard” – presented an opportunity to redefine growth rate, but he criticized Brazilian policies on LBGT people.
America's historically thorny foreign policy towards Latin
America. Exercício 192
Obama's trip to South America was widely considered a nod Brazil at a Crossroads for LGBT Rights
towards Latin America's growing power. 5Brazil, in particular,
now the world's sixth-largest economy, is frequently lauded for
its dramatic economic progress. “More than half of this nation is kick off a three-country tour of Latin America. His five-day visit to
now considered middle class,” Obama noted in an address to the El Salvador, Brazil and Chile – countries in a region often called
Brazilian people at Rio de Janeiro's Teatro Municipal on March 20. “America's backyard” – presented an opportunity to redefine
“4Millions have been lifted from poverty.” In a speech delivered in America's historically thorny foreign policy towards Latin
Brasília the day before, 6Obama extolled Brazil for its remarkable America.
economic growth rate and its transition from dictatorship to open Obama's trip to South America was widely considered a nod
democracy. Thomas Shannon, the US ambassador to Brazil, towards Latin America's growing power. 5Brazil, in particular,
echoed this view, stating, “Brazil is no longer an emerging now the world's sixth-largest economy, is frequently lauded for
country. It has emerged.” its dramatic economic progress. “More than half of this nation is
1However, as Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff noted while now considered middle class,” Obama noted in an address to the
welcoming Obama to Brazil, “We still face enormous challenges.” Brazilian people at Rio de Janeiro's Teatro Municipal on March 20.
One such challenge is the alarming and infrequently discussed “4Millions have been lifted from poverty.” In a speech delivered in
rise in attacks on and murders of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, Brasília the day before, 6Obama extolled Brazil for its remarkable
and transgender) Brazilians. According to the Association for economic growth rate and its transition from dictatorship to open
Women's Rights in Development, Brazil suffers from the highest democracy. Thomas Shannon, the US ambassador to Brazil,
rate of transphobic violence in the world, and is cited as the echoed this view, stating, “Brazil is no longer an emerging
“world’s deadliest place to be transgender.” Last year, at least country. It has emerged.”
250 LGBT people were murdered in Brazil. 1However, as Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff noted while
On March 2, 2011, a surveillance camera in the Brazilian city of welcoming Obama to Brazil, “We still face enormous challenges.”
Belo Horizonte captured the brutal murder of Priscila Brandão, a One such challenge is the alarming and infrequently discussed
22-year-old transvestite shot while walking down the street. rise in attacks on and murders of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual,
Authorities, citing in the rise in violence against transgender and transgender) Brazilians. According to the Association for
people in Brazil, believed the murder to be a hate crime, as Women's Rights in Development, Brazil suffers from the highest
opposed to a random act of violence. rate of transphobic violence in the world, and is cited as the
Human rights organizations globally condemned Brandão's “world’s deadliest place to be transgender.” Last year, at least
murder, but 8her case is just one of many homophobic and 250 LGBT people were murdered in Brazil.
transphobic hate crimes that have been piling up 2over the years On March 2, 2011, a surveillance camera in the Brazilian city of
in Brazil. According to the Brazilian gay rights group Grupo Gay Belo Horizonte captured the brutal murder of Priscila Brandão, a
da Bahia, between 1980 and 2009 3about 3,100 homosexuals 22-year-old transvestite shot while walking down the street.
were murdered in cold-blooded hate crimes in the country. Authorities, citing in the rise in violence against transgender
Brazilian policymakers have not remained entirely silent on gay people in Brazil, believed the murder to be a hate crime, as
rights. On June 4, 2010, then-President Inácio Lula da Silva opposed to a random act of violence.
Human rights organizations globally condemned Brandão's
murder, but 8her case is just one of many homophobic and
in Brazil. According to the Brazilian gay rights group Grupo Gay
the date in 1990 when the World Health Organization officially
removed homosexuality from the International Classification of
Diseases.
Adapted from http://www.thenation.com/article/159703/brazil-

crossroads-lgbt-rights#.
Access on August 22nd, 2012.
(Ufsj 2013) Choose the alternative which contains a CORRECT

substitute for the word(s) in dark type in each of the following
sentences:
a) Brazil, in particular, now the world's sixth-largest economy, is

frequently lauded for its dramatic economic progress. (ref. 5)
lauded: criticized
Which sentence is grammatically correct about the picture
b) … Obama extolled Brazil for its remarkable economic growth
above?
rate and its transition from dictatorship to open democracy. (ref.
6) a) If the two lions had been taller, they wouldn’t have to had
extolled: praised helped each other.
c) On March 19, 2011, President Barack Obama flew to Brazil to b) If one lion was bigger, the other wouldn’t be help him.
kick off a three-country tour of Latin America. (ref. 7) c) Had one lion taller, the other would have helped him.
kick off: plan d) Should a lion be bigger, the other have helped him.
d) … her case is just one of many homophobic and transphobic e) If one lion were taller, the other one wouldn’t have had to help
hate crimes that have been piling up over the years in Brazil. (ref. him.
8)
piling up: comitting Exercício 194
RADIATION AND EVOLUTION
Exercício 193
(Mackenzie 2014) THE disaster last year at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power
plant, caused by an earthquake and tsunami, scored seven on the
International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES). No
worse rating exists. Radiation is harmful to living things, yet the
radiation on ecosystems are poorly understood. With this in mind,
a team led by Timothy Mousseau of the University of South
to compare bird species dwelling near the Fukushima plant with
those living at the site of another nuclear incident that scored a
seven on the INES: the Ukrainian town of Chernobyl, where
disaster struck in 1986. Remarkably, they found that some
species seem to develop a tolerance for radioactivity over time.

apart, but Dr. Mousseau and his colleagues soon realised that the
To do this, during July 2011, the researchers counted and

identified birds at 300 locations near Fukushima that had
radiation levels as low as 0.5 microsieverts per hour and as high
as 35 (for comparison, dental X-rays rarely expose patients to
more than 0.05 microsieverts). Then they compared these results
to bird data collected in areas that had the same range of
radiation levels near Chernobyl between 2006 and 2009. Sometimes, it is the very ordinariness of a scene that
makes it terrifying. So it was with a clip from a recent BBC
Their results show that as radiation levels in an area rose to 35 documentary on facial recognition technology. A man tries to
microsieverts per hour, the average number of birds dropped by avoid the cameras, covering his face by pulling up his jacket. He is
almost a third compared with the areas where radiation levels stopped by the police and forced to have his photo taken. He is
were only 0.5 microsieverts per hour. This makes sense: in those then fined £90 for “disorderly behavior”. “What’s your suspicion?”
areas with a high level of radiation, living things would tend to someone asks the police. “The fact that he’s walked past clearly
die or sicken and fail to reproduce. However, when researchers masking his face from recognition,” replies one of the officers. If
looked at the 14 bird species that lived in both regions, they you want to protect your privacy, it must be because you have
found that the same level of radiation was associated with twice something to hide.
as large a drop in bird numbers in Fukushima as in Chernobyl. There is considerable concern in the west about Chinese
tech firms acting as Trojan horses for Beijing. But perhaps we
The reasons for this are not clear. It is possible that the should worry less about the tech companies than about the social
composition of the radionuclides are proving more dangerous to use of technology. Because it’s not just in China that “algorithmic
the Fukushima birds than they are to the birds near Chernobyl. governance” is beginning to take hold. As the tech entrepreneur
But Dr. Mousseau suggests a more likely explanation is that Maciej Ceglowski pointed out before the US Senate, “Until
evolution has already been at work near Chernobyl, killing off recently, even people living in a police state could count on the
individual birds that cannot cope with the background radiation fact that the authorities didn’t have enough equipment or
and allowing the genes of those that have some tolerance to be manpower to observe everyone, everywhere, and so enjoyed
passed on. The birds at Fukushima are only beginning to face the more freedom from monitoring than we do living in a free society
evolutionary challenge of living in a radioactive world. today.”
Surveillance is at the heart, too, of “smart cities”. From
Adapted from The Economist, March 3, 2012 Amsterdam to Dubai to Toronto, cities are embracing technology
to collect data on citizens, ostensibly to make public services and
urban spaces function better. But what smart cities also enable is
(Fgvrj 2013) With respect to birds and radiation, which of the a new form of policing. As the mayor of Rio de Janeiro said of the
following is most supported by the information in the article? “integrated urban command centre” built for the 2016 Olympics,
the system “allows us to have people looking into every corner of
a) For birds, exposure to a radiation level of even 0.05
the city, 24 hours a day, seven days a week”.
microsieverts per hour is lethal.
Buses that run on time and rubbish that is efficiently
b) Exposure to the same level of radiation can affect birds of the
cleared are good things (in most smart cities, and in Rio as well,
same species in different ways.
neither actually happens). There is, however, more to the good
c) A rural area with a temperate climate is the ideal place to study
life than an ordered city. Human flourishing requires the existence
how birds respond to the negative effects of high levels of
of a sphere of life outside public scrutiny; not only within the
radiation.
intimacy of the home but also in semi-private spaces such as the
d) The composition of radio-nuclides is not a factor that
workplace or the church or the pub. It’s that kind of space
determines whether or not a certain level of radiation can be
shielded from scrutiny that increasingly is vanishing. As
dangerous to birds.
Ceglowski observed, one of the features of the “new world of
e) It is clear that certain species of birds in the Fukushima and
ambient surveillance” is that “we cannot opt out of it, any more
Chernobyl regions have died out because of evolutionary factors
than we might opt out of automobile culture by refusing to drive”.
and not because of exposure to radiation.
And that is possibly the most disturbing thought of all.
Exercício 195
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 2 QUESTÕES: (Kenan Malik. www.theguardian.com, 19.05.2019. Adaptado.)
(Fac. Albert Einstein - Medicin 2020) The second paragraph
mentions a contradiction, which is the fact that
a) a Chinese tech company is the one responsible for most of the native language.
surveillance services in western countries. 12 Graddol anticipates a world where the share of people who
are native English speakers slips from 9 percent in the mid-
b) considerably greater fear about exaggerated surveillance is felt twentieth century to 5 percent in 2050.
in the west than in countries like China nowadays.
CHINESE IN THE LEAD
c) the social use of technology is far more worrying and
potentially dangerous than the technology itself. 13 As of 1995, he reports, English was the second most-common
native tongue in the world, trailing only Chinese.
d) surveillance measures taken to protect peoples and countries 14 By 2050, he says, Chinese will continue its predominance,
are in fact harming them. with Hindi-Urdu of India and Arabic climbing past English, and
Spanish nearly equal to it.
e) people in older enforced regimens were less subject to 15 Linguist K. David Harrison noted, however, that "the global
monitoring than are the people in the open societies of today. share of English is much larger if you count second-language
speakers, and will continue to rise, even as the proportion of
Exercício 196 native speakers declines."
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 16 Harrison disputed listing Arabic in the top three languages,
"because varieties of Arabic spoken in say, Egypt and Morocco are
ENGLISH WON'T DOMINATE AS WORLD LANGUAGE mutually incomprehensible."
More bilingual people expected in future, expert says 17 Even as it grows as a second language, English may still not
ever be the most widely spoken language in the world, according
1 The world faces a future of people speaking more than one to Graddol, since so many people are native Chinese speakers
language, with English no longer seen as likely to become and many more are learning it as a second language.
dominant, a British language expert says in a new analysis. 18 English has become the dominant language of science, with
2 "English is likely to remain one of the world's most important an estimated 80 percent to 90 percent of papers in scientific
languages for the foreseeable future, but its future is more journals written in English, notes Scott Montgomery in a separate
problematic - and complex - than most people appreciate," said paper in the same issue of Science. That's up from about 60
language researcher David Graddol. percent in the 1980s, he observes.
3 He sees English as likely to become the "first among equals" 19 "There is a distinct consciousness in many countries, both
rather than having the global field to itself. developed and developing, about this dominance of English.
4 "Monolingual speakers of any variety of English - American or There is some evidence of resistance to it, a desire to change it,"
British - will experience increasing difficulty in employment and Montgomery said in a telephone interview.
political life, and are likely to become bewildered by many
aspects of society and culture around them," Graddol said. MORE LANGUAGES ON THE WEB
5 The share of the world's population that speaks English as a
native language is falling, Graddol reports in a paper in Friday's 20 For example, he said, in the early years of the Internet it was
issue of the journal Science. dominated by sites in English, but in recent years there has been
6 The idea of English becoming the world language to the a proliferation of non-English sites, especially Spanish, German,
exclusion of others "is past its sell-by date," Graddol says. French, Japanese and others.
Instead, its major contribution will be in creating new generations 21 Nonetheless, English is strong as a second language, and
of bilingual and multilingual speakers, he reports. teaching it has become a growth industry, said Montgomery, a
Seattle-based geologist and energy consultant. Graddol noted,
MULTI-LINGUAL HOMES though that employers in parts of Asia are already looking
beyond English. "In the next decade the new 'must learn'
7 A multi-lingual population is already the case in much of the language is likely to be Mandarin."
world and is becoming more common in the United States. 22 "The world's language system, having evolved over centuries,
Indeed, the Census Bureau reported last year that nearly one has reached a point of
American in five speaks a language other than English at home, crisis and is rapidly restructuring," Graddol says. In this process as
with Spanish leading, and Chinese growing fast. many as 90 percent of the 6,000 or so languages spoken around
8 And that linguistic diversity, in turn, has helped spark calls to the world may be doomed to extinction, he estimated.
make English the nation's official language. 23 Graddol does have words of consolation for those who
9 Linguist Stephen Anderson noted that multilingualism is "more struggle to master the intricacies of other languages.
or less the natural state. In most of the world multilingualism is 24 "The expectation that someone should always aspire to native
the normal condition of people." speaker competence when learning a foreign language is under
10 "The notion that English shouldn't, needn't and probably challenge," he comments.
won't displace local languages seems natural to me," he said in a
telephone interview. From: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4387421/
11 While it is important to learn English, he added, politicians
and educators need to realize that doesn't mean abandoning the
(Ibmecrj 2009) Connectives or Linking words are used to provide The Internet and advances in computing have created untold
different semantic ideas. The following connectives appear in the millionaires, but most of the jobs created by technology giants are
text. Choose the alternative below in which there is a wrong service sector representatives, repairmen and delivery drivers —
correspondence between the meaning expressed by the capital that offer little of Silicon Valley’s riches or glamour.
words and the idea in parentheses. Much of the debate about American unemployment has focused
a) "WHILE it is important to learn English..." Par. 11 - (contrast).
b) "... SINCE so many people are native Chinese speakers and
many more are learning it as a second language." Par. 17 -
(cause).
c) "Graddol noted,THOUGH that employers in parts of Asia are
of the economy.
already looking beyond English." Par. 21 - (contrast).
d) "INSTEAD, its major contribution will be in creating" Par. 6 -
(alternative).
e) "NONETHELESS, English is strong as a second language, and
teaching it has become a growth industry." Par. 21 - (negation).
Exercício 197 apparel chain, where sales staff earn about $12 an hour. The
The iEconomy company also offers very good benefits for a retailer.
Apple’s Retail Army, Long on Loyalty but Short on Pay But Apple is not selling polo shirts or yoga pants. Divide revenue
by DAVID SEGAL by total number of employees and you find that last year, each
June, 2012 Apple store employee — that includes non-sales staff like
technicians and people stocking shelves — brought in $473,000.
Last year, during his best three-month stretch, Jordan Golson sold Even Apple, it seems, has recently decided it needs to pay its
about $750,000 worth of computers and gadgets at the Apple workers more. Last week, four months after The New York Times
Store in Salem, N.H. It was a performance that might have called first began inquiring about the wages of its store employees, the
for a bottle of Champagne — if that were a luxury Mr. Golson company started to inform some staff members that they would
could have afforded. “I was earning $11.25 an hour,” he said. receive substantial raises. An Apple spokesman confirmed the
“Part of me was thinking, ‘This is great. I’m an Apple fan, the raises but would not discuss their size, timing or impetus, nor
store is doing really well.’ But when you look at the amount of who would earn them.
money the company is making and then you look at your
paycheck, it’s kind of tough.” (Ibmecrj 2013) The following phrases/expressions were
America’s love affair with the smartphone has helped create tens extracted from the text and presented below with their
of thousands of jobs at places like Best Buy and Verizon Wireless corresponding closest meanings, EXCEPT in:
and will this year pump billions into the economy. Within this a) deft service – skillful service
world, the Apple Store is the undisputed king, a retail b) retailer – a merchant who sells goods at retail
phenomenon renowned for impeccable design, deft service and c) the company’s heart and soul – the most vital part of the
spectacular revenues. Last year, the company’s 327 global stores company
took in more money per square foot than any other United States d) hefty salaries and bonuses – salaries and additional payments
retailer — wireless or otherwise — and almost double that of of respectable size
Tiffany, which was No. 2 on the list. e) untold millionaires – secret millionaires
But most of Apple’s employees enjoyed little of that wealth. Exercício 198
While consumers tend to think of Apple’s headquarters as the (Efomm 2018) Which option is NOT correct?
a) If your mother will fill in this form, I’ll prepare her ticket.
States are not engineers or executives with hefty salaries and
b) If Ann won’t be here on Monday, we’d better cancel the
MacBooks.
meeting.
About 30,000 of the 43,000 Apple employees in this country
work in Apple Stores, as members of the service economy, and
c) If you should run into Peter, tell him he owes me a letter.
many of them earn about $25,000 a year. They work inside the
world’s fastest growing industry, for the most valuable company,
d) Hadn’t we missed the plane, we would all have been killed in
run by one of the country’s most richly compensated chief
the crash.
executives, Tim Cook. Last year, he received stock grants, which
vest over a 10-year period, that at today’s share price would be
e) If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what I’d have done.
worth more than $570 million.
And though Apple is unparalleled as a retailer, when it comes to
its lowliest workers, the company is a reflection of the technology Exercício 199
industry as a whole. Figuring out whether the weather has any effect on human
emotions
about annual mood shift identified as Seasonal Affective Disorder
Why do you smile at the bright sunshine or feel bogged down on or SAD. The symptoms of SAD surface 18by the end of fall and
a dark, rainy day? remain throughout the winter months.
"Sunshine is delicious, rain is refreshing, wind braces us up, snow
is exhilarating; there is really no such thing as bad weather, only Rain
different kinds of good weather." People react in different ways to rain. While some people may
Not many of us will agree with John Ruskin over the above lines. immensely enjoy rain, a few others may totally 19get depressed
Sunshine is delicious of course, but rain is hardly refreshing and annoyed by it. However, nobody likes dull, rainy days
1when it pours incessantly through the gray sky. A ferocious wind 20marked by persistent downpour.
may induce 2fear, and a snowy day rarely makes you feel good Weather also triggers certain health conditions, which invariably
about anything. Weather, in fact, is the biggest metaphor of has effects on human psyche. For instance, winter months make
human emotions. It has 3such a great impact on our lives that conditions such as arthritis worse, causing a lot of pain and
most of 4our plans are influenced by local weather forecast. It is discomfort to individuals. Similarly, rain is associated with various
amazing how we can associate different human emotions with common infections, which may affect the quality of life of people.
the 5myriad moods of nature. Incidentally, this is not just a Although different people react to the same weather in a different
psychological phenomenon, but it has been proven that weather way, there are certainly some seasons that are able to induce a
indeed affects us at physiological level. feeling of happiness more than others. To quote John Ruskin
again, "there is no such thing as bad weather, only different kinds
What are the Effects of Weather on Human Emotions? of good weather."
6Although it is impossible for the weather to create or induce
emotions in human beings, it certainly enhances or triggers your (Texto adaptado, disponível em:
existing frame of mind. For example, if you have been dumped by <http://psychologenie.com/effects-of-weather-on-human-
your partner, then a dark, dreary day would only make you feel emotions>. Acesso 6 set. 2017.)
worse and gloomy. A sunny day won't take away your pain, but it
can certainly lift your spirits, so that you feel a lot less 7miserable.
(Uem 2018) About the extract “Although it is impossible for the
Here is how the different moods of nature affect your own
weather to create or induce emotions in human beings, it certainly
emotions.
enhances or triggers your existing frame of mind.” (reference 6), it
is correct to say that
Sunny
According to a study 8conducted by E. Howarth and M.S. 01) the conjunction “Although” can be replaced by “In spite of the
Hoffman, sunny weather induces the feeling of happiness, well- fact that” with no change in the meaning of the clause.
being and good health. 9Rise in temperature was found to be in 02) the word “being(s)” is a noun. It means “a living thing,
proportion with 10lift in spirits. Sunny weather 11reduced the especially a person”.
04) people find it difficult to be creative depending on what the
feeling of 12anxiety and skepticism. The positive effects of sun on
weather is like.
human emotions can be attributed to a neuro-chemical named
08) the verb “enhance” can be translated into Portuguese as
serotonin. Serotonin controls emotions related to memory,
“acentuar”.
depression and sleep. The levels of serotonin 13increase in sunny
16) good weather can make your mind stronger.
weather, which has a positive impact on your mind.
Exercício 200
Humidity TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Humidity has adverse effects on human emotions 14such as
affection and vigor. Humidity makes your mind and body sluggish ENGLISH - THE WORLD'S LANGUAGE
and impedes your desire to do anything. Besides, it also affects
your concentration and makes you feel 15sleepy. 1 The Prime Minister has announced a boost to English language
learning, teaching and training facilities for people throughout the
Darkness world.
Ever wondered why you feel sleepy when you switch off the 2 The English language, like football and other sports, began
lights or pull curtains? A chemical named melatonin is here and has spread to every corner of the globe. Today more
responsible for this. Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin in than a billion people speak English. It is becoming the world's
the absence of sunlight. Melatonin induces sleep at night. language: the language of the internet, of business, of
international flight - the pathway of global communication and
Winter global access to knowledge. And it has become the vehicle for
Winter days are characterized by less sunlight and extreme hundreds of millions of people of all countries to connect with
coldness. The dull, dreary winter has the same effect on the each other, in countless ways. Indeed, English is much more than
human mind as a dark night. 16The levels of serotonin fall and a language: it is a bridge across borders and cultures, a source of
you start feeling 17gloomy. The production of serotonin in winter unity in a rapidly changing world.
is only half of that in summer. For some people, winter brings
3 English does not make us all the same - nor should it, for we that English language lessons should be a requirement in
honour who we distinctly are. But it makes it possible for us to Chinese schools from age six with 20 million more children a year
speak to each other, to better understand each other. And so it is starting lessons. In Beijing alone 200,000 adults also take
a powerful force not just for economics, business and trade, but English lessons outside the school system. And I believe that,
for mutual respect and progress. I don't know how many times with the right help, we will have a situation by 2025 where the
I've been told by people in every continent I have visited of the number of English speakers in China exceeds the number of
power of the English language to break down barriers to speakers of English as a first language in all of the rest of the
understanding. world.
4 For Britain, this is not a matter of narrow national pride. It is in 11 Second, to transform English language teaching we will need
part an accident of history - a wave of knowledge and commerce, to dramatically increase the numbers and quality of those
which gathered even greater global force in the post-war era, teaching and training English. So we will expand the existing
that gave the world the English language. framework of qualifications for English teachers to strengthen the
5 And government after government around the world is development pathway for teachers at every stage of their career.
recognising the role of English - ensuring it is taught at primary We will encourage the development of new short distance
level as a core skill. In total, 2 billion people worldwide will learning courses, building on the success of current qualifications
be learning or teaching English by 2020. Today 350 million such as Certificate and Diploma in English Language Teaching.
people speak English in India and another 300 million in China, And we will work with the BBC, other broadcasters and providers
with more children learning English in Chinese schools than in of English language training to raise the number of programmes
British schools. And in continents and countries where there are on the English curriculum accessible via the web - and encourage
varied languages and dialects, often the people speak with each commercial companies to make available the books, CD's and
other in English - their shared language. DVD material that flow from this.
6 But there are millions of people in every continent who are still 12 English is our heritage, but it is also becoming the common
denied this chance to learn English - prevented from enjoying future of human commerce and communication. This is a great
many of the benefits of the internet, commerce and culture. And I opportunity for Britain - and a measure of the greatness that lies
believe that no one - 1however poor, however distant - should be not in empire or territory but through a language that has the
denied the opportunity that the English language provides. So I power to bring this world of over 200 countries and billions of
want Britain to make a new gift to the world - pledging to help people closer together, with the versatility to evolve and adapt.
and support anyone, whatever their circumstances, to have We will take up with vigour the bold task of making our language
access to the tools they need to learn or to teach English. And my the world's common language of choice. The language that helps
plan is that in the next 10 years at least 1 billion more people in the world talk, laugh and communicate together.
the villages, towns and cities of every continent will have access
to resources, materials and qualifications from the UK. From:http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page14289.asp
7 This week, during my visit to China and India, we will start to January 2008
make our new commitment a reality. I want this to be a world
wide endeavour of private and public sectors working together -
with broadcasters, telecom companies, publishers, universities, (Ibmecrj 2009) Connectives or Linking words are used to provide
colleges and schools playing their part in opening up English different semantic ideas. The following linking words/expressions
language opportunities to millions. (conjunctions and prepositions) are each presented with their
8 First, we will announce that the British Council, working with corresponding meaning, as used in the text, on the right column,
partners from both public and private sectors, will set up a new EXCEPT:
website offering learners and teachers of English around the a) Indeed (par. 2) - emphasis.
world ready access to the materials, resources and qualifications b) so (par. 3) - consequence.
they need to develop their skills in English. Having - with the c) for (par. 3) - purpose.
BBC and the Open University - pioneered the use of the internet d) such as (par. 11) - example.
to reach many more people on-line, the British Council is e) but (par. 3) - contrast.
perfectly placed to lead this path breaking project.
9 The new site will enable one to one tuition to take place Exercício 201
through VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol), harnessing new Blurring the mandate
technology to share the power of English. It will provide links to a Is the Central Bank targeting growth?
wide range of sites with a wealth of knowledge and creativity in
education, industry, culture, and science. And over the next few Oct 29th 2011, Brasília
years, we hope to see the site being used by people in the For much of the last century inflation was as prominent a feature
schools, cities and even remote places on every continent. of Brazilian life as football. It was finally tamed, first by the Real
10 Most critically of all, it will put English teachers and learners Plan of 1994 involving a new currency and fiscal measures, and
in touch with their counterparts in Britain and other countries. then from 1999 by requiring the Central Bank, which was granted
With an initial focus on China, our starting ambition is to operational independence, to set interest rates to meet an
encourage 1 million hits on the website a month. And this will inflation target. Since 2005 that target has been 4.5%, plus or
play an even bigger part in the rapid transformation of English minus two percentage points. So the Central Bank surprised
speaking in China, supporting the decision of China's government everyone in August when it cut its benchmark rate by half a point
(to 12%) even though inflation was then at 6.9%. On October e) the Central Bank will take a revenge on other countries.
19th, the bank did the same again. So is the government of
President Dilma Rousseff, in office since January, giving priority to Exercício 202
other goals, such as sustaining growth and preventing the TEXT
overvaluation of the currency, rather than keeping inflation low?
And has the Central Bank lost its independence? BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a
No, say officials, who cite two sets of reasons for the rate cuts. bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your
First, having overheated last year, the economy stalled in the Excellency,” dress in billowing robes and wrap each utterance in
third quarter, partly as a result of earlier interest-rate rises and grandiloquence, as if little had changed from the era when
modest fiscal tightening. The consensus forecast is for GDP to marquises and dukes held sway from their vast plantations.
expand by only 3.3% this year. Second, the bank argues that In one televised feud, Mr. Barbosa questioned another justice
inflation was boosted by one-off factors, such as big rises in about whether he would even be on the court had he not been
municipal bus fares and a shortage of ethanol. In the minutes of appointed by his cousin, aformer president impeached in 1992.
its August meeting, the bank’s monetary-policy committee stated With another justice, Mr. Barbosa rebuked him over what the
that the deteriorating outlook for the world economy and falling chief justice considered his condescending tone, telling him he
commodity prices would put downward pressure on prices in was not his “capanga,” a term describing a hired thug.
Brazil, allowing inflation to reach the 4.5% target in the course of In one of his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the high
next year. court’s first and only black justice, took on the entire legal system
There are indeed signs that inflation is starting to fall. But the of Brazil — where it is still remarkably rare for politicians to ever
government’s critics argue that by starting to cut so early and so spend time in prison, even after being convicted of crimes —
aggressively, while inflation is still almost three points above the contending that the mentality of judges was “conservative, pro-
target, the bank has damaged its hard-won credibility. As a status-quo and pro-impunity.”
result, inflation expectations for the years ahead are rising. The “I have a temperament that doesn’t adapt well to politics,” Mr.
minimum wage is due to rise by 14% or so in January and Barbosa, 58, said in a recent interview in his quarters here in the
unemployment remains low. The biggest problem is that some Supreme Federal Tribunal, a modernist landmark designed by the
prices and wages are indexed to last year’s inflation, a hangover architect Oscar Niemeyer. “It’s because I speak my mind so much.”
from the past. His acknowledged lack of tact notwithstanding, he is the driving
The bank may yet be vindicated by outside events and turn out to force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking
have provided Brazil with a soft landing. As inflation falls, rulings, turning Brazil’s highest court — and him in particular —
expectations will quickly follow, says Nelson Barbosa, the deputy into a newfound political power and the subject of popular
finance minister. Certainly lower interest rates would help the fascination.
country. Among the reasons why they are so high—including The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision
government borrowing, taxes on credit, and lack of competition in upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at
banking—the most powerful may be sheer inertia. increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening
In a vicious circle, high rates depress investment, add to the the way for one of the Western Hemisphere’s most sweeping
government’s borrowing costs (which total some 5% of GDP) and affirmative action laws for higher education.
thus its fiscal deficit (of over 2% of GDP). They also attract hot In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and
money from abroad, which has helped to make the real president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively
uncomfortably strong, hurting exporters. “We are in a bad legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an
equilibrium,” says Mr Barbosa. “We can live with this exchange anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting
rate with a lower interest rate, but not with this interest rate. One trial of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for
of them has to go.” their roles in a vast vote-buying scheme.
The government wants the real interest rate to fall to 2%-3%, Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution
but Mr Barbosa insists this is not a formal target. If inflation rises, to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr.
the bank will hike rates again, he says. Some other central banks, Barbosa, the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an
including America’s Federal Reserve, have a mandate to pursue impoverished city in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked
both growth and low inflation. But when it comes to inflation, as a bricklayer.
Brazil is a recovering alcoholic. It needs its Central Bank to keep it But his prominence — not just on the court, but in the streets as
on the straight and narrow. well — is so well established that masks with his face were sold
for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his
www.economist.com/node/21534796. Adaptado. handling of the corruption trial and posted them on YouTube, and
(Fgv 2012) The fourth paragraph shows that the author of the nation this year told pollsters that Mr. Barbosa was one of their
article believes that top choices for president in next year’s elections.
a) the Central Bank may eventually prove to be right. political tumult they set off persists. The race for president, once
b) interest rates will drop due to government borrowing. considered a shoo-in for the incumbent, Dilma Rousseff, is now
c) inflation will fall quickly after next year is over. up in the air, with Mr. Barbosa — who is now so much in the
d) the finance minister must be right in the measures taken. public eye that gossip columnists are following his romance with
a woman in her 20s — repeatedly saying he will not run. “I’m not justices over their consideration of a rare legal procedure in which
a candidate for anything,” he says. appeals over close votes at the high court are examined.
But the same public glare that has turned him into a celebrity has Losing his patience with one prominent justice, Ricardo
singed him as well. While he has won widespread admiration for Lewandowski, who tried to absolve some defendants of certain
his guidance of the high court, Mr. Barbosa, like almost every crimes, Mr. Barbosa publicly accused him this month of
other prominent political figure in Brazil, has recently come under “chicanery” by using legalese to prop up certain positions. An
scrutiny. And for someone accustomed to criticizing the so-called outcry ensued among some who could not stomach Mr. Barbosa’s
supersalaries awarded to some members of Brazil’s legal system, talking to a fellow justice like that. “Who does Justice Joaquim
the revelations have put Mr. Barbosa on the defensive. Barbosa think he is?” asked Ricardo Noblat, a columnist for the
One report in the Brazilian news media described how he newspaper O Globo, questioning whether Mr. Barbosa was
received about $180,000 in payments for untaken leaves of qualified to preside over the court. “What powers does he think
absence during his 19 years as a public prosecutor. (Such he has just because he’s sitting in the chair of the chief justice of
payments are common in some areas of Brazil’s large public the Supreme Federal Tribunal?”
bureaucracy.) Another noted that he bought an apartment in Mr. Barbosa did not apologize. In the interview, he said some
Miami through a limited liability company, suggesting an effort to tension was necessary for the court to function properly. “It was
pay less taxes on the property. In statements, Mr. Barbosa always like this,” he said, contending that arguments are now just
contends that he has done nothing wrong. easier to see because the court’s proceedings are televised.
In a country where a majority of people now define themselves as Linking the court’s work to the recent wave of protests, he
black or of mixed race — but where blacks remain remarkably explained that he strongly disagreed with the violence of some
rare in the highest echelons of political institutions and demonstrators, but he also said he believed that the street
corporations — Mr. Barbosa’s trajectory and abrupt manner have movements were “a sign of democracy’s exuberance.”
elicited both widespread admiration and a fair amount of “People don’t want to passively stand by and observe these
resistance. arrangements of the elite, which were always the Brazilian
As a teenager, Mr. Barbosa moved to the capital, Brasília, finding tradition,” he said.
work as a janitor in a courtroom. Against the odds, he got into the
University of Brasília, the only black student in its law program at (Uece 2014) One of the reasons Mr. Barbosa got very irritated
the time. Wanting to see the world, he later won admission into was the fact that some of the "mensalão" defendants
a) accused him of chicanery.
b) have never paid taxes.
c) still receive their huge salaries.
d) were able to shun long time in prison
prosecutor. He alternated between legal investigations in Brazil Exercício 203
and studies abroad, gaining fluency in English, French and (Mackenzie 2014)
Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced About the picture above, which sentence is grammatically
some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers correct?
Party to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including a) If you didn’t hold on, you would end the pain.
bribery and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in b) Should you wait, you won’t be painful.
which impunity for politicians has been the norm. c) Had hope been practiced, we wouldn’t have had to wait.
Now the mensalão trial is entering what could be its final phases, d) People wish hope had been held on.
and Mr. Barbosa has at times been visibly exasperated that e) There is nothing hope doesn’t bring to ordinary people.
defendants who have already been found guilty and sentenced
have managed to avoid hard jail time. He has clashed with other Exercício 204
American Genius Steve Jobs – How He Changed Our World
By Alan Deutschman With another justice, Mr. Barbosa rebuked him over what the
If ever there was a showman who knew how to end on a high was not his “capanga,” a term describing a hired thug.
note - leaving his awed and adoring audience begging for more - In one of his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the high
it is the man in the trademark black mock turtleneck. Even as an court’s first and only black justice, took on the entire legal system
ailing Steve Jobs announced to the world last week that of Brazil — where it is still remarkably rare for politicians to ever
“unfortunately, that day has come” for him to step down as chief spend time in prison, even after being convicted of crimes —
executive officer of Apple, his timing was - yet again - contending that the mentality of judges was “conservative, pro-
_____(I)_____. In the 14 years since Jobs regained control of his status-quo and pro-impunity.”
company in the summer of 1997 after a long, _____(II)_____ exile, “I have a temperament that doesn’t adapt well to politics,” Mr.
Apple shares have increased a _____(III)_____ 57-fold. Having Barbosa, 58, said in a recent interview in his quarters here in the
surpassed rival Microsoft a year ago, Apple’s $350 billion in Supreme Federal Tribunal, a modernist landmark designed by the
market capitalization places it behind only ExxonMobil as the architect Oscar Niemeyer. “It’s because I speak my mind so much.”
most _____(IV)_____ company in the world. Apple has made His acknowledged lack of tact notwithstanding, he is the driving
money so quickly and so prodigiously that it holds an force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking
_____(V)_____ $76 billion in cash and investments - an rulings, turning Brazil’s highest court — and him in particular —
_____(VI)_____ sum thought to be parked in an obscure into a newfound political power and the subject of popular
subsidiary, Braeburn Capital, located across the California border fascination.
in Reno because the state of Nevada doesn’t have corporate or The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision
capital-gains taxes. upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at
increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening
In his second time around at Apple, Jobs ultimately achieved the way for one of the Western Hemisphere’s most sweeping
what had eluded him in his early years there, from 1976 to 1985, affirmative action laws for higher education.
when he was acclaimed as a visionary and a brilliant promoter In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and
but wasn’t respected as a businessman - not even by his board of president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively
directors, who pushed him aside for a more experienced legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an
executive. Now Jobs, 56, retires, having closely rivaled (or some anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting
might say eclipsed) Bill Gates as the most highly regarded trial of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for
business figure of our times. He proved himself the ultimate their roles in a vast vote-buying scheme.
willful leader, forging his singular vision through a combination of Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution
inspiration, unilateralism, and gut instinct. Jobs didn’t just create to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr.
products that instilled lust in consumers and enriched his Barbosa, the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an
company. He upended entire industries. Personal computing. The impoverished city in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked
music business. Publishing. Hollywood. All have been radically as a bricklayer.
transformed because of Steve Jobs. But his prominence — not just on the court, but in the streets as
well — is so well established that masks with his face were sold
www.newsweek.com. for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his
(Mackenzie 2012) According to the text, Steve Jobs nation this year told pollsters that Mr. Barbosa was one of their
a) has become a respected visionary with impeccable ideas
concerning unilateralism geared to his entire industries.
b) has made Apple’s turnover skyrocket.
c) has invested in market capitalization, generating enough profit
to dedicate to the music and movie industry in Hollywood.
d) has always applied his business instinct to create products that
have rivaled Microsoft and pushed him aside.
a candidate for anything,” he says.
e) has surpassed ExxonMobil in the marketing rank of the most
But the same public glare that has turned him into a celebrity has
profitable IT company (Apple) in the world.
Exercício 205 his guidance of the high court, Mr. Barbosa, like almost every
BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a other prominent political figure in Brazil, has recently come under
bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your scrutiny. And for someone accustomed to criticizing the so-called
bureaucracy.) Another noted that he bought an apartment in Mr. Barbosa did not apologize. In the interview, he said some
Miami through a limited liability company, suggesting an effort to tension was necessary for the court to function properly. “It was
pay less taxes on the property. In statements, Mr. Barbosa always like this,” he said, contending that arguments are now just
contends that he has done nothing wrong. easier to see because the court’s proceedings are televised.
In a country where a majority of people now define themselves as Linking the court’s work to the recent wave of protests, he
black or of mixed race — but where blacks remain remarkably explained that he strongly disagreed with the violence of some
rare in the highest echelons of political institutions and demonstrators, but he also said he believed that the street
corporations — Mr. Barbosa’s trajectory and abrupt manner have movements were “a sign of democracy’s exuberance.”
elicited both widespread admiration and a fair amount of “People don’t want to passively stand by and observe these
resistance. arrangements of the elite, which were always the Brazilian
As a teenager, Mr. Barbosa moved to the capital, Brasília, finding tradition,” he said.
work as a janitor in a courtroom. Against the odds, he got into the (Uece 2014) In the sentences “He still voices his admiration for
University of Brasília, the only black student in its law program at figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first black Supreme Court
the time. Wanting to see the world, he later won admission into justice in the United States, and William J. Brennan Jr., who for
Brazil’s diplomatic service, which promptly sent him to Helsinki, years embodied the court’s liberal vision”, “he later won
the Finnish capital on the shore of the Baltic Sea. admission into Brazil’s diplomatic service, which promptly sent
Sensing that he would not advance much in the diplomatic him to Helsinki” and “But the same public glare that has turned
service, which he has called “one of the most discriminatory him into a celebrity has singed him as well” the relative clauses in
institutions of Brazil,” Mr. Barbosa opted for a career as a each one are, respectively, classified as
a) defining, non-defining, and defining.
b) non-defining, defining, and non-defining.
c) defining, non-defining, and non-defining.
d) non-defining, non-defining, and defining.
wrote a book on affirmative action in the United States. He still Exercício 206
voices his admiration for figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a
black Supreme Court justice in the United States, and William J. bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your
Brennan Jr., who for years embodied the court’s liberal vision, Excellency,” dress in billowing robes and wrap each utterance in
clearly drawing inspiration from them as he pushed Brazil’s high grandiloquence, as if little had changed from the era when
court toward socially liberal rulings. marquises and dukes held sway from their vast plantations.
Still, no decision has thrust Mr. Barbosa into Brazil’s public In one televised feud, Mr. Barbosa questioned another justice
imagination as much as his handling of the trial of political about whether he would even be on the court had he not been
operatives, legislators and bankers found guilty in a labyrinthine appointed by his cousin, aformer president impeached in 1992.
corruption scandal called the mensalão, or big monthly With another justice, Mr. Barbosa rebuked him over what the
allowance, after the regular payments made to lawmakers in chief justice considered his condescending tone, telling him he
exchange for their votes. was not his “capanga,” a term describing a hired thug.
Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced In one of his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the high
some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers court’s first and only black justice, took on the entire legal system
Party to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including of Brazil — where it is still remarkably rare for politicians to ever
bribery and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in spend time in prison, even after being convicted of crimes —
which impunity for politicians has been the norm. contending that the mentality of judges was “conservative, pro-
Now the mensalão trial is entering what could be its final phases, status-quo and pro-impunity.”
and Mr. Barbosa has at times been visibly exasperated that “I have a temperament that doesn’t adapt well to politics,” Mr.
defendants who have already been found guilty and sentenced Barbosa, 58, said in a recent interview in his quarters here in the
have managed to avoid hard jail time. He has clashed with other Supreme Federal Tribunal, a modernist landmark designed by the
justices over their consideration of a rare legal procedure in which architect Oscar Niemeyer. “It’s because I speak my mind so much.”
appeals over close votes at the high court are examined. His acknowledged lack of tact notwithstanding, he is the driving
Losing his patience with one prominent justice, Ricardo force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking
Lewandowski, who tried to absolve some defendants of certain rulings, turning Brazil’s highest court — and him in particular —
crimes, Mr. Barbosa publicly accused him this month of into a newfound political power and the subject of popular
“chicanery” by using legalese to prop up certain positions. An fascination.
outcry ensued among some who could not stomach Mr. Barbosa’s The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision
talking to a fellow justice like that. “Who does Justice Joaquim upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at
Barbosa think he is?” asked Ricardo Noblat, a columnist for the increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening
newspaper O Globo, questioning whether Mr. Barbosa was the way for one of the Western Hemisphere’s most sweeping
qualified to preside over the court. “What powers does he think affirmative action laws for higher education.
he has just because he’s sitting in the chair of the chief justice of In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and
the Supreme Federal Tribunal?” president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively
legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an
anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting black Supreme Court justice in the United States, and William J.
trial of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for Brennan Jr., who for years embodied the court’s liberal vision,
their roles in a vast vote-buying scheme. clearly drawing inspiration from them as he pushed Brazil’s high
Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution court toward socially liberal rulings.
to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr. Still, no decision has thrust Mr. Barbosa into Brazil’s public
Barbosa, the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an imagination as much as his handling of the trial of political
impoverished city in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked operatives, legislators and bankers found guilty in a labyrinthine
as a bricklayer. corruption scandal called the mensalão, or big monthly
But his prominence — not just on the court, but in the streets as allowance, after the regular payments made to lawmakers in
well — is so well established that masks with his face were sold exchange for their votes.
for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced
handling of the corruption trial and posted them on YouTube, and some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers
demonstrators during the huge street protests that shook the Party to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including
nation this year told pollsters that Mr. Barbosa was one of their bribery and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in
top choices for president in next year’s elections. which impunity for politicians has been the norm.
As a teenager, Mr. Barbosa moved to the capital, Brasília, finding (Uece 2014) The sentences “he explained that he strongly
work as a janitor in a courtroom. Against the odds, he got into the disagreed with the violence of some demonstrators,” “In one of
University of Brasília, the only black student in its law program at his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the high court’s first
the time. Wanting to see the world, he later won admission into and only black justice, took on the entire legal system of Brazil […]
Brazil’s diplomatic service, which promptly sent him to Helsinki, contending that the mentality of judges was ‘conservative, pro-
the Finnish capital on the shore of the Baltic Sea. status-quo and pro-impunity’ ” and “In the interview, he said
Sensing that he would not advance much in the diplomatic some tension was necessary for the court to function properly”
service, which he has called “one of the most discriminatory contain, respectively, a/an
a) noun clause, a noun clause, and an adjective clause.
b) adjective clause, a noun clause, and an adverb clause.
c) adverb clause, an adjective clause, and a noun clause.
d) noun clause, a noun clause, and a noun clause.
Fascinated by the legal systems of other countries, Mr. Barbosa Exercício 207
wrote a book on affirmative action in the United States. He still TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
voices his admiration for figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first A(s) questão(ões) a seguir está(ão) relacionada(s) ao texto abaixo.
So here I am, upside down in a woman. Arms patiently crossed,
waiting, waiting and wondering who I'm in, 1what I’m in for. My
eyes close nostalgically when I remember how I once drifted in
my translucent body bag, floated dreamily in the bubble of my
thoughts through my 2private ocean in slowmotion somersaults,
colliding gently against the 3transparent bounds of my
confinement, the confiding membrane that vibrated with, even as
it muffled, the voices of conspirators in a 4vile enterprise. That
was in my careless youth. Now, fully inverted, not an inch of
space to myself, knees crammed against belly, my thoughts as
well as my head are fully engaged. I’ve no choice, my ear is
pressed all day and night against the 5bloody walls. I listen, make Scientists say climate change, deforestation and fires could cause
mental notes, and I’m troubled. I’m hearing pillow talk of deadly the world’s largest rainforest to dry out. The big question is how
intent and I’m terrified by what awaits me, by what might 6draw soon that might happen. Seen from a monitoring tower above the
me in. treetops near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon, the rainforest
I’m immersed in abstractions, and only the proliferating relations canopy stretches to the horizon as an endless sea of green. It
between them create the illusion of a known world. When I hear looks like a rich and healthy ecosystem, but appearances are
"blue," which I’ve never seen, I imagine some kind of mental event deceiving. This rainforest – which holds 16,000 separate tree
that's fairly close to "green"—which I’ve never seen. I count species – is slowly drying out.
myself an innocent, 7unburdened by allegiances and obligations, Over the past century, the average temperature in the forest has
a free spirit, despite my 8meagre living room. No one to contradict risen by 1-1.5°C. In some parts, the dry season has expanded
or reprimand me, no name or previous address, no religion, no during the past 50 years, from four months to almost five. Severe
debts, no enemies. My appointment diary, if it existed, notes only droughts have hit three times since 2005. That’s all driving a shift
my forthcoming birthday. I am, or I was, despite what the in vegetation. In 2018, a study reported that trees that do best in
moist conditions, such as tropical legumes from the genus Inga,
geneticists are now saying, a blank slate. 9But a slippery, porous
slate no school-room or cottage roof could find use for, a slate
that writes upon itself as it grows by the day and becomes less
At the same time, large parts of the Amazon, the world’s largest
blank. I count myself an innocent, but it seems I'm party to a plot.
rainforest, are being cut down and burnt. Tree clearing has
My mother, bless her 10unceasing, loudly squelching heart,
seems to be involved.
In: McEWAN, Ian. Nutshell: a novel. New York: Nan A. Talese /
Doubleday, 2016. p. 1-2.
(Ufrgs 2018) Considere as seguintes expressões do texto.
since an extreme drought in 2010.
I. private ocean (ref. 2)

II. transparent bounds (ref. 3)
III. meagre living room (ref. 8)
(Unesp 2021) According to the second paragraph, a change in
vegetation can be noticed by
Quais fazem referência a algum elemento do corpo humano?
a) the expansion of trees adapted to drier climate conditions.
a) Apenas I.
b) the reduction of nut tree population hit by three severe
droughts.
b) Apenas II.
c) adaptation of vegetable species to longer months of dry
season.
c) Apenas III.
d) alteration of tree locations, like growing closer to rivers.
e) substantial decrease of Inga and Brazil nut trees.
d) Apenas I e II.
Exercício 209
e) I, II e III. Slovakia
Exercício 208
The arrest of Vladimir Meciar
When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?
BRATISLAVA
1. It was either a blow for justice and an important signal, to be 8. The continuing exodus of the country's Gypsies is also
noted across postcommunist Central Europe, that nobody is darkening the mood. Improving their lot is a prerequisite for
above the law. Or it was a crude act of vengeance that could Slovakia's desired entry into the European Union. Belgium
polarise and destabilize Slovakian politics. In any event, the arrest recently followed the example of several other EU countries by
on April 20th of independent Slovakia's longest-serving prime imposing visas on Slovak visitors, including even those who come
minister, Vladimir Meciar, was one of the most momentous events regularly to Brussels to negotiate for Slovakia to join the club.
to have occurred since the country split from the Czech Republic
seven years ago. 9. Still, despite the fragility of the government and the tensions
2. In a dawn swoop, masked commandos from a special unit that heightened by Mr Meciar's arrest, Slovakia is moving ahead.
is supposed to stamp out organised crime dynamited Mr Meciar's Austerity measures have made the government unpopular, but
back door and took him away at gunpoint. Mr Meciar's enemies, they are working. Unemployment, still 20%, is coming down. The
who say he turned the Slovak state into a crime racket, economy is set to grow by around 3% this year. Foreign
applauded. Yet the former boxer, who ran the country from 1993 investment is up, with US Steel recently agreeing to shell out
until he was ousted in a general election in 1998, still had his old more than $400m to revamp the country's biggest mill.
swagger. "Don't be afraid," he shouted out to supporters. "I'm not
afraid." 10. "The country is in better shape than Greece was when it
joined the EU, " says Grigorij Meseznikov, who runs a leading
3. The day after his arrest, several thousand of his disciples, thinktank in Bratislava. While a growing number of Central
noting that it was appropriately Good Friday, descended on Europeans outside Slovakia are having doubts about joining the
Bratislava, Slovakia's capital, to hurl abuse at the country's EU, some 70% of
reform-minded prime minister, Mikulas Dzurinda. He was Slovaks now say they want to get in. And for the first time a
variously castigated as "the Pharisee", "Judas", "Pontius Pilate" slender majority, against Mr Meciar's fierce opposition, say that
and, less biblically, "you dirty little gypsy". Mr Dzurinda will not Slovakia should join NATO too.
mind the names if the judges can fulfil the promise, which helped The Economist April 29th, 2000.
bond his four-party coalition when it fought the election 18
months ago, to bring Mr Meciar to justice.
4. The architect of Slovakia's independence was freed on bail (Fgv 2001) According to the information in the article, Slovakia
after being charged with paying illegal bonuses worth $350,000 owes, in large part, which of the following to Vladimir Meciar?
to his cabinet ministers during his time in office. If found guilty, he
a) Its high crime rate
could get ten years behind bars. He may also be forced to give
b) Its high unemployment rate
evidence in a case to do with the kidnapping in 1995 of the son of
c) Its instability
Slovakia's then president, Michal Kovac. Government supporters
d) Its independence
say that Mr Kovac's son was kidnapped by the Slovak secret
e) Its attractiveness to foreign investors
service on Mr Meciar's orders.
Exercício 210
5. Could Mr Meciar's arrest increase his popularity? Probably not - (Uel 2020) Leia o texto a seguir.
even though opinion polls have already been giving him more
support than any other Slovak politician: a quarter still say they We do a great disservice to boys in how we raise them. We stifle
would like him to be prime minister again. Last year he won 43% the humanity of boys. We define masculinity in a very narrow
of the vote in the presidential election, against a lacklustre ex- way. Masculinity is a hard, small cage, and we put boys inside this
Communist, Rudolf Schuster, the current head of state. cage.
6. But Mr Meciar is also, ironically, Slovakia's most disliked public We teach boys to be afraid of fear, of weakness, of vulnerability.
figure. Two-thirds, according to the opinion polls, cheered his We teach them to mask their true selves, because they have to
arrest. Even if his populist Movement for a Democratic Slovakia be, in Nigerian-speak—a hard man. In secondary school, a boy
does quite well in the general election due in 2002, it is unlikely and a girl go out, both of them teenagers with meager pocket
to find coalition partners to let him form a government. Only the money. Yet the boy is expected to pay the bills, always, to prove
far-right xenophobes of the Slovak Nationalist Party might his masculinity. (And we wonder why boys are more likely to
consider backing him. steal money from their parents.) What if both boys and girls were
raised not to link masculinity and money? What if their attitude
7. Still, whatever Mr Meciar's fate, Mr Dzurinda has been worried. was not “the boy has to pay,” but rather, “whoever has more
His coalition is dogged by infighting. He has failed to merge the should pay.” Of course, because of their historical advantage, it is
five groups that make up his own bit of the coalition. Jozef Migas, mostly men who will have more today. But if we start raising
parliament's speaker, hitherto a dose ally who heads one of the children differently, then in fifty years, in a hundred years, boys
coalition's four parties, recently shook the government by casting will no longer have the pressure of proving their masculinity by
a no-confidence vote against Mr Dzurinda in parliament. material means. But by far the worst thing we do to males — by
making them feel they have to be hard — is that we leave them
with very fragile egos. The harder a man feels compelled to be,
the weaker his ego is. The marketing firm Newzoo estimated last year that with brand
investment growing by 48 per cent, the global e-sports economy
And then we do a much greater disservice to girls, because we will reach almost $1 billion in 2018.
raise them to cater to the fragile egos of males.
Still, the question remains, is e-sports — “organized video game
We teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller. competitions” — actually a sport?
We say to girls: You can have ambition, but not too much. You To answer this question, perhaps we need to revisit the academic
should aim to be successful but not too successful, otherwise you definition of sport. While differences may exist in their granular
will threaten the man. If you are the breadwinner in your descriptions of sport, researchers appear to converge on three
relationship with a man, pretend that you are not, especially in central attributes: The sport involves a physical component, it is
public, otherwise you will emasculate him. competitive, and it is institutionalized, meaning a governing body
establishes the rules of performance.
CHIMAMANDA, Ngozi Adichie. New York, 2014.
jackiewhiting.net While e-sports can be argued to be competitive and
institutionalized, the first criteria of physicality is where it falls
short.
O texto é parte de um discurso feito em 2012 por Chimamanda
Ngozi Adichie, uma escritora nigeriana reconhecida como uma das Central to the Olympic Movement and nestled within the criteria
mais importantes jovens autoras anglófonas. Em 2014, esse of accepting a new sport is gender equality.
discurso foi transformado em livro. Com base no texto, elabore
uma resposta, em português, para cada um dos itens a seguir. Interestingly, this has been an area in which e-sports has been
heavily criticized.
a) Compare as características que, segundo a autora, marcam a
criação de meninos e meninas. Justifique sua resposta com A study that reviewed gender and gaming determined that even
trechos do texto. though there are approximately equal numbers of males and
b) Identifique a opinião da autora, apontando qual é o principal females who play video games, most professional gamers are
argumento que a sustenta. male. Moreover, female players who achieve some level of
success are marginalized. Researchers concluded the “video
Exercício 211 game culture is actively hostile towards women in the private as
(Uel 2020) Leia o texto a seguir. well as the professional spheres.”
E-sports on the Olympic Games Adaptado de: theconversation.com
Ever since the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris first expressed

interest of possibly adding electronic sports to the Olympic Com base no texto, responda, em português, aos itens a seguir.
Games program, we’ve seen a growing interest by the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) in e-sports — traditionally a) Identifique as motivações para a inserção de e-sports nos
defined as any “organized video game competitions.” Jogos Olímpicos. Justifique sua resposta com trechos do texto.
b) Relacione a posição social do autor com o seu ponto de vista
Recognizing the growing interest in e-sports, the organizing sobre a inserção dos e-sports nos Jogos Olímpicos, explicando as
committee of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris said: “The razões que justificam esse posicionamento.
youth are interested, let’s meet them.”
Exercício 212
As an Olympian and former world class high jumper, I struggle (Ufu 2018)
with the notion of e-sports becoming an Olympic sport. I am not
alone. Conversations I’ve had with other Olympians reveal
concerns about comparing the physical skill and demands of
traditional athletic competition with e-sports. Given the IOC’s
advocacy role for physical activity, e-sports seems to be a conflict
with its push for an active society.
Given the growth in popularity, it’s understandable why the IOC

would want to partner with e-sports. The IOC generates more
than 90 per cent of its revenue from broadcast and sponsorship.
Partnering with e-sports, where revenue is generated mostly
through sponsorship but where more money is coming from
broadcasting, could be complementary and attractive. A Kiss for Every Taste
A guide to the greeting that’s better than a handshake increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening
If there’s one thing that can be disconcerting when you’re affirmative action laws for higher education.
traveling around Latin America, it’s the custom of greeting people In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and
with a kiss. Really, is there anything more uncomfortable than president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively
kissing a total stranger? legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an
That’s what a lot of Argentines do, finding it perfectly acceptable anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting
to plant one or even two kisses on the cheek of someone who trial of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for
they’ve just met. Going cheek to cheek is increasingly common their roles in a vast vote-buying scheme.
between Argentine men, even if they’ve never laid eyes on each Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution
other before. to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr.
On the other side of the Andes, in Chile, a kiss on the cheek is Barbosa, the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an
also customary – but beware, only one, and only between impoverished city in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked
women. Chilean men shake hands, but if they are already friends, as a bricklayer.
first comes the handshake and then a hug. Nice. But his prominence — not just on the court, but in the streets as
The social mores of other cultures are a minefield of possible well — is so well established that masks with his face were sold
embarrassments. But they are also a constant source of for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his
fascination. handling of the corruption trial and posted them on YouTube, and
Disponível em: <https://americanwaymagazine.com/kiss-every- nation this year told pollsters that Mr. Barbosa was one of their
taste>. Acesso em: 15 abr. 2018. top choices for president in next year’s elections.
Responda em português. considered a shoo-in for the incumbent, Dilma Rousseff, is now
Based on the text, answer the following questions. up in the air, with Mr. Barbosa — who is now so much in the
a) Why is the author´s view on different cultural conventions public eye that gossip columnists are following his romance with
somewhat contradictory? a woman in her 20s — repeatedly saying he will not run. “I’m not
b) What is the difference between the way Argentine and Chilean a candidate for anything,” he says.
males great other men? But the same public glare that has turned him into a celebrity has
Exercício 213 his guidance of the high court, Mr. Barbosa, like almost every
BRASÍLIA — Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a other prominent political figure in Brazil, has recently come under
bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your scrutiny. And for someone accustomed to criticizing the so-called
force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking Brazil’s diplomatic service, which promptly sent him to Helsinki,
rulings, turning Brazil’s highest court — and him in particular — the Finnish capital on the shore of the Baltic Sea.
into a newfound political power and the subject of popular Sensing that he would not advance much in the diplomatic
fascination. service, which he has called “one of the most discriminatory
The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision institutions of Brazil,” Mr. Barbosa opted for a career as a
upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at prosecutor. He alternated between legal investigations in Brazil
German, and earning a doctorate in law at Pantheon-Assas By JOHN FILES
Fascinated by the legal systems of other countries, Mr. Barbosa WASHINGTON, Feb. 19 - Federal prosecutors are pressing for
wrote a book on affirmative action in the United States. He still the death penalty against a man charged with murdering three
voices his admiration for figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first employees at a Starbucks coffee shop here in July 1997, clearing
black Supreme Court justice in the United States, and William J. the way for the city's first death penalty case in nearly 30 years.
Brennan Jr., who for years embodied the court’s liberal vision, In an outline issued this week, the prosecutors said they wanted
clearly drawing inspiration from them as he pushed Brazil’s high to press a capital charge because the defendant has a history of
court toward socially liberal rulings. violent crime. They said he shows no remorse and poses a
Still, no decision has thrust Mr. Barbosa into Brazil’s public continuing threat.
imagination as much as his handling of the trial of political Carl D. Cooper, 30, has been charged with the three killings in the
operatives, legislators and bankers found guilty in a labyrinthine affluent Georgetown section of the city. The bodies of Emory
corruption scandal called the mensalão, or big monthly Allen Evans, 25; Mary Caitrin Mahoney, 24; and Aaron David
allowance, after the regular payments made to lawmakers in Goodrich, 18, were found by another Starbucks employee.
exchange for their votes. The case gained national attention because it happened in one of
Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced the city's fashionable neighborhoods, a 34-square-block area
some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers northwest of downtown Washington known for bars, restaurants,
Party to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including boutiques and narrow residential streets of expensive town
bribery and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in houses. Georgetown is home to members of Congress, Secretary
which impunity for politicians has been the norm. of State Madeleine K. Albright and other major political figures,
Now the mensalão trial is entering what could be its final phases, as well as Georgetown University, but not to a great deal of crime
and Mr. Barbosa has at times been visibly exasperated that or violence. Attorney General Janet Reno decided to seek the
defendants who have already been found guilty and sentenced death penalty for Mr. Cooper with advice from Wilma A. Lewis,
have managed to avoid hard jail time. He has clashed with other the United States attorney for the District of Columbia. A death
justices over their consideration of a rare legal procedure in which penalty review panel at the Justice Department concurred.
appeals over close votes at the high court are examined. Kenneth L. Wainstein, assistant United States attorney, in a 35-
Losing his patience with one prominent justice, Ricardo page document, cited Mr. Cooper's "continuing pattern of criminal
Lewandowski, who tried to absolve some defendants of certain conduct," including armed robberies dating to 1989 and
crimes, Mr. Barbosa publicly accused him this month of possession of firearms and drugs dating to 1988; laundering of
“chicanery” by using legalese to prop up certain positions. An money obtained from robberies; and threats to murder witnesses
outcry ensued among some who could not stomach Mr. Barbosa’s and law enforcement officers.
talking to a fellow justice like that. “Who does Justice Joaquim The case moved to federal court in August with a 48-count
Barbosa think he is?” asked Ricardo Noblat, a columnist for the indictment against Mr. Cooper, charging him with crimes from
newspaper O Globo, questioning whether Mr. Barbosa was 1993 to 1997. His trial is to start on May 2 in United States
qualified to preside over the court. “What powers does he think District Court in Washington.
he has just because he’s sitting in the chair of the chief justice of The last person executed in the city was Robert E. Carter, 28, an
the Supreme Federal Tribunal?” unemployed laborer electrocuted on April 27, 1957, for killing an
Mr. Barbosa did not apologize. In the interview, he said some unarmed, off-duty police officer. The last trial in a capital case
tension was necessary for the court to function properly. “It was was in 1972.
always like this,” he said, contending that arguments are now just The city repealed the death penalty in 1980. Residents voted
easier to see because the court’s proceedings are televised. overwhelmingly in the 1992 election to reject a provision that
Linking the court’s work to the recent wave of protests, he would have reinstated the death sentence.
explained that he strongly disagreed with the violence of some City officials, many of whom are opposed to the decision to make
demonstrators, but he also said he believed that the street this a capital case, criticized Ms. Reno for ignoring the views of
movements were “a sign of democracy’s exuberance.” the city's residents and urged that the city be allowed to handle
“People don’t want to passively stand by and observe these the situation with some autonomy. If Mr. Cooper were prosecuted
arrangements of the elite, which were always the Brazilian under local jurisdiction, the maximum sentence he could receive
tradition,” he said. would be life in prison without the possibility of parole.
(Uece 2014) The sentences “I have a temperament that doesn’t Eleanor Holmes Norton, the city's delegate to Congress, wrote to
adapt well to politics”, and “I’m not a candidate for anything” are, Ms. Lewis: "The Cooper case is essentially a local homicide
respectively matter with federal charges tacked on. If the District had a local
a) simple and compound.
b) compound and simple.
c) complex and simple.
d) simple and simple.
Triple killing in Coffee Shop Stirs Death Penalty Debate
Ms. Norton said in an interview that "serious equal protection
death penalty. She said it is disturbing that, with about 300
neighborhoods, federal officials chose to elevate a case from the
"most glamorous part of Washington".
Mayor Anthony A. Williams said he agreed with the attorney
general on "the need for harsh penalties, including life in prison
without parole." But, he added, "I do not support the death
penalty."
Ms. Norton and Amnesty International USA have drawn
comparisons to a 1995 triple murder at a McDonald's in
Southeast Washington. Kennedy J. Marshall pleaded guilty and
received 80 years to life in prison. a) De acordo com o Dr. Dan, como um incorporador imobiliário
The New York Times, Sunday, February 20, 2000. gentrifica uma área?
b) A resposta do Dr. Dan no quarto quadrinho revela que ele se
(Fgv 2000) Which of the following does the article mention as a preocupa com o bem-estar dos moradores de baixa renda?
conflict associated with the Starbucks coffee shop murders? Justifique sua resposta.
a) Though most inhabitants of Washington are against the death Exercício 217
penalty federal prosecutors are in favor of it. What is Gentrification?
b) Though the U.S. Attorney General is in favor of the death
penalty, the U. S. Secretary of State is against it.
c) If the murder had occurred in another city, it would not have
caused such a scandal.
d) If the victims of the killings had been black instead of white,
the crime would not have been so important.
e) Though the local Washington prosecutor is in favor of the
death penalty, the federal prosecutor is against it.
Exercício 215
(Unicamp 2012)
Gentrification is a general term for the arrival of higher-income

people in an existing working-class urban district, causing a
related increase in rents and property values, and changes in the
district’s character and culture. The term is often used negatively,
suggesting the displacement of low-income communities by
affluent outsiders. But the effects of gentrification are complex
and contradictory, and its real impact varies.
Many aspects of the gentrification process are desirable. Who
wouldn’t want to see reduced crime, new investment in buildings
and infrastructure, and increased economic activity in their
neighborhoods? Unfortunately, the benefits of these changes are
often enjoyed disproportionately by the new arrivals, while the
established residents find themselves economically and socially
marginalized.
Although there is not a clear-cut technical definition of
gentrification, it is characterized by several changes:
a) Aponte dois tipos de gastos específicos do governo federal - Demographics: An increase in median income, a decline in the
norte-americano explicitados no cartum. proportion of ethnic minorities, and a reduction in household size,
b) Qual é a crítica feita pelo cartum ao americano médio? as low-income families are replaced by young singles and
couples.
Exercício 216 - Real estate markets: Large increases in rents and home prices,
(Unesp 2020) Observe a tira para responder, em português, aos increases in the number of evictions, conversion of rental units to
itens a e b. ownership (condos) and new development of luxury housing.
- Land use: A decline in industrial uses, an increase in office or
multimedia uses, the development of live-work “lofts” and high-
end housing, retail, and restaurants.
- Culture and character: New ideas about what is desirable and
attractive, including standards (either informal or legal) for
architecture, landscaping, public behavior, noise, and nuisance.
(http://archive.pov.org. Adapted.)
(Unesp 2020) Examine a tira e releia o texto What is

Gentrification? para responder, em português, aos itens a e b.
Texto quadrinho 1: "Alamar came to the United States to find

work. Alamar is a brick mason. He works hard and is very
productive."
Texto quadrinho 2: "Because Alamar is so productive, people in
related jobs, like brickmakers, site supervisors and truckers have
more work to do."
Texto quadrinho 3: "All those people, including Alamar, spend
money in the local economy, on things like groceries and movies
and diners and gas and clothes. All that spending creates more
jobs."
Texto quadrinho 4: "Which is why Americans welcome Alamar
with friendship and open arms."
"Go home you job stealer!"
O fragmento de texto a seguir faz parte do romance Americanah,

a) Os quadrinhos numerados de 1 a 4 ilustram qual item de Chimamanda N. Adichie. Nele, a protagonista, Ifemelu, uma
apresentado no terceiro parágrafo do texto What is imigrante nigeriana, narra dois episódios de sua vida nos Estados
Gentrification? Justifique sua resposta. Unidos.
b) Qual item apresentado no terceiro parágrafo do texto pode ser
associado ao último quadrinho? Justifique sua resposta. Ifemelu decided to stop faking an American accent on a sunlit day
in July. It was convincing, the accent. She had perfected, from
Exercício 218
careful watching of friends and newscasters, but the accent
creaked with consciousness, it was an act of will. It took an effort,
the twisting of lip, the curling of tongue, the sentences starting
with “So”. 1If she were in a panic, or terrified, she would not
remember how to produce those American sounds. And so she
resolved to stop, on that summer day.
On that July morning, her weekend bag already packed for
Massachusetts, she was making scrambled eggs when the phone
rang. It was a telemarketer, a young, male American who was
offering better long-distance and international phone rates. She
always hung up on telemarketers, but there was something about
his voice that made her turn down the stove and hold on to the
receiver, something poignantly untried, untested, the slightest of
tremors, an aggressive customer-service friendliness that was not
aggressive at all. She asked whether he had rates better than fifty
cents a minute to Nigeria.
He came back and said his rates were the same.
“May I ask who I’m talking to?”
“My name is Ifemelu.”
He repeated her name with exaggerated care. “Is it a French
name?”
“No. Nigerian.”
“Oh, really? How long have you been in the U.S.?”
“Three years.”
“Wow. Cool. You sound totally American.”
“Thank you.”
2Only after she hung up did she begin to feel the stain of a
burgeoning shame spreading all over her, for thanking him, for
crafting his words “You sound American” into a garland that she
Rape is a tool of war used by migrants across Europe. So why
hung around her own neck. 3Why was it a compliment, an is it downplayed?
accomplishment, to sound American? And so she finished eating The New Year's Eve of 2016 Will be remembered as a national
her eggs and resolved to stop faking the American accent. She tragedy for Germany, where sexual assaults were committed en
first spoke without the American accent that afternoon at masse. Despite the attempts at cover ups, it eventually came to
Thirtieth Street Station, leaning towards the woman behind the light that 12 German towns and various other European cities
Amtrak counter. were set upon in both pre-planned and spontaneous sex attacks.
“Could I have a round-trip to Haverhill, please? Returning Sunday Sadly, the attacks from New Year's Eve have only served as a
afternoon”, she said, and felt a rush of pleasure from giving the t warning of what was to come. Across Europe there are countless
its full due in “advantage”, from not rolling her r in “Haverhill.” reports of women being sexually assaulted, molested in public
This was truly her; this was the voice with which she would pools, girl's bodies slashed for "not covering up", and more cases
speak if she were woken up from a deep sleep during an of "Taharrush" – a kind of mob sex attack that originated in Egypt.
earthquake. Still, she resolved that if the Amtrak woman These events are no longer outliers, but are now daily
responded to her accent by speaking too slowly as though to an occurrences according to both media reports and police records.
idiot, then she would put on her Mr. Agbo voice, the mannered, Rape is a very real tool of war and yet too often the perpetrators
overcareful pronunciations she had learned during debate – of all backgrounds – are given a free pass. In fact, of the
meetings in secondary school when the bearded Mr. Agbo played estimated 2000 sex attackers in Cologne, there have been just 4
BBC recordings on his cassette player and then made all the convictions reported in July this year. Less concerned about
students pronounce words over and over until he beamed and women's safety, authorities instead feared mostly for
cried “Correct”! But there was no need to do any of these because Islamophobia.
the Amtrak woman spoke normally. “Can I see an ID*, miss?” The Left seeks to welcome migrants regardless of how extreme
their religio-political views, and yet refuses to hold frank dialogue
Adaptado de ADICHIE, Chimamanda Ngozi. Americanah. on how exactly Western society will sustain egalitarianism in the
Londres: Fourth Estate, 2014 face of swelling Islamic-fuelled misogyny. Something has to give.
Adapted from: McNALLY, Laura. <www.dailytelegraph.com.au>.

Published: Aug. 15, 2016
(Uerj 2020) Observe os termos sublinhados na frase citada (1) e
em sua reescritura (2): conviction: sentença
downplay: minimizar
(1) If she were in a panic, or terrified, she would not remember mob: multidão; turba
how to produce those American sounds. (ref. 1) regardless: independentemente
(2) If she is in a panic, or terrified, she will not remember how to swelling: que infla
produce those American sounds. outlier: caso isolado
set upon: atacar
Apresente a diferença de sentido entre os dois enunciados, com yet: no entanto
base nas alterações realizadas nos verbos.
Exercício 219
(Fempar (Fepar) 2018) Analyse the following sentences
according to grammar.
( ) “It will be remembered as a national tragedy”. The negative
form of this sentence is "It won't be remembered as a national
tragedy".
( ) “There were attacks in 12 German towns and various other
European cities”. It is also correct to say “Last year, there have
been attacks in 12 German towns and several other European
cities”.
( ) “The Left seeks to welcome migrants regardless of how
extreme their religio-political views”. The word their refers to
migrants.
( ) “If European women are sexually assaulted, they Will
react”. The second conditional of this sentence is "If European
women were sexually assauIted, they would react".
( ) “Why is it downplayed?, she asked”. The reported speech of
this sentence is “She asked because it has been downplayed”.
Exercício 220
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO
As respostas devem ser apresentadas em português.
a) Considerando as informações da figura, cite um dos limites

planetários que apresenta alto risco. Explique como podemos
associá-lo à atividade humana no planeta.
b) A afirmação do Prof. Will Steffen se refere a um processo
biológico para manter a homeostase corporal nos seres humanos.
Que processo é esse e qual a sua importância para os seres
humanos?
(Espm 2013) Calvin’s words in the third frame could be replaced, Exercício 222
without changing their meaning, by Analise o mapa:
a) If you weren’t such a muttonhead, you mightn't think of it

yourself.
b) If you hadn’t been such a muttonhead, you might have thought
of it yourself.
c) Unless you had been such a muttonhead, you might have
thought of it yourself.
d) Unless you were such a muttonhead, you could have thought
of it yourself.
e) Weren’t you such a muttonhead, you could have thought of it
yourself.
Exercício 221
(Unicamp 2020) An international group proposed a framework of
nine planetary boundaries that underpin the stability of the
global ecosystem. Since the mid-1950s, many elements that
ensure the habitability of the planet are degrading at an
accelerating pace. The latest research indicates that, as a result of
human activity, we have now exceeded the “safe” levels for four
planetary boundaries.
Considering these changes, some people believe that human
beings can adapt with the help of technology, but that’s not
based on fact. “There is no convincing evidence that a large
mammal, with a core body temperature of will be able to

evolve that quickly,” said Prof. Will Steffen of the Australian
National University and the Stockholm Resilience Centre.
cycling has enjoyed yet another surge in 2popularity – the result
of 3constantly improving bike lanes coupled with fears of climate
change.
Copenhagen’s City Council reported in early July that 62% of its
residents are now commuting to work or school by bike.
According to local reports, there are more bikes than people in
Copenhagen, and five times as many bicycles as cars.
To make commuting by bike even easier, 4faster and more
comfortable, there has been a spate of activity in recent years to
improve the already impressive biking infrastructure. Copenhagen
has built 17 new bridges over the city’s canals for bicycles. Also,
more than a dozen cycle superhighways have been set up to
create higher-speed, traffic-light-free bike paths.
Klaus Mygind, a member of Copenhagen’s City Council, believes
that many more Danes are switching to cycling because they feel
a responsibility to future generations. “I do think the climate
change problem is what has been motivating even more people
to take the bike,” he said.
All walks of life can be seen pedaling against the wind during the
morning and evening rush hours. It’s not unusual to see lawyers
and business professionals in suits or 5dresses standing on their
bikes at red lights next to butchers, 6bakers and clerks.
Taken together, the efforts to bolster the cycling infrastructure
while making driving and parking into the city prohibitively
expensive and difficult send strong signals to commuters about
where the priorities lie in the city that has pledged to become the
world’s first carbon-neutral capital by 2025.
Source: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08-
Texto da imagem: Deforestation often follows a fishbone pattern,
07/copenhagen-has-taken-bicycle-commuting-to-a-new-level.
as loggers clear trees perpendicular to main roads. Opening a
[Adapted].
single new road can have a high environmental impact.
Accessed on: August 16th, 2019.
(Unesp 2021) O retângulo destacado no mapa e seu texto

informam que, muitas vezes, o desmatamento
(Ufsc 2020) Select the correct proposition(s) according to the
a) precede a abertura de estradas para o escoamento de madeira text:
ilegal.
01) In Copenhagen, all social classes can be seen on a bike.
b) ocorre em entradas perpendiculares após a construção de
02) Cycling is the most popular means of commuting in
estradas.
Copenhagen.
c) provoca a morte de peixes em rios e igarapés próximos.
04) Cycling is so popular in Copenhagen because the weather
d) provoca desertificação nas regiões que margeiam as
conditions are optimal year around.
estradas.
08) Residents of Copenhagen are not worried about the
e) toma forma de espinha de peixe ao longo das margens de rios.
environment.
Exercício 223 16) Riding bikes was introduced to Copenhagen in the last
Copenhagen has taken bicycle commuting to a whole new level decade.
by Erik Kirschbaum 32) The city’s cycling structure was designed so well that it
August 8, 2019 hasn’t been altered recently.
Copenhagen 64) Soren Jensen obtained only health benefits when he switched
his car to a bike.
Soren Jensen sold his car six years ago and joined the rivers of
Exercício 224
rolling humanity who bicycle through Copenhagen every day. He
(Fuvest 2015)
quickly lost about 20 kilos on his hour-a-day bike commutes,
while saving time and a small fortune. “I had a Mercedes but it
sat in the garage all the time because it was so much easier to
get everywhere by bike,” said Jensen, a 51-year-old who works in
a downtown investment bank.
Cycling has been a part of life in Copenhagen for decades despite
1windy and rainy conditions for much of the year. In recent years,
apart, but Dr. Mousseau and his colleagues soon realised that the
To do this, during July 2011, the researchers counted and

In 1998 Fernando Henrique Cardoso, then Brazil’s president, said identified birds at 300 locations near Fukushima that had
he would triple the area of the Amazonian forest set aside for radiation levels as low as 0.5 microsieverts per hour and as high
posterity. At the time the ambition seemed vain: Brazil was losing as 35 (for comparison, dental X-rays rarely expose patients to
20,000 square kilometers of forest a year. Over the next 15 years more than 0.05 microsieverts). Then they compared these results
loggers, ranchers, environmentalists and indigenous tribes to bird data collected in areas that had the same range of
battled it out – often bloodily – in the world’s largest tropical radiation levels near Chernobyl between 2006 and 2009.
forest. Yet all the while presidents were patiently patching
together a jigsaw of national parks and other protected patches Their results show that as radiation levels in an area rose to 35
of forest to create the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA), a microsieverts per hour, the average number of birds dropped by
protected area 20 times the size of Belgium. Now, less than almost a third compared with the areas where radiation levels
6,000 sq km of Brazil’s Amazonian forest is cleared each year. In were only 0.5 microsieverts per hour. This makes sense: in those
May the government and a group of donors agreed to finance areas with a high level of radiation, living things would tend to
ARPA for 25 years. It is the largest tropical-forest conservation die or sicken and fail to reproduce. However, when researchers
project in history. looked at the 14 bird species that lived in both regions, they
found that the same level of radiation was associated with twice
This matters because of Brazil’s size: with 5m sq km of jungle, it as large a drop in bird numbers in Fukushima as in Chernobyl.
has almost as much as the next three countries (Congo, China
and Australia) put together. But it also matters for what it may The reasons for this are not clear. It is possible that the
signal: that the world could be near a turning point in the sorry composition of the radionuclides are proving more dangerous to
story of tropical deforestation. the Fukushima birds than they are to the birds near Chernobyl.
But Dr. Mousseau suggests a more likely explanation is that
The Economist, August 23, 2014. Adapted. evolution has already been at work near Chernobyl, killing off
individual birds that cannot cope with the background radiation
Redigindo em português, atenda ao que se pede. and allowing the genes of those that have some tolerance to be
a) Com base no texto, compare a situação da floresta amazônica passed on. The birds at Fukushima are only beginning to face the
em 1998 com a de 2014. evolutionary challenge of living in a radioactive world.
b) Segundo o texto, o que é o projeto ARPA e qual a importância
que ele pode vir a ter para a floresta amazônica? Adapted from The Economist, March 3, 2012
Exercício 225
RADIATION AND EVOLUTION (Fgvrj 2013) According to the information in the article, the
disaster at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant
THE disaster last year at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power
a) was the worst of its kind ever recorded.
plant, caused by an earthquake and tsunami, scored seven on the
b) was more harmful to animals than to humans.
International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES). No
c) was made worse by a subsequent earthquake and tsunami.
worse rating exists. Radiation is harmful to living things, yet the
d) was, according to one international ranking system, as bad as
possible.
radiation on ecosystems are poorly understood. With this in mind,
e) will have easily predictable consequences in the following
a team led by Timothy Mousseau of the University of South
decades.
to compare bird species dwelling near the Fukushima plant with Exercício 226
those living at the site of another nuclear incident that scored a France changes “mother” and “father” to “parent 1” and
seven on the INES: the Ukrainian town of Chernobyl, where “parent 2” under new law
disaster struck in 1986. Remarkably, they found that some By Emma R., 17 February 2019
species seem to develop a tolerance for radioactivity over time.
( ) The sentences “It is not just conservatives who question the
new legislation” and “It is just conservatives who do not question
the new legislation” have the same meaning.
( ) “If I hear people say this is an old-fashioned model, I remind
them that 95 per cent are man-woman couples”. The second
conditional of this sentence is: “If I heard people say this will be
an old-fashioned model, I will remind them that 95 per cent are
man-woman couples”.
Exercício 227
(Ufu 2018)
The new naming convention is aimed at ending discrimination

against same sex parents, but critics argue that it “dehumanises”
parenthood and may lead to rows over who
gets classified as "Parent 1". "We have families who find
themselves faced with tick boxes stuck in rather old-fashioned
social and family models” said Valérie Petit, MP for the REM party
of President Emmanuel Macron.
“When I hear people say this is an old-fashioned model, I would
remind people that today, among unions celebrated, civil or
marital, some 95 per cent are man-woman couples,” Conservative
MP Xavier Breton said of the latest amendment, while fellow Radio powered by your own sweat hints at future of wearables
Conservative Fabien Di Filippo denounced the move as a By Timothy Revell
“frightening ideology”.
However, it is not just conservatives who question the Battery flat on your radio? Don’t sweat it. Or maybe that’s exactly
effectiveness of the new legislation. Alexandre Urwicz, president what you should do. Sweat alone has been used to power a radio
of the AFDH, the French association for same sex parents, for two days, demonstrating the capability of a new skin patch.
worries that the legislation could create a “parental hierarchy”. The patch is a flexible square just a couple of centimetres across
“Who is 'parent number 1' and who is 'parent number 2?” he that sticks to skin. It contains enzymes that replace the precious
asks, adding that perhaps the less controversial “father, mother metals normally used in batteries and feed off sweat to provide
and legal representative” be used instead. power. Getting enough power out of a biofuel cell to make it
The amendment may yet be rejected by the majority-Senate, but useful has proved tricky, but the latest version can extract 10
would then return to France's National Assembly for further times more than before.
consideration. “We’re now getting really impressive power levels. If you were
out for a run, you would be able to power a mobile device,” says
(Adaptado de: <https://voiceofeurope.com>) Joseph Wang at the University of California, San Diego, who was
in the team that worked on the technology.
amendment: emenda Disponível em: <https://www.newscientist.com>. Acesso em: 8

MP: Member of Parliament abr. 2018.
REM: (La) République en Marche
row: contenda; briga; discussão
stuck: ligado a; preso Responda em inglês.
tick boxes: quadrinhos de assinalamento em formulários Based on the text, answer the following questions.
a) According to the text, how could one charge batteries in the
future?
(Fempar (Fepar) 2020) Check the sentences below according to b) How efficient is this new technology being described?
grammar or meaning.
( ) “France changes 'mother' and 'father' to 'parent 1' and
'parent 2' under new law”. We could also say: “Under new law, Exercício 228
France changes 'mother' and 'father' to 'parent 1' and 'parent 2”. (Ufmg 2013) Read the text below and MATCH the topics of each
( ) “The new naming convention is aimed at ending paragraph to the subtitles given.
discrimination against same sex parents”. The words in bold can
be replaced by intends to end. SUBTITLES:
( ) “But critics argue that it 'dehumanises' parenthood”. We
could also say: “However, critics argue that it 'dehumanises' 1. Redecorate with recycled products
parenthood”. 2. Make your toilet more efficient
3. Don’t shop, freecycle third-party approvals, such as the Green Seal, to help you
4. Use less gas by driving more efficiently separate legitimate environmental-friendliness from the fakers.
5. Switch to cloth diapers E-mailing the company directly when answers prove elusive is
6. Don’t be fooled by fake green products another option. Websites such as http://www.thesmartmama.com
7. Make your own cleaning supplies also do a lot of that research for you.
8. Use disposable bags j) ___________. You can buy a low-flow toilet, which uses up less
9. Put your home on an energy diet water each time you flush, or you can make your own. Just drop a
10. Cut down on lotions and the like brick or a soda bottle filled with sand or water into the back of
11. Cook at home, be creative, and try less meat your toilet, and it will use up less water.
12. Cancel catalog and mail offers k) ___________. The idea of installing someone else’s used kitchen
cabinets might sound extreme, and even a little dirty, but with a
The first one is done for you. One subtitle cannot be used. few of those do-it-yourself cleaning products you just learned to
make, along with a new coat of VOC-free paint, used cabinets can
Eleven ways to save money while going green actually result in a beautiful new kitchen.
a) 5 . If you can’t, or do not like the idea, at least do a (SOURCE: <http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/alpha-

combination with disposables. Even one cloth diaper per day consumer/2011/04/21/earth-day-5-ways-to-go-green-and-
means 365 fewer disposables in the landfill each year. save>. accessed on May 18th, 2012. adapted.)
b) _________. Make sure your home is properly insulated so you
can use less heat and air conditioning. Closing doors to unused Exercício 229
rooms, like a guest room, helps, too. Also, be sure to unplug Personal Marketing: Selling yourself
appliances, turn off lights, and shut down computers at night. A
lot of energy gets wasted on technology that we’re not even Before you begin a job search campaign you must have a
using most of the time. personal marketing strategy. A personal marketing strategy
c) __________. Instead of lathering up with soap, shaving cream, provides you with a game plan for your job search campaign.
shower gel, and body scrub, Diane MacEachern, author of Big You should look at the job search as a marketing campaign, with
Green Purse, suggests cutting back to just a handful of products. you, the job seeker, as the product. Every product, even the best
“Put everything you use in one day on the counter and it will ones, won’t succeed without a strong marketing strategy. This
blow your mind. Pick a day when you just brush your teeth and begins with a comprehensive, yet flexible plan. First you must
your hair and forget about the rest,” she says. know to whom you are marketing. You must identify the types of
d) ___________. A bowl of vinegar or simmering lemon rinds can employers who would be looking for an employee with your
absorb smells just as well as manufactured air freshener. Scrubs qualifications. Are they all within a certain industry? Are there
made out of baking soda and water make kitchens sparkle just many industries that hire employees with your background?
like chemical-laden cleaners. The Internet contains hundreds of You already know that personal marketing skills are important to
do-it-yourself recipes. your career and perhaps to find a better job, but the only problem
e) ___________. Lighten up your car (and your gas bill) by is that the art of self marketing is difficult for a lot of people.
emptying the trunk of anything heavy. Removing the roof rack can Selling yourself well doesn’t mean talking just about yourself or
also improve fuel economy. Drive smoothly without a lot of arrogantly telling others how great you are. By selling yourself, in
acceleration and deceleration to let your engine work more an interview or an informal networking meeting, I mean thinking
efficiently. Also, consider carpooling with neighbors and visit the first about the employer’s needs and expectations and figuring
mechanic regularly to replace clogged air filters. out how you can create value for their organization. What does
f) ___________. Buying in bulk costs less and also lets you avoid the potential employer really need from a new employee? What
unnecessary packaging. Rediscovering eggs and beans can also specific technical skills, workplace competencies and personal
substitute for pricier meat-based meals. To avoid waste, try qualities is the employer looking for? Now if you can ask those
reinventing leftovers and using up what’s in the fridge. Also questions dispassionately, you should be able to identify your
consider the way that you cook: if you’re making small portions, own strengths that match and gently weave them into every
consider using your toaster oven instead of the oven – you’ll use conversation you have in the world of good jobs and prospective
less energy. careers.
g) ___________. Use the net to find free furniture and goods, and
swap the stuff you no longer need. You can also host a swap (Adaptado de http://careerplanning.about.com e www.your-
party with friends, where each person brings something from career-change.com).
their closet that they no longer want – but someone else might.
h) ___________. The Direct Marketing Association will let its
members know when people tell it they don’t want to receive any (Unesp 2012) Liste quatro aspectos importantes a serem
more direct-mail marketing offers. The Environmental Protection considerados, segundo o texto, para se realizar uma propaganda
Agency estimates that we receive four million tons of junk mail de si mesmo com a finalidade de conseguir um emprego.
each year, almost half of which is never even opened. Exercício 230
i) ___________. It turns out that many of the so-called “green” Personal Marketing: Selling yourself
products in our homes might not be so green after all. Look for
shopping,” says George Loewenstein, PhD, professor of
Before you begin a job search campaign you must have a economics and psychology at Carnegie Mellon University in
personal marketing strategy. A personal marketing strategy Pittsburgh. The thinking is: If I were economically secure, I would
provides you with a game plan for your job search campaign. go shopping, so if I’m shopping, I must be economically secure.
You should look at the job search as a marketing campaign, with And that’s just one thing to be aware of as you head for the mall.
you, the job seeker, as the product. Every product, even the best Here are a few others.
ones, won’t succeed without a strong marketing strategy. This
begins with a comprehensive, yet flexible plan. First you must The Oprah Magazine, July 2009, page 96
know to whom you are marketing. You must identify the types of
employers who would be looking for an employee with your
qualifications. Are they all within a certain industry? Are there (Ufal 2010) It is argued that
many industries that hire employees with your background?
a) shopping seems to avoid the end of romances.
You already know that personal marketing skills are important to
b) compulsive buyers will buy exclusively what they need.
your career and perhaps to find a better job, but the only problem
c) shopping these days is just what it was once devoted to be.
is that the art of self marketing is difficult for a lot of people.
d) it is high time we assessed our infatuation for shopping.
Selling yourself well doesn’t mean talking just about yourself or
e) buying makes people feel economically insecure.
arrogantly telling others how great you are. By selling yourself, in
an interview or an informal networking meeting, I mean thinking Exercício 232
first about the employer’s needs and expectations and figuring TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
out how you can create value for their organization. What does TO STAY OR TO GO?
the potential employer really need from a new employee? What
specific technical skills, workplace competencies and personal In a survey of U.S. executives, two thirds identified a transfer to a
qualities is the employer looking for? Now if you can ask those foreign country as a key steppingstone for their careers. But what
questions dispassionately, you should be able to identify your would keep them from making the move?
own strengths that match and gently weave them into every
conversation you have in the world of good jobs and prospective
careers. (Ufg 2006)
(Adaptado de http://careerplanning.about.com e www.your-

career-change.com).
(Unesp 2012) Qual o significado da oração "if you can ask those
questions dispassionately" no texto? A quais perguntas se faz
referência nessa oração?
Exercício 231
Your Brain on Shopping
It’s a hunt. It’s therapy. It’s a way of life. But has it gotten out of
control?
AIMEE LEE BALL investigates why we spend the way we do.

O título do texto expressa uma dúvida de executivos que
Alas, our romance with shopping seems to be coming to an end –

or at least it’s up for careful reevaluation. According to research a) pretendem instalar filiais de suas empresas em outros países.
from Stanford University, more than one in 20 adults are
compulsive shoppers, purchasing things they don’t need, use, or b) procuram ascensão profissional por meio de experiência no
even want. That’s because shopping, once devoted to procuring exterior.
necessities, has come to fill multiple emotional needs – it’s
entertainment, a bonding activity, a sport, a form of self- c) querem emigrar para outros países em busca de fortuna.
expression, and, quite often, a means of solace. “These days what
you buy is a way to connect to others and showcase your d) visam obter estágio profissionalizante em empresas norte-
personality and values”, says Kit Yarrow, PhD, professor of americanas.
psychology and marketing at Golden Gate University in San
Francisco. So what happens now when more than five million e) escolhem um país estrangeiro para começar uma nova carreira.
people have lost their jobs since December 2007, and many of us
are trying to curb our enthusiasm? Ironically, “when people feel Exercício 233
economically insecure, they tend to reassure themselves by (Fuvest 2020)
The key to fatberg prevention is remembering the four Ps: Pee,
poo, puke and (toilet) paper are the only things that should be
flushed.
Newsweek, 14 March, 2019. Adaptado.
O texto informa que, na opinião do jornalista Tim Adams, os
fatbergs
a) integram a paisagem londrina, causando impacto em razão de

As possíveis soluções, em polegadas (inches, em inglês), para o
suas dimensões.
problema matemático proposto no quadrinho, no caso em que os
b) constituem representação real dos hábitos humanos atuais.
pontos A, B e C estão em uma mesma reta, são
c) simbolizam aspectos culturais submetidos a análises
a) 10/3 e 10. racionais.
b) 10/3, 5 e 10. d) desafiam o repertório tecnológico da engenharia de águas.
c) 5/3, 10/3 e 10. e) demonstram incentivo para que moradores consolidem seus
d) 5/3 e 10. costumes.
e) 10/3 e 5.
Exercício 235
Exercício 234 (Fuvest 2022)
(Fuvest 2022) If you take a look at my smartphone, you’ll know that I like to
order out. But am I helping the small local businesses? You would
think that if you own a restaurant you’d be thrilled to have an
outsourced service that would take care of your delivery
operations while leveraging their marketing might to expand your
businesses’ brand. However, restaurant owners have complained
of lack of quality control once their food goes out the door. They
don’t like that the delivery people are the face of their product
when it gets into the customer’s hand. Some of the delivery
services have been accused of listing restaurants on their apps
Fatbergs are a growing scourge infesting cities around the world
without the owners’ permission, and oftentimes publish menu
– some are more than 800 feet long and weigh more than four
items and prices that are incorrect or out of date.
humpback whales. These gross globs, which can cause sewer
But there is another reason why restaurant owners aren’t fond of
systems to block upand even overflow, have been plaguing the
delivery services. It’s the costs, which, for some, are becoming
U.S., Great Britain and Australia for the past decade, forcing
unsustainable. Even with the increased revenues from the
governments and utilities companies to send workers down into
delivery services, the fees wind up killing a restaurant’s margins
the sewers armed with water hoses, vacuums and scrapers with
to the extent that it’s at best marginally profitable. Therefore,
the unenviable task of prying them loose.
some restaurants are pushing harder to drive orders from their
"It is hard not to think of [fatbergs] as a tangible symbol of the
own websites and offering special deals for customers that use
way we live now, the ultimate product of our disposable, out of
their in-house delivery people.
sight, out of mind culture," wrote journalist Tim Adams in The
The simple fact is that these delivery apps are here to stay. They
Guardian.
are enormously popular and have significantly grown. I believe
At their core, fatbergs are the accumulation of oil and grease
that restaurant owners that resist these apps are hurting their
that's been poured down the drain, congealing around flushed
brands by missing out on potential customers. The good news is
nonbiological waste like tampons, condoms and baby wipes.
that the delivery platforms are not as evil as some would portray
When fat sticks to the side of sewage pipes, the wipes and other
them. They have some skin in the game. They are competing
detritus get stuck, accumulating layer upon layer of gunk in a sort
against other services. They want their listed restaurants to profit.
of slimy snowball effect.
Maybe instead of fighting, the nation’s restaurant industry needs
Fatbergs also collect other kinds of debris – London fatbergs have
to proactively embrace the delivery service industry and figure
been cracked open to reveal pens, false teeth and even watches.
out ways to profitably work together.
Restaurants are a big contributor to fatbergs: Thames Water, the
The Guardian. 02 December, 2020. Adaptado.
London utilities company, found nine out of 10 fast-food eateries
De acordo com o texto, para os proprietários de restaurante, a
lacked adequate grease traps to stop fat from entering the
principal vantagem dos aplicativos de entrega de comida é que
sewers. Homeowners also contribute to the problem by pouring
eles
grease and fat down the sink.
Even though its component materials are soft, fatbergs a) procuram oferecer taxas atraentes para a utilização de sua
themselves can be tough as rocks. Researchers have found a host tecnologia.
of dangerous bacteria in fatbergs, including listeria and e.coli. b) demonstram preocupação crescente com a qualidade do
Fatbergs are notorious for their fetid smell, which can make even serviço que oferecem.
the hardiest sewer workers gag, and chipping away at one can c) melhoram a avaliação dos restaurantes pela imprensa
release noxious gases. especializada.
d) garantem que suas listas de restaurantes e menus sejam problem lies not in the far corners of the cosmos, but much closer
atualizadas de modo criterioso. to home. Astonishingly, scientists don't know exactly what the
e) possuem uma estrutura de marketing que possibilita expansão sun is made of. As a result, they don't know what the other stars
do círculo de clientes. are made of, either.
1“The sun is a fundamental yardstick,” says Martin Asplund, an
Exercício 236 astrophysicist at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, in
(Fuvest 2022) If you take a look at my smartphone, you’ll know Germany. “When we determine the abundance of a certain
that I like to order out. But am I helping the small local element in a star or a galaxy or a gas cloud anywhere in the
businesses? You would think that if you own a restaurant you’d universe, we use the sun as a reference point.”
be thrilled to have an outsourced service that would take care of The sun’s location in the Milky Way also makes it a good
your delivery operations while leveraging their marketing might representative of the entire galaxy. Most stars reside in giant
to expand your businesses’ brand. However, restaurant owners galaxies like the Milky Way, which makes the sun a touchstone
have complained of lack of quality control once their food goes for the entire cosmos.
out the door. They don’t like that the delivery people are the face For nearly a century, astronomers have judged stars normal or not
of their product when it gets into the customer’s hand. Some of by seeing whether their chemical compositions match the sun’s.
the delivery services have been accused of listing restaurants on Most stars near us do; some don’t.
their apps without the owners’ permission, and oftentimes Scientific American. 1 July 2020. Adaptado.
publish menu items and prices that are incorrect or out of date. Conforme o texto, um critério tradicionalmente utilizado por
But there is another reason why restaurant owners aren’t fond of astrônomos para avaliar estrelas envolve
delivery services. It’s the costs, which, for some, are becoming
unsustainable. Even with the increased revenues from the a) verificar se sua composição se assemelha à do Sol.
delivery services, the fees wind up killing a restaurant’s margins b) selecionar galáxias compostas por estrelas padrão.
to the extent that it’s at best marginally profitable. Therefore, c) calcular níveis de radiação estelar e de energia gravitacional.
some restaurants are pushing harder to drive orders from their d) medir a densidade e grau de opacidade de nêutrons.
own websites and offering special deals for customers that use e) testar a circulação atmosférica em torno dos astros.
their in-house delivery people.
Exercício 238
The simple fact is that these delivery apps are here to stay. They
(Fuvest 2021) As astronomers gaze into the depths of space, they
are enormously popular and have significantly grown. I believe
do so with unease: They don’t know precisely what the universe
that restaurant owners that resist these apps are hurting their
is made of.
brands by missing out on potential customers. The good news is
Surprisingly, no one knows the stars’ exact chemical composition:
that the delivery platforms are not as evil as some would portray
how many carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms they have relative
them. They have some skin in the game. They are competing
to hydrogen, the most common element.
against other services. They want their listed restaurants to profit.
These numbers are crucial, because they affect how stars live and
Maybe instead of fighting, the nation’s restaurant industry needs
die, what types of planets form and even how readily life might
to proactively embrace the delivery service industry and figure
arise on other worlds.
out ways to profitably work together.
Twenty years ago, astronomers expressed confidence in the
The Guardian. 02 December, 2020. Adaptado.
numbers they had been working with. Now, not so much. The
Em “I believe that restaurant owners that resist these apps are
problem lies not in the far corners of the cosmos, but much closer
hurting their brands by missing out on potential customers” (3º
to home. Astonishingly, scientists don't know exactly what the
parágrafo), a expressão sublinhada pode ser substituída, sem
sun is made of. As a result, they don't know what the other stars
prejuízo de sentido, por:
are made of, either.
a) harming. 1“The sun is a fundamental yardstick,” says Martin Asplund, an
b) deceiving. astrophysicist at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, in
c) challenging. Germany. “When we determine the abundance of a certain
d) losing. element in a star or a galaxy or a gas cloud anywhere in the
e) disturbing. universe, we use the sun as a reference point.”
The sun’s location in the Milky Way also makes it a good
Exercício 237 representative of the entire galaxy. Most stars reside in giant
(Fuvest 2021) As astronomers gaze into the depths of space, they galaxies like the Milky Way, which makes the sun a touchstone
do so with unease: They don’t know precisely what the universe for the entire cosmos.
is made of. For nearly a century, astronomers have judged stars normal or not
Surprisingly, no one knows the stars’ exact chemical composition: by seeing whether their chemical compositions match the sun’s.
how many carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms they have relative Most stars near us do; some don’t.
to hydrogen, the most common element. Scientific American. 1 July 2020. Adaptado.
These numbers are crucial, because they affect how stars live and
die, what types of planets form and even how readily life might Segundo o texto, conhecer a composição de elementos químicos
arise on other worlds. que constituem as estrelas é fundamental, pois ela, entre outros
Twenty years ago, astronomers expressed confidence in the aspectos,
numbers they had been working with. Now, not so much. The
a) fornece evidências da ligação entre as idades das estrelas. including outright abusive ones – reinforce ideas of women as
b) sugere a existência de planetas rochosos formados por subservient.
elementos pesados. “Because the speech of most voice assistants is female, it sends a
c) influencia na possibilidade de presença de vida em outros signal that women are obliging, docile and eager‐to-please
locais do universo. helpers, available at the touch of a button or with a blunt voice
d) determina condições cosmológicas da evolução de command like ‘hey’ or ‘OK’”, the report said.
aglomerados estelares. “The assistant holds no power of agency beyond what the
e) possibilita a síntese de moléculas em nuvens de gás e poeira commander asks of it. It honours commands and responds to
cósmica. queries regardless of their tone or hostility. In many communities,
this reinforces commonly held gender biases that women are
Exercício 239 subservient and tolerant of poor treatment.”
(Fuvest 2020) Assigning female genders to digital assistants The Unesco publication was entitled “I’d Blush if I Could”; a
such as Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa is helping entrench reference to the response Apple’s Siri assistant offers to the
harmful gender biases, according to a UN agency. phrase: “You’re a slut.” Amazon’s Alexa will respond: “Well,
Research released by Unesco claims that the often submissive thanks for the feedback.”
and flirty responses offered by the systems to many queries – The paper said such firms were “staffed by overwhelmingly male
including outright abusive ones – reinforce ideas of women as engineering teams” and have built AI (Artificial Intelligence)
subservient. systems that “cause their feminised digital assistants to greet
“Because the speech of most voice assistants is female, it sends a verbal abuse with catch‐me‐if‐you‐can flirtation”.
signal that women are obliging, docile and eager‐to-please Saniye Gülser Corat, Unesco’s director for gender equality, said:
helpers, available at the touch of a button or with a blunt voice “The world needs to pay much closer attention to how, when and
command like ‘hey’ or ‘OK’”, the report said. whether AI technologies are gendered and, crucially, who is
“The assistant holds no power of agency beyond what the gendering them.”
commander asks of it. It honours commands and responds to The Guardian, May, 2019. Adaptado.
queries regardless of their tone or hostility. In many communities, Conforme o texto, em relação às mulheres, um efeito decorrente
this reinforces commonly held gender biases that women are do fato de assistentes digitais reforçarem estereótipos de gênero
subservient and tolerant of poor treatment.” é
The Unesco publication was entitled “I’d Blush if I Could”; a
reference to the response Apple’s Siri assistant offers to the a) a inclusão de uma única voz nos dispositivos.
phrase: “You’re a slut.” Amazon’s Alexa will respond: “Well, b) a normalização de formas de assédio sexista.
thanks for the feedback.” c) o poder de influência positiva sobre as pessoas.
The paper said such firms were “staffed by overwhelmingly male d) o incremento de vendas e customização de robôs.
engineering teams” and have built AI (Artificial Intelligence) e) a busca por formas que reflitam problemas sociais.
systems that “cause their feminised digital assistants to greet
Exercício 241
verbal abuse with catch‐me‐if‐you‐can flirtation”.
(Fuvest 2020) Scientists have long touted DNA’s potential as an
Saniye Gülser Corat, Unesco’s director for gender equality, said:
ideal storage medium; it’s dense, easy to replicate, and stable
“The world needs to pay much closer attention to how, when and
over millennia. But in order to replace existing silicon‐chip or
whether AI technologies are gendered and,
magnetic‐tape storage technologies, DNA will have to get a lot
crucially, who is gendering them.”
cheaper to predictably read, write, and package.
The Guardian, May, 2019. Adaptado.
That’s where scientists like Hyunjun Park come in. He and the
Segundo o texto, o título do relatório publicado pela Unesco – “I’d
other cofounders of Catalog, an MIT DNA‐storage spinoff
Blush if I Could” –, no que diz respeito aos assistentes digitais,
emerging out of stealth on Tuesday, are building a machine that
indica
will write a terabyte of data a day, using 500 trillion molecules of
a) resposta padrão para comandos que incluem impropérios. DNA.
b) capacidade tecnológica para selecionar temas sensíveis ao If successful, DNA storage could be the answer to a uniquely
grande público. 21st‐century problem: information overload. Five years ago
c) preocupação dos fabricantes de dispositivos eletrônicos com humans had produced 4.4 zettabytes of data; that's set to
usuários conservadores. explode to 160 zettabytes (each year!) by 2025. Current
d) perda de controle das formas de interação entre seres infrastructure can handle only a fraction of the coming data
humanos e máquinas. deluge, which is expected to consume all the world's microchip‐
e) necessidade de elaboração de sistemas integrados de grade silicon by 2040.
reconhecimento de voz. “Today’s technology is already close to the physical limits of
scaling,” says Victor Zhirnov, chief scientist of the Semiconductor
Exercício 240 Research Corporation. “DNA has an information‐storage density
(Fuvest 2020) Assigning female genders to digital assistants several orders of magnitude higher than any other known storage
such as Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa is helping entrench technology.” How dense exactly? Imagine formatting every movie
harmful gender biases, according to a UN agency. ever made into DNA; it would be smaller than the size of a sugar
Research released by Unesco claims that the often submissive cube. And it would last for 10,000 years.
and flirty responses offered by the systems to many queries –
Wired, June, 2018. Disponível em https://www.wired.com/.
Adaptado.
Conforme o texto, cientistas preveem que, em pouco mais de 20
anos,
a) a geração de dados pela humanidade chegará à marca de 160

zettabytes.
b) a armazenagem de todos os dados produzidos esgotará o
¹What time is it? That simple question probably is asked more
estoque mundial de microchips de silício.
often today than ever. ²In our clock-studded, cell-phone society,
c) a densidade das moléculas de DNA terá aumentado
the answer is ³never more than a glance away, and so we can
exponencialmente.
blissfully partition our days into ever smaller increments for ever
d) o custo para gravação de dados digitais será maior que hoje.
more tightly scheduled tasks, ⁴confident that we will always
e) as novas tecnologias de informação serão bem mais
know it is 7:03 P.M.
duradouras que as atuais.
Modern scientific revelations about time, however, make the
Exercício 242 question endlessly frustrating. If we seek a precise knowledge of
(Fuvest 2019) the time, the elusive infinitesimal of “now” dissolves into a
scattering flock of nanoseconds. ⁵Bound by the speed of light and
the velocity of nerve impulses, our perceptions of the present
sketch the world as it was an instant ago—for all that our
consciousness pretends otherwise, we can never catch up.
Even in principle, perfect synchronicity escapes us. Relativity
dictates that, ⁶like a strange syrup, time flows slower on moving
trains than in the stations and faster in the mountains than in the
¹What time is it? That simple question probably is asked more valleys. The time for our wristwatch or digital screen is not
often today than ever. ²n our clock-studded, cell-phone society, exactly the same as the time for our head.
the answer is ³never more than a glance away, and so we can Our intuitions are deeply paradoxical. Time heals all wounds, but
blissfully partition our days into ever smaller increments for ever it is also the great destroyer. Time is relative but also relentless.
more tightly scheduled tasks, ₄confident that we will always There is time for every purpose under heaven,but there is never
know it is 7:03 P.M. enough.
Modern scientific revelations about time, however, make the Scientific American, October 24, 2014. Adaptado.
question endlessly frustrating. If we seek a precise knowledge of No texto, a pergunta “What time is it?” (ref. 1), inserida no debate
the time, the elusive infinitesimal of “now” dissolves into a da ciência moderna sobre a noção de tempo,
scattering flock of nanoseconds. ₅Bound by the speed of light and a) corrobora a crença de que a passagem do tempo é uma
the velocity of nerve impulses, our perceptions of the present garantia de renovação para a humanidade.
sketch the world as it was an instant ago—for all that our b) consiste na prova de que “o agora” é a realização de uma troca
consciousness pretends otherwise, we can never catch up. harmoniosa com o mundo.
Even in principle, perfect synchronicity escapes us. Relativity c) representa a obsessão dos seres humanos pelo controle da
dictates that, ₆like a strange syrup, time flows slower on moving vida com auxílio do relógio.
trains than in the stations and faster in the mountains than in the d) revela o esforço empreendido pelas pessoas na distribuição
valleys. The time for our wristwatch or digital screen is not das tarefas ao longo do dia.
exactly the same as the time for our head. e) mostra o descompasso e a imprecisão relativos à percepção do
Our intuitions are deeply paradoxical. Time heals all wounds, but presente e do passado.
it is also the great destroyer. Time is relative but also relentless.
There is time for every purpose under heaven, Exercício 244
but there is never enough. (Fuvest 2019)
Scientific American, October 24, 2014. Adaptado.
De acordo com o texto, considera‐se contraditório, em relação à
percepção humana do tempo,
a) seu poder de cura e destruição.

b) sua natureza pública e privada.
c) seu caráter ordenado e irregular.
d) seu sentido de submissão e liberdade.
¹What time is it? That simple question probably is asked more
e) seu grau de abundância e desperdício.
often today than ever. ²In our clock-studded, cell-phone society,
Exercício 243 the answer is ³never more than a glance away, and so we can
(Fuvest 2019) blissfully partition our days into ever smaller increments for ever
more tightly scheduled tasks, ⁴confident that we will always
know it is 7:03 P.M.
Modern scientific revelations about time, however, make the Com base no texto e nos fatos que envolveram a política
question endlessly frustrating. If we seek a precise knowledge of imigratória dos EUA em junho de 2018, é correto afirmar:
the time, the elusive infinitesimal of “now” dissolves into a
a) O presidente Donald Trump, por pressão do Conselho de
scattering flock of nanoseconds. ⁵Bound by the speed of light and
Direitos Humanos da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU),
the velocity of nerve impulses, our perceptions of the present
flexibilizou a punição aos imigrantes ilegais, passando a tratar os
sketch the world as it was an instant ago—for all that our
casos em cortes de imigração e não mais por meio de
consciousness pretends otherwise, we can never catch up.
indiciamento criminal.
Even in principle, perfect synchronicity escapes us. Relativity
b) O presidente Donald Trump finalizou a construção do muro na
dictates that, ⁶like a strange syrup, time flows slower on moving
fronteira México‐EUA, desde a costa leste até a oeste, com o
trains than in the stations and faster in the mountains than in the
objetivo de conter a nova onda imigratória de venezuelanos e
valleys. The time for our wristwatch or digital screen is not
hondurenhos.
exactly the same as the time for our head.
c) Imigrantes mexicanos que seguiram as regras oficiais para
Our intuitions are deeply paradoxical. Time heals all wounds, but
imigração nos EUA obtiveram concessão de asilo político em
it is also the great destroyer. Time is relative but also relentless.
curto prazo, especialmente nas cortes da Califórnia, tradicional
There is time for every purpose under heaven,but there is never
reduto conservador e base eleitoral do presidente Donald
enough.
Trump.
Scientific American, October 24, 2014. Adaptado.
d) A construção de uma barreira física entre México e EUA visa,
No texto, a expressão que melhor representa o caráter
segundo o presidente Donald Trump, consolidar um estado
supostamente exato do tempo é:
fronteiriço, no qual os imigrantes deverão permanecer algum
a) “In our clock-studded, cell-phone society” (ref. 2). tempo antes de ingressarem em outras partes do país.
b) “never more than a glance away” (ref. 3). e) As barreiras construídas entre México e EUA são, além de
c) “confident that we will always know it is 7:03 P.M.” (ref. 4). físicas, também psicológicas, como pôde ser visto no caso em que
d) “Bound by the speed of light” (ref. 5). milhares de crianças imigrantes foram separadas de suas
e) “like a strange syrup” (ref. 6). famílias.

(Fuvest 2019) (Fuvest 2019)
For most, The Gateway International Bridge functions as it For most, The Gateway International Bridge functions as it
should, allowing people to get between the U.S. and Mexico. But should, allowing people to get between the U.S. and Mexico. But
on a hot Sunday afternoon, a dozen migrants at the mouth of the on a hot Sunday afternoon, a dozen migrants at the mouth of the
bridge weren’t getting anywhere at all. They had been told, once bridge weren’t getting anywhere at all. They had been told, once
again, to wait. At a press conference the next day, President again, to wait. At a press conference the next day, President
Trump once again touted the border wall he has promised Trump once again touted the border wall he has promised
supporters. supporters.
“The wall is getting longer and taller and stronger each and every “The wall is getting longer and taller and stronger each and every
day”, he said, even though construction has not begun. The day”, he said, even though construction has not begun. The
President’s characterization of the physical wall was false, but his President’s characterization of the physical wall was false, but his
Administration has effectively erected an invisible one. Administration has effectively erected an invisible one.
It is built, in part, from situations like the one at the bridge, which It is built, in part, from situations like the one at the bridge, which
illustrates the problem with 1this kind of barrier. The practices illustrates the problem with 1this kind of barrier. The practices
that Trump praises for keeping out criminals also punish those that Trump praises for keeping out criminals also punish those
who are trying to follow the rules. who are trying to follow the rules.
Those migrants who spoke to TIME at the bridge had varied Those migrants who spoke to TIME at the bridge had varied
stories but shared a determination to cross. Some understood a stories but shared a determination to cross. Some understood a
bit of what could happen to them next. How long could it take to bit of what could happen to them next. How long could it take to
get processed? And if they did ultimately apply for asylum, it get processed? And if they did ultimately apply for asylum, it
remained to be seen whether their stories would qualify. The remained to be seen whether their stories would qualify. The
regulations governing such matters are complicated, and the vast regulations governing such matters are complicated, and the vast
majority who apply are rejected. But in theory, their fates would majority who apply are rejected. But in theory, their fates would
be decided at immigration courts, not at the border. be decided at immigration courts, not at the border.
TIME, August 23, 2018. Adaptado. TIME, August 23, 2018. Adaptado.
De acordo com o texto, para ingresso nos Estados Unidos, o
cruzamento da fronteira entre este país e o México, no local
denominado The Gateway International Bridge, é
a) dificultado para alguns migrantes.

b) negado para casos de reincidentes.
c) adiado para os migrantes que seguem as regras.
d) condicionado à nacionalidade do solicitante.
e) liberado para os migrantes com documentação válida. For most, The Gateway International Bridge functions as it
should, allowing people to get between the U.S. and Mexico. But
Exercício 247 on a hot Sunday afternoon, a dozen migrants at the mouth of the
(Fuvest 2019) bridge weren’t getting anywhere at all. They had been told, once
again, to wait. At a press conference the next day, President
Trump once again touted the border wall he has promised
supporters.
“The wall is getting longer and taller and stronger each and every
day”, he said, even though construction has not begun. The
President’s characterization of the physical wall was false, but his
Administration has effectively erected an invisible one.
For most, The Gateway International Bridge functions as it It is built, in part, from situations like the one at the bridge, which
should, allowing people to get between the U.S. and Mexico. But illustrates the problem with 1this kind of barrier. The practices
on a hot Sunday afternoon, a dozen migrants at the mouth of the that Trump praises for keeping out criminals also punish those
bridge weren’t getting anywhere at all. They had been told, once who are trying to follow the rules.
again, to wait. At a press conference the next day, President Those migrants who spoke to TIME at the bridge had varied
Trump once again touted the border wall he has promised stories but shared a determination to cross. Some understood a
supporters. bit of what could happen to them next. How long could it take to
“The wall is getting longer and taller and stronger each and every get processed? And if they did ultimately apply for asylum, it
day”, he said, even though construction has not begun. The remained to be seen whether their stories would qualify. The
President’s characterization of the physical wall was false, but his regulations governing such matters are complicated, and the vast
Administration has effectively erected an invisible one. majority who apply are rejected. But in theory, their fates would
It is built, in part, from situations like the one at the bridge, which be decided at immigration courts, not at the border.
illustrates the problem with 1this kind of barrier. The practices TIME, August 23, 2018. Adaptado.
that Trump praises for keeping out criminals also punish those A frase nominal “this kind of barrier” (ref. 1) refere-se
who are trying to follow the rules. a) ao muro de Trump na fronteira com o México.
Those migrants who spoke to TIME at the bridge had varied b) à ponte The Gateway International Bridge.
stories but shared a determination to cross. Some understood a c) protestos de migrantes na fronteira.
bit of what could happen to them next. How long could it take to d) ao muro invisível criado por práticas do governo Trump.
get processed? And if they did ultimately apply for asylum, it e) a medidas adotadas nos tribunais de imigrates.
remained to be seen whether their stories would qualify. The
regulations governing such matters are complicated, and the vast Exercício 249
majority who apply are rejected. But in theory, their fates would (Fuvest 2018)
be decided at immigration courts, not at the border.
TIME, August 23, 2018. Adaptado.
Segundo o texto, após ingresso nos Estados Unidos, os migrantes
que requerem asilo
a) têm seu processo julgado com mais rapidez.

b) precisam comprovar sua idoneidade.
c) aguardam na fronteira, onde sua petição é avaliada.
d) são mais determinados a permanecer no país.
e) têm seu pedido negado com frequência.
Exercício 248
(Fuvest 2019)
It’s a perilous time to be a statue. Not that it has ever been a

particularly secure occupation, exposed as statues are to the
elements, bird droppings and political winds.
Just ask Queen Victoria, whose rounded frame perches atop
hundreds of plinths across the Commonwealth, with an air of
solemn, severe solidity. But in 1963 in Quebec, members of a
separatist paramilitary group stuck dynamite under the dress of virtue: Boadicea in her chariot in London, the Statue of Liberty in
her local statue. It exploded with a force so great that her head New York.
was found 100 yards away. Still, of 925 public statues in Britain, only 158 are women
Today, the head is on display in a museum, with her body standing on their own. Of those, 110 are allegorical or mythical,
preserved in a room some miles away. The art historian Vincent and 29 are of Queen Victoria.
Giguère said that “the fact it’s damaged is what makes it so Julia Baird, The New York Times. September 4, 2017. Adaptado.
important.” No texto, a referência ao número de estátuas expostas em
There’s another reason to conserve the beheaded Victoria. espaços públicos na Grã-Bretanha indica
Statues of women, standing alone and demanding attention in a
a) ênfase em personalidades alegóricas.
public space, are extremely rare.
b) escassez de monumentos do gênero feminino.
To be made a statue, a woman had to be a naked muse, royalty or
c) desapreço por esculturas de corpo inteiro.
the mother of God. Or occasionally, an icon of war, justice or
d) falta de espaço em museus para peças de grande porte.
virtue: Boadicea in her chariot in London, the Statue of Liberty in
e) preferência por figuras de destaque em batalhas.
New York.
Still, of 925 public statues in Britain, only 158 are women Exercício 251
standing on their own. Of those, 110 are allegorical or mythical, (Fuvest 2018)
and 29 are of Queen Victoria.
Julia Baird, The New York Times. September 4, 2017. Adaptado.
Conforme o texto, o grau de importância atribuído à estátua da
rainha Vitória, em Québec, reside no fato de a escultura
a) estar em processo de restauração.

b) ter sobrevivido às intempéries ao longo dos anos.
c) pertencer a um grupo de réplicas idênticas.
d) ser a primeira a retratar uma autoridade feminina.
e) ter sofrido danos em sua estrutura.
Exercício 250
(Fuvest 2018)
It’s a perilous time to be a statue. Not that it has ever been a

particularly secure occupation, exposed as statues are to the
elements, bird droppings and political winds.
Just ask Queen Victoria, whose rounded frame perches atop
hundreds of plinths across the Commonwealth, with an air of
solemn, severe solidity. But in 1963 in Quebec, members of a
separatist paramilitary group stuck dynamite under the dress of
her local statue. It exploded with a force so great that her head
was found 100 yards away.
Today, the head is on display in a museum, with her body
preserved in a room some miles away. The art historian Vincent
Giguère said that “the fact it’s damaged is what makes it so
It’s a perilous time to be a statue. Not that it has ever been a important.”
particularly secure occupation, exposed as statues are to the There’s another reason to conserve the beheaded Victoria.
elements, bird droppings and political winds. Statues of women, standing alone and demanding attention in a
Just ask Queen Victoria, whose rounded frame perches atop public space, are extremely rare.
hundreds of plinths across the Commonwealth, with an air of To be made a statue, a woman had to be a naked muse, royalty or
solemn, severe solidity. But in 1963 in Quebec, members of a the mother of God. Or occasionally, an icon of war, justice or
separatist paramilitary group stuck dynamite under the dress of virtue: Boadicea in her chariot in London, the Statue of Liberty in
her local statue. It exploded with a force so great that her head New York.
was found 100 yards away. Still, of 925 public statues in Britain, only 158 are women
Today, the head is on display in a museum, with her body standing on their own. Of those, 110 are allegorical or mythical,
preserved in a room some miles away. The art historian Vincent and 29 are of Queen Victoria.
Giguère said that “the fact it’s damaged is what makes it so Julia Baird, The New York Times. September 4, 2017. Adaptado.
important.” No texto, a figura da rainha Vitória é associada ao conceito de
There’s another reason to conserve the beheaded Victoria.
a) firmeza.
Statues of women, standing alone and demanding attention in a
b) eloquência.
public space, are extremely rare.
c) longevidade.
To be made a statue, a woman had to be a naked muse, royalty or
d) beleza.
the mother of God. Or occasionally, an icon of war, justice or
e) maternidade.
Exercício 252 c) a dieta.
(Fuvest 2018) Algorithms are everywhere. They play the d) o jogo de xadrez.
stockmarket, decide whether you can have a mortgage and may e) o comércio eletrônico.
one day drive your car for you. They search the internet when
commanded, stick carefully chosen advertisements into the sites Exercício 254
you visit and decide what prices to show you in online shops. (…) (Fuvest 2017)
But what exactly are algorithms, and what makes them so
powerful?
An algorithm is, essentially, a brainless way of doing clever
things. It is a set of precise steps that need no great mental effort
to follow but which, if obeyed exactly and mechanically, will lead
to some desirable outcome. Long division and column addition
are examples that everyone is familiar with—if you follow the
procedure, you are guaranteed to get the right answer. So is the
strategy, rediscovered thousands of times every year by
schoolchildren bored with learning mathematical algorithms, for
playing a perfect game of noughts and crosses. The
brainlessness is key: each step should be as simple and as free
from ambiguity as possible. Cooking recipes and driving Plants not only remember when you touch them, but they can
directions are algorithms of a sort. But instructions like “stew the also make risky decisions that are as sophisticated as those made
meat until tender” or “it’s a few miles down the road” are too by humans, all without brains or complex nervous systems.
vague to follow without at least some interpretation. (…) Researchers showed that when faced with the choice between a
The Economist, August 30, 2017. pot containing constant levels of nutrients or one with
Segundo o texto, a execução de um algoritmo consiste em um unpredictable levels, a plant will pick the mystery pot when
processo que conditions are sufficiently poor.
a) prevê a memorização de tabelas e fórmulas. In a set of experiments, Dr. Shemesh, from Tel-Hai College in
b) envolve mecanismos de seleção e detecção de erros. Israel, and Alex Kacelnik, from Oxford University, grew pea plants
c) se apoia em um número infinito de etapas. and split their roots between two pots. Both pots had the same
d) é incompatível com análises subjetivas e imprecisas. amount of nutrients on average, but in one, the levels were
e) alterna níveis altos e baixos de esforço intelectual. constant; in the other, they varied over time. Then the researchers
switched the conditions so that the average nutrients in both pots
Exercício 253 would be equally high or low, and asked: Which pot would a
(Fuvest 2018) Algorithms are everywhere. They play the plant prefer?
stockmarket, decide whether you can have a mortgage and may When nutrient levels were low, the plants laid more roots in the
one day drive your car for you. They search the internet when unpredictable pot. But when nutrients were abundant, they chose
commanded, stick carefully chosen advertisements into the sites the one that always had the same amount.
you visit and decide what prices to show you in online shops. (…) The New York Times, June 30, 2016. Adaptado.
But what exactly are algorithms, and what makes them so Segundo uma das conclusões dos experimentos relatados no
powerful? texto, as plantas de ervilha demonstraram
An algorithm is, essentially, a brainless way of doing clever
a) sensibilidade aos gestos humanos agressivos.
things. It is a set of precise steps that need no great mental effort
b) ter sistemas nervosos complexos.
to follow but which, if obeyed exactly and mechanically, will lead
c) graus distintos de tolerância à umidade do solo.
to some desirable outcome. Long division and column addition
d) capacidade de escolhas adaptativas conforme o meio.
are examples that everyone is familiar with—if you follow the
e) comportamento previsível no processo de florescimento.
procedure, you are guaranteed to get the right answer. So is the
strategy, rediscovered thousands of times every year by Exercício 255
schoolchildren bored with learning mathematical algorithms, for (Fuvest 2017)
playing a perfect game of noughts and crosses. The
brainlessness is key: each step should be as simple and as free
from ambiguity as possible. Cooking recipes and driving
directions are algorithms of a sort. But instructions like “stew the
meat until tender” or “it’s a few miles down the road” are too
vague to follow without at least some interpretation. (…)
The Economist, August 30, 2017.
No texto, um exemplo associado ao fato de algoritmos estarem
por toda parte é
a) o cartão de crédito.
b) o livre mercado.
Researchers showed that when faced with the choice between a
pot containing constant levels of nutrients or one with
unpredictable levels, a plant will pick the mystery pot when
conditions are sufficiently poor.
In a set of experiments, Dr. Shemesh, from Tel-Hai College in
Israel, and Alex Kacelnik, from Oxford University, grew pea plants
and split their roots between two pots. Both pots had the same
amount of nutrients on average, but in one, the levels were
constant; in the other, they varied over time. Then the researchers
would be equally high or low, and asked: Which pot would a
plant prefer?
When nutrient levels were low, the plants laid more roots in the
Plants not only remember when you touch them, but they can
unpredictable pot. But when nutrients were abundant, they chose
also make risky decisions that are as sophisticated as those made
the one that always had the same amount.
by humans, all without brains or complex nervous systems.
The New York Times, June 30, 2016. Adaptado.
Researchers showed that when faced with the choice between a
Conforme o texto, um dos elementos da metodologia empregada
pot containing constant levels of nutrients or one with
nos experimentos foi
unpredictable levels, a plant will pick the mystery pot when
conditions are sufficiently poor. a) o número de mudas plantadas.
In a set of experiments, Dr. Shemesh, from Tel-Hai College in b) a técnica de divisão de raízes.
Israel, and Alex Kacelnik, from Oxford University, grew pea plants c) a localização dos vasos na estufa.
and split their roots between two pots. Both pots had the same d) a escolha da variedade de ervilha.
amount of nutrients on average, but in one, the levels were e) o espaçamento das sementes nos vasos.
constant; in the other, they varied over time. Then the researchers
Exercício 257
(Fuvest 2017) A study carried out by Lauren Sherman of the
would be equally high or low, and asked: Which pot would a
University of California and her colleagues investigated how use
plant prefer?
of the “like” button in social media affects the brains of teenagers
When nutrient levels were low, the plants laid more roots in the
lying in body scanners.
unpredictable pot. But when nutrients were abundant, they chose
Thirty-two teens who had Instagram accounts were asked to lie
the one that always had the same amount.
down in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner.
The New York Times, June 30, 2016. Adaptado.
This let Dr. Sherman monitor their brain activity while they were
De acordo com os experimentos relatados no texto, em condições
perusing both their own Instagram photos and photos that they
adversas, as plantas de ervilha priorizaram o crescimento de
were told had been added by other teenagers in the experiment.
raízes nos vasos que apresentaram níveis de nutrientes
In reality, Dr. Sherman had collected all the other photos, which
a) abundantes. included neutral images of food and friends as well as many
b) estáveis. depicting risky behaviours like drinking, smoking and drug use,
c) básicos. from other peoples’ Instagram accounts. The researchers told
d) ideais. participants they were viewing photographs that 50 other
e) variáveis. teenagers had already seen and endorsed with a “like” in the
laboratory.
Exercício 256
The participants were more likely themselves to “like” photos
(Fuvest 2017)
already depicted as having been “liked” a lot than they were
photos depicted with fewer previous “likes”. When she looked at
the fMRI results, Dr. Sherman found that activity in the nucleus
accumbens, a hub of reward circuitry in the brain, increased with
the number of “likes” that a photo had.
The Economist, June 13, 2016. Adaptado.
Conforme o texto, a região do cérebro que se mostrou mais ativa,
quando da análise dos resultados da ressonância, corresponde a
um sistema de
a) memória recente.
b) defesa.
c) recompensa.
d) repetição.
Plants not only remember when you touch them, but they can e) inibição.
also make risky decisions that are as sophisticated as those made
by humans, all without brains or complex nervous systems. Exercício 258
(Fuvest 2017) A study carried out by Lauren Sherman of the harbor the bacterium, and when Wolbachia-free females mate
University of California and her colleagues investigated how use with infected males, their eggs simply do not hatch. Researchers
of the “like” button in social media affects the brains of teenagers are now releasing Wolbachia-infected females into the wild in
lying in body scanners. Australia, Vietnam, Indonesia and Brazil.
Thirty-two teens who had Instagram accounts were asked to lie Scientific American, June 2015. Adaptado.
down in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. De acordo com o texto, a infecção por dengue
This let Dr. Sherman monitor their brain activity while they were
a) propaga-se quando mosquitos fêmeas picam seres humanos
perusing both their own Instagram photos and photos that they
infectados e retransmitem a doença a outras pessoas.
were told had been added by other teenagers in the experiment.
b) é provocada por mosquitos infectados depois do
In reality, Dr. Sherman had collected all the other photos, which
acasalamento.
included neutral images of food and friends as well as many
c) desenvolve-se por meio das fêmeas, que transmitem o vírus
depicting risky behaviours like drinking, smoking and drug use,
para os machos, num círculo vicioso que se repete
from other peoples’ Instagram accounts. The researchers told
periodicamente.
participants they were viewing photographs that 50 other
d) desenvolve-se no corpo humano após doze dias da picada,
teenagers had already seen and endorsed with a “like” in the
período de incubação do vírus.
laboratory.
e) altera a proteína presente no sangue humano que é procurada
The participants were more likely themselves to “like” photos
pelos mosquitos fêmeas.
already depicted as having been “liked” a lot than they were
photos depicted with fewer previous “likes”. When she looked at Exercício 260
the fMRI results, Dr. Sherman found that activity in the nucleus (Fuvest 2016)
accumbens, a hub of reward circuitry in the brain, increased with
the number of “likes” that a photo had.
The Economist, June 13, 2016. Adaptado.
Segundo o texto, como resultado parcial da pesquisa, observou-
se que About half of the world’s population is at risk of contracting
a) fotos com imagens neutras provocaram menor impacto do que dengue, according to the World Health Organization. The
as que retratavam comportamento perigoso. mosquito is found in tropical and subtropical climates around the
b) os participantes mostraram tendência a “curtir” uma imagem world; however, dengue does not naturally occur in these
que já havia recebido número considerável de “curtidas”. creatures: the mosquitoes get dengue from us.
c) os adolescentes demonstraram certo desconforto, quando The mechanism of dengue infection is simple. Female mosquitoes
solicitados a avaliar fotos produzidas por eles próprios. bite humans because they need the protein found in our blood to
d) as tarefas propostas aos participantes apresentaram produce eggs. (Male mosquitoes do not bite.) If the mosquito
limitações, por terem foco exclusivo na rede Instagram. bites someone with dengue – and then, after the virus’s roughly
e) a metodologia adotada no experimento confirmou conclusões eight - to 12 - day replication period, bites someone else – it
de estudos anteriores sobre redes sociais. passes dengue into its next victim’s bloodstream.
There is no vaccine against dengue, but infecting mosquitoes with
Exercício 259 a natural bacterium called Wolbachia blocks the insects’ ability to
(Fuvest 2016) pass the disease to humans. The microbe spreads among both
male and female mosquitoes: infected females lay eggs that
harbor the bacterium, and when Wolbachia-free females mate
with infected males, their eggs simply do not hatch. Researchers
are now releasing Wolbachia-infected females into the wild in
Australia, Vietnam, Indonesia and Brazil.
About half of the world’s population is at risk of contracting Scientific American, June 2015. Adaptado.
dengue, according to the World Health Organization. The Segundo o texto, a bactéria Wolbachia, se inoculada nos
mosquito is found in tropical and subtropical climates around the mosquitos, bloqueia a transmissão da dengue porque
world; however, dengue does not naturally occur in these
a) torna os machos estéreis.
creatures: the mosquitoes get dengue from us.
b) interfere no período de acasalamento dos mosquitos.
The mechanism of dengue infection is simple. Female mosquitoes
c) impede a multiplicação do vírus nas fêmeas.
bite humans because they need the protein found in our blood to
d) impede a eclosão dos ovos que contêm o vírus.
produce eggs. (Male mosquitoes do not bite.) If the mosquito
e) diminui a quantidade de ovos depositados pelas fêmeas.
bites someone with dengue – and then, after the virus’s roughly
eight - to 12 - day replication period, bites someone else – it Exercício 261
passes dengue into its next victim’s bloodstream. (Fuvest 2016) Working for on-demand startups like Uber and
There is no vaccine against dengue, but infecting mosquitoes with TaskRabbit is supposed to offer flexible hours and higher wages,
a natural bacterium called Wolbachia blocks the insects’ ability to but many workers have found the pay lower and the hours less
pass the disease to humans. The microbe spreads among both flexible than they expected. Even more surprising: 8 percent of
male and female mosquitoes: infected females lay eggs that
those chauffeuring passengers and 16 percent of those making deliveries, car parking, waiting in lines. Almost uniformly, those
deliveries said they lack personal auto insurance. workers are independent contractors rather than salaried
Those are among the findings from a survey about the work life employees.
of independent contractors for on-demand startups, a booming That status is the main point of contention in a recent rash of
sector of the tech industry, being released Wednesday. lawsuits in which workers are filing for employee status. While
“We want to shed light on the industry as a whole,” said Isaac the survey did not directly ask contractors if they would prefer to
Madan, a Stanford master’s candidate in bioinformatics who be employees, it found that their top workplace desires were to
worked with two other Stanford students and a recent alumnus have paid health insurance, retirement benefits and paid time off
on the survey of 1.300 workers. “People need to understand how for holidays, vacation and sick days – all perks of full-time
this space will change and evolve and help the economy.” workers. Respondents also expressed interest in having more
On-demand, often called the sharing economy, refers to chances for advancement, education sponsorship, disability
companies that let users summon workers via smartphone apps insurance and human-relations support.
to handle all manner of services: rides, cleaning, chores, Because respondents were recruited rather than randomly
deliveries, car parking, waiting in lines. Almost uniformly, those selected, the survey does not claim to be representational but a
workers are independent contractors rather than salaried conclusion one may come to is that flexibility of new jobs comes
employees. with a cost. Not all workers are prepared for that!
That status is the main point of contention in a recent rash of SFChronicle.com and SFGate.com, May 20, 2015. Adaptado.
lawsuits in which workers are filing for employee status. While Outro resultado da mesma pesquisa indica que
the survey did not directly ask contractors if they would prefer to
a) grande parte dos trabalhadores em empresas “on-demand”
be employees, it found that their top workplace desires were to
não pensa em ter um registro formal de trabalho.
have paid health insurance, retirement benefits and paid time off
b) nem todos os trabalhadores em empresas “on-demand” estão
for holidays, vacation and sick days – all perks of full-time
preparados para arcar com o custo de sua flexibilidade no
workers. Respondents also expressed interest in having more
trabalho.
chances for advancement, education sponsorship, disability
c) muitos dos entrevistados que prestam serviços nas empresas
insurance and human-relations support.
“on-demand” também têm um trabalho formal.
Because respondents were recruited rather than randomly
d) vários dos entrevistados buscam o trabalho “on-demand” por
selected, the survey does not claim to be representational but a
conta do status que ele proporciona.
conclusion one may come to is that flexibility of new jobs comes
with a cost. Not all workers are prepared for that! Exercício 263
SFChronicle.com and SFGate.com, May 20, 2015. Adaptado.
Segundo o texto, empresas do tipo “on-demand” Exercício 264
(Fuvest 2016) Working for on-demand startups like Uber and
a) têm pouco contato com seus prestadores de serviços, o que TaskRabbit is supposed to offer flexible hours and higher wages,
dificulta o estabelecimento de planos de carreira. but many workers have found the pay lower and the hours less
b) são intermediárias entre usuários e prestadores de serviços flexible than they expected. Even more surprising: 8 percent of
acionados por meio de aplicativos. those chauffeuring passengers and 16 percent of those making
c) remuneram abaixo do mercado seus prestadores de serviços. deliveries said they lack personal auto insurance.
d) exigem dos prestadores de serviços um número mínimo de Those are among the findings from a survey about the work life
horas trabalhadas por dia. of independent contractors for on-demand startups, a booming
e) estão crescendo em número, mas são criticadas pela qualidade sector of the tech industry, being released Wednesday.
de seus serviços. “We want to shed light on the industry as a whole,” said Isaac
Exercício 262 Madan, a Stanford master’s candidate in bioinformatics who
(Fuvest 2016) Working for on-demand startups like Uber and worked with two other Stanford students and a recent alumnus
TaskRabbit is supposed to offer flexible hours and higher wages, on the survey of 1.300 workers. “People need to understand how
but many workers have found the pay lower and the hours less this space will change and evolve and help the economy.”
flexible than they expected. Even more surprising: 8 percent of On-demand, often called the sharing economy, refers to
those chauffeuring passengers and 16 percent of those making companies that let users summon workers via smartphone apps
deliveries said they lack personal auto insurance. to handle all manner of services: rides, cleaning, chores,
Those are among the findings from a survey about the work life deliveries, car parking, waiting in lines. Almost uniformly, those
of independent contractors for on-demand startups, a booming workers are independent contractors rather than salaried
sector of the tech industry, being released Wednesday. employees.
“We want to shed light on the industry as a whole,” said Isaac That status is the main point of contention in a recent rash of
Madan, a Stanford master’s candidate in bioinformatics who lawsuits in which workers are filing for employee status. While
worked with two other Stanford students and a recent alumnus the survey did not directly ask contractors if they would prefer to
on the survey of 1.300 workers. “People need to understand how be employees, it found that their top workplace desires were to
this space will change and evolve and help the economy.” have paid health insurance, retirement benefits and paid time off
On-demand, often called the sharing economy, refers to for holidays, vacation and sick days – all perks of full-time
companies that let users summon workers via smartphone apps workers. Respondents also expressed interest in having more
to handle all manner of services: rides, cleaning, chores,
chances for advancement, education sponsorship, disability do with looks and everything to do with an innate feeling that
insurance and human-relations support. you really are worth it. You are worth going after your dreams,
Because respondents were recruited rather than randomly you are worth being in a good relationship, you are worth living a
selected, the survey does not claim to be representational but a life that fulfills and nourishes you, and you are certainly worthy of
conclusion one may come to is that flexibility of new jobs comes being a successful woman.
with a cost. Not all workers are prepared for that! There is a quote attributed to Michelangelo that I’ve always
SFChronicle.com and SFGate.com, May 20, 2015. Adaptado. admired. When a friend complimented him on the glorious Sistine
Um dos resultados da pesquisa realizada com prestadores de Chapel, the great artist, referring to his art in the feminine form,
serviços de empresas do tipo “on-demand” mostra que esses was said to have replied: “She is worthy of admiration simply
trabalhadores because she exists; perfection and imperfection together”.
BRISTEN HOUGHTON. Adaptado de twitter.com.
a) consideram a flexibilidade do horário de trabalho o ponto alto
In the last two paragraphs, the author establishes a relationship
de sua opção profissional.
between the ideas of self-worth and one’s looks. This
b) pagam seus próprios seguros-saúde e planos de
relationship is best expressed in:
aposentadoria.
c) investem no seu aprimoramento profissional para obter a) self-regard and fairness should be linked
melhores ganhos no futuro. b) self-respect and prettiness should be combined
d) têm a opção de tirar férias quando desejarem, com o apoio das c) self-concern and charm should not be connected
empresas e dos familiares. d) self-esteem and appearance should not be associated
e) desejam ter os mesmos benefícios sociais que trabalhadores
assalariados. Exercício 266
(Uerj 2018)
Exercício 265 Our (Im)perfect bodies
(Uerj 2018) Since I write a lot about positive body image, you’d think that I am
Our (Im)perfect bodies well over the idea that weight should be something that I allow
Since I write a lot about positive body image, you’d think that I am to define my life. Yet, the vestiges of my past life as a woman
well over the idea that weight should be something that I allow obsessed with weight still linger. A good example is vacation
to define my life. Yet, the vestiges of my past life as a woman pictures. If I show you pictures of all the places I have been in my
obsessed with weight still linger. A good example is vacation Iife, I can give you minute details about the place itself, the food,
pictures. If I show you pictures of all the places I have been in my the sights and the weather. I can also tell you something else
Iife, I can give you minute details about the place itself, the food, simply by looking at those pictures: 1the exact number on the
the sights and the weather. I can also tell you something else scale I was at that particular time in my life.
simply by looking at those pictures: 1the exact number on the Sometimes my past catches up with me. I like to think of myself
scale I was at that particular time in my life. as a recovering weight-a-holic.
Sometimes my past catches up with me. I like to think of myself The fear of being overweight is a constant one of despair at not
as a recovering weight-a-holic. being personally successful in controlling your own body. What
The fear of being overweight is a constant one of despair at not good is being in control of finances, major companies and
being personally successful in controlling your own body. What businesses if you’re not in control of your body?! Silly idea, right?
good is being in control of finances, major companies and And yet that is exactly the unconscious thought many intelligent
businesses if you’re not in control of your body?! Silly idea, right? women have.
And yet that is exactly the unconscious thought many intelligent Feeling satisfied with your appearance makes a tremendous
women have. amount of difference in how you present yourself to the world.
Feeling satisfied with your appearance makes a tremendous Some women live their entire lives on their perception of their
amount of difference in how you present yourself to the world. physical selves. 2But I’ve been there, done that. The hell with
Some women live their entire lives on their perception of their that idea! Personally, I became tired of living my Iife this way.
physical selves. 2But I’ve been there, done that. The hell with My friend is an art historian who specializes in the Renaissance
that idea! Personally, I became tired of living my Iife this way. period. Talking with him recently gave me a perspective on body
My friend is an art historian who specializes in the Renaissance image. As we walked through the permanent exhibit of
period. Talking with him recently gave me a perspective on body Renaissance Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he pointed
image. As we walked through the permanent exhibit of out the paintings done of women.
Renaissance Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he pointed The women came in all sizes, all shapes. Some were curvier than
out the paintings done of women. others, but all were beautiful. Some had what we refer to as love
The women came in all sizes, all shapes. Some were curvier than handles; some had soft, fuller stomachs that had never suffered
others, but all were beautiful. Some had what we refer to as love through crunches in a gym. 3Though I had seen them many times,
handles; some had soft, fuller stomachs that had never suffered it was actually refreshing to view them in a new light.
through crunches in a gym. 3Though I had seen them many times, We are led to believe our self-worth must be a reflection of our
it was actually refreshing to view them in a new light. looks. So, in essence, if we don’t believe we look good, we
We are led to believe our self-worth must be a reflection of our assume we have no worth! Yet, self-worth should have nothing to
looks. So, in essence, if we don’t believe we look good, we do with looks and everything to do with an innate feeling that
assume we have no worth! Yet, self-worth should have nothing to you really are worth it. You are worth going after your dreams,
you are worth being in a good relationship, you are worth living a you really are worth it. You are worth going after your dreams,
life that fulfills and nourishes you, and you are certainly worthy of you are worth being in a good relationship, you are worth living a
being a successful woman. life that fulfills and nourishes you, and you are certainly worthy of
There is a quote attributed to Michelangelo that I’ve always being a successful woman.
admired. When a friend complimented him on the glorious Sistine There is a quote attributed to Michelangelo that I’ve always
Chapel, the great artist, referring to his art in the feminine form, admired. When a friend complimented him on the glorious Sistine
was said to have replied: “She is worthy of admiration simply Chapel, the great artist, referring to his art in the feminine form,
because she exists; perfection and imperfection together”. was said to have replied: “She is worthy of admiration simply
BRISTEN HOUGHTON. Adaptado de twitter.com. because she exists; perfection and imperfection together”.
BRISTEN HOUGHTON. Adaptado de twitter.com.
"the exact number on the scale I was at that particular time in my
life." (ref. 1) "But I’ve been there, done that." (ref. 2)
Concerning the author’s feelings, the statement above illustrates The underlined expression refers to the author’s experiencing the
the following fact: situation described below:
a) she is still weight-conscious a) travelling to her hometown

b) she is well over weight issues b) being happy with her condition
c) she is never troubled by weight c) worrying about her appearance
d) she is more obsessed with weight d) feeling comfortable about her past

(Uerj 2018) (Uerj 2018)
Our (Im)perfect bodies Recent Human Adaptations
Since I write a lot about positive body image, you’d think that I am Human populations live in an extraordinary variety of different
well over the idea that weight should be something that I allow habitats: hot and cold, wet and dry; in forests, grasslands and
to define my life. Yet, the vestiges of my past life as a woman tundra. Different human groups feed on a wide variety of food
obsessed with weight still linger. A good example is vacation sources. For many populations, diets shifted further with the
pictures. If I show you pictures of all the places I have been in my development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years. To what
Iife, I can give you minute details about the place itself, the food, extent have these and other factors led to genetic adaptation?
the sights and the weather. I can also tell you something else 1Human populations differ in various phenotypes – observable
simply by looking at those pictures: 1the exact number on the characteristics that result from interactions between genes and
scale I was at that particular time in my life. the environment –, 2but scientific studies have shown that
Sometimes my past catches up with me. I like to think of myself phenotypic differences have a genetic basis and are adaptive. For
as a recovering weight-a-holic. example, mammals that live in cold climates tend to have larger,
The fear of being overweight is a constant one of despair at not rounder bodies and shorter limbs than members of the same or
being personally successful in controlling your own body. What closely related species in warm climates. 3These patterns do
good is being in control of finances, major companies and appear to also hold in humans, implying that population
businesses if you’re not in control of your body?! Silly idea, right? movements into colder climates were accompanied by adaptation
And yet that is exactly the unconscious thought many intelligent to larger, stockier body shape, presumably to improve thermal
women have. efficiency. At the other end of the spectrum is the pygmy
Feeling satisfied with your appearance makes a tremendous phenotype that has evolved in rainforest populations in Africa,
amount of difference in how you present yourself to the world. South-East Asia and South America. Research has suggested
Some women live their entire lives on their perception of their that 4this phenotype may be an adaptation to food limitations,
physical selves. 2But I’ve been there, done that. The hell with high humidity or dense forest undergrowth.
that idea! Personally, I became tired of living my Iife this way. Another impressive example of adaptation is provided by human
My friend is an art historian who specializes in the Renaissance populations living at high altitude, especially in the Himalayas
period. Talking with him recently gave me a perspective on body and the Andes. Compared to related lowland populations, 5these
image. As we walked through the permanent exhibit of high-elevation populations show a group of physiological
Renaissance Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he pointed adaptations to low oxygen. These adaptations include markedly
out the paintings done of women. increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the uterus during
The women came in all sizes, all shapes. Some were curvier than pregnancy, substantially reducing the risk of babies with low
others, but all were beautiful. Some had what we refer to as love birthweight. 6Current evidence suggests that these differences
handles; some had soft, fuller stomachs that had never suffered are not simply the result of recent acclimation, but are at least
through crunches in a gym. 3Though I had seen them many times, partly genetic. If this is the case, then 7the adaptation must have
it was actually refreshing to view them in a new light. occurred rapidly, because 8these high altitude regions were
We are led to believe our self-worth must be a reflection of our settled within the last 10,000 years.
looks. So, in essence, if we don’t believe we look good, we 9Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies most
assume we have no worth! Yet, self-worth should have nothing to obviously among human populations.
do with looks and everything to do with an innate feeling that
10Dark pigmentation is strongly associated with tropical 9Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies most
climates, and the spread of prehistoric humans into northern obviously among human populations.
latitudes was accompanied by a shift to lighter skin color. We 10Dark pigmentation is strongly associated with tropical
now know of at least half a dozen different genes that affect skin, climates, and the spread of prehistoric humans into northern
hair or eye pigmentation. In particular, the evolution of light skin latitudes was accompanied by a shift to lighter skin color. We
color occurred largely in parallel in western Eurasia and east Asia, now know of at least half a dozen different genes that affect skin,
but we still know few of the relevant genes in east Asia. hair or eye pigmentation. In particular, the evolution of light skin
Adaptation to lighter pigmentation may have been motivated by a color occurred largely in parallel in western Eurasia and east Asia,
need to increase UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis at high but we still know few of the relevant genes in east Asia.
latitudes or by sexual selection. Adaptation to lighter pigmentation may have been motivated by a
These are only a few cases of genetic adaptation. There are need to increase UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis at high
surely some – perhaps many – other 11factors yet to be found. latitudes or by sexual selection.
sciencedirect.com These are only a few cases of genetic adaptation. There are
surely some – perhaps many – other 11factors yet to be found.
"Human populations differ in various phenotypes" (ref. 1) sciencedirect.com
In relation to these phenotypes, scientists have reached the Emphasis can be signalled by different linguistic elements.
following conclusion: The underlined element that expresses emphasis is:
a) physical composition is rarely genetic a) scientific studies have shown that phenotypic differences have
b) skin pigmentation is subject to eating habits a genetic basis (ref. 2)
c) body shapes depend on climate and food availability b) These patterns do appear to also hold in humans, (ref. 3)
d) pygmyism is a question of temperature and level of oxygen c) this phenotype may be an adaptation to food limitations, (ref.
4)
Exercício 269 d) the adaptation must have occurred rapidly, (ref. 7)
(Uerj 2018)
Recent Human Adaptations Exercício 270
Human populations live in an extraordinary variety of different (Uerj 2018)
habitats: hot and cold, wet and dry; in forests, grasslands and Recent Human Adaptations
tundra. Different human groups feed on a wide variety of food Human populations live in an extraordinary variety of different
sources. For many populations, diets shifted further with the habitats: hot and cold, wet and dry; in forests, grasslands and
development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years. To what tundra. Different human groups feed on a wide variety of food
extent have these and other factors led to genetic adaptation? sources. For many populations, diets shifted further with the
1Human populations differ in various phenotypes – observable development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years. To what
characteristics that result from interactions between genes and extent have these and other factors led to genetic adaptation?
the environment –, 2but scientific studies have shown that 1Human populations differ in various phenotypes – observable
phenotypic differences have a genetic basis and are adaptive. For characteristics that result from interactions between genes and
example, mammals that live in cold climates tend to have larger, the environment –, 2but scientific studies have shown that
rounder bodies and shorter limbs than members of the same or phenotypic differences have a genetic basis and are adaptive. For
closely related species in warm climates. 3These patterns do example, mammals that live in cold climates tend to have larger,
appear to also hold in humans, implying that population rounder bodies and shorter limbs than members of the same or
movements into colder climates were accompanied by adaptation closely related species in warm climates. 3These patterns do
to larger, stockier body shape, presumably to improve thermal appear to also hold in humans, implying that population
efficiency. At the other end of the spectrum is the pygmy movements into colder climates were accompanied by adaptation
phenotype that has evolved in rainforest populations in Africa, to larger, stockier body shape, presumably to improve thermal
South-East Asia and South America. Research has suggested efficiency. At the other end of the spectrum is the pygmy
that 4this phenotype may be an adaptation to food limitations, phenotype that has evolved in rainforest populations in Africa,
high humidity or dense forest undergrowth. South-East Asia and South America. Research has suggested
Another impressive example of adaptation is provided by human that 4this phenotype may be an adaptation to food limitations,
populations living at high altitude, especially in the Himalayas high humidity or dense forest undergrowth.
and the Andes. Compared to related lowland populations, 5these Another impressive example of adaptation is provided by human
high-elevation populations show a group of physiological populations living at high altitude, especially in the Himalayas
adaptations to low oxygen. These adaptations include markedly and the Andes. Compared to related lowland populations, 5these
increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the uterus during high-elevation populations show a group of physiological
pregnancy, substantially reducing the risk of babies with low adaptations to low oxygen. These adaptations include markedly
birthweight. 6Current evidence suggests that these differences increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the uterus during
are not simply the result of recent acclimation, but are at least pregnancy, substantially reducing the risk of babies with low
partly genetic. If this is the case, then 7the adaptation must have birthweight. 6Current evidence suggests that these differences
occurred rapidly, because 8these high altitude regions were are not simply the result of recent acclimation, but are at least
settled within the last 10,000 years. partly genetic. If this is the case, then 7the adaptation must have
occurred rapidly, because 8these high altitude regions were occurred rapidly, because 8these high altitude regions were
settled within the last 10,000 years. settled within the last 10,000 years.
9Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies most 9Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies most
obviously among human populations. obviously among human populations.
10Dark pigmentation is strongly associated with tropical 10Dark pigmentation is strongly associated with tropical
climates, and the spread of prehistoric humans into northern climates, and the spread of prehistoric humans into northern
latitudes was accompanied by a shift to lighter skin color. We latitudes was accompanied by a shift to lighter skin color. We
now know of at least half a dozen different genes that affect skin, now know of at least half a dozen different genes that affect skin,
hair or eye pigmentation. In particular, the evolution of light skin hair or eye pigmentation. In particular, the evolution of light skin
color occurred largely in parallel in western Eurasia and east Asia, color occurred largely in parallel in western Eurasia and east Asia,
but we still know few of the relevant genes in east Asia. but we still know few of the relevant genes in east Asia.
Adaptation to lighter pigmentation may have been motivated by a Adaptation to lighter pigmentation may have been motivated by a
need to increase UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis at high need to increase UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis at high
latitudes or by sexual selection. latitudes or by sexual selection.
These are only a few cases of genetic adaptation. There are These are only a few cases of genetic adaptation. There are
surely some – perhaps many – other 11factors yet to be found. surely some – perhaps many – other 11factors yet to be found.
sciencedirect.com sciencedirect.com
"factors yet to be found." (ref. 11) "Current evidence suggests that these differences are not simply
The expression yet to be found is used to represent an action the result of recent acclimation" (ref. 6)
which: The underlined word above indicates that the author is cautious
when he states that fact. The sentence from the text that shows
a) will happen
the same attitude on the author’s part is:
b) is occurring
c) has finished a) these high-elevation populations show a group of
physiological adaptations to low oxygen. (ref. 5)
Exercício 271 b) these high altitude regions were settled within the last 10,000
(Uerj 2018) years. (ref. 8)
Recent Human Adaptations c) Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies most
Human populations live in an extraordinary variety of different obviously among human populations. (ref. 9)
habitats: hot and cold, wet and dry; in forests, grasslands and d) Dark pigmentation is strongly associated with tropical
tundra. Different human groups feed on a wide variety of food climates, (ref. 10)
sources. For many populations, diets shifted further with the
development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years. To what Exercício 272
extent have these and other factors led to genetic adaptation? (Uerj 2017)
1Human populations differ in various phenotypes – observable Little Red Riding Hood
characteristics that result from interactions between genes and There once was a young person named Little Red Riding Hood
the environment –, 2but scientific studies have shown that who lived on the edge of a large forest full of endangered fauna
phenotypic differences have a genetic basis and are adaptive. For and rare plants. One day her mother asked her to take a basket of
example, mammals that live in cold climates tend to have larger, organically grown fruit and mineral water to her grandmother’s
rounder bodies and shorter limbs than members of the same or house.
closely related species in warm climates. 3These patterns do – But mother, won’t this be stealing work from the people who
appear to also hold in humans, implying that population have struggled for years to earn the right to carry all packages
movements into colder climates were accompanied by adaptation between various people in the woods?
to larger, stockier body shape, presumably to improve thermal Red Riding Hood’s mother assured her that she had called the
efficiency. At the other end of the spectrum is the pygmy union secretary and had been given ¹a special compassionate
phenotype that has evolved in rainforest populations in Africa, mission exemption form.
South-East Asia and South America. Research has suggested ²– But mother, aren’t you oppressing me by ordering me to do
that 4this phenotype may be an adaptation to food limitations, this? Red Riding Hood’s mother pointed out that it was
high humidity or dense forest undergrowth. impossible for women to oppress each other, since all women
Another impressive example of adaptation is provided by human were equally oppressed until all women were free.
populations living at high altitude, especially in the Himalayas On her way to grandma’s house, Red Riding Hood passed a
and the Andes. Compared to related lowland populations, 5these woodchopper and wandered off the path in order to examine
high-elevation populations show a group of physiological some flowers. She was startled to find herself standing before a
adaptations to low oxygen. These adaptations include markedly wolf, who asked her what was in her basket.
increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the uterus during – I am taking my grandmother some healthy snacks in a gesture
pregnancy, substantially reducing the risk of babies with low of solidarity. Now, if you’ll excuse me, I would prefer to be on my
birthweight. 6Current evidence suggests that these differences way.
are not simply the result of recent acclimation, but are at least Red Riding Hood returned to the main path and proceeded
partly genetic. If this is the case, then 7the adaptation must have towards her grandmother’s house. But the wolf knew of a quicker
route to grandma’s house. He burst into the house and ate Red Riding Hood returned to the main path and proceeded
grandma, a course of action affirmative of his nature as a towards her grandmother’s house. But the wolf knew of a quicker
predator. He put on grandma’s nightclothes and awaited. route to grandma’s house. He burst into the house and ate
Red Riding Hood entered the cottage and said: grandma, a course of action affirmative of his nature as a
– Goodness! grandma, what big eyes you have! predator. He put on grandma’s nightclothes and awaited.
– You forget that I am optically challenged. Red Riding Hood entered the cottage and said:
– And grandma, what an enormous nose you have! – Goodness! grandma, what big eyes you have!
– Naturally, I could have had it surgically fixed, but I didn’t give in – You forget that I am optically challenged.
to such societal pressures, my child. – And grandma, what an enormous nose you have!
– And grandma, what very big, sharp teeth you have! – Naturally, I could have had it surgically fixed, but I didn’t give in
The wolf could not take any more of this, grabbed Little Red to such societal pressures, my child.
Riding Hood and opened his jaws so wide that she could see her – And grandma, what very big, sharp teeth you have!
poor grandmother in his belly. The wolf could not take any more of this, grabbed Little Red
At the same time, the woodchopper burst into the cottage, Riding Hood and opened his jaws so wide that she could see her
brandishing an axe. poor grandmother in his belly.
– Hands off!, cried the woodchopper. At the same time, the woodchopper burst into the cottage,
– And what do you think you’re doing?, cried Little Red Riding brandishing an axe.
Hood. If I let you help me now, I would be expressing a lack of – Hands off!, cried the woodchopper.
confidence in my own abilities. – And what do you think you’re doing?, cried Little Red Riding
– Get your hands off that endangered species! This is a police Hood. If I let you help me now, I would be expressing a lack of
raid!, screamed the woodchopper. confidence in my own abilities.
– Thank goodness you got here in time, said the Wolf. I thought I – Get your hands off that endangered species! This is a police
was a goner. raid!, screamed the woodchopper.
guy-sports.com – Thank goodness you got here in time, said the Wolf. I thought I
was a goner.
"– But mother, aren’t you oppressing me by ordering me to do guy-sports.com
this?" (ref. 2)
In the sentence above, the word but fulfills the function of: The classic fairy tale finishes by the woodchopper killing another
character. However, this does not happen in this modern
a) calling attention
version. In the end of this version, the woodchopper carries out
b) signalling exception
the act of:
c) suggesting expectation
d) introducing objection a) saving the wolf
b) arresting the girl
Exercício 273 c) calling the police
(Uerj 2017) d) hiding the grandmother
Little Red Riding Hood
There once was a young person named Little Red Riding Hood Exercício 274
who lived on the edge of a large forest full of endangered fauna (Uerj 2017)
and rare plants. One day her mother asked her to take a basket of Little Red Riding Hood
organically grown fruit and mineral water to her grandmother’s There once was a young person named Little Red Riding Hood
house. who lived on the edge of a large forest full of endangered fauna
– But mother, won’t this be stealing work from the people who and rare plants. One day her mother asked her to take a basket of
have struggled for years to earn the right to carry all packages organically grown fruit and mineral water to her grandmother’s
between various people in the woods? house.
Red Riding Hood’s mother assured her that she had called the – But mother, won’t this be stealing work from the people who
union secretary and had been given ¹a special compassionate have struggled for years to earn the right to carry all packages
mission exemption form. between various people in the woods?
²– But mother, aren’t you oppressing me by ordering me to do Red Riding Hood’s mother assured her that she had called the
this? Red Riding Hood’s mother pointed out that it was union secretary and had been given ¹a special compassionate
impossible for women to oppress each other, since all women mission exemption form.
were equally oppressed until all women were free. ²– But mother, aren’t you oppressing me by ordering me to do
On her way to grandma’s house, Red Riding Hood passed a this? Red Riding Hood’s mother pointed out that it was
woodchopper and wandered off the path in order to examine impossible for women to oppress each other, since all women
some flowers. She was startled to find herself standing before a were equally oppressed until all women were free.
wolf, who asked her what was in her basket. On her way to grandma’s house, Red Riding Hood passed a
– I am taking my grandmother some healthy snacks in a gesture woodchopper and wandered off the path in order to examine
of solidarity. Now, if you’ll excuse me, I would prefer to be on my some flowers. She was startled to find herself standing before a
way. wolf, who asked her what was in her basket.
– I am taking my grandmother some healthy snacks in a gesture Imagine the reaction of our Hawaiian forefathers if they were to
of solidarity. Now, if you’ll excuse me, I would prefer to be on my view one of the many dinner/cocktail shows that litter the pages
way. of our tourist guides. What would they think? ²Would they
Red Riding Hood returned to the main path and proceeded proudly applaud our efforts to preserve their contributions to
towards her grandmother’s house. But the wolf knew of a quicker history? Or would they laugh at its absurdity? Is the need to be an
route to grandma’s house. He burst into the house and ate economically viable state causing us to compromise our true
grandma, a course of action affirmative of his nature as a identity as Hawaiians in exchange for the luxuries that come with
predator. He put on grandma’s nightclothes and awaited. being a tourist destination?
Red Riding Hood entered the cottage and said: As a boy, I took trips to the Big Island. Visiting there reminded me
– Goodness! grandma, what big eyes you have! that Hawaiians had their own place in history and a proper
– You forget that I am optically challenged. culture complete with its own form of government, its own form
– And grandma, what an enormous nose you have! of religion and its own legal system. These discoveries about my
– Naturally, I could have had it surgically fixed, but I didn’t give in heritage filled me with equal portions of pride and wonderment.
to such societal pressures, my child. The most concerning thing to me as a Hawaiian is the growing
– And grandma, what very big, sharp teeth you have! commercialization of our culture and its possible consequences.
The wolf could not take any more of this, grabbed Little Red ³Simplifying the culture merely for financial gain may actually
Riding Hood and opened his jaws so wide that she could see her cost Hawaiians more than they think. ⁴I do not dispute the fact
poor grandmother in his belly. that the tourism industry brings in much needed revenue to the
At the same time, the woodchopper burst into the cottage, state, but how long can we tolerate the integrity of our culture
brandishing an axe. being violated simply to earn money? How much longer can we
– Hands off!, cried the woodchopper. sell these fabricated ideas of the islands before they imbue
– And what do you think you’re doing?, cried Little Red Riding themselves upon the cultural consciousness of all Hawaiians?
Hood. If I let you help me now, I would be expressing a lack of I am not suggesting that we shut down every hula show that
confidence in my own abilities. makes a profit off of reinforcing stereotypes, but that Hawaiians
– Get your hands off that endangered species! This is a police as a people with a rich heritage and a long cultural history need
raid!, screamed the woodchopper. to be more active in understanding our cultural identity. As
– Thank goodness you got here in time, said the Wolf. I thought I western influence grows, we need to take steps to preserve our
was a goner. culture so that our children don’t grow up believing the
guy-sports.com stereotypes that are so readily conditioned into the mind of every
tourist. Tourism will not go away, but we need to take steps as
This modern version of the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood Hawaiians to ensure our traditions are not swallowed up by these
addresses different social issues. One of these issues is: superficial shadows.
¹ukulele − Hawaiian musical instrument
a) religious tolerance
pupuaoewa.org
b) animal protection
Would they proudly applaud our efforts to preserve their
c) linguistic prejudice
contributions to history? (ref. 2)
d) racial discrimination
Considering how the author believes the Hawaiian ancestors
Exercício 275 would react, the question above could be answered in the
(Uerj 2017) following way:
THE COST OF BEING HAWAIIAN: DEFENDING OUR IDENTITY a) perhaps
A beautiful Polynesian woman moves her hips from side to side, a b) of course
flower adorning her ear as her hands glide across her body in c) probably not
harmony with the music. She looks like a photograph come to life. d) unfortunately yes
Beside her is a dark and handsome man smiling and playing the
¹ukulele. He sings through his gigantic smile a beautiful love song Exercício 276
to the dancing girl. After a time, the man stops playing and the (Uerj 2017)
woman stops dancing. The two stare lovingly into each other’s THE COST OF BEING HAWAIIAN: DEFENDING OUR IDENTITY
eyes and jump into their canoe, disappearing into the sunset. A beautiful Polynesian woman moves her hips from side to side, a
This misconception about the Hawaiian culture has always been flower adorning her ear as her hands glide across her body in
around, and although I do not profess to be an expert in Hawaiian harmony with the music. She looks like a photograph come to life.
studies by any means, I know that these ideas are only cheap Beside her is a dark and handsome man smiling and playing the
imitations and generic stereotypes created more to appeal to ¹ukulele. He sings through his gigantic smile a beautiful love song
tourists than to perpetuate and preserve the Hawaiian way of life. to the dancing girl. After a time, the man stops playing and the
The more people are exposed to these misconceptions, the less woman stops dancing. The two stare lovingly into each other’s
they understand the true beauty of the Hawaiian people and the eyes and jump into their canoe, disappearing into the sunset.
richness of their culture steeped in politics, agriculture, This misconception about the Hawaiian culture has always been
aquaculture, dance, storytelling and an oral tradition that include around, and although I do not profess to be an expert in Hawaiian
both extensive genealogies and mythology. studies by any means, I know that these ideas are only cheap
imitations and generic stereotypes created more to appeal to
tourists than to perpetuate and preserve the Hawaiian way of life. woman stops dancing. The two stare lovingly into each other’s
The more people are exposed to these misconceptions, the less eyes and jump into their canoe, disappearing into the sunset.
they understand the true beauty of the Hawaiian people and the This misconception about the Hawaiian culture has always been
richness of their culture steeped in politics, agriculture, around, and although I do not profess to be an expert in Hawaiian
aquaculture, dance, storytelling and an oral tradition that include studies by any means, I know that these ideas are only cheap
both extensive genealogies and mythology. imitations and generic stereotypes created more to appeal to
Imagine the reaction of our Hawaiian forefathers if they were to tourists than to perpetuate and preserve the Hawaiian way of life.
view one of the many dinner/cocktail shows that litter the pages The more people are exposed to these misconceptions, the less
of our tourist guides. What would they think? ²Would they they understand the true beauty of the Hawaiian people and the
proudly applaud our efforts to preserve their contributions to richness of their culture steeped in politics, agriculture,
history? Or would they laugh at its absurdity? Is the need to be an aquaculture, dance, storytelling and an oral tradition that include
economically viable state causing us to compromise our true both extensive genealogies and mythology.
identity as Hawaiians in exchange for the luxuries that come with Imagine the reaction of our Hawaiian forefathers if they were to
being a tourist destination? view one of the many dinner/cocktail shows that litter the pages
As a boy, I took trips to the Big Island. Visiting there reminded me of our tourist guides. What would they think? ²Would they
that Hawaiians had their own place in history and a proper proudly applaud our efforts to preserve their contributions to
culture complete with its own form of government, its own form history? Or would they laugh at its absurdity? Is the need to be an
of religion and its own legal system. These discoveries about my economically viable state causing us to compromise our true
heritage filled me with equal portions of pride and wonderment. identity as Hawaiians in exchange for the luxuries that come with
The most concerning thing to me as a Hawaiian is the growing being a tourist destination?
commercialization of our culture and its possible consequences. As a boy, I took trips to the Big Island. Visiting there reminded me
³Simplifying the culture merely for financial gain may actually that Hawaiians had their own place in history and a proper
cost Hawaiians more than they think. ⁴I do not dispute the fact culture complete with its own form of government, its own form
that the tourism industry brings in much needed revenue to the of religion and its own legal system. These discoveries about my
state, but how long can we tolerate the integrity of our culture heritage filled me with equal portions of pride and wonderment.
being violated simply to earn money? How much longer can we The most concerning thing to me as a Hawaiian is the growing
sell these fabricated ideas of the islands before they imbue commercialization of our culture and its possible consequences.
themselves upon the cultural consciousness of all Hawaiians? ³Simplifying the culture merely for financial gain may actually
I am not suggesting that we shut down every hula show that cost Hawaiians more than they think. ⁴I do not dispute the fact
makes a profit off of reinforcing stereotypes, but that Hawaiians that the tourism industry brings in much needed revenue to the
as a people with a rich heritage and a long cultural history need state, but how long can we tolerate the integrity of our culture
to be more active in understanding our cultural identity. As being violated simply to earn money? How much longer can we
western influence grows, we need to take steps to preserve our sell these fabricated ideas of the islands before they imbue
culture so that our children don’t grow up believing the themselves upon the cultural consciousness of all Hawaiians?
stereotypes that are so readily conditioned into the mind of every I am not suggesting that we shut down every hula show that
tourist. Tourism will not go away, but we need to take steps as makes a profit off of reinforcing stereotypes, but that Hawaiians
Hawaiians to ensure our traditions are not swallowed up by these as a people with a rich heritage and a long cultural history need
superficial shadows. to be more active in understanding our cultural identity. As
¹ukulele − Hawaiian musical instrument western influence grows, we need to take steps to preserve our
pupuaoewa.org culture so that our children don’t grow up believing the
The first paragraph describes a scene related to Hawaiian culture, stereotypes that are so readily conditioned into the mind of every
but the purpose of this description is presented in the second tourist. Tourism will not go away, but we need to take steps as
paragraph. According to the author’s point of view, the aim of this Hawaiians to ensure our traditions are not swallowed up by these
scene is: superficial shadows.
¹ukulele − Hawaiian musical instrument
a) create a false image
pupuaoewa.org
b) preserve old customs
In the last paragraph, the author refers to the hula show to
c) reinforce true identities
reinforce the following idea:
d) show a present lifestyle
a) the dancers should focus less on their heritage
Exercício 277 b) the people should be more concerned about their culture
(Uerj 2017) c) the government should prohibit this kind of entertainment
THE COST OF BEING HAWAIIAN: DEFENDING OUR IDENTITY d) the performance should be used to stress native stereotypes
A beautiful Polynesian woman moves her hips from side to side, a
flower adorning her ear as her hands glide across her body in Exercício 278
harmony with the music. She looks like a photograph come to life. (Uerj 2017)
Beside her is a dark and handsome man smiling and playing the THE COST OF BEING HAWAIIAN: DEFENDING OUR IDENTITY
¹ukulele. He sings through his gigantic smile a beautiful love song A beautiful Polynesian woman moves her hips from side to side, a
to the dancing girl. After a time, the man stops playing and the flower adorning her ear as her hands glide across her body in
harmony with the music. She looks like a photograph come to life.
Beside her is a dark and handsome man smiling and playing the (Uerj 2017)
¹ukulele. He sings through his gigantic smile a beautiful love song THE COST OF BEING HAWAIIAN: DEFENDING OUR IDENTITY
to the dancing girl. After a time, the man stops playing and the A beautiful Polynesian woman moves her hips from side to side, a
woman stops dancing. The two stare lovingly into each other’s flower adorning her ear as her hands glide across her body in
eyes and jump into their canoe, disappearing into the sunset. harmony with the music. She looks like a photograph come to life.
This misconception about the Hawaiian culture has always been Beside her is a dark and handsome man smiling and playing the
around, and although I do not profess to be an expert in Hawaiian ¹ukulele. He sings through his gigantic smile a beautiful love song
studies by any means, I know that these ideas are only cheap to the dancing girl. After a time, the man stops playing and the
imitations and generic stereotypes created more to appeal to woman stops dancing. The two stare lovingly into each other’s
tourists than to perpetuate and preserve the Hawaiian way of life. eyes and jump into their canoe, disappearing into the sunset.
The more people are exposed to these misconceptions, the less This misconception about the Hawaiian culture has always been
they understand the true beauty of the Hawaiian people and the around, and although I do not profess to be an expert in Hawaiian
richness of their culture steeped in politics, agriculture, studies by any means, I know that these ideas are only cheap
aquaculture, dance, storytelling and an oral tradition that include imitations and generic stereotypes created more to appeal to
both extensive genealogies and mythology. tourists than to perpetuate and preserve the Hawaiian way of life.
Imagine the reaction of our Hawaiian forefathers if they were to The more people are exposed to these misconceptions, the less
view one of the many dinner/cocktail shows that litter the pages they understand the true beauty of the Hawaiian people and the
of our tourist guides. What would they think? ²Would they richness of their culture steeped in politics, agriculture,
proudly applaud our efforts to preserve their contributions to aquaculture, dance, storytelling and an oral tradition that include
history? Or would they laugh at its absurdity? Is the need to be an both extensive genealogies and mythology.
economically viable state causing us to compromise our true Imagine the reaction of our Hawaiian forefathers if they were to
identity as Hawaiians in exchange for the luxuries that come with view one of the many dinner/cocktail shows that litter the pages
being a tourist destination? of our tourist guides. What would they think? ²Would they
As a boy, I took trips to the Big Island. Visiting there reminded me proudly applaud our efforts to preserve their contributions to
that Hawaiians had their own place in history and a proper history? Or would they laugh at its absurdity? Is the need to be an
culture complete with its own form of government, its own form economically viable state causing us to compromise our true
of religion and its own legal system. These discoveries about my identity as Hawaiians in exchange for the luxuries that come with
heritage filled me with equal portions of pride and wonderment. being a tourist destination?
The most concerning thing to me as a Hawaiian is the growing As a boy, I took trips to the Big Island. Visiting there reminded me
commercialization of our culture and its possible consequences. that Hawaiians had their own place in history and a proper
³Simplifying the culture merely for financial gain may actually culture complete with its own form of government, its own form
cost Hawaiians more than they think. ⁴I do not dispute the fact of religion and its own legal system. These discoveries about my
that the tourism industry brings in much needed revenue to the heritage filled me with equal portions of pride and wonderment.
state, but how long can we tolerate the integrity of our culture The most concerning thing to me as a Hawaiian is the growing
being violated simply to earn money? How much longer can we commercialization of our culture and its possible consequences.
sell these fabricated ideas of the islands before they imbue ³Simplifying the culture merely for financial gain may actually
themselves upon the cultural consciousness of all Hawaiians? cost Hawaiians more than they think. ⁴I do not dispute the fact
I am not suggesting that we shut down every hula show that that the tourism industry brings in much needed revenue to the
makes a profit off of reinforcing stereotypes, but that Hawaiians state, but how long can we tolerate the integrity of our culture
as a people with a rich heritage and a long cultural history need being violated simply to earn money? How much longer can we
to be more active in understanding our cultural identity. As sell these fabricated ideas of the islands before they imbue
western influence grows, we need to take steps to preserve our themselves upon the cultural consciousness of all Hawaiians?
culture so that our children don’t grow up believing the I am not suggesting that we shut down every hula show that
stereotypes that are so readily conditioned into the mind of every makes a profit off of reinforcing stereotypes, but that Hawaiians
tourist. Tourism will not go away, but we need to take steps as as a people with a rich heritage and a long cultural history need
Hawaiians to ensure our traditions are not swallowed up by these to be more active in understanding our cultural identity. As
superficial shadows. western influence grows, we need to take steps to preserve our
¹ukulele − Hawaiian musical instrument culture so that our children don’t grow up believing the
pupuaoewa.org stereotypes that are so readily conditioned into the mind of every
I do not dispute the fact that the tourism industry brings in much tourist. Tourism will not go away, but we need to take steps as
needed revenue to the state (ref. 4) Hawaiians to ensure our traditions are not swallowed up by these
In the sentence above, the word that can replace dispute, without superficial shadows.
significant change of meaning, is: ¹ukulele − Hawaiian musical instrument
pupuaoewa.org
a) accept
Simplifying the culture merely for financial gain may actually cost
b) believe
Hawaiians more than they think (ref. 3)
c) question
The underlined word is used to express the notion of:
d) compete
a) time
Exercício 279
b) doubt her series of autobiographies – about the time she spent in Africa
c) manner during the civil rights movement.
d) certainty Here was a woman who gave voice to the struggle of black
people. In Ghana, she was part of a community of African
Exercício 280 Americans, but her travels stand out as an act of defiance against
(Uerj 2016) the view perpetrated by many then that Africans and people of
African descent in countries like the US have nothing in common.
She didn’t just live it, she wrote about it, warts and all. “If the
heart of Africa remained elusive, my search for it had brought me
closer to understanding myself and other human beings”, she
wrote. “The ache for home lives in all of us, the safe place where
we can go as we are and not be questioned.”
With her ¹⁰departure, America has not just lost a talented woman
and gifted raconteur. It has lost a connection to its recent past
which helped it make sense of its present.
Afva Hirsch. theguardian.com
Maya Angelou was a writer of both poetry and prose. According
to the text, she wrote the following types of prose:
a) essays and memoirs

b) short stories and novellas
Besides being funny, comics often expresses criticism. The comic
c) biographies and travelogues
strip criticizes men’s incapacity to take the following action:
d) novels and autobiographies
a) fight what baffles them
b) confront what fools them Exercício 282
c) resist what alienates them (Uerj 2016)
d) avoid what confuses them Maya Angelou: the ache for home lives in all of us
Maya Angelou, whose ¹passing at age 86 leaves us a bit orphans,
Exercício 281 said often that although she gave birth to one son, she had
(Uerj 2016) thousands of daughters. “I have daughters who are black and
Maya Angelou: the ache for home lives in all of us white, Asian and Spanish-speaking and native American. I have
Maya Angelou, whose ¹passing at age 86 leaves us a bit orphans, daughters who are fat and thin, pretty and plain”, she said. “I have
said often that although she gave birth to one son, she had all sorts of daughters who I just claim. And they claim me.”
thousands of daughters. “I have daughters who are black and I wonder if Angelou ever knew really how many girls were told
white, Asian and Spanish-speaking and native American. I have about her, named after her or like me, growing up in a suburban
daughters who are fat and thin, pretty and plain”, she said. “I have corner of England, clinging fiercely to her books and even when
all sorts of daughters who I just claim. And they claim me.” not reading them, inhaling the ²spirit of her struggle from the
I wonder if Angelou ever knew really how many girls were told titles alone: A song flung up to ³heaven, I know why the caged
about her, named after her or like me, growing up in a suburban bird sings and Gather together in my name.
corner of England, clinging fiercely to her books and even when ⁴I loved and admired Angelou, but it was the content of her
not reading them, inhaling the ²spirit of her struggle from the writing that had most power over me, her novels and poems all
titles alone: A song flung up to ³heaven, I know why the caged languishing playfully somewhere on her rich ⁵spectrum between
bird sings and Gather together in my name. poetry and prose.
⁴I loved and admired Angelou, but it was the content of her Here was a woman who had been raised in the America of racial
writing that had most power over me, her novels and poems all segregation. As the structural injustice of race had become more
languishing playfully somewhere on her rich ⁵spectrum between subtle and sophisticated during her ⁶lifetime, she called it ⁷by its
poetry and prose. right name. Therefore, her comment on 9/11: “Living in a state of
Here was a woman who had been raised in the America of racial terror was new to many white people in America, but black
segregation. As the structural injustice of race had become more people have been living in a state of terror in this country for
subtle and sophisticated during her ⁶lifetime, she called it ⁷by its more than 400 years.”
right name. Therefore, her comment on 9/11: “Living in a state of Here was a woman who was not a historical ⁸relic, but a living,
terror was new to many white people in America, but black breathing one-woman phenomenon. She gave me a language of
people have been living in a state of terror in this country for identity that radiated as much from her very ⁹existence as it did
more than 400 years.” from her work. The book that had the most impact on my life was
Here was a woman who was not a historical ⁸relic, but a living, All God’s children need travelling shoes – the fifth instalment in
breathing one-woman phenomenon. She gave me a language of her series of autobiographies – about the time she spent in Africa
identity that radiated as much from her very ⁹existence as it did during the civil rights movement.
from her work. The book that had the most impact on my life was Here was a woman who gave voice to the struggle of black
All God’s children need travelling shoes – the fifth instalment in people. In Ghana, she was part of a community of African
Americans, but her travels stand out as an act of defiance against
the view perpetrated by many then that Africans and people of closer to understanding myself and other human beings”, she
African descent in countries like the US have nothing in common. wrote. “The ache for home lives in all of us, the safe place where
She didn’t just live it, she wrote about it, warts and all. “If the we can go as we are and not be questioned.”
heart of Africa remained elusive, my search for it had brought me With her ¹⁰departure, America has not just lost a talented woman
closer to understanding myself and other human beings”, she and gifted raconteur. It has lost a connection to its recent past
wrote. “The ache for home lives in all of us, the safe place where which helped it make sense of its present.
we can go as we are and not be questioned.” Afva Hirsch. theguardian.com
With her ¹⁰departure, America has not just lost a talented woman Maya Angelou’s strategy to deal with racial injustice in America
and gifted raconteur. It has lost a connection to its recent past was to call it by its right name (ref. 7). The action that best shows
which helped it make sense of its present. her adoption of such strategy is:
Afva Hirsch. theguardian.com
a) denouncing the horror felt by black people
Titles of books might help readers create images in their minds.
b) revealing the fear experienced by human beings
The title of Angelou’s book which contains an image that relates
c) disclosing the anxiety caused by terrorist attacks
directly to confinement is:
d) unveiling the prejudice suffered by outspoken women
a) A song flung up to heaven
b) Gather together in my name Exercício 284
c) I know why the caged bird sings (Uerj 2016)
d) All God’s children need travelling shoes Maya Angelou: the ache for home lives in all of us
Maya Angelou, whose ¹passing at age 86 leaves us a bit orphans,
Exercício 283 said often that although she gave birth to one son, she had
(Uerj 2016) thousands of daughters. “I have daughters who are black and
Maya Angelou: the ache for home lives in all of us white, Asian and Spanish-speaking and native American. I have
Maya Angelou, whose ¹passing at age 86 leaves us a bit orphans, daughters who are fat and thin, pretty and plain”, she said. “I have
said often that although she gave birth to one son, she had all sorts of daughters who I just claim. And they claim me.”
thousands of daughters. “I have daughters who are black and I wonder if Angelou ever knew really how many girls were told
white, Asian and Spanish-speaking and native American. I have about her, named after her or like me, growing up in a suburban
daughters who are fat and thin, pretty and plain”, she said. “I have corner of England, clinging fiercely to her books and even when
all sorts of daughters who I just claim. And they claim me.” not reading them, inhaling the ²spirit of her struggle from the
I wonder if Angelou ever knew really how many girls were told titles alone: A song flung up to ³heaven, I know why the caged
about her, named after her or like me, growing up in a suburban bird sings and Gather together in my name.
corner of England, clinging fiercely to her books and even when ⁴I loved and admired Angelou, but it was the content of her
not reading them, inhaling the ²spirit of her struggle from the writing that had most power over me, her novels and poems all
titles alone: A song flung up to ³heaven, I know why the caged languishing playfully somewhere on her rich ⁵spectrum between
bird sings and Gather together in my name. poetry and prose.
⁴I loved and admired Angelou, but it was the content of her Here was a woman who had been raised in the America of racial
writing that had most power over me, her novels and poems all segregation. As the structural injustice of race had become more
languishing playfully somewhere on her rich ⁵spectrum between subtle and sophisticated during her ⁶lifetime, she called it ⁷by its
poetry and prose. right name. Therefore, her comment on 9/11: “Living in a state of
Here was a woman who had been raised in the America of racial terror was new to many white people in America, but black
segregation. As the structural injustice of race had become more people have been living in a state of terror in this country for
subtle and sophisticated during her ⁶lifetime, she called it ⁷by its more than 400 years.”
right name. Therefore, her comment on 9/11: “Living in a state of Here was a woman who was not a historical ⁸relic, but a living,
terror was new to many white people in America, but black breathing one-woman phenomenon. She gave me a language of
people have been living in a state of terror in this country for identity that radiated as much from her very ⁹existence as it did
more than 400 years.” from her work. The book that had the most impact on my life was
Here was a woman who was not a historical ⁸relic, but a living, All God’s children need travelling shoes – the fifth instalment in
breathing one-woman phenomenon. She gave me a language of her series of autobiographies – about the time she spent in Africa
identity that radiated as much from her very ⁹existence as it did during the civil rights movement.
from her work. The book that had the most impact on my life was Here was a woman who gave voice to the struggle of black
All God’s children need travelling shoes – the fifth instalment in people. In Ghana, she was part of a community of African
her series of autobiographies – about the time she spent in Africa Americans, but her travels stand out as an act of defiance against
during the civil rights movement. the view perpetrated by many then that Africans and people of
Here was a woman who gave voice to the struggle of black African descent in countries like the US have nothing in common.
people. In Ghana, she was part of a community of African She didn’t just live it, she wrote about it, warts and all. “If the
Americans, but her travels stand out as an act of defiance against heart of Africa remained elusive, my search for it had brought me
the view perpetrated by many then that Africans and people of closer to understanding myself and other human beings”, she
African descent in countries like the US have nothing in common. wrote. “The ache for home lives in all of us, the safe place where
She didn’t just live it, she wrote about it, warts and all. “If the we can go as we are and not be questioned.”
heart of Africa remained elusive, my search for it had brought me
With her ¹⁰departure, America has not just lost a talented woman Afva Hirsch. theguardian.com
and gifted raconteur. It has lost a connection to its recent past In the text, there are euphemisms to refer to Maya Angelou’s
which helped it make sense of its present. death. The words used by the author that represent euphemisms
Afva Hirsch. theguardian.com are:
I loved and admired Angelou, (ref. 4)
a) passing (ref. 1) – departure (ref. 10)
The fragment above hints at the purpose of the text, which is an
b) spirit (ref. 2) – spectrum (ref. 5)
exemplar of genre known as eulogy. The purpose of this genre
c) heaven (ref. 3) – relic (ref. 8)
can be described as:
d) lifetime (l. 13) – existence (l. 18)
a) exalting a deed
b) praising a person Exercício 286
c) describing a woman (Ufpr 2021)
d) appreciating an action There have been 18 opioid-related deaths in Nova Scotia so far
this year
Exercício 285 Paramedics in Nova Scotia used naloxone to save 165 people
(Uerj 2016) from opioid overdoses in 2018 and 188 people in 2019. In 2020,
Maya Angelou: the ache for home lives in all of us 102 people were saved as of July 31.
Maya Angelou, whose ¹passing at age 86 leaves us a bit orphans, Eight years ago, Matthew Bonn watched his friend turn blue and
said often that although she gave birth to one son, she had become deathly quiet as fentanyl flooded his body. Bonn jumped
thousands of daughters. “I have daughters who are black and in, performing rescue breathing until paramedics arrived. That
white, Asian and Spanish-speaking and native American. I have was the first time Bonn fought to keep someone alive during an
daughters who are fat and thin, pretty and plain”, she said. “I have overdose.
all sorts of daughters who I just claim. And they claim me.” But it wouldn't be his last. Over the years, he tried more
I wonder if Angelou ever knew really how many girls were told dangerous ways to snap people out of an overdose.
about her, named after her or like me, growing up in a suburban "I remember doing crazy things like throwing people in bathtubs,
corner of England, clinging fiercely to her books and even when or, you know, giving them cocaine. As we know now, that doesn't
not reading them, inhaling the ²spirit of her struggle from the help," said Bonn, a harm-reduction advocate in Halifax. "But ... in
titles alone: A song flung up to ³heaven, I know why the caged those panic modes, you try to do whatever you can to keep that
bird sings and Gather together in my name. person alive."
⁴I loved and admired Angelou, but it was the content of her This was before naloxone – a drug that can reverse an opioid
writing that had most power over me, her novels and poems all overdose – became widely available to the public. In 2017, the
languishing playfully somewhere on her rich ⁵spectrum between Nova Scotia government made kits with the drug available for
poetry and prose. free at pharmacies.
Here was a woman who had been raised in the America of racial Whether used by community members or emergency crews,
segregation. As the structural injustice of race had become more naloxone has helped save hundreds of lives in the province.
subtle and sophisticated during her ⁶lifetime, she called it ⁷by its Matthew Bonn is a program co-ordinator with the Canadian
right name. Therefore, her comment on 9/11: “Living in a state of Association of People Who Use Drugs, and a current drug user
terror was new to many white people in America, but black himself.
people have been living in a state of terror in this country for Almost every other day in Nova Scotia, paramedics and medical
more than 400 years.” first responders in the province use the drug to reverse an opioid
Here was a woman who was not a historical ⁸relic, but a living, overdose, according to Emergency Health Services (EHS).
breathing one-woman phenomenon. She gave me a language of (Available in: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ehs-
identity that radiated as much from her very ⁹existence as it did naloxone-opioids-drug-use-emergency-care-1.5745907.)
from her work. The book that had the most impact on my life was In the text, the word “whether” underlined and in bold type can
All God’s children need travelling shoes – the fifth instalment in be replaced without losing its meaning by:
her series of autobiographies – about the time she spent in Africa
a) in addition.
during the civil rights movement.
b) besides.
Here was a woman who gave voice to the struggle of black
c) either.
people. In Ghana, she was part of a community of African
d) nevertheless.
Americans, but her travels stand out as an act of defiance against
e) otherwise.
the view perpetrated by many then that Africans and people of
African descent in countries like the US have nothing in common. Exercício 287
She didn’t just live it, she wrote about it, warts and all. “If the (Ufpr 2021)
heart of Africa remained elusive, my search for it had brought me There have been 18 opioid-related deaths in Nova Scotia so far
closer to understanding myself and other human beings”, she this year
wrote. “The ache for home lives in all of us, the safe place where Paramedics in Nova Scotia used naloxone to save 165 people
we can go as we are and not be questioned.” from opioid overdoses in 2018 and 188 people in 2019. In 2020,
With her ¹⁰departure, America has not just lost a talented woman 102 people were saved as of July 31.
and gifted raconteur. It has lost a connection to its recent past Eight years ago, Matthew Bonn watched his friend turn blue and
which helped it make sense of its present. become deathly quiet as fentanyl flooded his body. Bonn jumped
in, performing rescue breathing until paramedics arrived. That Matthew Bonn is a program co-ordinator with the Canadian
was the first time Bonn fought to keep someone alive during an Association of People Who Use Drugs, and a current drug user
overdose. himself.
But it wouldn't be his last. Over the years, he tried more Almost every other day in Nova Scotia, paramedics and medical
dangerous ways to snap people out of an overdose. first responders in the province use the drug to reverse an opioid
"I remember doing crazy things like throwing people in bathtubs, overdose, according to Emergency Health Services (EHS).
or, you know, giving them cocaine. As we know now, that doesn't (Available in: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ehs-
help," said Bonn, a harm-reduction advocate in Halifax. "But ... in naloxone-opioids-drug-use-emergency-care-1.5745907.)
those panic modes, you try to do whatever you can to keep that According to the text, it is correct to say that in the province of
person alive." Nova Scotia:
This was before naloxone – a drug that can reverse an opioid
a) more people were rescued from opioid overdoses in 2018 than
overdose – became widely available to the public. In 2017, the
in the following year.
Nova Scotia government made kits with the drug available for
b) paramedics have been administering naloxone to make people
free at pharmacies.
who use drugs get rid of their addiction.
Whether used by community members or emergency crews,
c) Emergency Health Services (EHS) have to attend everyday
naloxone has helped save hundreds of lives in the province.
occurrences to help people during a cocaine overdose.
Matthew Bonn is a program co-ordinator with the Canadian
d) the number of people who has been saved from opioid
Association of People Who Use Drugs, and a current drug user
overdoses has been recorded until the middle of 2020.
himself.
e) drugstores are encouraged by medical services to sell naloxone
Almost every other day in Nova Scotia, paramedics and medical
for people who are drug addicts.
first responders in the province use the drug to reverse an opioid
overdose, according to Emergency Health Services (EHS). Exercício 289
(Available in: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ehs- (Ufpr 2021)
naloxone-opioids-drug-use-emergency-care-1.5745907.) There have been 18 opioid-related deaths in Nova Scotia so far
Based on the text, it is correct to say that Matthew Bonn: this year
a) has been saved from an overdose eight years ago. Paramedics in Nova Scotia used naloxone to save 165 people
b) did all sorts of things to recover several people from from opioid overdoses in 2018 and 188 people in 2019. In 2020,
overdoses. 102 people were saved as of July 31.
c) supports the idea that everyone should be away from all types Eight years ago, Matthew Bonn watched his friend turn blue and
of drugs. become deathly quiet as fentanyl flooded his body. Bonn jumped
d) became involved in a fight to save a friend who was dying. in, performing rescue breathing until paramedics arrived. That
e) decided to become a paramedic in order to save lives in was the first time Bonn fought to keep someone alive during an
Halifax. overdose.
But it wouldn't be his last. Over the years, he tried more
Exercício 288 dangerous ways to snap people out of an overdose.
(Ufpr 2021) "I remember doing crazy things like throwing people in bathtubs,
There have been 18 opioid-related deaths in Nova Scotia so far or, you know, giving them cocaine. As we know now, that doesn't
this year help," said Bonn, a harm-reduction advocate in Halifax. "But ... in
Paramedics in Nova Scotia used naloxone to save 165 people those panic modes, you try to do whatever you can to keep that
from opioid overdoses in 2018 and 188 people in 2019. In 2020, person alive."
102 people were saved as of July 31. This was before naloxone – a drug that can reverse an opioid
Eight years ago, Matthew Bonn watched his friend turn blue and overdose – became widely available to the public. In 2017, the
become deathly quiet as fentanyl flooded his body. Bonn jumped Nova Scotia government made kits with the drug available for
in, performing rescue breathing until paramedics arrived. That free at pharmacies.
was the first time Bonn fought to keep someone alive during an Whether used by community members or emergency crews,
overdose. naloxone has helped save hundreds of lives in the province.
But it wouldn't be his last. Over the years, he tried more Matthew Bonn is a program co-ordinator with the Canadian
dangerous ways to snap people out of an overdose. Association of People Who Use Drugs, and a current drug user
"I remember doing crazy things like throwing people in bathtubs, himself.
or, you know, giving them cocaine. As we know now, that doesn't Almost every other day in Nova Scotia, paramedics and medical
help," said Bonn, a harm-reduction advocate in Halifax. "But ... in first responders in the province use the drug to reverse an opioid
those panic modes, you try to do whatever you can to keep that overdose, according to Emergency Health Services (EHS).
person alive." (Available in: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ehs-
This was before naloxone – a drug that can reverse an opioid naloxone-opioids-drug-use-emergency-care-1.5745907.)
overdose – became widely available to the public. In 2017, the In the text, the underlined and in bold type word “this” refers,
Nova Scotia government made kits with the drug available for among other things, to the act of:
free at pharmacies.
a) throwing people in bathtubs.
Whether used by community members or emergency crews,
b) helping drug users in court.
naloxone has helped save hundreds of lives in the province.
c) looking for the nearest health service available. illustrated children’s book about the life of Johannes Gutenberg,
d) watching a man turn blue and die. the inventor of the printing press, he looked at the crowd of
e) hiding cocaine from drug users. eager, mostly school-aged children and their parents. “Welcome
to this book presentation”, he said. “If you fall asleep, snore
Exercício 290 quietly”. Everyone laughed, but no one fell asleep. An hour later,
(Ufpr 2020) the children followed Wallrodt down to the bookstore’s
More Than Just Children’s Books basement workshop, where he showed them how Gutenberg fit
Krumulus, a small bookstore in Germany, has everything a kid leaden block letters into a metal plate. Then the children printed
could want: parties, readings, concerts, plays, puppet shows, their own bookmark using a technique similar to Gutenberg’s,
workshops and book clubs. everyone was thrilled.
“I knew it was going to be very difficult to open a bookstore, (Disponível em:
everyone tells you you’re crazy, there will be no future,” says https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/books/berlin-germany-
Anna Morlinghaus, Krumulus’s founder. Still, she wanted to try. A krumulus.html)
month before her third son was born, she opened the store in Taking into consideration the last sentence of the text, it is correct
Berlin’s Kreuzberg district. to say that after the workshop everybody was:
BERLIN — On a recent Saturday afternoon, a hush fell in the
bright, airy “reading-aloud” room at Krumulus, a small children’s a) bored.
bookstore in Berlin, as Sven Wallrodt, one of the store’s b) very pleased and excited.
employees, stood up to speak. Brandishing a newly published c) well-behaved.
illustrated children’s book about the life of Johannes Gutenberg, d) ill-tempered.
the inventor of the printing press, he looked at the crowd of e) thoughtful.
eager, mostly school-aged children and their parents. “Welcome
Exercício 292
to this book presentation”, he said. “If you fall asleep, snore
(Ufpr 2020)
quietly”. Everyone laughed, but no one fell asleep. An hour later,
More Than Just Children’s Books
the children followed Wallrodt down to the bookstore’s
Krumulus, a small bookstore in Germany, has everything a kid
basement workshop, where he showed them how Gutenberg fit
could want: parties, readings, concerts, plays, puppet shows,
leaden block letters into a metal plate. Then the children printed
workshops and book clubs.
their own bookmark using a technique similar to Gutenberg’s,
“I knew it was going to be very difficult to open a bookstore,
everyone was thrilled.
everyone tells you you’re crazy, there will be no future,” says
(Disponível em:
Anna Morlinghaus, Krumulus’s founder. Still, she wanted to try. A
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/books/berlin-germany-
month before her third son was born, she opened the store in
krumulus.html)
Berlin’s Kreuzberg district.
In relation to the owner of the bookshop, it is correct to say that:
BERLIN — On a recent Saturday afternoon, a hush fell in the
a) in spite of knowing the problems she would have to deal with, bright, airy “reading-aloud” room at Krumulus, a small children’s
she decided to open her bookstore. bookstore in Berlin, as Sven Wallrodt, one of the store’s
b) after being aware of the difficulties people had told her, she employees, stood up to speak. Brandishing a newly published
postponed the idea of refurbishing her bookstore. illustrated children’s book about the life of Johannes Gutenberg,
c) as she was conscious of the idea that bookstores are important, the inventor of the printing press, he looked at the crowd of
she started thinking about buying a second store in Berlin. eager, mostly school-aged children and their parents. “Welcome
d) shortly after she became pregnant, her bookstore was sold to this book presentation”, he said. “If you fall asleep, snore
back to its original founder. quietly”. Everyone laughed, but no one fell asleep. An hour later,
e) as a result of her frustrated marriage, she planned to start a the children followed Wallrodt down to the bookstore’s
business on her own. basement workshop, where he showed them how Gutenberg fit
leaden block letters into a metal plate. Then the children printed
Exercício 291 their own bookmark using a technique similar to Gutenberg’s,
(Ufpr 2020) everyone was thrilled.
More Than Just Children’s Books (Disponível em:
Krumulus, a small bookstore in Germany, has everything a kid https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/books/berlin-germany-
could want: parties, readings, concerts, plays, puppet shows, krumulus.html)
workshops and book clubs. Based on the text, consider the following items:
“I knew it was going to be very difficult to open a bookstore, 1. The name of the person who established a small bookstore in
everyone tells you you’re crazy, there will be no future,” says Germany.
Anna Morlinghaus, Krumulus’s founder. Still, she wanted to try. A 2. The procedures a person has to undergo in order to open a
month before her third son was born, she opened the store in bookstore in Germany.
Berlin’s Kreuzberg district. 3. Some of the activities Krumulus can make available for
BERLIN — On a recent Saturday afternoon, a hush fell in the children.
bright, airy “reading-aloud” room at Krumulus, a small children’s 4. The neighborhood where the entrepreneur decided to open her
bookstore in Berlin, as Sven Wallrodt, one of the store’s bookstore.
employees, stood up to speak. Brandishing a newly published
The item(s) that can be found in the text is/are: For some today the American Dream means a chance for fame
and celebrity, while for others it means succeeding through the
a) 2 only.
old adage of family values and hard work. Still others believe that
b) 1 and 4 only.
the American Dream just represents a world closed to all but the
c) 2 and 3 only.
elite with their wealth and contacts […]. Meanwhile, surveys have
d) 1, 3 and 4 only.
found that almost half of all millennials believe the American
e) 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Dream is dead. In an ever-changing country, the idea of what the
Exercício 293 American Dream means to different people is changing too.
(Ufpr 2020) (Disponível em: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/what-
More Than Just Children’s Books the-american-dream-looked-like-the-decade-you-were-born/ss-
Krumulus, a small bookstore in Germany, has everything a kid AABbxjy)
could want: parties, readings, concerts, plays, puppet shows, One meaning described in the paragraph related to the American
workshops and book clubs. Dream today is that:
“I knew it was going to be very difficult to open a bookstore, a) for the 1990’s generation the American Dream never dies.
everyone tells you you’re crazy, there will be no future,” says b) hard work is close to the idea of wealth.
Anna Morlinghaus, Krumulus’s founder. Still, she wanted to try. A c) no matter how many family values people have, the American
month before her third son was born, she opened the store in Dream is not for them.
Berlin’s Kreuzberg district. d) the world is benevolent for those who enjoy high social and
BERLIN — On a recent Saturday afternoon, a hush fell in the economic status.
bright, airy “reading-aloud” room at Krumulus, a small children’s e) a general truth is that the American Dream comes with fame
bookstore in Berlin, as Sven Wallrodt, one of the store’s and celebrity.
employees, stood up to speak. Brandishing a newly published
illustrated children’s book about the life of Johannes Gutenberg, Exercício 295
the inventor of the printing press, he looked at the crowd of (Ufpr 2020)
eager, mostly school-aged children and their parents. “Welcome How the American Dream has changed
to this book presentation”, he said. “If you fall asleep, snore The phrase ‘American Dream’ was officially coined just under 90
quietly”. Everyone laughed, but no one fell asleep. An hour later, years ago in a book called The Epic of America by James Truslow
the children followed Wallrodt down to the bookstore’s Adams. He argued it was “that dream of a land in which life
basement workshop, where he showed them how Gutenberg fit should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with
leaden block letters into a metal plate. Then the children printed opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.”
their own bookmark using a technique similar to Gutenberg’s,
everyone was thrilled. Today: No single American Dream?
(Disponível em: For some today the American Dream means a chance for fame
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/books/berlin-germany- and celebrity, while for others it means succeeding through the
krumulus.html) old adage of family values and hard work. Still others believe that
Taking into consideration the expression “Brandishing a newly the American Dream just represents a world closed to all but the
published illustrated children’s book”, it is correct to say that Sven elite with their wealth and contacts […]. Meanwhile, surveys have
Wallrodt was: found that almost half of all millennials believe the American
Dream is dead. In an ever-changing country, the idea of what the
a) talking about the children’s book so that the audience would
American Dream means to different people is changing too.
know what it was about.
(Disponível em: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/what-
b) making it difficult for everybody to see the children’s book that
the-american-dream-looked-like-the-decade-you-were-born/ss-
was displayed on the corner of the bookstore.
AABbxjy)
c) waving a children’s book in the air so that everybody could see
In the first sentence of the text, the underlined words mean that
it.
‘American Dream’ was:
d) giving the audience an illustrated children’s book so that they
could start reading it. a) officially related to money.
e) offering an illustrated children’s book so that the people who b) particularly relevant.
were in the store could buy it. c) conclusively translated.
d) last written.
Exercício 294 e) formally created.
(Ufpr 2020)
How the American Dream has changed Exercício 296
The phrase ‘American Dream’ was officially coined just under 90 (Ufpr 2020)
years ago in a book called The Epic of America by James Truslow How the American Dream has changed
Adams. He argued it was “that dream of a land in which life The phrase ‘American Dream’ was officially coined just under 90
should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with years ago in a book called The Epic of America by James Truslow
opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.” Adams. He argued it was “that dream of a land in which life
should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with
Today: No single American Dream? opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.”
(Ufpr 2017)
Today: No single American Dream? Six things I learned from riding in a Google self-driving car
For some today the American Dream means a chance for fame 1 - Human beings are terrible drivers.
and celebrity, while for others it means succeeding through the We drink. We doze. We text. In the US, 30.000 people die from
old adage of family values and hard work. Still others believe that automobile accidents every year. Traffic crashes are the primary
the American Dream just represents a world closed to all but the cause of death worldwide for people aged 15-24, and during a
elite with their wealth and contacts […]. Meanwhile, surveys have crash, 40% of drivers never even hit the brakes. We’re flawed
found that almost half of all millennials believe the American organisms, barreling around at high speeds in vessels covered in
Dream is dead. In an ever-changing country, the idea of what the glass, metal, distraction, and death. This is one of Google’s
American Dream means to different people is changing too. “moonshots” – to remove human error from a job which, for the
(Disponível em: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/what- past hundred years, has been entirely human.
the-american-dream-looked-like-the-decade-you-were-born/ss-
AABbxjy) 2 - Google self-driving cars are timid.
According to the part of the text that starts with “For some today The car we rode in did not strike me as dangerous. It drove slowly
the American Dream…”, how many different meanings can be and deliberately, and I got the impression that it’s more likely to
related to the American Dream today? annoy other drivers than to harm them.
In the early versions they tested on closed courses, the vehicles
a) 5.
were programmed to be highly aggressive. Apparently during
b) 4.
these tests, which involved obstacle courses full of traffic cones
c) 3.
and inflatable crash-test objects, there were a lot of screeching
d) 2.
brakes, roaring engines and terrified interns.
e) 1.
Exercício 297 3 - They’re cute.

(Ufpr 2020) Google’s new fleet was intentionally designed to look adorable.
How the American Dream has changed Our brains are hardwired to treat inanimate (or animate) objects
The phrase ‘American Dream’ was officially coined just under 90 with greater care, caution, and reverence when they resemble a
years ago in a book called The Epic of America by James Truslow living thing. By turning self-driving cars into an adorable Skynet
Adams. He argued it was “that dream of a land in which life Marshmallow Bumper Bots, Google hopes to spiritually disarm
should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with other drivers. I also suspect the cuteness is used to quell some of
opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.” the road rage that might emerge from being stuck behind one of
these things. They’re intended as moderate-distance couriers, not
Today: No single American Dream? open-road warriors, so their max speed is 25 miles per hour.
For some today the American Dream means a chance for fame
and celebrity, while for others it means succeeding through the 4 - It’s not done and it’s not perfect.
old adage of family values and hard work. Still others believe that Some of the scenarios autonomous vehicles have the most
the American Dream just represents a world closed to all but the trouble with are the same human beings have the most trouble
elite with their wealth and contacts […]. Meanwhile, surveys have with, such as traversing four-way stops or handling a yellow
found that almost half of all millennials believe the American light.
Dream is dead. In an ever-changing country, the idea of what the The cars use a mixture of 3D laser-mapping, GPS, and radar to
American Dream means to different people is changing too. analyze and interpret their surroundings, and the latest versions
(Disponível em: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/what- are fully electric with a range of about 100 miles.
the-american-dream-looked-like-the-decade-you-were-born/ss- Despite the advantages over a human being in certain scenarios,
AABbxjy) however, these cars still aren’t ready for the real world. They
According to the text, it is correct to say that James Truslow can’t drive in the snow or heavy rain, and there’s a variety of
Adams: complex situations they do not process well, such as passing
through a construction zone. Google is hoping that, eventually,
a) supported the idea that the American Dream was to be
the cars will be able to handle all of this as well (or better) than a
associated with an abundant life determined by the level of skill
human could.
someone had in a particular job or activity.
b) mentioned that the American Dream played a subordinate role
5 - I want this technology to succeed, like… yesterday.
in a person's life, depending on the opportunities the land would
I’m biased. Earlier this year my mom had a stroke. It damaged the
provide him with.
visual cortex of her brain, and her vision was impaired to the point
c) recommended that everyone should pursue his/her American
that she’ll probably never drive again. This reduced her from a
Dream no matter if the reward was good or bad.
fully-functional, independent human being with a career and a
d) thought that the American Dream was to give people equal
buzzing social life into someone who is homebound, disabled,
opportunities in life and in accordance to the place he/she lived.
and powerless.
e) promoted the idea of the American Dream for the those who
When discussing self-driving cars, people tend to ask many
had inherited properties in America.
superficial questions. They ignore that 45% of disabled people in
Exercício 298 the US still work. They ignore that 95% of a car’s lifetime is spent
parked. They ignore how this technology could transform the
lives of the elderly, or eradicate the need for parking lots or 2 - Google self-driving cars are timid.
garages or gas stations. They dismiss the entire concept because The car we rode in did not strike me as dangerous. It drove slowly
they don’t think a computer could ever be as good at merging on and deliberately, and I got the impression that it’s more likely to
the freeway as they are. They ignore the great, big, beautiful annoy other drivers than to harm them.
picture: that this technology could make our lives so much better. In the early versions they tested on closed courses, the vehicles
were programmed to be highly aggressive. Apparently during
6 - It wasn’t an exhilarating ride, and that’s a good thing. these tests, which involved obstacle courses full of traffic cones
Riding in a self-driving car is not the cybernetic thrill ride one and inflatable crash-test objects, there were a lot of screeching
might expect. The car drives like a person, and after a few brakes, roaring engines and terrified interns.
minutes you forget that you’re being driven autonomously. You
forget that a robot is differentiating cars from pedestrians from 3 - They’re cute.
mopeds from raccoons. You forget that millions of photons are Google’s new fleet was intentionally designed to look adorable.
being fired from a laser and interpreting, processing, and reacting Our brains are hardwired to treat inanimate (or animate) objects
to the hand signals of a cyclist. You forget that instead of an with greater care, caution, and reverence when they resemble a
organic brain, which has had millions of years to evolve the living thing. By turning self-driving cars into an adorable Skynet
cognitive ability to fumble its way through a four-way stop, you’re Marshmallow Bumper Bots, Google hopes to spiritually disarm
being piloted by an artificial one, which was birthed in less than a other drivers. I also suspect the cuteness is used to quell some of
decade. the road rage that might emerge from being stuck behind one of
The unfortunate part of something this transformative is the these things. They’re intended as moderate-distance couriers, not
inevitable, ardent stupidity which is going to erupt from the open-road warriors, so their max speed is 25 miles per hour.
general public. Even if in a few years self-driving cars are proven
to be ten times safer than human-operated cars, all it’s going to 4 - It’s not done and it’s not perfect.
take is one tragic accident and the public is going to lose their Some of the scenarios autonomous vehicles have the most
minds. There will be outrage. There will be politicizing. There will trouble with are the same human beings have the most trouble
be hashtags. with, such as traversing four-way stops or handling a yellow
I say look at the bigger picture. All the self-driving cars currently light.
on the road learn from one another, and possess 40 years of The cars use a mixture of 3D laser-mapping, GPS, and radar to
driving experience. And this technology is still in its infancy. analyze and interpret their surroundings, and the latest versions
(Adapted from: are fully electric with a range of about 100 miles.
<http://theoatmeal.com/blog/google_self_driving_car>. Despite the advantages over a human being in certain scenarios,
21/08/2016.) however, these cars still aren’t ready for the real world. They
Consider the following: can’t drive in the snow or heavy rain, and there’s a variety of
1. Drinking before driving. complex situations they do not process well, such as passing
2. Sending a written message while driving. through a construction zone. Google is hoping that, eventually,
3. Sleeping for a short period of time. the cars will be able to handle all of this as well (or better) than a
4. Hitting the brakes. human could.
5. Speeding up.
According to the text, some human mistakes that happen before I’m biased. Earlier this year my mom had a stroke. It damaged the
or during a car accident are: visual cortex of her brain, and her vision was impaired to the point
a) 1 and 3 only.
b) 1, 2 and 4 only.
c) 2, 4 and 5 only.
and powerless.
d) 3, 4 and 5 only.
e) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only.
(Ufpr 2017) parked. They ignore how this technology could transform the
Six things I learned from riding in a Google self-driving car lives of the elderly, or eradicate the need for parking lots or
1 - Human beings are terrible drivers. garages or gas stations. They dismiss the entire concept because
We drink. We doze. We text. In the US, 30.000 people die from they don’t think a computer could ever be as good at merging on
automobile accidents every year. Traffic crashes are the primary the freeway as they are. They ignore the great, big, beautiful
cause of death worldwide for people aged 15-24, and during a picture: that this technology could make our lives so much better.
crash, 40% of drivers never even hit the brakes. We’re flawed
organisms, barreling around at high speeds in vessels covered in 6 - It wasn’t an exhilarating ride, and that’s a good thing.
glass, metal, distraction, and death. This is one of Google’s Riding in a self-driving car is not the cybernetic thrill ride one
“moonshots” – to remove human error from a job which, for the might expect. The car drives like a person, and after a few
past hundred years, has been entirely human. minutes you forget that you’re being driven autonomously. You
forget that a robot is differentiating cars from pedestrians from with greater care, caution, and reverence when they resemble a
mopeds from raccoons. You forget that millions of photons are living thing. By turning self-driving cars into an adorable Skynet
being fired from a laser and interpreting, processing, and reacting Marshmallow Bumper Bots, Google hopes to spiritually disarm
to the hand signals of a cyclist. You forget that instead of an other drivers. I also suspect the cuteness is used to quell some of
organic brain, which has had millions of years to evolve the the road rage that might emerge from being stuck behind one of
cognitive ability to fumble its way through a four-way stop, you’re these things. They’re intended as moderate-distance couriers, not
being piloted by an artificial one, which was birthed in less than a open-road warriors, so their max speed is 25 miles per hour.
decade.
The unfortunate part of something this transformative is the 4 - It’s not done and it’s not perfect.
inevitable, ardent stupidity which is going to erupt from the Some of the scenarios autonomous vehicles have the most
general public. Even if in a few years self-driving cars are proven trouble with are the same human beings have the most trouble
to be ten times safer than human-operated cars, all it’s going to with, such as traversing four-way stops or handling a yellow
take is one tragic accident and the public is going to lose their light.
minds. There will be outrage. There will be politicizing. There will The cars use a mixture of 3D laser-mapping, GPS, and radar to
be hashtags. analyze and interpret their surroundings, and the latest versions
I say look at the bigger picture. All the self-driving cars currently are fully electric with a range of about 100 miles.
on the road learn from one another, and possess 40 years of Despite the advantages over a human being in certain scenarios,
driving experience. And this technology is still in its infancy. however, these cars still aren’t ready for the real world. They
(Adapted from: can’t drive in the snow or heavy rain, and there’s a variety of
<http://theoatmeal.com/blog/google_self_driving_car>. complex situations they do not process well, such as passing
21/08/2016.) through a construction zone. Google is hoping that, eventually,
According to the author: the cars will be able to handle all of this as well (or better) than a
human could.
a) elderly human beings tend to drive better than autonomous
vehicles.
b) during early tests, many animals and cyclists were hit and hurt
by autonomous cars.
c) radar, GPS and 3D laser-mapping are used in Google’s self-
driving vehicles.
d) self-driving cars were responsible for 30.000 deaths in the US
last year.
and powerless.
e) the new technology proposed by Google for cars has been
tested for more than 40 years.
forget that a robot is differentiating cars from pedestrians from
2 - Google self-driving cars are timid. mopeds from raccoons. You forget that millions of photons are
The car we rode in did not strike me as dangerous. It drove slowly being fired from a laser and interpreting, processing, and reacting
and deliberately, and I got the impression that it’s more likely to to the hand signals of a cyclist. You forget that instead of an
annoy other drivers than to harm them. organic brain, which has had millions of years to evolve the
In the early versions they tested on closed courses, the vehicles cognitive ability to fumble its way through a four-way stop, you’re
were programmed to be highly aggressive. Apparently during being piloted by an artificial one, which was birthed in less than a
these tests, which involved obstacle courses full of traffic cones decade.
and inflatable crash-test objects, there were a lot of screeching The unfortunate part of something this transformative is the
brakes, roaring engines and terrified interns. inevitable, ardent stupidity which is going to erupt from the
3 - They’re cute. to be ten times safer than human-operated cars, all it’s going to
Google’s new fleet was intentionally designed to look adorable. take is one tragic accident and the public is going to lose their
Our brains are hardwired to treat inanimate (or animate) objects
minds. There will be outrage. There will be politicizing. There will with, such as traversing four-way stops or handling a yellow
be hashtags. light.
I say look at the bigger picture. All the self-driving cars currently The cars use a mixture of 3D laser-mapping, GPS, and radar to
on the road learn from one another, and possess 40 years of analyze and interpret their surroundings, and the latest versions
driving experience. And this technology is still in its infancy. are fully electric with a range of about 100 miles.
(Adapted from: Despite the advantages over a human being in certain scenarios,
<http://theoatmeal.com/blog/google_self_driving_car>. however, these cars still aren’t ready for the real world. They
21/08/2016.) can’t drive in the snow or heavy rain, and there’s a variety of
Consider the following characteristics of the new Google self- complex situations they do not process well, such as passing
driving car: through a construction zone. Google is hoping that, eventually,
1. It runs on batteries and petrol. the cars will be able to handle all of this as well (or better) than a
2. It can be used in extreme weather conditions. human could.
3. It has a design which requires further modifications.
4. It can reach the speed of 25 miles per hour. 5 - I want this technology to succeed, like… yesterday.
Mark the correct alternative. visual cortex of her brain, and her vision was impaired to the point
a) Only 1 is correct.
b) Only 1 and 4 are correct.
c) Only 3 and 4 are correct.
and powerless.
d) Only 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
e) Only 2, 3 and 4 are correct.
Our brains are hardwired to treat inanimate (or animate) objects minds. There will be outrage. There will be politicizing. There will
with greater care, caution, and reverence when they resemble a be hashtags.
living thing. By turning self-driving cars into an adorable Skynet I say look at the bigger picture. All the self-driving cars currently
Marshmallow Bumper Bots, Google hopes to spiritually disarm on the road learn from one another, and possess 40 years of
other drivers. I also suspect the cuteness is used to quell some of driving experience. And this technology is still in its infancy.
the road rage that might emerge from being stuck behind one of (Adapted from:
these things. They’re intended as moderate-distance couriers, not <http://theoatmeal.com/blog/google_self_driving_car>.
open-road warriors, so their max speed is 25 miles per hour. 21/08/2016.)
The text points out that the design of the self-driving car is
4 - It’s not done and it’s not perfect. deliberately attractive because:
Some of the scenarios autonomous vehicles have the most a) Google expects to neutralize their possible competitors.
trouble with are the same human beings have the most trouble
b) people tend to behave positively towards things that look like I’m biased. Earlier this year my mom had a stroke. It damaged the
alive things. visual cortex of her brain, and her vision was impaired to the point
c) young people enjoy driving attractive brand new models. that she’ll probably never drive again. This reduced her from a
d) other drivers might not surpass these autonomous cars on the fully-functional, independent human being with a career and a
road. buzzing social life into someone who is homebound, disabled,
e) their appearance may help people who suffered accidents and powerless.
overcome their fears. When discussing self-driving cars, people tend to ask many
Based on the text, it is correct to affirm that the author:
4 - It’s not done and it’s not perfect.
Some of the scenarios autonomous vehicles have the most a) denies the advantages of self-driving vehicles.
trouble with are the same human beings have the most trouble b) admits the new type of car will receive severe criticism.
with, such as traversing four-way stops or handling a yellow c) wants to buy his mother an autonomous vehicle in the future.
light. d) was an intern working in Google’s new self-driving vehicle
The cars use a mixture of 3D laser-mapping, GPS, and radar to project.
analyze and interpret their surroundings, and the latest versions e) believes the new self-driving cars need human support on
are fully electric with a range of about 100 miles. highways.
Despite the advantages over a human being in certain scenarios,
Exercício 303
however, these cars still aren’t ready for the real world. They
(Ufpr 2017)
can’t drive in the snow or heavy rain, and there’s a variety of
Six things I learned from riding in a Google self-driving car
complex situations they do not process well, such as passing
1 - Human beings are terrible drivers.
We drink. We doze. We text. In the US, 30.000 people die from
automobile accidents every year. Traffic crashes are the primary
human could.
cause of death worldwide for people aged 15-24, and during a
organisms, barreling around at high speeds in vessels covered in
Based on the reading, mark the correct alternative.
4 - It’s not done and it’s not perfect.
a) the author’s mother suffered an accident while on a self-
Some of the scenarios autonomous vehicles have the most
driving car.
b) self-driving vehicles have caused more tragic traffic accidents
with, such as traversing four-way stops or handling a yellow
than cars driven by men.
light.
c) traffic accidents are the main cause of young people’s death
The cars use a mixture of 3D laser-mapping, GPS, and radar to
around the world.
analyze and interpret their surroundings, and the latest versions
d) the new Google autonomous car is still too aggressive to be
are fully electric with a range of about 100 miles.
used on open roads.
e) more than 50% of the people who are still at work were
however, these cars still aren’t ready for the real world. They
impaired in car accidents and are unable to drive.
can’t drive in the snow or heavy rain, and there’s a variety of
complex situations they do not process well, such as passing Exercício 304
through a construction zone. Google is hoping that, eventually, (Ufpr 2017)
the cars will be able to handle all of this as well (or better) than a Six things I learned from riding in a Google self-driving car
human could. 1 - Human beings are terrible drivers.
We drink. We doze. We text. In the US, 30.000 people die from
5 - I want this technology to succeed, like… yesterday. automobile accidents every year. Traffic crashes are the primary
I’m biased. Earlier this year my mom had a stroke. It damaged the cause of death worldwide for people aged 15-24, and during a
visual cortex of her brain, and her vision was impaired to the point crash, 40% of drivers never even hit the brakes. We’re flawed
that she’ll probably never drive again. This reduced her from a organisms, barreling around at high speeds in vessels covered in
fully-functional, independent human being with a career and a glass, metal, distraction, and death. This is one of Google’s
buzzing social life into someone who is homebound, disabled, “moonshots” – to remove human error from a job which, for the
and powerless. past hundred years, has been entirely human.
superficial questions. They ignore that 45% of disabled people in 2 - Google self-driving cars are timid.
the US still work. They ignore that 95% of a car’s lifetime is spent The car we rode in did not strike me as dangerous. It drove slowly
parked. They ignore how this technology could transform the and deliberately, and I got the impression that it’s more likely to
lives of the elderly, or eradicate the need for parking lots or annoy other drivers than to harm them.
garages or gas stations. They dismiss the entire concept because In the early versions they tested on closed courses, the vehicles
they don’t think a computer could ever be as good at merging on were programmed to be highly aggressive. Apparently during
the freeway as they are. They ignore the great, big, beautiful these tests, which involved obstacle courses full of traffic cones
picture: that this technology could make our lives so much better. and inflatable crash-test objects, there were a lot of screeching
brakes, roaring engines and terrified interns.
6 - It wasn’t an exhilarating ride, and that’s a good thing.
The word “they”, in boldface and underlined, in section 3, refers
4 - It’s not done and it’s not perfect. to:
Some of the scenarios autonomous vehicles have the most
a) Google’s new self-driving cars.
b) inanimate or animate objects.
with, such as traversing four-way stops or handling a yellow
c) objects resembling living things.
light.
d) other car drivers.
The cars use a mixture of 3D laser-mapping, GPS, and radar to
e) open-road warriors.
analyze and interpret their surroundings, and the latest versions
are fully electric with a range of about 100 miles. Exercício 305
Despite the advantages over a human being in certain scenarios, (Ufpr 2017)
however, these cars still aren’t ready for the real world. They Six things I learned from riding in a Google self-driving car
can’t drive in the snow or heavy rain, and there’s a variety of 1 - Human beings are terrible drivers.
complex situations they do not process well, such as passing We drink. We doze. We text. In the US, 30.000 people die from
through a construction zone. Google is hoping that, eventually, automobile accidents every year. Traffic crashes are the primary
the cars will be able to handle all of this as well (or better) than a cause of death worldwide for people aged 15-24, and during a
human could. crash, 40% of drivers never even hit the brakes. We’re flawed
organisms, barreling around at high speeds in vessels covered in
5 - I want this technology to succeed, like… yesterday. glass, metal, distraction, and death. This is one of Google’s
I’m biased. Earlier this year my mom had a stroke. It damaged the “moonshots” – to remove human error from a job which, for the
visual cortex of her brain, and her vision was impaired to the point past hundred years, has been entirely human.
fully-functional, independent human being with a career and a 2 - Google self-driving cars are timid.
buzzing social life into someone who is homebound, disabled, The car we rode in did not strike me as dangerous. It drove slowly
and powerless. and deliberately, and I got the impression that it’s more likely to
When discussing self-driving cars, people tend to ask many annoy other drivers than to harm them.
superficial questions. They ignore that 45% of disabled people in In the early versions they tested on closed courses, the vehicles
the US still work. They ignore that 95% of a car’s lifetime is spent were programmed to be highly aggressive. Apparently during
parked. They ignore how this technology could transform the these tests, which involved obstacle courses full of traffic cones
lives of the elderly, or eradicate the need for parking lots or and inflatable crash-test objects, there were a lot of screeching
garages or gas stations. They dismiss the entire concept because brakes, roaring engines and terrified interns.
they don’t think a computer could ever be as good at merging on
the freeway as they are. They ignore the great, big, beautiful 3 - They’re cute.
picture: that this technology could make our lives so much better. Google’s new fleet was intentionally designed to look adorable.
Our brains are hardwired to treat inanimate (or animate) objects
6 - It wasn’t an exhilarating ride, and that’s a good thing. with greater care, caution, and reverence when they resemble a
Riding in a self-driving car is not the cybernetic thrill ride one living thing. By turning self-driving cars into an adorable Skynet
might expect. The car drives like a person, and after a few Marshmallow Bumper Bots, Google hopes to spiritually disarm
minutes you forget that you’re being driven autonomously. You other drivers. I also suspect the cuteness is used to quell some of
forget that a robot is differentiating cars from pedestrians from the road rage that might emerge from being stuck behind one of
mopeds from raccoons. You forget that millions of photons are these things. They’re intended as moderate-distance couriers, not
being fired from a laser and interpreting, processing, and reacting open-road warriors, so their max speed is 25 miles per hour.
to the hand signals of a cyclist. You forget that instead of an
organic brain, which has had millions of years to evolve the 4 - It’s not done and it’s not perfect.
cognitive ability to fumble its way through a four-way stop, you’re Some of the scenarios autonomous vehicles have the most
being piloted by an artificial one, which was birthed in less than a trouble with are the same human beings have the most trouble
decade. with, such as traversing four-way stops or handling a yellow
The unfortunate part of something this transformative is the light.
inevitable, ardent stupidity which is going to erupt from the The cars use a mixture of 3D laser-mapping, GPS, and radar to
general public. Even if in a few years self-driving cars are proven analyze and interpret their surroundings, and the latest versions
are fully electric with a range of about 100 miles. e) incorporate.
however, these cars still aren’t ready for the real world. They Exercício 306
can’t drive in the snow or heavy rain, and there’s a variety of (Ufpr 2016)
complex situations they do not process well, such as passing
human could.

and powerless.
the US still work. They ignore that 95% of a car’s lifetime is spent
parked. They ignore how this technology could transform the
lives of the elderly, or eradicate the need for parking lots or
garages or gas stations. They dismiss the entire concept because
they don’t think a computer could ever be as good at merging on
the freeway as they are. They ignore the great, big, beautiful
picture: that this technology could make our lives so much better.
6 - It wasn’t an exhilarating ride, and that’s a good thing.

Riding in a self-driving car is not the cybernetic thrill ride one
might expect. The car drives like a person, and after a few
minutes you forget that you’re being driven autonomously. You
mopeds from raccoons. You forget that millions of photons are
being fired from a laser and interpreting, processing, and reacting
to the hand signals of a cyclist. You forget that instead of an Forget Texting While Driving: AT&T Survey reveals drivers do a
organic brain, which has had millions of years to evolve the lot more with their smartphones
cognitive ability to fumble its way through a four-way stop, you’re By Menchie Mendoza, Tech Times | May 20, 10:10 AM
being piloted by an artificial one, which was birthed in less than a Drivers who continue to use their smartphones while driving are
decade. not only distracted when they call and text. Apart from calling
The unfortunate part of something this transformative is the and texting, drivers are also browsing the Internet, tweeting,
inevitable, ardent stupidity which is going to erupt from the video chatting, taking selfies and sending email with their
general public. Even if in a few years self-driving cars are proven devices, according to a study by AT&T.
to be ten times safer than human-operated cars, all it’s going to The research was conducted as part of the carrier's "It Can Wait"
take is one tragic accident and the public is going to lose their campaign launched in 2010. It hopes to increase awareness of
minds. There will be outrage. There will be politicizing. There will the dangers posed by using smartphones while one is behind the
be hashtags. wheel. The study polled 2.067 U.S. residents ages 16-65 who
I say look at the bigger picture. All the self-driving cars currently use their smartphone and drive once or more per day.
on the road learn from one another, and possess 40 years of Seventy percent of those surveyed admit they use their
driving experience. And this technology is still in its infancy. smartphones for a number of activities while they are driving: 61
(Adapted from: percent say they text and 33 percent send email while they are
<http://theoatmeal.com/blog/google_self_driving_car>. behind the wheel. Posting or interacting on social media is also
21/08/2016.) one of the most common activities that drivers engage in. Using
In the sentence “They dismiss the entire concept because they Facebook ranks first on the list, with 27 percent of drivers logging
don’t think a computer…”, the underlined word can be substituted, in while driving. Other social media channels that keep drivers
without losing its meaning, by: "multitasking" include Instagram and Twitter (14 percent) and
a) refuse to accept. Snapchat (11 percent).
b) affirm once again. The results also show that there is a deeper problem involved
c) compliment. when people use social media while driving. Among those
d) improve the quality of. surveyed, 22 percent blame their addiction to social media.
Other revelations show 62 percent keep their smartphones within
easy reach, and that 30 percent of those who post to Twitter
while driving do it "all the time". Drivers also don't seem to run
out of other activities using their smartphones since most apps
are now easily accessed with just a simple tap. Because of this,
28 percent of drivers browse the web; 17 percent take selfies (or
groupies); and 10 percent video chat.
"One in 10 say they do video chat while driving", said Lori Lee,
AT&T's senior VP for global marketing. "I don't even have words
for that". AT&T plans to expand the "It Can Wait" campaign in
order to add more focus on the topic of texting while driving by
including other driving distractions that result from using the Forget Texting While Driving: AT&T Survey reveals drivers do a
smartphones. "When we launched 'It Can Wait' five years ago, lot more with their smartphones
we pleaded with people to realize that no text is worth a life", By Menchie Mendoza, Tech Times | May 20, 10:10 AM
said Lee. "The same applies to other smartphone activities that Drivers who continue to use their smartphones while driving are
people are doing while driving. For the sake of you and those not only distracted when they call and text. Apart from calling
around you, please keep your eyes on the road, not on your and texting, drivers are also browsing the Internet, tweeting,
phone". AT&T will also launch a nationwide virtual reality tour in video chatting, taking selfies and sending email with their
summer in order to spread the word that driving and using a devices, according to a study by AT&T.
smartphone don't and will never mix. The research was conducted as part of the carrier's "It Can Wait"
Adapted from <http://www.techtimes.com/>. campaign launched in 2010. It hopes to increase awareness of
Identify the statements below as true (T) or false (F). According the dangers posed by using smartphones while one is behind the
to the text, the results of the AT&T survey show that while wheel. The study polled 2.067 U.S. residents ages 16-65 who
driving, people use their smartphones to: use their smartphone and drive once or more per day.
( ) take pictures. Seventy percent of those surveyed admit they use their
( ) chat by using video. smartphones for a number of activities while they are driving: 61
( ) interact in social media. percent say they text and 33 percent send email while they are
( ) send text messages. behind the wheel. Posting or interacting on social media is also
( ) watch video clips. one of the most common activities that drivers engage in. Using
Facebook ranks first on the list, with 27 percent of drivers logging
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from in while driving. Other social media channels that keep drivers
top to bottom. "multitasking" include Instagram and Twitter (14 percent) and
Snapchat (11 percent).
a) F – T – F – T – F.
The results also show that there is a deeper problem involved
b) T – F – T – F – T.
when people use social media while driving. Among those
c) F – T – T – F – F.
surveyed, 22 percent blame their addiction to social media.
d) T – T – T – T – F.
e) F – F – F – T – T.
Exercício 307 while driving do it "all the time". Drivers also don't seem to run
(Ufpr 2016) out of other activities using their smartphones since most apps
for that". AT&T plans to expand the "It Can Wait" campaign in
order to add more focus on the topic of texting while driving by
including other driving distractions that result from using the
smartphones. "When we launched 'It Can Wait' five years ago,
we pleaded with people to realize that no text is worth a life",
said Lee. "The same applies to other smartphone activities that
people are doing while driving. For the sake of you and those
around you, please keep your eyes on the road, not on your
phone". AT&T will also launch a nationwide virtual reality tour in
summer in order to spread the word that driving and using a
smartphone don't and will never mix.
Adapted from <http://www.techtimes.com/>.
The word “they”, in boldface and italics, last paragraph, refers to:
a) AT&T workers. for that". AT&T plans to expand the "It Can Wait" campaign in
b) the people surveyed. order to add more focus on the topic of texting while driving by
c) senior marketing managers. including other driving distractions that result from using the
d) app developers. smartphones. "When we launched 'It Can Wait' five years ago,
e) young drivers. we pleaded with people to realize that no text is worth a life",
said Lee. "The same applies to other smartphone activities that
Exercício 308 people are doing while driving. For the sake of you and those
(Ufpr 2016) around you, please keep your eyes on the road, not on your
phone". AT&T will also launch a nationwide virtual reality tour in
summer in order to spread the word that driving and using a
smartphone don't and will never mix.
Adapted from <http://www.techtimes.com/>.
Consider the following statements about the AT&T study about
the use of smartphones while driving:
1. More than two thousand residents in the United States were
interviewed.
2. 70% of the people surveyed said they use smartphones to
perform several activities.
3. Less than one tenth of the polled people said they use
Snapchat.
4. About one third of the polled people said they send e-mails.
5. People said it is all right to use smartphones provided that they
are able to multitask.
Forget Texting While Driving: AT&T Survey reveals drivers do a Which of the statements above are TRUE, according to the text?
lot more with their smartphones a) Only 1 and 2.
By Menchie Mendoza, Tech Times | May 20, 10:10 AM b) Only 3 and 5.
Drivers who continue to use their smartphones while driving are c) Only 1, 2 and 4.
not only distracted when they call and text. Apart from calling d) Only 1, 3 and 5.
and texting, drivers are also browsing the Internet, tweeting, e) Only 2, 3 and 4.
video chatting, taking selfies and sending email with their
devices, according to a study by AT&T. Exercício 309
The research was conducted as part of the carrier's "It Can Wait" (Ufpr 2016)
campaign launched in 2010. It hopes to increase awareness of
the dangers posed by using smartphones while one is behind the
wheel. The study polled 2.067 U.S. residents ages 16-65 who
use their smartphone and drive once or more per day.
Seventy percent of those surveyed admit they use their
smartphones for a number of activities while they are driving: 61
percent say they text and 33 percent send email while they are
behind the wheel. Posting or interacting on social media is also
one of the most common activities that drivers engage in. Using
in while driving. Other social media channels that keep drivers
"multitasking" include Instagram and Twitter (14 percent) and
surveyed, 22 percent blame their addiction to social media.
Forget Texting While Driving: AT&T Survey reveals drivers do a
lot more with their smartphones
while driving do it "all the time". Drivers also don't seem to run
By Menchie Mendoza, Tech Times | May 20, 10:10 AM
out of other activities using their smartphones since most apps
Drivers who continue to use their smartphones while driving are
not only distracted when they call and text. Apart from calling
and texting, drivers are also browsing the Internet, tweeting,
video chatting, taking selfies and sending email with their
devices, according to a study by AT&T.
The research was conducted as part of the carrier's "It Can Wait"
campaign launched in 2010. It hopes to increase awareness of
the dangers posed by using smartphones while one is behind the
wheel. The study polled 2.067 U.S. residents ages 16-65 who
use their smartphone and drive once or more per day.
Seventy percent of those surveyed admit they use their
smartphones for a number of activities while they are driving: 61
percent say they text and 33 percent send email while they are
behind the wheel. Posting or interacting on social media is also
one of the most common activities that drivers engage in. Using
in while driving. Other social media channels that keep drivers
"multitasking" include Instagram and Twitter (14 percent) and
surveyed, 22 percent blame their addiction to social media. Voices: The Pope's powerful message to Cubans
Other revelations show 62 percent keep their smartphones within Rick Jervis, September 24, 2015
easy reach, and that 30 percent of those who post to Twitter SANTIAGO DE CUBA – I’ve always been fairly skeptical about
while driving do it "all the time". Drivers also don't seem to run how much power one man can exercise, even if that man
out of other activities using their smartphones since most apps commands the attention of 1.2 billion Roman Catholics.
are now easily accessed with just a simple tap. Because of this, I understand that Pope John Paul II visited Poland in the 1970s
28 percent of drivers browse the web; 17 percent take selfies (or and ‘80s and gave speeches so stirring that they helped launch
groupies); and 10 percent video chat. the Solidarity opposition movement and lead to the collapse of
"One in 10 say they do video chat while driving", said Lori Lee, communism in the country. And I know that popes throughout
AT&T's senior VP for global marketing. "I don't even have words history have had influential moments.
for that". AT&T plans to expand the "It Can Wait" campaign in But, really, how much can one man and one microphone do? How
order to add more focus on the topic of texting while driving by literally do people take his message? These were the questions
including other driving distractions that result from using the that kept my mind busy when I left for Cuba last week to cover
smartphones. "When we launched 'It Can Wait' five years ago, Pope Francis’ four-day trip. I was curious to see how much impact
we pleaded with people to realize that no text is worth a life", the words of this 78-year-old man can have on a population of 11
said Lee. "The same applies to other smartphone activities that million.
people are doing while driving. For the sake of you and those I’m becoming fairly familiar with Cuba. I’ve been to the island
around you, please keep your eyes on the road, not on your three times this year, five times overall, and grew up in southern
phone". AT&T will also launch a nationwide virtual reality tour in Florida. My parents are Cubans who left the country in 1962.
summer in order to spread the word that driving and using a Cuba today continues to fascinate and dismay. It’s a place of
smartphone don't and will never mix. beauty and jolting contradictions. The re-establishment of
Adapted from <http://www.techtimes.com/>. relations between the U.S. and Cuban governments, begun last
Because of the results of its survey, AT&T is planning: December, continue to stir excitement and hope in Cubans, and
1. to expand its campaign and include other smartphone changes are trickling in.
distractions. I followed Pope Francis from Havana to Santiago and heard him
2. to expand its campaign to other parts of the world. talk of reconciliation, love for mankind and the importance of
3. to improve smartphone use with new apps. family. I interviewed Cubans who glowed with the fervor of the
4. to invest in a virtual reality tour as part of their awareness faithful as they pledged their love for the Pope and promised to
efforts. follow his message. But my question remained: What does all of
this mean? How does it translate to actual change on the island?
According to the text, the correct items are: To help me sort through this, I visited Father Jorge Catasus, a
popular parish priest here who helped welcome the Pope to the
a) only 1 and 2.
city. We sat in the cool, cavernous back room of his 18th-century
b) only 1 and 4.
church, safe from the 37-degree heat outside. Catasus said “don't
c) only 2 and 3.
focus on any grand political or social changes stemming from the
d) only 3 and 4.
papal visit”. The most important changes, he said, come from
e) only 1, 2 and 3.
within. That’s what Pope Francis offered as a first step, and that’s
Exercício 310 what Cubans across the island, in chants, cheers and tearful
(Ufpr 2016) acceptance, agreed to abide by.
“The lives of men are decided in their hearts”, Catasus told me.
“That’s where we’ll see the change”. This may not be 1980s
Poland, and Solidarity may still not be anywhere in sight. But first
things first. A change of heart can often lead to a world of good.
Adapted from <http://www.usatoday.com/>. follow his message. But my question remained: What does all of
According to the text, in the beginning the writer was skeptical this mean? How does it translate to actual change on the island?
about the results of the Pope’s visit to Cuba because: To help me sort through this, I visited Father Jorge Catasus, a
popular parish priest here who helped welcome the Pope to the
a) he wondered about the power of the words to cause social
changes.
b) Cuba does not have as many Catholics as Poland had in the
1970s.
c) this Pope is not as powerful as John Paul II.
d) Cubans are not so easily convinced compared to other
what Cubans across the island, in chants, cheers and tearful
nationalities.
acceptance, agreed to abide by.
e) Popes have not been influential in different historical
moments.
Exercício 311 Poland, and Solidarity may still not be anywhere in sight. But first
(Ufpr 2016) things first. A change of heart can often lead to a world of good.
Adapted from <http://www.usatoday.com/>.
Concerning the author of the text, identify the statements below
as true (T) or false (F):
( ) He was raised in the south of Florida, USA.
( ) His parents are Cubans who left the country and moved to
the USA.
( ) He feels fascinated by the beauty and contradictions of
Cuba.
( ) He considers that Cubans are not interested about the re-
establishment of relations with the USA.
( ) He was born in 1962 when his parents left Cuba.
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from

top to bottom.
a) F – F – F – T – F.
b) T – T – T – F – F.
Voices: The Pope's powerful message to Cubans
c) F – T – F – T – F.
Rick Jervis, September 24, 2015
d) T – T – F – F – T.
SANTIAGO DE CUBA – I’ve always been fairly skeptical about
e) T – F – T – T – T.
how much power one man can exercise, even if that man
commands the attention of 1.2 billion Roman Catholics. Exercício 312
I understand that Pope John Paul II visited Poland in the 1970s (Ufpr 2016)
and ‘80s and gave speeches so stirring that they helped launch
the Solidarity opposition movement and lead to the collapse of
communism in the country. And I know that popes throughout
history have had influential moments.
But, really, how much can one man and one microphone do? How
literally do people take his message? These were the questions
that kept my mind busy when I left for Cuba last week to cover
Pope Francis’ four-day trip. I was curious to see how much impact
the words of this 78-year-old man can have on a population of 11
million.
I’m becoming fairly familiar with Cuba. I’ve been to the island
three times this year, five times overall, and grew up in southern
Florida. My parents are Cubans who left the country in 1962.
Cuba today continues to fascinate and dismay. It’s a place of
beauty and jolting contradictions. The re-establishment of
relations between the U.S. and Cuban governments, begun last
December, continue to stir excitement and hope in Cubans, and Voices: The Pope's powerful message to Cubans
changes are trickling in. Rick Jervis, September 24, 2015
I followed Pope Francis from Havana to Santiago and heard him SANTIAGO DE CUBA – I’ve always been fairly skeptical about
talk of reconciliation, love for mankind and the importance of how much power one man can exercise, even if that man
family. I interviewed Cubans who glowed with the fervor of the commands the attention of 1.2 billion Roman Catholics.
faithful as they pledged their love for the Pope and promised to
I understand that Pope John Paul II visited Poland in the 1970s
and ‘80s and gave speeches so stirring that they helped launch
the Solidarity opposition movement and lead to the collapse of
communism in the country. And I know that popes throughout
history have had influential moments.
But, really, how much can one man and one microphone do? How
literally do people take his message? These were the questions
that kept my mind busy when I left for Cuba last week to cover
Pope Francis’ four-day trip. I was curious to see how much impact
the words of this 78-year-old man can have on a population of 11
million.
I’m becoming fairly familiar with Cuba. I’ve been to the island
three times this year, five times overall, and grew up in southern
Florida. My parents are Cubans who left the country in 1962.
Cuba today continues to fascinate and dismay. It’s a place of
beauty and jolting contradictions. The re-establishment of
relations between the U.S. and Cuban governments, begun last Voices: The Pope's powerful message to Cubans
December, continue to stir excitement and hope in Cubans, and Rick Jervis, September 24, 2015
changes are trickling in. SANTIAGO DE CUBA – I’ve always been fairly skeptical about
I followed Pope Francis from Havana to Santiago and heard him how much power one man can exercise, even if that man
talk of reconciliation, love for mankind and the importance of commands the attention of 1.2 billion Roman Catholics.
family. I interviewed Cubans who glowed with the fervor of the I understand that Pope John Paul II visited Poland in the 1970s
faithful as they pledged their love for the Pope and promised to and ‘80s and gave speeches so stirring that they helped launch
follow his message. But my question remained: What does all of the Solidarity opposition movement and lead to the collapse of
this mean? How does it translate to actual change on the island? communism in the country. And I know that popes throughout
To help me sort through this, I visited Father Jorge Catasus, a history have had influential moments.
popular parish priest here who helped welcome the Pope to the But, really, how much can one man and one microphone do? How
city. We sat in the cool, cavernous back room of his 18th-century literally do people take his message? These were the questions
church, safe from the 37-degree heat outside. Catasus said “don't that kept my mind busy when I left for Cuba last week to cover
focus on any grand political or social changes stemming from the Pope Francis’ four-day trip. I was curious to see how much impact
papal visit”. The most important changes, he said, come from the words of this 78-year-old man can have on a population of 11
within. That’s what Pope Francis offered as a first step, and that’s million.
what Cubans across the island, in chants, cheers and tearful I’m becoming fairly familiar with Cuba. I’ve been to the island
acceptance, agreed to abide by. three times this year, five times overall, and grew up in southern
“The lives of men are decided in their hearts”, Catasus told me. Florida. My parents are Cubans who left the country in 1962.
“That’s where we’ll see the change”. This may not be 1980s Cuba today continues to fascinate and dismay. It’s a place of
Poland, and Solidarity may still not be anywhere in sight. But first beauty and jolting contradictions. The re-establishment of
things first. A change of heart can often lead to a world of good. relations between the U.S. and Cuban governments, begun last
Adapted from <http://www.usatoday.com/>. December, continue to stir excitement and hope in Cubans, and
According to the text, Jorge Catasus is: changes are trickling in.
I followed Pope Francis from Havana to Santiago and heard him
a) the writer’s father.
talk of reconciliation, love for mankind and the importance of
b) a political figure.
family. I interviewed Cubans who glowed with the fervor of the
c) a close friend he met in Cuba.
faithful as they pledged their love for the Pope and promised to
d) a parish journalist.
follow his message. But my question remained: What does all of
e) a priest in Cuba.
this mean? How does it translate to actual change on the island?
Exercício 313 To help me sort through this, I visited Father Jorge Catasus, a
(Ufpr 2016) popular parish priest here who helped welcome the Pope to the
what Cubans across the island, in chants, cheers and tearful
acceptance, agreed to abide by.
Poland, and Solidarity may still not be anywhere in sight. But first
things first. A change of heart can often lead to a world of good.
Adapted from <http://www.usatoday.com/>. that holds the oceans back”. This ice wall – thought by some
Consider the following statements about what the author of the 8flat-Earthers to be Antarctica – is the destination of the
text did in the island during the Pope’s visit: promised FEIC cruise.
1. He visited a priest who also gave speeches during the Pope’s
stay in Cuba. There’s just one catch: navigational charts and systems that
2. He talked to the Cuban people and observed their faith. guide cruise ships and other vessels around the Earth’s oceans
3. In order to escape from the warm weather, he decided to go to are all based on the principle of a round Earth, says Henk
an old church. Keijer, a former cruise ship captain with 23 years of
4. He followed Pope Francis and heard his speeches. experience.
Which of the statements above are TRUE, according to the text? GPS relies on a network of dozens of satellites orbiting
thousands of miles above Earth; signals from the satellites
a) Only 1 and 2.
beam down to the receiver inside of a GPS device, and at least
b) Only 2 and 4.
three satellites are required to pinpoint a precise position
c) Only 3 and 4.
because of Earth’s curvature, Keijer explained. “9Had the Earth
d) Only 1, 2 and 3.
been flat, a total of three satellites would have been enough to
e) Only 1, 3 and 4.
provide this information to 10everyone on Earth”. He adds:
Exercício 314 “11But it is not enough, because the Earth is round”.
THE FLAT EARTH CRUISE: SERIOUSLY, PEOPLE? Whether or not, the FEIC cruise will rely on GPS or deploy an
1Organizers of an annual conference that brings together end of the world remains to be seen.
2people who believe that our planet is not round are planning
a cruise to the supposed edge of the Earth. They’re looking for Adaptado de livescience.com, 30/05/2017.
the ice wall that holds back the oceans.
(Uerj 2020) people who believe that our planet is not round
The journey will take place in 2020, the Flat Earth (ref. 2)
International Conference (FEIC) recently announced on its
website. The goal? To test so-called flat-Earthers’ assertion The expression from the text which refers to this same group
that the Earth is a flattened disk surrounded at its edge by a of people is:
towering wall of ice. a) organizers of an annual conference (ref. 1)
b) the ancient Greeks (ref. 6)
Details about the event, including the dates, are forthcoming, c) flat-Earthers (ref. 8)
according to the FEIC, which calls the cruise “3the biggest, d) everyone on Earth (ref. 10)
boldest adventure yet”. However, it’s worth noting that
nautical maps and navigation technologies such as global Exercício 315
positioning systems (GPS) work as they do because the Earth TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 4 QUESTÕES:
is … a globe. THE FLAT EARTH CRUISE: SERIOUSLY, PEOPLE?
Believers in a flat Earth argue that images showing a curved 1Organizers of an annual conference that brings together
horizon are fake and that photos of a round Earth from space 2people who believe that our planet is not round are planning
are part of a vast conspiracy perpetrated by NASA and other a cruise to the supposed edge of the Earth. They’re looking for
space agencies to hide Earth’s flatness. “4This likely began the ice wall that holds back the oceans.
during the cold war”, the Flat Earth Society (FES) says. “The
U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. were obsessed with beating each other into The journey will take place in 2020, the Flat Earth
space to the point that each faked their accomplishments in an International Conference (FEIC) recently announced on its
attempt to keep pace with the other’s supposed achievements.” website. The goal? To test so-called flat-Earthers’ assertion
5These and other flat-Earth assertions appear on the website that the Earth is a flattened disk surrounded at its edge by a
of the FES, allegedly the world’s oldest official flat Earth towering wall of ice.
organization, dating to the early 1800s.
Details about the event, including the dates, are forthcoming,
However, 6the ancient Greeks demonstrated that Earth was a according to the FEIC, which calls the cruise “3the biggest,
sphere more than 2.000 years ago, and the gravity that keeps boldest adventure yet”. However, it’s worth noting that
everything on the planet from flying off into space could exist nautical maps and navigation technologies such as global
only on a spherical world. positioning systems (GPS) work as they do because the Earth
is … a globe.
But in diagrams shared on the FES website, the planet appears
as a pancake-like disk with the North Pole smacked in the Believers in a flat Earth argue that images showing a curved
center and an edge “7surrounded on all sides by an ice wall horizon are fake and that photos of a round Earth from space
are part of a vast conspiracy perpetrated by NASA and other 1Organizers of an annual conference that brings together
space agencies to hide Earth’s flatness. “4This likely began 2people who believe that our planet is not round are planning
during the cold war”, the Flat Earth Society (FES) says. “The a cruise to the supposed edge of the Earth. They’re looking for
U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. were obsessed with beating each other into the ice wall that holds back the oceans.
space to the point that each faked their accomplishments in an
attempt to keep pace with the other’s supposed achievements.” The journey will take place in 2020, the Flat Earth
5These and other flat-Earth assertions appear on the website International Conference (FEIC) recently announced on its
of the FES, allegedly the world’s oldest official flat Earth website. The goal? To test so-called flat-Earthers’ assertion
organization, dating to the early 1800s. that the Earth is a flattened disk surrounded at its edge by a
towering wall of ice.
However, 6the ancient Greeks demonstrated that Earth was a
sphere more than 2.000 years ago, and the gravity that keeps Details about the event, including the dates, are forthcoming,
everything on the planet from flying off into space could exist according to the FEIC, which calls the cruise “3the biggest,
only on a spherical world. boldest adventure yet”. However, it’s worth noting that
nautical maps and navigation technologies such as global
But in diagrams shared on the FES website, the planet appears positioning systems (GPS) work as they do because the Earth
as a pancake-like disk with the North Pole smacked in the is … a globe.
center and an edge “7surrounded on all sides by an ice wall
that holds the oceans back”. This ice wall – thought by some Believers in a flat Earth argue that images showing a curved
8flat-Earthers to be Antarctica – is the destination of the horizon are fake and that photos of a round Earth from space
promised FEIC cruise. are part of a vast conspiracy perpetrated by NASA and other
space agencies to hide Earth’s flatness. “4This likely began
There’s just one catch: navigational charts and systems that during the cold war”, the Flat Earth Society (FES) says. “The
guide cruise ships and other vessels around the Earth’s oceans U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. were obsessed with beating each other into
are all based on the principle of a round Earth, says Henk space to the point that each faked their accomplishments in an
Keijer, a former cruise ship captain with 23 years of attempt to keep pace with the other’s supposed achievements.”
experience. 5These and other flat-Earth assertions appear on the website
of the FES, allegedly the world’s oldest official flat Earth
GPS relies on a network of dozens of satellites orbiting organization, dating to the early 1800s.
beam down to the receiver inside of a GPS device, and at least However, 6the ancient Greeks demonstrated that Earth was a
three satellites are required to pinpoint a precise position sphere more than 2.000 years ago, and the gravity that keeps
because of Earth’s curvature, Keijer explained. “9Had the Earth everything on the planet from flying off into space could exist
been flat, a total of three satellites would have been enough to only on a spherical world.
“11But it is not enough, because the Earth is round”. But in diagrams shared on the FES website, the planet appears
as a pancake-like disk with the North Pole smacked in the
Whether or not, the FEIC cruise will rely on GPS or deploy an center and an edge “7surrounded on all sides by an ice wall
entirely new flat-Earth-based navigation system for finding the that holds the oceans back”. This ice wall – thought by some
end of the world remains to be seen. 8flat-Earthers to be Antarctica – is the destination of the
promised FEIC cruise.
Adaptado de livescience.com, 30/05/2017.
There’s just one catch: navigational charts and systems that
guide cruise ships and other vessels around the Earth’s oceans
are all based on the principle of a round Earth, says Henk
(Uerj 2020) In order to support his point of view, the writer of Keijer, a former cruise ship captain with 23 years of
the text quotes an authoritative source in the fragment below: experience.
a) “the biggest, boldest adventure yet”. (ref. 3)

GPS relies on a network of dozens of satellites orbiting
b) “This likely began during the cold war”, (ref. 4)
c) “surrounded on all sides by an ice wall that holds the oceans
back”. (ref. 7)
d) “But it is not enough, because the Earth is round”. (ref. 11)
Exercício 316 been flat, a total of three satellites would have been enough to
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 4 QUESTÕES: “11But it is not enough, because the Earth is round”.
THE FLAT EARTH CRUISE: SERIOUSLY, PEOPLE?
Whether or not, the FEIC cruise will rely on GPS or deploy an
end of the world remains to be seen. that holds the oceans back”. This ice wall – thought by some
8flat-Earthers to be Antarctica – is the destination of the
Adaptado de livescience.com, 30/05/2017. promised FEIC cruise.
There’s just one catch: navigational charts and systems that

(Uerj 2020) These and other flat-Earth assertions appear on guide cruise ships and other vessels around the Earth’s oceans
the website of the FES, allegedly the world’s oldest official flat are all based on the principle of a round Earth, says Henk
Earth organization, dating to the early 1800s. (ref. 5) Keijer, a former cruise ship captain with 23 years of
experience.
In relation to the fragment above, the pieces of information
introduced in the fifth paragraph serve the following purpose: GPS relies on a network of dozens of satellites orbiting
a) express doubt
b) sign agreement
c) provide an explanation
d) present a counter-argument
been flat, a total of three satellites would have been enough to
Exercício 317 provide this information to 10everyone on Earth”. He adds:
“11But it is not enough, because the Earth is round”.
THE FLAT EARTH CRUISE: SERIOUSLY, PEOPLE? Whether or not, the FEIC cruise will rely on GPS or deploy an
1Organizers of an annual conference that brings together end of the world remains to be seen.
2people who believe that our planet is not round are planning
a cruise to the supposed edge of the Earth. They’re looking for Adaptado de livescience.com, 30/05/2017.
the ice wall that holds back the oceans.
The journey will take place in 2020, the Flat Earth (Uerj 2020) SOBREVIVEREMOS NA TERRA?
International Conference (FEIC) recently announced on its
website. The goal? To test so-called flat-Earthers’ assertion Tenho interesse pessoal no tempo. Primeiro, meu best-seller
that the Earth is a flattened disk surrounded at its edge by a chama-se Uma breve história do tempo. Segundo, por ser
towering wall of ice. alguém que, aos 21 anos, foi informado pelos médicos de que
teria apenas mais cinco anos de vida e que completou 76 anos
Details about the event, including the dates, are forthcoming, em 2018. Tenho uma aguda e desconfortável consciência da
according to the FEIC, which calls the cruise “3the biggest, passagem do tempo. Durante a maior parte da minha vida,
boldest adventure yet”. However, it’s worth noting that convivi com a sensação de que estava fazendo hora extra.
nautical maps and navigation technologies such as global
positioning systems (GPS) work as they do because the Earth Parece que nosso mundo enfrenta uma instabilidade política
is … a globe. maior do que em qualquer outro momento. Uma grande
quantidade de pessoas sente ter ficado para trás. Como
Believers in a flat Earth argue that images showing a curved resultado, temos nos voltado para políticos populistas, com
horizon are fake and that photos of a round Earth from space experiência de governo limitada e cuja capacidade para tomar
are part of a vast conspiracy perpetrated by NASA and other decisões ponderadas em uma crise ainda está para ser testada.
space agencies to hide Earth’s flatness. “4This likely began A Terra sofre ameaças em tantas frentes que é difícil
during the cold war”, the Flat Earth Society (FES) says. “The permanecer otimista. Os perigos são grandes e numerosos
U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. were obsessed with beating each other into demais. O planeta está ficando pequeno para nós. Nossos
space to the point that each faked their accomplishments in an recursos físicos estão se esgotando a uma velocidade
attempt to keep pace with the other’s supposed achievements.” alarmante. A mudança climática foi uma trágica dádiva humana
5These and other flat-Earth assertions appear on the website ao planeta. Temperaturas cada vez mais elevadas, redução da
of the FES, allegedly the world’s oldest official flat Earth calota polar, desmatamento, superpopulação, doenças,
organization, dating to the early 1800s. guerras, fome, escassez de água e extermínio de espécies;
todos esses problemas poderiam ser resolvidos, mas até hoje
However, 6the ancient Greeks demonstrated that Earth was a não foram. O aquecimento global está sendo causado por
sphere more than 2.000 years ago, and the gravity that keeps todos nós. Queremos andar de carro, viajar e desfrutar um
everything on the planet from flying off into space could exist padrão de vida melhor. Mas quando as pessoas se derem conta
only on a spherical world. do que está acontecendo, pode ser tarde demais.
But in diagrams shared on the FES website, the planet appears Estamos no limiar de um período de mudança climática sem
as a pancake-like disk with the North Pole smacked in the precedentes. No entanto, muitos políticos negam a mudança
center and an edge “7surrounded on all sides by an ice wall climática provocada pelo homem, ou a capacidade do homem
de revertê-la. O derretimento das calotas polares ártica e lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or design
antártica reduz a fração de energia solar refletida de volta no programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a
espaço e aumenta ainda mais a temperatura. A mudança faltering economy and underperforming schools?
climática pode destruir a Amazônia e outras florestas tropicais, Your answer – and the reasoning behind it – can hinge on the
eliminando uma das principais ferramentas para a remoção do metaphor being used to describe the problem, according to
dióxido de carbono da atmosfera. A elevação da temperatura new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can
dos oceanos pode provocar a liberação de grandes quantidades even be swayed with just one word, they say.
de dióxido de carbono. Ambos os fenômenos aumentariam o
efeito estufa e exacerbariam o aquecimento global, tornando o Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral
clima em nosso planeta parecido com o de Vênus: atmosfera candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about how subtle cues
and common figures of speech can frame approaches to
escaldante e chuva ácida a uma temperatura de A
difficult problems. “Some estimates suggest that one out of
vida humana seria impossível. Precisamos ir além do Protocolo
every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor”, said Thibodeau,
de Kyoto – o acordo internacional adotado em 1997 – e cortar
the study’s lead author. “But 1we didn’t know the extent to
imediatamente as emissões de carbono. Temos a tecnologia. Só
which these metaphors influence people”.
precisamos de vontade política.
paragraphs about rising crime rates in the fictional city of
Quando enfrentamos crises parecidas no passado, havia algum
Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers
outro lugar para colonizar. Estamos ficando sem espaço, e o
gauged how people answered these questions in light of how
único lugar para ir são outros mundos. Tenho esperança e fé de
crime was described – as a beast or a virus.
que nossa engenhosa raça encontrará uma maneira de escapar
They found the test subjects’ proposed solutions differed a
dos sombrios grilhões do planeta e, deste modo, sobreviver ao
great deal depending on the metaphor they were exposed to.
desastre. A mesma providência talvez não seja possível para os
The results have shown that people will likely support an
milhões de outras espécies que vivem na Terra, e isso pesará
increase in police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is
em nossa consciência.
described as a “beast” preying on a community. But if people
are told crime is a “virus” infecting a city, they are more
Mas somos, por natureza, exploradores. Somos motivados pela
inclined to treat the problem with social reform. According to
curiosidade, essa qualidade humana única. Foi a curiosidade
Boroditsky: “People like to think they’re objective. They want
obstinada que levou os exploradores a provar que a Terra não
to believe they’re logical. But they’re really being swayed by
era plana, e é esse mesmo impulso que nos leva a viajar para
metaphors”.
as estrelas na velocidade do pensamento, instigando-nos a
To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the
realmente chegar lá. E sempre que realizamos um grande salto,
researchers also examined what role political persuasions play
como nos pousos lunares, exaltamos a humanidade, unimos
in people’s approach to reducing crime. They suspected that
povos e nações, introduzimos novas descobertas e novas
Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate
tecnologias. Deixar a Terra exige uma abordagem global
criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social
combinada – todos devem participar.
reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more
likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution.
STEPHEN HAWKING (1942-2018) Adaptado de Breves
“We can’t talk about any complex situation – like crime –
respostas para grandes questões. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca,
without using metaphors”, said Boroditsky. 3“Metaphors aren’t
2018.
just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for
things we’re trying to explain and figure out. And they have
consequences for determining what we decide is the right
The texts Sobreviveremos na Terra? and The flat Earth cruise:
approach to solving problems”.
seriously, people? share one issue.
While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their
findings can be used to understand the implications of how a
The issue mentioned in both texts is the following one:
casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and
a) the use of satellites change minds.
b) the shape of the planet
c) the planning of the trip Adaptado de news.stanford.edu.
d) the exploration of space
(Uerj 2020) O QUE NOSSAS METÁFORAS DIZEM DE NÓS
Exercício 318
Para o poeta Robert Frost, a vida era um caminho que passa
THE POWER OF METAPHORS
por encruzilhadas inevitáveis; para Fernando Pessoa, uma
sombra que passa sobre um rio. Shakespeare via o mundo
Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on
como um palco e Scott Fitzgerald percebia os seres humanos
como barcos contra a corrente. Metáforas como essas nos
nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city
rodeiam, mas não só quando seguramos um livro nas mãos. Em
officials do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and
nosso uso cotidiano da língua, elas são tão presentes que nem
sequer percebemos. São exemplos “teto de vidro impede a The power of metaphors discusses the use of metaphors in
carreira das mulheres”, “a bolha do aluguel”, “cortar o mal pela daily life, as well as the text O que
raiz”. Considerada a forma por excelência da linguagem nossas metáforas dizem de nós.
figurada, a metáfora às vezes é tida como mero
embelezamento do discurso. The following metaphor is present in both texts:
Entretanto, desde 1980, com a publicação do livro Metáforas
a) cancer is a virus
da vida cotidiana, essa figura retórica recuperou seu
b) life is a journey
protagonismo. Os autores George Lakoff e Mark Johnson
c) crime is a beast
mostraram que as alegorias desenham o mapa conceitual a
d) depression is a black hole
partir do qual observamos, pensamos e agimos. Com
frequência são nossa bússola invisível, orientando tanto os Exercício 319
gestos instintivos que fazemos como as decisões mais TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES:
importantes que tomamos.3É muito provável que aqueles que THE POWER OF METAPHORS
concebem a vida como uma cruz e os que a entendem como
uma viagem não reajam da mesma forma ante um mesmo Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on
dilema. As metáforas são ferramentas eficazes e de múltiplas the rise, home invasions are increasing and murder rates have
utilidades. Ao partir de elementos já conhecidos, nos ajudam a nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city
examinar realidades, conceitos e teorias novas de uma maneira officials do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and
prática. Também nos servem para abordar experiências lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or design
traumáticas nas quais a linguagem literal se revela impotente. programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a
São vigorosos atalhos que a mente usa para assimilar faltering economy and underperforming schools?
situações complexas em que a literalidade acaba sendo Your answer – and the reasoning behind it – can hinge on the
tediosa, limitada e confusa. É mais fácil para nós entender que metaphor being used to describe the problem, according to
a depressão é uma espécie de buraco negro e que o DNA é o new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can
manual de instruções de cada ser vivo. even be swayed with just one word, they say.
As figurações dão coesão às identidades coletivas, pois
circulam sem cessar até se incorporarem à linguagem Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral
cotidiana. Há alguns anos, os psicólogos Paul Thibodeau e Lera candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about how subtle cues
Boroditsky, da Universidade Stanford (E.U.A.), analisaram os and common figures of speech can frame approaches to
resultados de um debate sobre políticas contra a criminalidade difficult problems. “Some estimates suggest that one out of
que recorria a duas metáforas. Quando o problema era every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor”, said Thibodeau,
ilustrado como se houvesse predadores devorando a the study’s lead author. “But 1we didn’t know the extent to
comunidade, a resposta era endurecer a vigilância policial e which these metaphors influence people”.
aplicar leis mais severas. No entanto, quando o problema era In five experiments, 2test subjects were asked to read short
exposto como um vírus infectando a cidade, a opção era a de paragraphs about rising crime rates in the fictional city of
adotar medidas para erradicar a desigualdade e melhorar a Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers
educação. Comparações ruins levam a políticas ruins, escreveu gauged how people answered these questions in light of how
o Nobel de Economia Paul Krugman. crime was described – as a beast or a virus.
No campo da medicina, tem havido mudanças de paradigma no They found the test subjects’ proposed solutions differed a
que diz respeito ao impacto emocional das metáforas. Num great deal depending on the metaphor they were exposed to.
recente seminário organizado pela Universidade de Navarra The results have shown that people will likely support an
(Espanha), a linguista Elena Semino dissertou sobre os efeitos increase in police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is
de abordar o câncer como se fosse uma guerra, provocando described as a “beast” preying on a community. But if people
sensações negativas quando o paciente acredita estar are told crime is a “virus” infecting a city, they are more
“perdendo a batalha”, mesmo que isso possa ser estimulante inclined to treat the problem with social reform. According to
para outros. O erro, segundo a especialista, reside em misturar Boroditsky: “People like to think they’re objective. They want
os campos semânticos da guerra e da saúde. Para corrigir essa to believe they’re logical. But they’re really being swayed by
questão, a linguista elabora o que chama de “cardápio de metaphors”.
metáforas”, para que médicos e pacientes enfrentem a doença To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the
de forma mais construtiva. researchers also examined what role political persuasions play
As boas metáforas nos trazem outras perspectivas, fronteiras in people’s approach to reducing crime. They suspected that
menos rígidas e novas categorizações que substituem aquelas Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate
já desgastadas. criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social
reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more
MARTA REBÓN likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution.
Adaptado de brasil.elpais.com, 11/04/2018. “We can’t talk about any complex situation – like crime –
just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for
consequences for determining what we decide is the right in people’s approach to reducing crime. They suspected that
approach to solving problems”. Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate
While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social
findings can be used to understand the implications of how a reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more
casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution.
change minds. “We can’t talk about any complex situation – like crime –
Adaptado de news.stanford.edu. just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for
(Uerj 2020) test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs consequences for determining what we decide is the right
(ref. 2) approach to solving problems”.
While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their
The reason for the omission of the agent in the sentence above findings can be used to understand the implications of how a
is: casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and
change minds.
a) it is unknown to the reader
b) it is already present in the text
Adaptado de news.stanford.edu.
c) it creates ambiguity in the context
d) it becomes a surprise for the reader
(Uerj 2020) The author of the text introduces the topic by
Exercício 320 making use of the following strategy:
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: a) reporting a tragic event
THE POWER OF METAPHORS b) raising a simple subject
c) addressing a basic issue
Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on d) creating a hypothetical situation
nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city Exercício 321
officials do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES:
lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or design
programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a
faltering economy and underperforming schools?
Your answer – and the reasoning behind it – can hinge on the
metaphor being used to describe the problem, according to
new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can
even be swayed with just one word, they say.
Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral

candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about how subtle cues
and common figures of speech can frame approaches to
difficult problems. “Some estimates suggest that one out of
every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor”, said Thibodeau,
the study’s lead author. “But 1we didn’t know the extent to
which these metaphors influence people”.
paragraphs about rising crime rates in the fictional city of
Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers
gauged how people answered these questions in light of how
crime was described – as a beast or a virus.
They found the test subjects’ proposed solutions differed a
great deal depending on the metaphor they were exposed to.
The results have shown that people will likely support an (Uerj 2020) A história em quadrinhos retrata uma situação
increase in police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is contraditória na sociedade estadunidense.
described as a “beast” preying on a community. But if people Explicite essa contradição.
are told crime is a “virus” infecting a city, they are more
inclined to treat the problem with social reform. According to Exercício 322
Boroditsky: “People like to think they’re objective. They want
to believe they’re logical. But they’re really being swayed by
metaphors”.
To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the
researchers also examined what role political persuasions play
personagem Dorian vê pela primeira vez sua imagem retratada
em uma pintura.
Twenty minutes later Hallward stopped painting. He stood

back and looked at the portrait for a few moments. Then he
bent down and signed his name in red paint on the bottom left-
hand corner.
“It is finished”, he cried.
Lord Henry came over and examined the picture. It was
certainly a wonderful work of art.
“My dear man”, he said, “It is the best portrait of our time. Mr.
Gray, come over and look at yourself”.
Dorian walked across to look at the painting. When he saw it,
his cheeks went red with pleasure. He felt that he recognized
his own beauty for the first time. But then he remembered
what Lord Henry had said. His beauty would only be there for
a few years. One day he would be old and ugly.
“Don’t you like it?”, cried Hallward, not understanding why the
young man was silent.
“Of course he likes it”, said Lord Henry. “It is one of the
(Uerj 2020) Em histórias em quadrinhos, recursos tipográficos greatest paintings in modern art”.
e de linguagem não verbal acrescentam significados às falas (...)
dos personagens. “How sad it is!”, said Dorian Gray, who was still staring at his
own portrait. “I will grow old and horrible. But this painting
Cite dois desses recursos visuais presentes no último will always stay young. It will never be older than this day in
quadrinho e aponte o significado que expressam. June… If only it were the other way!”
“What do you mean?”, asked Hallward.
Exercício 323 “If I could stay young and the picture grow old! For that – for
that – I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the
whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!”
“I don’t think you would like that, Basil”, cried Lord Henry,
laughing.
“I certainly would not, Harry”, said Hallward.
Dorian Gray turned and looked at him. “You like your art better
than your friends.”
The painter stared in surprise. Why was Dorian speaking like
that? What had happened? His face was red, and he seemed
quite angry.
“You will always like this painting. But how long will you like
me? Until I start getting old. Lord Henry Wotton is perfectly
right. When I lose my beauty, I will lose everything. I shall kill
myself before I get old.”
(...)
Many years passed. Yet the wonderful beauty that had so
fascinated Basil Hallward stayed with Dorian Gray. Even those
who had heard terrible rumours against him could not believe
them when they met him. He always had the look of someone
who had kept himself pure.
Many people suspected that there was something very wrong
(Uerj 2020) All those people, including Alamar, spend money with Dorian’s life, but only he knew about the portrait. Some
in the local economy, (3º quadrinho) nights he would secretly enter the locked room. Holding a
mirror in his hand, he would stand in front of the picture Basil
Identifique o referente da expressão sublinhada. Aponte, ainda, Hallward had painted. He would look first at the horrible, old
a consequência da ação descrita no trecho citado. face in the picture, and then at the handsome young face that
laughed back at him from the mirror. 1He fell more and more in
Exercício 324 love with his own beauty. And more and more interested in the
(Uerj 2019) O romance O retrato de Dorian Gray é corruption of his own soul.
apresentado em dois fragmentos. No fragmento I, o
O fragmento II, a seguir, apresenta os momentos finais da Exercício 325
história, após o personagem Dorian, durante muitos anos, ter TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES:
levado uma vida libertina e de experiências amorais. The effect of climate change on epidemic risk
2What worried Dorian was the death of his own soul. Basil 1The potential impacts of climate change have returned to
had painted the portrait that had destroyed his life. He could headlines in recent weeks 2as scientists, activists and policy
not forgive him that. It was the portrait that had done makers try to understand the possible implications of a
everything. warming planet. 3While rising temperatures and sea levels are
(…) important to be considered, 4changing climate patterns can
A new life! That was what he wanted. That was what he was have vast implications for epidemic risk as well.
waiting for. Perhaps it had begun already. He would never
again spoil innocence. He would be good. Changes in global climate patterns have been 5widely
(…) discussed; however, rising temperatures also have implications
He looked around and saw the knife that had killed Basil for risk reduction and management, including impacts on
Hallward. He had cleaned it many times until there was no infectious disease epidemics. With 2016 the hottest year ever
mark left on it. It was bright, and it shone. It had killed the recorded and 2017 following suit, we anticipate a continued
painter. Now it would kill the painter’s work, and all that it growth in the distribution of disease agents, like mosquitoes
meant. It would kill the past. When that was dead he would be and ticks. 6These can spread illnesses such as zika, yellow
free. He picked up the knife and pushed it into the picture. fever and dengue to areas where they previously could not be
There was a cry, and a crash. The cry was so horrible that 7effectively transmitted.
frightened servants woke and came out of their rooms. Two
gentlemen, who were passing in the Square below, stopped, As predicted by climate scientists, 8increases in extreme
and looked up at the great house. They hurried on until they weather events may also lead to increases in infectious disease
met a policeman, and brought him back. The policeman rang outbreaks. 9Epidemics have previously been seen as a
the bell several times, but there was no answer. Except for a consequence of natural disasters, 10which can lead to
light in one of the top windows, the house was all dark. After a displaced and crowded populations, the ideal situation for
time, he went away and stood in the garden of the next house infection transmission. Severe rainfall or flooding is
and watched. 11particularly effective at creating environments suitable for
(…) the transmission and propagation of infectious diseases, such
Inside the house the servants were talking in low whispers to as measles or cholera.
each other. Old Mrs Leaf was crying. Francis was as white as
death. Even without rising to the level of a natural catastrophe,
After about a quarter of an hour, they went fearfully upstairs. significant variation in weather patterns can result in changes
(…) in human and animal interactions, increasing the potential for
When they entered the room they found a portrait hanging on pathogens to move from animals into human populations.
the wall. It showed Mr Dorian Gray as they had last seen him, 12For example, unusually heavy rains may predispose regions
young and beautiful. Lying on the floor was a dead man in to ebola outbreaks by creating more favorable environments
evening dress. He had a knife in his heart. He was old and for bats hosting the virus. 13Similarly, food scarcity brought
horribly ugly. It was not until they saw his rings that they about by drought, political instability or animal disease may
recognized who the man was. lead to more animal hunting, therefore raising the risk for
ebola virus epidemic.
Adaptado de WILDE, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray.
Harlow: Pearson, 1994. It is important to take note of the impact of climate change on
epidemic risk, but it is equally important to prepare for its
impact on global health. 14The global health community has
largely come to realize that public health preparedness is
He fell more and more in love with his own beauty. And more crucial to responding efficiently to infectious disease
and more interested in the corruption of his own soul. outbreaks. For this reason, our work is, then, centered around
(Fragmento I, ref. 1) helping governments manage and quantify infectious disease
risk. Besides, regardless of weather patterns, insights into
What worried Dorian was the death of his own soul. Basil had epidemics and into mechanisms for ensuring adequate support
painted the portrait that had destroyed his life. He could not are critical for managing this risk.
forgive him that. (Fragmento II, ref. 2)
Since the public health community agrees that 15the question
Os trechos acima fazem menção à alma de Dorian Gray, is not if another outbreak will happen, but when, the steps we
indicando uma mudança no personagem. take in the coming years to prepare for and reduce the
Explicite essa mudança. increasing frequency of outbreaks will determine the broader
implications these diseases have on our world.
contagionlive.com crucial to responding efficiently to infectious disease
outbreaks. For this reason, our work is, then, centered around
helping governments manage and quantify infectious disease
(Uerj 2019) The global health community has largely come to risk. Besides, regardless of weather patterns, insights into
realize that public health preparedness is crucial (ref. 14) epidemics and into mechanisms for ensuring adequate support
are critical for managing this risk.
Another word from the text that may replace the underlined
one above without significant change in meaning is: Since the public health community agrees that 15the question
is not if another outbreak will happen, but when, the steps we
a) widely (ref. 5)
take in the coming years to prepare for and reduce the
b) effectively (ref. 7)
increasing frequency of outbreaks will determine the broader
c) particularly (ref. 11)
implications these diseases have on our world.
d) similarly (ref. 13)
Exercício 326 contagionlive.com

19. (Uerj 2019) the question is not if another outbreak will
1The potential impacts of climate change have returned to happen, but when, (ref. 15)
headlines in recent weeks 2as scientists, activists and policy
makers try to understand the possible implications of a The underlined words present the health community’s opinion
warming planet. 3While rising temperatures and sea levels are concerning new outbreaks of epidemics.
important to be considered, 4changing climate patterns can
have vast implications for epidemic risk as well. According to their opinion, future outbreaks are seen as:
a) unlikely
Changes in global climate patterns have been 5widely
discussed; however, rising temperatures also have implications b) certain
for risk reduction and management, including impacts on c) probable
infectious disease epidemics. With 2016 the hottest year ever d) impossible
recorded and 2017 following suit, we anticipate a continued
growth in the distribution of disease agents, like mosquitoes Exercício 327
and ticks. 6These can spread illnesses such as zika, yellow TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES:
fever and dengue to areas where they previously could not be The effect of climate change on epidemic risk
7effectively transmitted.
As predicted by climate scientists, 8increases in extreme headlines in recent weeks 2as scientists, activists and policy
weather events may also lead to increases in infectious disease makers try to understand the possible implications of a
outbreaks. 9Epidemics have previously been seen as a warming planet. 3While rising temperatures and sea levels are
consequence of natural disasters, 10which can lead to important to be considered, 4changing climate patterns can
displaced and crowded populations, the ideal situation for have vast implications for epidemic risk as well.
infection transmission. Severe rainfall or flooding is
11particularly effective at creating environments suitable for Changes in global climate patterns have been 5widely
the transmission and propagation of infectious diseases, such discussed; however, rising temperatures also have implications
as measles or cholera. for risk reduction and management, including impacts on
infectious disease epidemics. With 2016 the hottest year ever
Even without rising to the level of a natural catastrophe, recorded and 2017 following suit, we anticipate a continued
significant variation in weather patterns can result in changes growth in the distribution of disease agents, like mosquitoes
in human and animal interactions, increasing the potential for and ticks. 6These can spread illnesses such as zika, yellow
pathogens to move from animals into human populations. fever and dengue to areas where they previously could not be
12For example, unusually heavy rains may predispose regions 7effectively transmitted.
to ebola outbreaks by creating more favorable environments
for bats hosting the virus. 13Similarly, food scarcity brought As predicted by climate scientists, 8increases in extreme
about by drought, political instability or animal disease may weather events may also lead to increases in infectious disease
lead to more animal hunting, therefore raising the risk for outbreaks. 9Epidemics have previously been seen as a
ebola virus epidemic. consequence of natural disasters, 10which can lead to
displaced and crowded populations, the ideal situation for
It is important to take note of the impact of climate change on infection transmission. Severe rainfall or flooding is
epidemic risk, but it is equally important to prepare for its 11particularly effective at creating environments suitable for
impact on global health. 14The global health community has the transmission and propagation of infectious diseases, such
largely come to realize that public health preparedness is as measles or cholera.
“My dear man”, he said, “It is the best portrait of our time. Mr.
Even without rising to the level of a natural catastrophe, Gray, come over and look at yourself”.
significant variation in weather patterns can result in changes Dorian walked across to look at the painting. When he saw it,
in human and animal interactions, increasing the potential for his cheeks went red with pleasure. He felt that he recognized
pathogens to move from animals into human populations. his own beauty for the first time. But then he remembered
12For example, unusually heavy rains may predispose regions what Lord Henry had said. His beauty would only be there for
to ebola outbreaks by creating more favorable environments a few years. One day he would be old and ugly.
for bats hosting the virus. 13Similarly, food scarcity brought “Don’t you like it?”, cried Hallward, not understanding why the
about by drought, political instability or animal disease may young man was silent.
lead to more animal hunting, therefore raising the risk for “Of course he likes it”, said Lord Henry. “It is one of the
ebola virus epidemic. greatest paintings in modern art”.
(...)
It is important to take note of the impact of climate change on “How sad it is!”, said Dorian Gray, who was still staring at his
epidemic risk, but it is equally important to prepare for its own portrait. “I will grow old and horrible. But this painting
impact on global health. 14The global health community has will always stay young. It will never be older than this day in
largely come to realize that public health preparedness is June… If only it were the other way!”
crucial to responding efficiently to infectious disease “What do you mean?”, asked Hallward.
outbreaks. For this reason, our work is, then, centered around “If I could stay young and the picture grow old! For that – for
helping governments manage and quantify infectious disease that – I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the
risk. Besides, regardless of weather patterns, insights into whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!”
epidemics and into mechanisms for ensuring adequate support “I don’t think you would like that, Basil”, cried Lord Henry,
are critical for managing this risk. laughing.
“I certainly would not, Harry”, said Hallward.
Since the public health community agrees that 15the question 2Dorian Gray turned and looked at him. “You like your art
is not if another outbreak will happen, but when, the steps we better than your friends.”
take in the coming years to prepare for and reduce the 3The painter stared in surprise. Why was Dorian speaking like
increasing frequency of outbreaks will determine the broader that? What had happened? His face was red, and he seemed
implications these diseases have on our world. quite angry.
“You will always like this painting. But how long will you like
contagionlive.com me? 4Until I start getting old. Lord Henry Wotton is perfectly
right. When I lose my beauty, I will lose everything. I shall kill
(Uerj 2019) For example, unusually heavy rains may (...)
predispose regions to ebola outbreaks (ref. 12) Many years passed. Yet the wonderful beauty that had so
The fragment that contains an expression with the same who had heard terrible rumours against him could not believe
function as the one underlined above is: them when they met him. He always had the look of someone
a) as scientists, activists and policy makers try to understand
the possible implications (ref. 2)
with Dorian’s life, but only he knew about the portrait. Some
b) While rising temperatures and sea levels are important to
nights he would secretly enter the locked room. Holding a
be considered, (ref. 3)
c) changing climate patterns can have vast implications for
Hallward had painted. He would look first at the horrible, old
epidemic risk as well. (ref. 4)
face in the picture, and then at the handsome young face that
d) These can spread illnesses such as zika, yellow fever and
laughed back at him from the mirror. He fell more and more in
dengue (ref. 6)
love with his own beauty. And more and more interested in the
Exercício 328 corruption of his own soul.
No fragmento I, do romance O retrato de Dorian Gray, o Adaptado de WILDE, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray.
personagem Dorian vê pela primeira vez sua imagem retratada Harlow: Pearson, 1994.
em uma pintura.
1Twenty minutes later Hallward stopped painting. He stood (Uerj 2019) Until I start getting old. (ref. 4)
back and looked at the portrait for a few moments. Then he
bent down and signed his name in red paint on the bottom left- A frase destacada faz parte de uma fala maior, mas não há
hand corner. indicação explícita de qual personagem a proferiu. Nessa
“It is finished”, he cried. mesma frase, também se observa o fenômeno da elipse, ou
Lord Henry came over and examined the picture. It was seja, a omissão de um ou mais termos que podem ser
certainly a wonderful work of art. subentendidos.
Identifique quem proferiu a frase e com quem estava face in the picture, and then at the handsome young face that
dialogando. Em seguida, reescreva a frase, em inglês, laughed back at him from the mirror. He fell more and more in
recuperando os termos omitidos. love with his own beauty. And more and more interested in the
corruption of his own soul.
Exercício 329
No fragmento I, do romance O retrato de Dorian Gray, o Adaptado de WILDE, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray.
personagem Dorian vê pela primeira vez sua imagem retratada Harlow: Pearson, 1994.
em uma pintura.
1Twenty minutes later Hallward stopped painting. He stood (Uerj 2019) Ao longo da narrativa, o personagem Dorian Gray
back and looked at the portrait for a few moments. Then he revela um desejo, que pode ser associado a um elemento
bent down and signed his name in red paint on the bottom left- fantástico.
hand corner.
“It is finished”, he cried. Identifique esse desejo. Em seguida, retire do texto uma frase,
Lord Henry came over and examined the picture. It was em inglês, que comprove sua realização.
“My dear man”, he said, “It is the best portrait of our time. Mr. Exercício 330
Gray, come over and look at yourself”. No fragmento I, do romance O retrato de Dorian Gray, o
Dorian walked across to look at the painting. When he saw it, personagem Dorian vê pela primeira vez sua imagem retratada
his cheeks went red with pleasure. He felt that he recognized em uma pintura.
what Lord Henry had said. His beauty would only be there for 1Twenty minutes later Hallward stopped painting. He stood
a few years. One day he would be old and ugly. back and looked at the portrait for a few moments. Then he
“Don’t you like it?”, cried Hallward, not understanding why the bent down and signed his name in red paint on the bottom left-
young man was silent. hand corner.
“Of course he likes it”, said Lord Henry. “It is one of the “It is finished”, he cried.
greatest paintings in modern art”. Lord Henry came over and examined the picture. It was
(...) certainly a wonderful work of art.
“How sad it is!”, said Dorian Gray, who was still staring at his “My dear man”, he said, “It is the best portrait of our time. Mr.
own portrait. “I will grow old and horrible. But this painting Gray, come over and look at yourself”.
will always stay young. It will never be older than this day in Dorian walked across to look at the painting. When he saw it,
June… If only it were the other way!” his cheeks went red with pleasure. He felt that he recognized
“What do you mean?”, asked Hallward. his own beauty for the first time. But then he remembered
“If I could stay young and the picture grow old! For that – for what Lord Henry had said. His beauty would only be there for
that – I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the a few years. One day he would be old and ugly.
whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!” “Don’t you like it?”, cried Hallward, not understanding why the
“I don’t think you would like that, Basil”, cried Lord Henry, young man was silent.
laughing. “Of course he likes it”, said Lord Henry. “It is one of the
“I certainly would not, Harry”, said Hallward. greatest paintings in modern art”.
2Dorian Gray turned and looked at him. “You like your art (...)
better than your friends.” “How sad it is!”, said Dorian Gray, who was still staring at his
3The painter stared in surprise. Why was Dorian speaking like own portrait. “I will grow old and horrible. But this painting
that? What had happened? His face was red, and he seemed will always stay young. It will never be older than this day in
quite angry. June… If only it were the other way!”
“You will always like this painting. But how long will you like “What do you mean?”, asked Hallward.
me? 4Until I start getting old. Lord Henry Wotton is perfectly “If I could stay young and the picture grow old! For that – for
right. When I lose my beauty, I will lose everything. I shall kill that – I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the
myself before I get old.” whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!”
(...) “I don’t think you would like that, Basil”, cried Lord Henry,
Many years passed. Yet the wonderful beauty that had so laughing.
fascinated Basil Hallward stayed with Dorian Gray. Even those “I certainly would not, Harry”, said Hallward.
who had heard terrible rumours against him could not believe 2Dorian Gray turned and looked at him. “You like your art
them when they met him. He always had the look of someone better than your friends.”
who had kept himself pure. 3The painter stared in surprise. Why was Dorian speaking like
Many people suspected that there was something very wrong that? What had happened? His face was red, and he seemed
with Dorian’s life, but only he knew about the portrait. Some quite angry.
nights he would secretly enter the locked room. Holding a “You will always like this painting. But how long will you like
mirror in his hand, he would stand in front of the picture Basil me? 4Until I start getting old. Lord Henry Wotton is perfectly
right. When I lose my beauty, I will lose everything. I shall kill “If I could stay young and the picture grow old! For that – for
myself before I get old.” that – I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the
(...) whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!”
Many years passed. Yet the wonderful beauty that had so “I don’t think you would like that, Basil”, cried Lord Henry,
fascinated Basil Hallward stayed with Dorian Gray. Even those laughing.
who had heard terrible rumours against him could not believe “I certainly would not, Harry”, said Hallward.
them when they met him. He always had the look of someone 2Dorian Gray turned and looked at him. “You like your art
who had kept himself pure. better than your friends.”
Many people suspected that there was something very wrong 3The painter stared in surprise. Why was Dorian speaking like
with Dorian’s life, but only he knew about the portrait. Some that? What had happened? His face was red, and he seemed
nights he would secretly enter the locked room. Holding a quite angry.
mirror in his hand, he would stand in front of the picture Basil “You will always like this painting. But how long will you like
Hallward had painted. He would look first at the horrible, old me? 4Until I start getting old. Lord Henry Wotton is perfectly
face in the picture, and then at the handsome young face that right. When I lose my beauty, I will lose everything. I shall kill
laughed back at him from the mirror. He fell more and more in myself before I get old.”
love with his own beauty. And more and more interested in the (...)
corruption of his own soul. Many years passed. Yet the wonderful beauty that had so
Adaptado de WILDE, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. who had heard terrible rumours against him could not believe
Harlow: Pearson, 1994. them when they met him. He always had the look of someone
with Dorian’s life, but only he knew about the portrait. Some
(Uerj 2019) Ao ver a pintura pela primeira vez, Dorian nights he would secretly enter the locked room. Holding a
manifesta dois sentimentos contrastantes. mirror in his hand, he would stand in front of the picture Basil
Indique esses sentimentos, explicitando o que motivou cada face in the picture, and then at the handsome young face that
um deles. laughed back at him from the mirror. He fell more and more in
love with his own beauty. And more and more interested in the
Exercício 331 corruption of his own soul.
No fragmento I, do romance O retrato de Dorian Gray, o
personagem Dorian vê pela primeira vez sua imagem retratada Adaptado de WILDE, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray.
em uma pintura. Harlow: Pearson, 1994.
1Twenty minutes later Hallward stopped painting. He stood

back and looked at the portrait for a few moments. Then he (Uerj 2019) No último parágrafo do texto, a forma verbal
bent down and signed his name in red paint on the bottom left- would é usada em três frases com a mesma função.
hand corner.
“It is finished”, he cried. Aponte essa função. Justifique, ainda, esse uso de would,
Lord Henry came over and examined the picture. It was considerando o sentimento de Dorian pelo quadro.
“My dear man”, he said, “It is the best portrait of our time. Mr. Exercício 332
Gray, come over and look at yourself”. No fragmento I, do romance O retrato de Dorian Gray, o
Dorian walked across to look at the painting. When he saw it, personagem Dorian vê pela primeira vez sua imagem retratada
his cheeks went red with pleasure. He felt that he recognized em uma pintura.
what Lord Henry had said. His beauty would only be there for 1Twenty minutes later Hallward stopped painting. He stood
a few years. One day he would be old and ugly. back and looked at the portrait for a few moments. Then he
“Don’t you like it?”, cried Hallward, not understanding why the bent down and signed his name in red paint on the bottom left-
young man was silent. hand corner.
“Of course he likes it”, said Lord Henry. “It is one of the “It is finished”, he cried.
greatest paintings in modern art”. Lord Henry came over and examined the picture. It was
(...) certainly a wonderful work of art.
“How sad it is!”, said Dorian Gray, who was still staring at his “My dear man”, he said, “It is the best portrait of our time. Mr.
own portrait. “I will grow old and horrible. But this painting Gray, come over and look at yourself”.
will always stay young. It will never be older than this day in Dorian walked across to look at the painting. When he saw it,
June… If only it were the other way!” his cheeks went red with pleasure. He felt that he recognized
“What do you mean?”, asked Hallward. his own beauty for the first time. But then he remembered
what Lord Henry had said. His beauty would only be there for No fragmento I, do romance O retrato de Dorian Gray, o
a few years. One day he would be old and ugly. personagem Dorian vê pela primeira vez sua imagem retratada
“Don’t you like it?”, cried Hallward, not understanding why the em uma pintura.
young man was silent.
“Of course he likes it”, said Lord Henry. “It is one of the 1Twenty minutes later Hallward stopped painting. He stood
greatest paintings in modern art”. back and looked at the portrait for a few moments. Then he
(...) bent down and signed his name in red paint on the bottom left-
“How sad it is!”, said Dorian Gray, who was still staring at his hand corner.
own portrait. “I will grow old and horrible. But this painting “It is finished”, he cried.
will always stay young. It will never be older than this day in Lord Henry came over and examined the picture. It was
June… If only it were the other way!” certainly a wonderful work of art.
“What do you mean?”, asked Hallward. “My dear man”, he said, “It is the best portrait of our time. Mr.
“If I could stay young and the picture grow old! For that – for Gray, come over and look at yourself”.
that – I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the Dorian walked across to look at the painting. When he saw it,
whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!” his cheeks went red with pleasure. He felt that he recognized
“I don’t think you would like that, Basil”, cried Lord Henry, his own beauty for the first time. But then he remembered
laughing. what Lord Henry had said. His beauty would only be there for
“I certainly would not, Harry”, said Hallward. a few years. One day he would be old and ugly.
2Dorian Gray turned and looked at him. “You like your art “Don’t you like it?”, cried Hallward, not understanding why the
better than your friends.” young man was silent.
3The painter stared in surprise. Why was Dorian speaking like “Of course he likes it”, said Lord Henry. “It is one of the
that? What had happened? His face was red, and he seemed greatest paintings in modern art”.
quite angry. (...)
“You will always like this painting. But how long will you like “How sad it is!”, said Dorian Gray, who was still staring at his
me? 4Until I start getting old. Lord Henry Wotton is perfectly own portrait. “I will grow old and horrible. But this painting
right. When I lose my beauty, I will lose everything. I shall kill will always stay young. It will never be older than this day in
myself before I get old.” June… If only it were the other way!”
(...) “What do you mean?”, asked Hallward.
Many years passed. Yet the wonderful beauty that had so “If I could stay young and the picture grow old! For that – for
fascinated Basil Hallward stayed with Dorian Gray. Even those that – I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the
who had heard terrible rumours against him could not believe whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!”
them when they met him. He always had the look of someone “I don’t think you would like that, Basil”, cried Lord Henry,
who had kept himself pure. laughing.
Many people suspected that there was something very wrong “I certainly would not, Harry”, said Hallward.
with Dorian’s life, but only he knew about the portrait. Some 2Dorian Gray turned and looked at him. “You like your art
nights he would secretly enter the locked room. Holding a better than your friends.”
mirror in his hand, he would stand in front of the picture Basil 3The painter stared in surprise. Why was Dorian speaking like
Hallward had painted. He would look first at the horrible, old that? What had happened? His face was red, and he seemed
face in the picture, and then at the handsome young face that quite angry.
laughed back at him from the mirror. He fell more and more in “You will always like this painting. But how long will you like
love with his own beauty. And more and more interested in the me? 4Until I start getting old. Lord Henry Wotton is perfectly
corruption of his own soul. right. When I lose my beauty, I will lose everything. I shall kill
Adaptado de WILDE, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. (...)
Harlow: Pearson, 1994. Many years passed. Yet the wonderful beauty that had so
who had heard terrible rumours against him could not believe
(Uerj 2019) (1) Dorian Gray turned and looked at him. “You them when they met him. He always had the look of someone
like your art better than your friends.” (ref. 2) who had kept himself pure.
(2) The painter stared in surprise. Why was Dorian speaking Many people suspected that there was something very wrong
like that? What had happened? His face was red, and he with Dorian’s life, but only he knew about the portrait. Some
seemed quite angry. (ref. 3) nights he would secretly enter the locked room. Holding a
Os trechos acima apresentam tipos diferentes de discurso Hallward had painted. He would look first at the horrible, old
relatado. face in the picture, and then at the handsome young face that
laughed back at him from the mirror. He fell more and more in
Identifique os dois tipos de relato. love with his own beauty. And more and more interested in the
corruption of his own soul.
Exercício 333
Adaptado de WILDE, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Adaptado de WILDE, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray.
Harlow: Pearson, 1994. Harlow: Pearson, 1994.
(Uerj 2019) Twenty minutes later Hallward stopped painting.

(ref. 1) 27. (Uerj 2019) O acontecimento relatado no último parágrafo
do texto retoma o elemento fantástico presente no enredo da
Considere a substituição do fragmento sublinhado por história.
“stopped to paint”. Nesse caso, haveria uma alteração no
sentido do enunciado. Descreva a aparência do homem encontrado sem vida e a
imagem pintada no quadro.
Explicite essa alteração de sentido, comparando as duas
construções. Explicite, ainda, a importância dos anéis mencionados na
última frase.
Exercício 334
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 2 QUESTÕES: Exercício 335
O fragmento II, do romance de Dorian Gray apresentado a O fragmento II, do romance de Dorian Gray apresentado a
seguir, apresenta os momentos finais da história, após o seguir, apresenta os momentos finais da história, após o
personagem Dorian, durante muitos anos, ter levado uma vida personagem Dorian, durante muitos anos, ter levado uma vida
libertina e de experiências amorais. libertina e de experiências amorais.
What worried Dorian was the death of his own soul. Basil had What worried Dorian was the death of his own soul. Basil had
painted the portrait that had destroyed his life. He could not painted the portrait that had destroyed his life. He could not
forgive him that. 1It was the portrait that had done forgive him that. 1It was the portrait that had done
everything. everything.
(…) (…)
A new life! That was what he wanted. That was what he was A new life! That was what he wanted. That was what he was
waiting for. Perhaps it had begun already. He would never waiting for. Perhaps it had begun already. He would never
again spoil innocence. He would be good. again spoil innocence. He would be good.
(…) (…)
He looked around and saw the knife that had killed Basil He looked around and saw the knife that had killed Basil
Hallward. He had cleaned it many times until there was no Hallward. He had cleaned it many times until there was no
mark left on it. It was bright, and it shone. 2It had killed the mark left on it. It was bright, and it shone. 2It had killed the
painter. Now it would kill the painter’s work, and all that it painter. Now it would kill the painter’s work, and all that it
meant. It would kill the past. When that was dead he would be meant. It would kill the past. When that was dead he would be
free. He picked up the knife and pushed it into the picture. free. He picked up the knife and pushed it into the picture.
3There was a cry, and a crash. The cry was so horrible that 3There was a cry, and a crash. The cry was so horrible that
frightened servants woke and came out of their rooms. Two frightened servants woke and came out of their rooms. Two
gentlemen, who were passing in the Square below, stopped, gentlemen, who were passing in the Square below, stopped,
and looked up at the great house. They hurried on until they and looked up at the great house. They hurried on until they
met a policeman, and brought him back. The policeman rang met a policeman, and brought him back. The policeman rang
the bell several times, but there was no answer. Except for a the bell several times, but there was no answer. Except for a
light in one of the top windows, the house was all dark. After a light in one of the top windows, the house was all dark. After a
time, he went away and stood in the garden of the next house time, he went away and stood in the garden of the next house
and watched. and watched.
(…) (…)
Inside the house the servants were talking in low whispers to Inside the house the servants were talking in low whispers to
each other. 4Old Mrs Leaf was crying. Francis was as white as each other. 4Old Mrs Leaf was crying. Francis was as white as
death. death.
After about a quarter of an hour, they went fearfully upstairs. After about a quarter of an hour, they went fearfully upstairs.
(…) (…)
When they entered the room they found a portrait hanging on When they entered the room they found a portrait hanging on
the wall. It showed Mr Dorian Gray as they had last seen him, the wall. It showed Mr Dorian Gray as they had last seen him,
young and beautiful. Lying on the floor was a dead man in young and beautiful. Lying on the floor was a dead man in
evening dress. He had a knife in his heart. He was old and evening dress. He had a knife in his heart. He was old and
horribly ugly. It was not until they saw his rings that they horribly ugly. It was not until they saw his rings that they
recognized who the man was. recognized who the man was.
Adaptado de WILDE, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray.
Harlow: Pearson, 1994. Source: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08-
[Adapted].
(Uerj 2019) (1) There was a cry, and a crash. The cry was so Accessed on: August 16th, 2019.
horrible (ref. 3)
(2) Old Mrs Leaf was crying. (ref. 4) (Ufsc 2020) Select the proposition(s) which contains (contain)
the correct translation for the underlined words as they are
Nos trechos acima, a palavra cry assume diferentes used in the text.
significados.
01) bicycle: bicicleta

Indique o significado de cry no trecho (1) e traduza todo o
02) climate change: mudança climática
trecho (2).
04) walks of life: pedestres
Exercício 336 08) coupled with: comparado com
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: 16) butchers: contadores
Copenhagen has taken bicycle commuting to a whole new level 32) Danes: burgueses
by Erik Kirschbaum 64) rush hours: horários de pico
August 8, 2019
Exercício 337
Copenhagen
Copenhagen has taken bicycle commuting to a whole new level
by Erik Kirschbaum
August 8, 2019
rolling humanity who bicycle through Copenhagen every day.
Copenhagen
He quickly lost about 20 kilos on his hour-a-day bike
commutes, while saving time and a small fortune. “I had a
Mercedes but it sat in the garage all the time because it was so
rolling humanity who bicycle through Copenhagen every day.
much easier to get everywhere by bike,” said Jensen, a 51-year-
He quickly lost about 20 kilos on his hour-a-day bike
old who works in a downtown investment bank.
commutes, while saving time and a small fortune. “I had a
Cycling has been a part of life in Copenhagen for decades
Mercedes but it sat in the garage all the time because it was so
despite 1windy and rainy conditions for much of the year. In
much easier to get everywhere by bike,” said Jensen, a 51-year-
recent years, cycling has enjoyed yet another surge in
old who works in a downtown investment bank.
2popularity – the result of 3constantly improving bike lanes
Cycling has been a part of life in Copenhagen for decades
coupled with fears of climate change.
despite 1windy and rainy conditions for much of the year. In
Copenhagen’s City Council reported in early July that 62% of
recent years, cycling has enjoyed yet another surge in
its residents are now commuting to work or school by bike.
2popularity – the result of 3constantly improving bike lanes
coupled with fears of climate change.
Copenhagen’s City Council reported in early July that 62% of
its residents are now commuting to work or school by bike.
comfortable, there has been a spate of activity in recent years
to improve the already impressive biking infrastructure.
Copenhagen has built 17 new bridges over the city’s canals for
bicycles. Also, more than a dozen cycle superhighways have
comfortable, there has been a spate of activity in recent years
been set up to create higher-speed, traffic-light-free bike
to improve the already impressive biking infrastructure.
paths.
Copenhagen has built 17 new bridges over the city’s canals for
Klaus Mygind, a member of Copenhagen’s City Council,
bicycles. Also, more than a dozen cycle superhighways have
believes that many more Danes are switching to cycling
been set up to create higher-speed, traffic-light-free bike
because they feel a responsibility to future generations. “I do
paths.
think the climate change problem is what has been motivating
Klaus Mygind, a member of Copenhagen’s City Council,
even more people to take the bike,” he said.
believes that many more Danes are switching to cycling
All walks of life can be seen pedaling against the wind during
because they feel a responsibility to future generations. “I do
the morning and evening rush hours. It’s not unusual to see
lawyers and business professionals in suits or 5dresses
standing on their bikes at red lights next to butchers, 6bakers
All walks of life can be seen pedaling against the wind during
and clerks.
the morning and evening rush hours. It’s not unusual to see
expensive and difficult send strong signals to commuters about
and clerks.
where the priorities lie in the city that has pledged to become
the world’s first carbon-neutral capital by 2025.
expensive and difficult send strong signals to commuters about Taken together, the efforts to bolster the cycling infrastructure
where the priorities lie in the city that has pledged to become while making driving and parking into the city prohibitively
the world’s first carbon-neutral capital by 2025. expensive and difficult send strong signals to commuters about
where the priorities lie in the city that has pledged to become
Source: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08- the world’s first carbon-neutral capital by 2025.
[Adapted]. Source: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08-
Accessed on: August 16th, 2019. 07/copenhagen-has-taken-bicycle-commuting-to-a-new-level.
[Adapted].
Accessed on: August 16th, 2019.
(Ufsc 2020) Select the proposition(s) which contains (contain)
correct definitions or synonyms for the words in bold as they (Ufsc 2020) Select the proposition(s) which correctly indicates
are used in the text. (indicate) the grammatical meaning of the suffixes as they are
used in the text.
01) commutes: regular trips to school or work
02) despite: as a consequence of 01) Reference 1: -y in “windy” – adjective
04) surge: a sudden increase 02) Reference 2: -ity in “popularity” – noun
08) spate: decrease 04) Reference 3: -ly in “constantly” – adjective
16) fears: scary 08) Reference 4: -er in “faster” – comparative
32) pledged: promised 16) Reference 5: -es in “dresses” – verb
32) Reference 6: -er in “bakers” – superlative
Exercício 338
by Erik Kirschbaum Exercício 339
August 8, 2019 TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Copenhagen Future skills: understanding fake news
Soren Jensen sold his car six years ago and joined the rivers of Imagine this: two news articles are shared simultaneously
rolling humanity who bicycle through Copenhagen every day. online. The first is a deeply reported and thoroughly fact-
He quickly lost about 20 kilos on his hour-a-day bike checked story from a credible news-gathering organisation –
commutes, while saving time and a small fortune. “I had a perhaps Le Monde or The Wall Street Journal. The second is a
Mercedes but it sat in the garage all the time because it was so false or misleading story. But the article is designed to mimic
much easier to get everywhere by bike,” said Jensen, a 51-year- content from a credible newsroom, from 1its headline to the
old who works in a downtown investment bank. way in which it has been shared.
Cycling has been a part of life in Copenhagen for decades The first article – designed to inform – receives limited
despite 1windy and rainy conditions for much of the year. In attention. The second article – designed for virality –
recent years, cycling has enjoyed yet another surge in accumulates shares. It exploits the way 2your brain processes
2popularity – the result of 3constantly improving bike lanes new information, and the way social media decides what to
coupled with fears of climate change. show you.
Copenhagen’s City Council reported in early July that 62% of Most people are getting at least some of 3their news from
its residents are now commuting to work or school by bike. social media now. In order to maximise profits from displaying
According to local reports, there are more bikes than people in ads, news feeds and timelines show the content 4that attracts
Copenhagen, and five times as many bicycles as cars. the most attention. This ends up favouring headlines that
To make commuting by bike even easier, 4faster and more scream for reactions (expressed as shares, “likes” and
comfortable, there has been a spate of activity in recent years comments). Add to this the ability to boost the visibility of any
to improve the already impressive biking infrastructure. message by buying an ad and targeting the people most likely
Copenhagen has built 17 new bridges over the city’s canals for to react to 5it (based on interests, behaviours and
bicycles. Also, more than a dozen cycle superhighways have relationships), and people can produce disinformation at
been set up to create higher-speed, traffic-light-free bike unbelievable rates and then track 6their success.
paths.
Klaus Mygind, a member of Copenhagen’s City Council, Source: https://www.britishcouncil.org/anyone-
believes that many more Danes are switching to cycling anywhere/explore/dark-side-web/fake-news. [Adapted]
because they feel a responsibility to future generations. “I do Accessed on: August 1st, 2019.
All walks of life can be seen pedaling against the wind during (Ufsc 2020) Select the correct proposition(s) according to the
the morning and evening rush hours. It’s not unusual to see text.
01) Fake news articles can go viral if they are designed to look
like an article from a respected newspaper.
and clerks.
02) An article must be published in respected newspapers and
magazines to receive a lot of attention on social media. (Ufsc 2020) According to the text, it is correct to affirm that:
04) Fake news articles rely on how the brain processes
01) Wikipedia is used as a source of information.
information to catch the readers’ attention.
02) sharing family information on social media is
08) Advertising fake news is a crime in some countries.
inappropriate.
16) Advertising has contributed to the growth of fake news.
04) democracy has become stronger with the help of social
32) To call people’s attention, news reports have to present
media.
real facts.
08) people may use social media to express their hate.
Exercício 340 16) posting selfies is the best way to make new friends on
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 2 QUESTÕES: social media.
On social media 32) social media make people feel they have power.
[Pet Shop Boys]
Exercício 341
On social media
When you care about the issues of the day
[Pet Shop Boys]
And check your facts on Wikipedia
You can and get into an argument right away
When you care about the issues of the day
If you’re on social media
And check your facts on Wikipedia
You can and get into an argument right away
The world is changing everywhere
If you’re on social media
With a speed that couldn’t be speedier
But you feel so ahead of the curve
The world is changing everywhere
When you’re on social media
With a speed that couldn’t be speedier
But you feel so ahead of the curve
When you’re on social media (4x)
You’re part of the conversation

You’re there in every debate
From football to religion to contemporary art
You’re ready to pontificate
You’re there in every debate
From football to religion to contemporary art
While democracy is losing its way
You’re ready to pontificate
And greed is getting greedier
Console yourself with a selfie or two
While democracy is losing its way
And post them on social media
And greed is getting greedier
Console yourself with a selfie or two
And post them on social media
My likes are in the thousands

My tweets are being retweeted
My family pics or holiday snaps
My likes are in the thousands
With total love are greeted
My tweets are being retweeted
My family pics or holiday snaps
It’s so nice when people like you
With total love are greeted
You’re feeling hashtag blessed
It’s so nice when people like you
It’s like you passed the test
You’re feeling hashtag blessed
It’s like you passed the test
And sometimes you can fuel the debate

By biting the hand that feeds you
Expressing pure anonymous hate
And sometimes you can fuel the debate
By biting the hand that feeds you
Expressing pure anonymous hate
I feel so empowered
I feel so empowered
The Council of Europe promotes policies which strengthen
linguistic diversity and language rights, deepen mutual
(Ufsc 2020) Select the proposition(s) that contains (contain) a understanding, consolidate democratic citizenship and sustain
possible translation for the underlined expressions as they are social cohesion.
used in the text.
Council of Europe language education policies aim to promote:
01) care about: ignorar
02) get into an argument: construir um argumento
- PLURILINGUALISM: all are entitled to develop a degree of
04) right away: imediatamente
communicative ability in a number of languages over their
08) console yourself: aconselhar-se
lifetime in accordance with their needs;
16) fuel the debate: evitar o debate
- LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY: Europe is multilingual and all its
32) biting the hand that feeds you: sendo ingrato
languages are equally valuable modes of communication and
Exercício 342 expressions of identity; the right to use and to learn one’s
(Ufsc 2018) Bob Dylan receives Nobel Prize in literature in language(s) is protected in Council of Europe Conventions;
Sweden - MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING: the opportunity to learn other
languages is an essential condition for intercultural
communication and acceptance of cultural differences;
- DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP: participation in democratic and
social processes in multilingual societies is facilitated by the
plurilingual competence of individuals;
- SOCIAL COHESION: equality of opportunity for personal
development, education, employment, mobility, access to
information and cultural enrichment depends on access to
language learning throughout life.
A plurilingual person has:

Singer-songwriter Bob Dylan finally received his Nobel Prize in - a repertoire of languages and language varieties;
literature Saturday at a private ceremony in Stockholm, - competences of different kinds and levels within the
according to a statement posted online by the head of the repertoire.
Swedish Academy. Here is an extract of his lecture:
“That’s what songs are too. Our songs are alive in the land of Plurilingual education promotes:
the living. But songs are unlike literature. They’re meant to be - an awareness of why and how one learns the languages one
sung, not read. The words in Shakespeare’s plays were meant has chosen;
to be acted on the stage. Just as lyrics in songs are meant to be- an awareness of and the ability to use transferable skills in
sung, not read on a page. And I hope some of you get the language learning;
chance to listen to these lyrics the way they were intended to - a respect for the plurilingualism of others and the value of
be heard: in concert or on record or however people are languages and varieties irrespective of their perceived status in
listening to songs these days”. society;
- a respect for the cultures embodied in languages and the
Available: cultural identities of others;
<http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/01/entertainment/bob-dylan- - an ability to perceive and mediate the relationships which
nobel-prize/index.html> and exist among languages and cultures;
<www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2016/dylan-- a global integrated approach to language education in the
lecture.html>. [Adapted]. Accessed on: June 25th, 2017. curriculum.
Available:
According to text, it is correct to affirm that: <http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Division_EN.asp>.
01) Dylan received the Nobel Prize during a public ceremony. [Adapted]. Accessed on: June 15th, 2017.
02) Dylan was invited to become a member of the Swedish
Academy. (Ufsc 2018) Select the proposition(s) that could be the main
04) songs are different from literature. topic of text.
08) according to Dylan, the best way to listen to songs is by 01) Language schools in Europe.
going to a concert. 02) Multilingualism around the world.
16) Dylan’s lecture occurred in a private event. 04) The differences between multilingualism and
plurilingualism.
Exercício 343
08) The goals of language education in Europe.
16) The promotion of citizenship.
Council of Europe language education policy
Exercício 344 02) Plurilingual individuals become more tolerant of cultural
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: differences.
Council of Europe language education policy 04) Plurilingualism helps people to participate in democratic
processes.
The Council of Europe promotes policies which strengthen 08) In Europe, the government decides which languages should
linguistic diversity and language rights, deepen mutual be learned at school.
understanding, consolidate democratic citizenship and sustain 16) People who know more than one language show more
social cohesion. respect for language varieties.
32) A true plurilingual person can speak perfectly some
Council of Europe language education policies aim to promote: languages.
- PLURILINGUALISM: all are entitled to develop a degree of Exercício 345

communicative ability in a number of languages over their TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES:
lifetime in accordance with their needs; Council of Europe language education policy
- LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY: Europe is multilingual and all its
languages are equally valuable modes of communication and The Council of Europe promotes policies which strengthen
expressions of identity; the right to use and to learn one’s linguistic diversity and language rights, deepen mutual
language(s) is protected in Council of Europe Conventions; understanding, consolidate democratic citizenship and sustain
- MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING: the opportunity to learn other social cohesion.
languages is an essential condition for intercultural
communication and acceptance of cultural differences; Council of Europe language education policies aim to promote:
- DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP: participation in democratic and
social processes in multilingual societies is facilitated by the - PLURILINGUALISM: all are entitled to develop a degree of
plurilingual competence of individuals; communicative ability in a number of languages over their
- SOCIAL COHESION: equality of opportunity for personal lifetime in accordance with their needs;
development, education, employment, mobility, access to - LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY: Europe is multilingual and all its
information and cultural enrichment depends on access to languages are equally valuable modes of communication and
language learning throughout life. expressions of identity; the right to use and to learn one’s
language(s) is protected in Council of Europe Conventions;
A plurilingual person has: - MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING: the opportunity to learn other
- a repertoire of languages and language varieties; languages is an essential condition for intercultural
- competences of different kinds and levels within the communication and acceptance of cultural differences;
repertoire. - DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP: participation in democratic and
social processes in multilingual societies is facilitated by the
Plurilingual education promotes: plurilingual competence of individuals;
- an awareness of why and how one learns the languages one - SOCIAL COHESION: equality of opportunity for personal
has chosen; development, education, employment, mobility, access to
- an awareness of and the ability to use transferable skills in information and cultural enrichment depends on access to
language learning; language learning throughout life.
- a respect for the plurilingualism of others and the value of
languages and varieties irrespective of their perceived status in A plurilingual person has:
society; - a repertoire of languages and language varieties;
- a respect for the cultures embodied in languages and the - competences of different kinds and levels within the
cultural identities of others; repertoire.
- an ability to perceive and mediate the relationships which
exist among languages and cultures; Plurilingual education promotes:
- a global integrated approach to language education in the - an awareness of why and how one learns the languages one
curriculum. has chosen;
- an awareness of and the ability to use transferable skills in
Available: language learning;
<http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Division_EN.asp>. - a respect for the plurilingualism of others and the value of
[Adapted]. Accessed on: June 15th, 2017. languages and varieties irrespective of their perceived status in
society;
- a respect for the cultures embodied in languages and the
(Ufsc 2018) Select the correct proposition(s) according to the cultural identities of others;
information in text. - an ability to perceive and mediate the relationships which
exist among languages and cultures;
01) The European education policy promotes the teaching of - a global integrated approach to language education in the
the most important languages. curriculum.
Bob Dylan was born on May 24th, 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota.
Available: He grew up in a Jewish middle-class family in the city of
<http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Division_EN.asp>. Hibbing. As a teenager he played in various bands and with
[Adapted]. Accessed on: June 15th, 2017. time his interest in music deepened, with a particular passion
for American folk music and blues. He was influenced by the
(Ufsc 2018) Select the proposition(s) which contains (contain) early authors of the Beat Generation, as well as by modernist
correct translations for the underlined words as they are used poets.
in text. Dylan moved to New York City in 1961 and began to perform
in clubs and cafés in Greenwich Village. He met the record
01) understanding: compreensão
producer John Hammond with whom he signed a contract for
02) needs: precisa
his debut album, Bob Dylan (1962). In the following years he
04) citizenship: cidadania
recorded a number of albums which have had a tremendous
08) individuals: individuais
impact on popular music.
16) irrespective of: depende de
Dylan has recorded a large number of albums revolving around
32) perceive: perceptível
topics such as: the social conditions of man, religion, politics
Exercício 346 and love. The lyrics have continuously been published in new
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 4 QUESTÕES: editions, under the title Lyrics. As an artist, he is strikingly
Bob Dylan was born on May 24th, 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota. versatile; he has been active as painter, actor and scriptwriter.
He grew up in a Jewish middle-class family in the city of Besides his large production of albums, Dylan has published
Hibbing. As a teenager he played in various bands and with experimental work like Tarantula (1971) and the collection
time his interest in music deepened, with a particular passion Writings and Drawings (1973). He has written an
for American folk music and blues. He was influenced by the autobiography, Chronicles (2004), which depicts memories
early authors of the Beat Generation, as well as by modernist from the early years in New York and which provides glimpses
poets. of his life at the center of popular culture.
Dylan moved to New York City in 1961 and began to perform
in clubs and cafés in Greenwich Village. He met the record Available:
producer John Hammond with whom he signed a contract for <https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2016/b
his debut album, Bob Dylan (1962). In the following years he bibl.html>. [Adapted]. Accessed on: June 22nd, 2017
Dylan has recorded a large number of albums revolving around (Ufsc 2018) Select the correct proposition(s) according to the
topics such as: the social conditions of man, religion, politics information in text.
and love. The lyrics have continuously been published in new 01) Bob Dylan is also a writer.
editions, under the title Lyrics. As an artist, he is strikingly 02) Dylan’s interest in music began in New York City.
versatile; he has been active as painter, actor and scriptwriter. 04) Dylan’s first album was very successful.
Besides his large production of albums, Dylan has published 08) All of Dylan’s albums are about political issues.
experimental work like Tarantula (1971) and the collection 16) Dylan’s song lyrics have been published in books.
Writings and Drawings (1973). He has written an 32) Dylan is planning to write an autobiography.
autobiography, Chronicles (2004), which depicts memories
from the early years in New York and which provides glimpses Exercício 348
of his life at the center of popular culture. TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 4 QUESTÕES:
Bob Dylan was born on May 24th, 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota.
Available: He grew up in a Jewish middle-class family in the city of
<https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2016/bio-
Hibbing. As a teenager he played in various bands and with
bibl.html>. [Adapted]. Accessed on: June 22nd, 2017 time his interest in music deepened, with a particular passion
early authors of the Beat Generation, as well as by modernist
(Ufsc 2018) Which question(s) can be answered according to poets.
text? Dylan moved to New York City in 1961 and began to perform
01) What is the name of the city where the musician was
born?
02) What is Dylan’s most famous song?
04) Who was Dylan’s first producer?
08) Where does Dylan live now?
Dylan has recorded a large number of albums revolving around
topics such as: the social conditions of man, religion, politics
16) When did Dylan release his first album?
and love. The lyrics have continuously been published in new
Exercício 347 editions, under the title Lyrics. As an artist, he is strikingly
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 4 QUESTÕES: versatile; he has been active as painter, actor and scriptwriter.
Besides his large production of albums, Dylan has published Dylan has recorded a large number of albums revolving around
experimental work like Tarantula (1971) and the collection topics such as: the social conditions of man, religion, politics
Writings and Drawings (1973). He has written an and love. The lyrics have continuously been published in new
autobiography, Chronicles (2004), which depicts memories editions, under the title Lyrics. As an artist, he is strikingly
from the early years in New York and which provides glimpses versatile; he has been active as painter, actor and scriptwriter.
of his life at the center of popular culture. Besides his large production of albums, Dylan has published
experimental work like Tarantula (1971) and the collection
Available: Writings and Drawings (1973). He has written an
<https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2016/bio-
autobiography, Chronicles (2004), which depicts memories
bibl.html>. [Adapted]. Accessed on: June 22nd, 2017 from the early years in New York and which provides glimpses
of his life at the center of popular culture.
(Ufsc 2018) According to text, which proposition(s) can be
considered correct? Available:
<https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2016/b
01) Dylan lived in a city called Hibbing.
bibl.html>. [Adapted]. Accessed on: June 22nd, 2017
02) Dylan’s albums influenced other musicians.
04) Dylan played with a band, for the first time, when he
(Ufsc 2018) Select the proposition(s) which contains (contain)
moved to New York.
correct definitions or synonyms for the underlined words as
08) Dylan was not interested in other forms of art.
they are used in text.
16) Dylan’s music was influenced by poetry.
01) as well as: correctly
Exercício 349 02) in the following: in the next
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 4 QUESTÕES: 04) which: that
Bob Dylan was born on May 24th, 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota. 08) such as: like
He grew up in a Jewish middle-class family in the city of 16) besides: next to
Hibbing. As a teenager he played in various bands and with
time his interest in music deepened, with a particular passion
early authors of the Beat Generation, as well as by modernist
poets.
Dylan moved to New York City in 1961 and began to perform
GABARITO
Exercício 5
Exercício 1
c) irá causar grande impacto ambiental, climático e
e) poderá ser a solução para o problema de espaço de ecossistêmico.
armazenamento de informação digital.
Exercício 6
Exercício 2
c) Os bonobos se alimentam de frutas com sementes. Seu
c) contribuir para a redução da fome. sistema digestivo prepara as sementes para a germinação.
Como andam grandes distâncias, suas fezes ajudam a
Exercício 3 espalhar as sementes pela floresta.
d) expectativa de vida de um fumante. Exercício 7
b) tribes.
a) culpa. e) medidas de emergência a serem tomadas em catástrofes.
Exercício 9 d) “Cuidado com o que você deseja, pois poderá ser
atendido”.
a) contraste.
Exercício 27
Exercício 10
d) personificação.
b) refering back to the quotation
Exercício 28
Exercício 11
a) ironiza uma ideia de liberdade de expressão.
d) admitiu que a mãe estava certa.
Exercício 29
Exercício 12
d) apesar de.
b) Segregação socioespacial urbana, migração rural-urbana,
impacto socioambiental. Exercício 30
Exercício 13 d) ative a produção de anticorpos para combater a nicotina.
a) a energia eólica, as hidrelétricas e a energia solar.

Exercício 31
Exercício 14 a) “I will give the tower contract to the person with the highest
offer”.
d) aos jovens.
Exercício 32
Exercício 15
c) Brazil ratifies Paris agreement with pledge to sharply reduce
c) is curious to know the origin of the babies
emissions.
Exercício 16
Exercício 33
d) Distrito Federal.
c) está em crise.
Exercício 17
Exercício 34
c) contraste.
b) ao Instagram, por propiciar postagens que veiculam uma
Exercício 18 autoimagem irreal das pessoas.
d) os desmatadores não ouvem os argumentos dos

ambientalistas. Exercício 35
Exercício 19 a) a large number of Africans continue to live under bad

condition.
e) Rain forest.
Exercício 36
Exercício 20
d) hypothesis.
b) instead of
Exercício 37
Exercício 21
d) “what we do today can have implications on the lives of
a) also
people and the planet in future”.
Exercício 22
Exercício 38
d) one of the major causes of people's death.
c) according to President Lula's decree of June 4, 2010, a
Exercício 23 national day was established so as to celebrate the struggle
against homophobia.
b) chegou tarde em casa, descumprindo o horário que havia
combinado com a mãe. Exercício 39
Exercício 24 c) a reasonable idea to reduce the adverse effects on the

environment.
a) oposição.
b) sente-se responsável por um fenômeno climático. e) would
a) might eventually dry out due to climate change, Exercício 58
deforestation and fires.
c) Humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off
Exercício 42 against superhuman foes. (ref. 14)
e) requerem avaliação ampla, quanto à possível presença de Exercício 59

elementos tendenciosos em sua concepção.
d) French Guiana.
Exercício 43
a) formulating a hypothesis Exercício 60
Exercício 44 d) people stood by in a passive way and watched the elite’s

arrangements.
b) inserir uma vírgula após “Help” (1º quadrinho), apenas.
Exercício 61
Exercício 45
b) Can you answer my question in a simpler way?
a) said that those distinctions were consequential.
Exercício 62
Exercício 46
c) carry the basket
a) refreshed
Exercício 63
Exercício 47
a) I, II, III, IV, and V.
c) use
Exercício 64
Exercício 48 b) are not poor anymore.
d) indica a necessidade de mais pesquisas sobre o assunto. Exercício 65
a) ageing
Exercício 49
d) environmental changes Exercício 66
Exercício 50 c) Epidemics have previously been seen as a consequence of

natural disasters, (ref. 9)
c) however
Exercício 67
Exercício 51
a) changes from place to place.
Exercício 68
Exercício 52
c) branqueamento dos pólipos de cnidários pela expulsão de
e) faltam atividades no mercado de trabalho. suas algas simbiontes; acidificação marinha em virtude dos
Exercício 53 maiores níveis de no ar; e menor taxa fotossintética em
razão dos níveis oceânicos elevados.
c) A critical tone
Exercício 69
Exercício 54
c) teve uma redução de cerca de 15% da extensão que tinha
c) to avoid the spread of contagious diseases such as
nos anos 1970.
typhoid and smallpox (ref. 8) – tradução: varíola.
Exercício 70
Exercício 55
a) ironical
d) worldwide phenomenon.
Exercício 71
Exercício 56
c) Carole Walter makes great recipes.
b) her that he had bought some flowers
Exercício 72
Exercício 57
d) asked if people’s fascination with fantastic fiends was
b) convencer sobre os benefícios da adoção de animais de
healthy.
estimação para a saúde
Exercício 73
d) physical fitness condition is related to the students’ Exercício 89
performance at school, which also can be related with them
b) algumas mulheres descuidarem da prevenção de problemas
having higher or lower grades.
de saúde para os quais pareciam não estar predispostas.
Exercício 74
Exercício 90
b) presents herself in an unreal way on the internet.
d) wouldn’t have seen the ad
Exercício 75
Exercício 91
b) morrer de rir.
c) Mosquitoes are also important for food chain balance and
Exercício 76 pollination.
e) If Science Without Borders had been suspended, another Exercício 92

federal education program would have been significantly
b) has been a powerful and potential tool to change things
expanded
which society hasn´t been able to overcome along the
Exercício 77 decades.
b) represents
Exercício 93
Exercício 78
d) provoca uma reflexão crítica em relação à classificação e à
c) sentia-se em situação de risco, depois das ações de um mercantilização das raças.
agente do DEA.
a) a proporção de desempregados na faixa dos 25 a 54 anos é b) have been recognised
parecida com a de mais jovens.
Exercício 95
Exercício 80
a) nicotine is extremely addictive.
a) She said: “I was driving home from work last night, and I
found myself behind a man in a convertible”. Exercício 96
Exercício 81 b) That was their hope. That was the faith that he would go
back to the South with.
d) environmental changes
Exercício 97
Exercício 82
a) somebody shot a 22-year-old transvestite in a street in Belo
c) Simple solutions such as trapping female mosquitoes can Horizonte, and this was recorded by a surveillance camera.
have a big impact on reducing the diseases.
Exercício 98
Exercício 83
b) prevent the proliferation of malaria vector mosquitoes.
e) said that he had seen Jane the day before
Exercício 99
Exercício 84
c) um contraste.
b) difficult but necessary changes in Spanish regulations.
Exercício 100
Exercício 85
d) He was the last person in Washington to die because of the
b) helping to legalize same-sex marriage all over Brazil. death penalty.
d) Would you like to have a look at Bert Krages’ book? d) Despite the problems that Spain is facing, some factors
Exercício 87 indicate that there is hope for the country’s economic future.
b) questions whether the Brazilian Central Bank is being Exercício 102

directly controlled by the Rousseff administration. a) acredita ser um bom líder.
c) there may be a relation between kinds of disease as well as b) personal benefits are reached.
their symptoms.
Exercício 104
d) You could see it through my eyes if you would realize how d) 80% da eliminação dos resíduos sólidos aconteceram em
special you are. aterros nos Estados Unidos em 1990.
c) illustrates the argument that certain uses of technology to e) Protein consumption is higher on the Scarsdale Medical
collect data about citizens are also a kind of policing. Diet.
Exercício 120
Exercício 106
c) 7
c) Spain’s performance in the area of exports is similar to
Germany’s performance. Exercício 121
a) contrast – result
Exercício 107
c) of the men named as defendants in the accusation, only Exercício 122

two are Latin American and Caribbean citizens. d) statistically related rising rates of both smokers and lung
cancer.
Exercício 108
c) he couldn’t fit into politics. Exercício 123
a) Most of Apple’s workers are highly qualified and well paid

Exercício 109
professionals
b) o Banco Central aumentará as taxas de juros se a inflação
subir. Exercício 124
b) o número de empregos era menor que o atual.

Exercício 110
e) Genes that read incorrectly the tRNAs, which can harm the Exercício 125
function of proteins. c) concordância, pois o autor apoia a mesma linha de
pensamento de Milton quanto às críticas ao controle da
Exercício 111
liberdade de imprensa.
d) beneficial fire burn, for forest management, is an important
technique used along the years to support new wildlife Exercício 126
growth and it can also revitalize habitats. c) he is concerned about the refugees’ wellfare.

a) a maior parte dos indígenas vive em aldeias perto de rios e a) increase the number of black and indigenous students in
não são nômades. universities.

e) Yet e) to reach a balance between pleasure and side effects of
eating fast food.
Exercício 114
a) respect Exercício 129
e) Mafalda thinks that Susanita should not focus on trying to

achieve social expectations.
Exercício 115
c) technology spread the existence of conspiracy theories. Exercício 130

a) they urge the sales force to a course of action insistently d) wishes he was somewhere else.
and forcefully.
Exercício 132
Exercício 117
d) Only I and III.
b) very few of them feel really happy.
Exercício 133
d) janitor in a courtroom.
Exercício 118
c) Japanese companies that avoid bankruptcy by continuously e) Genes that read incorrectly the tRNAs, which can harm the
borrowing money from Japanese banks. function of proteins.
a) were sold – can be pedaled – are usually permitted c) aos não indígenas.
c) scientists have not successfully freed embryos of a piece of c) Exposure to natural and nuclear disasters quickly killed all
faulty DNA that causes deadly heart disease to run in families. life within a large radius of both sites.
Exercício 152
d) Salespersons often do not help each other when incentive

Exercício 137
system is in operation.
e) the worst sentence he could receive would be life in prison.
Exercício 153
Exercício 138
d) Consumers in Spain have drastically reduced spending.
e) Certain city laws do not agree with certain federal laws.
Exercício 154
Exercício 139
c) subject complement and a subject complement.
a) o evento de 11 de setembro de 2001 é mais significativo
que outros eventos ocorridos na última década. Exercício 155
e) revela um posicionamento a respeito do impacto do sistema

capitalista no meio ambiente.
Exercício 140
b) difficult but necessary changes in Spanish regulations. Exercício 156
d) na sentença Anything that can be connected, o modal “can”

Exercício 141
apresenta a ideia de possibilidade de ocorrência.
b) Smart weaponry didn’t win operation desert storm.
Exercício 157
Exercício 142
b) was sent
b) survives – will come
Exercício 158
Exercício 143
b) The accused has murdered before.
b) Moreover, Harvey wants to put a stop to it by that most
unfashionable of instruments: government. Exercício 159
e) if an item fulfills the three main functions of money, it can

Exercício 144
then be considered money.
d) the unprecedented scale in which actions of citizens are
being monitored. Exercício 160
d) Janet Reno

c) oferecer condições de realizar operações militares d) “I hope I attend medical school in the US and continue with
carregando muito peso. projects concerning the environment.”
Exercício 162
Exercício 146
e) the current account deficits of Greece and Portugal have
c) Spain should spend less money on foreign products. decreased more slowly than has the current account deficit of
Spain.
Exercício 147
d) neither Ronald O. Perelman nor Patricia Duff can yet be Exercício 163
considered the winner. b) the author does not consider them an essential item for
sales managers to take into account.
Exercício 148
a) Exporters have maintained their expenses at a reasonable Exercício 164

level and so are still able to compete with other companies. c) is normally a safe place to live.
Exercício 165 c) shopping helps people socialize with others.
a) tempo. Exercício 181
Exercício 166 c) select information and exchange messages through the use
of digital sources.
b) algumas mulheres descuidarem da prevenção de problemas
de saúde para os quais pareciam não estar predispostas.
Exercício 182
Exercício 167 b) trash
b) If you are selling riot-control gear, mobs are not bad for Exercício 183
business.
a) hadn’t been
Exercício 168
d) The text said that good friends encouraged their friends to Exercício 184
seek help and access services.
e) na falta de iniciativa para solucionar a questão.
Exercício 169
Exercício 185
c) que a comercialização do Flavr Savr pode representar um
grande impulso à industria genética. b) Carl D. Cooper's murders trial and controversy surrounding
it.
b) “Last year, the company’s 327 global stores took in more c) Just before her husband died, he said that he had discovered
money per square foot than any other United States flaws in the design of the ships that the Taiwanese Navy
retailer…” intended to buy.
a) Include c) prevê que a inflação em 2012 estará dentro da meta

estabelecida em 2005.
Exercício 172
Exercício 188
a) are wrong in seeking the death penalty.
c) I and II only
Exercício 173
Exercício 189
b) esclarecer os leitores sobre o que é e como ocorre o
greenwashing. d) height and weight
a) o Brasil conviveu com o problema da inflação ao longo de d) I and II only

quase todo o século XX. Exercício 191
Exercício 175 c) in spite of Brazil's dramatic economic progress, the country
c) But when it comes to inflation, Brazil is a recovering still has to deal with the problem of violence against LGBT
alcoholic. people.
d) taxa de câmbio e taxa de juros atuais. b) … Obama extolled Brazil for its remarkable economic
growth rate and its transition from dictatorship to open
Exercício 177 democracy. (ref. 6)
extolled: praised
a) gravidade de burnout nas condições atuais.
Exercício 193
Exercício 178
e) If one lion were taller, the other one wouldn’t have had to
c) will reach
help him.
Exercício 179
Exercício 194
b) climatic change, combustion of fossil fuels and floods.
b) Exposure to the same level of radiation can affect birds of
Exercício 180 the same species in different ways.
Exercício 195 a) Os meninos são criados para temerem o medo, a fraqueza e
a vulnerabilidade. Além disso, são ensinados a mascararem
e) people in older enforced regimens were less subject to
suas verdadeiras identidades. No caso das meninas, elas
monitoring than are the people in the open societies of today.
aprendem a se encolherem a fim de agradar os egos frágeis
dos homens. Ademais, elas não podem ter tanta ambição para
Exercício 196 que não ofusquem o homem.
e) "NONETHELESS, English is strong as a second language,

Trechos importantes: “We teach them to mask their true
and teaching it has become a growth industry." Par. 21 -
selves, because they have to be, in Nigerian-speak-a hard
(negation).
man” (Ensinamos a eles como mascara suas próprias
Exercício 197 identidades, porque eles têm que ser, como se fala na Nigéria,
homens duros) e “You can have ambition, but not too much”
e) untold millionaires – secret millionaires (Você pode ter ambição, mas não muita).
Exercício 198
b) A autora acredita que o modo com os garotos e garotas se
d) Hadn’t we missed the plane, we would all have been killed sentem pode mudar. A solução para tal problema é mudarmos
in the crash. o modo como as crianças são educadas, a fim de que daqui 50
ou 100 anos os meninos não sintam mais a pressão de provar
sua masculinidade por meios materiais.
Exercício 199
01) the conjunction “Although” can be replaced by “In spite of Exercício 211
the fact that” with no change in the meaning of the clause. a) Segundo o texto, o comitê organizador dos jogos olímpicos
02) the word “being(s)” is a noun. It means “a living thing, de 2024 reconhece o interesse cada vez maior pelos e-sports.
especially a person”. Segundo ele, a juventude está interessada, e é por isso que
08) the verb “enhance” can be translated into Portuguese as eles devem ser considerados. O texto coloca: “Recognizing the
“acentuar”. growing interest in e-sports, the organizing committee of the
2024 Summer Olympics in Paris said: ‘The youth are
Exercício 200
interested, let’s meet them”. Além disso, o comitê gera mais de
c) for (par. 3) - purpose. 90 por cento de sua renda a partir de transmissão e patrocínio.
Com isso, a inclusão seria vantajosa. O texto coloca: “The IOC
Exercício 201
generates more than 90 per cent of its revenue from broadcast
a) the Central Bank may eventually prove to be right. and sponsorship.”
Exercício 202 b) Pelo fato de o autor ter sido um atleta olímpico do salto em
d) were able to shun long time in prison altura, ele tem dificuldade em aceitar os e-sports nos Jogos
Olímpicos. O ponto em questão é a comparação do esforço
Exercício 203 físico exigido pelos esportes tradicionais e pelos e-sports.
b) Should you wait, you won’t be painful.
Exercício 212
Exercício 204 a) Ainda que o(a) autor(a) considere diferentes convenções
b) has made Apple’s turnover skyrocket. culturais possivelmente constrangedoras, ele(a) também as
considera fascinantes.
Exercício 205
d) non-defining, non-defining, and defining. b) Os argentinos se cumprimentam com um ou dois beijos no

rosto, mesmo sendo desconhecidos. Os chilenos, por sua vez,
Exercício 206 se cumprimentam com um aperto de mãos, mas, se já forem
amigos, em seguida, eles também se abraçam.
d) noun clause, a noun clause, and a noun clause.
Exercício 213
Exercício 207
c) complex and simple.
e) I, II e III.
Exercício 214
Exercício 208
a) Though most inhabitants of Washington are against the
a) the expansion of trees adapted to drier climate conditions.
death penalty federal prosecutors are in favor of it.
Exercício 209
Exercício 215
d) Its independence
a) Bem-estar/desemprego, previdência social, assistência
Exercício 210 médica, defesa e outros serviços. A resposta correta deveria
conter dois dos gastos mencionados anteriormente. genética, pois a atividade antrópica destrutiva, com
b) Que o americano médio se preocupa apenas com aquilo que desmatamentos e queimadas, altera os nichos ecológicos,
o beneficia pessoalmente. Todos os outros gastos não passam desequilibrando as teias alimentares e os ecossistemas, o que
de desperdício. reduz a variabilidade genética das populações, afetando a
adaptação dos organismos ao meio.
Exercício 216
a) Segundo o texto, ele compra uma casa em ruínas em uma b) O processo biológico citado é a endotermia, ou seja, a
vizinhança deprimida. Ele a conserta e a revende para um capacidade de o organismo utilizar o próprio metabolismo
casal jovem de classe média. Isso encoraja outra para manter a temperatura corporal em equilíbrio; esse
“gentrificação” para se instaurar na vizinhança. Assim, em processo é importante pois, mesmo que a temperatura externa
pouco tempo, um mercado imobiliário real e fantástico cresce do ambiente varie, a temperatura corporal mantém-se
onde nada existia antes. constante, sem causar prejuízos fisiológicos aos indivíduos.
b) Na verdade, ele diz que “eles se mudam para desvalorizar [Resposta do ponto de vista da disciplina de Inglês]
outras propriedades. Sem eles, o sistema como um todo a) O candidato poderia escolher a diversidade genética e os
desmorona”. fluxos biogeoquímicos.
Exercício 217 b) O professor afirma que não há provas convincentes de que

a) O item ilustrado é cultura e personalidade, pois o texto um mamífero grande com temperatura interna de seja
afirma que tal característica refere-se a “novas ideias sobre capaz de evoluir tão rapidamente.
aquilo que é desejável e atraente, incluindo padrões (informais
ou legais) para arquitetura, paisagismo, comportamento Exercício 222
público, barulho e ameaças. b) ocorre em entradas perpendiculares após a construção de
estradas.
b) O item ilustrado é o mercado imobiliário, pois o texto
menciona grandes aumentos em aluguéis e preços de casas, Exercício 223
aumentos no número de despejos, conversões de unidades de
01) In Copenhagen, all social classes can be seen on a bike.
locação para propriedade (condomínios) e novo
02) Cycling is the most popular means of commuting in
desenvolvimento de moradias de luxo.
Copenhagen.
Exercício 218
Exercício 224
Diferença: a primeira construção indica uma situação
a) Em 1998, o Brasil perdia 20.000 quilômetros quadrados de
hipotética/não verdadeira (segunda condicional), enquanto a
floresta amazônica por ano. Em 2014, a taxa de destruição da
segunda expressa uma situação que poderá efetivamente
floresta amazônica é de 6.000 quilômetros quadrados por ano.
ocorrer (primeira condicional).
b) O projeto ARPA (Áreas Protegidas da Região Amazônica)
Exercício 219 consiste em um complexo de parques nacionais e outras áreas
protegidas; é o maior projeto de preservação de floresta
V – F – V – V – F. tropical na história. O projeto pode ser importante por aquilo
que ele sinaliza: que o mundo pode estar em um momento
[I] Verdadeira. A forma negativa de will not é won't. crítico em relação à triste história do desmatamento tropical.
[II] Falsa. Não se pode usar o present perfect simple com
expressões temporais com a palavra last. Exercício 225
[III] Verdadeira. O possessive adjective their (deles) refere-se a
d) was, according to one international ranking system, as bad
migrants (imigrantes).
as possible.
[IV] Verdadeira. O second conditional é formado pelo simple
past da oração subordinada e o conditional future (would, Exercício 226
could ou might) na oração principal.
V - V - V - F - F.
[V] Falsa. O reported speech (discurso indireto) do simple
present é feito com o simple past.
Primeira afirmação – Verdadeira.
Exercício 220 A mudança na ordem de “under new law” (sob nova lei) não
muda o sentido da frase.
e) Weren’t you such a muttonhead, you could have thought of
it yourself.
Segunda afirmação – Verdadeira.
Exercício 221 As expressões em destaque são sinônimas: aimed at ending
(focado em terminar) e intend to end (pretende terminar).
[Resposta do ponto de vista da disciplina de Biologia]
a) Um dos limites planetários que apresenta alto risco é a Terça afirmação – Verdadeira.
integridade da biosfera, especificamente a diversidade
As conjunções “but” (mas) e “however” (no entanto) são as habilidades, competências e qualidades que o empregador
sinônimas. procura e, sutilmente, mencionar isso em suas conversas.
– Não falar de você mesmo de maneira arrogante.
Quarta afirmação – Falsa. – Antes de uma entrevista pense sobre as necessidades e
A primeira frase significa “Não são apenas os conservadores expectativas do empregador e imagine como você poderá
que questionam a legislação” e a segunda “São apenas os agregar valor para a empresa.
conservadores que não questionam a nova legislação”.
Exercício 230
Quinta afirmação – Falsa. Significa: “...se você é capaz de fazer aquelas perguntas sem
A segunda condicional está errada, pois would deveria ser envolver suas emoções...”.
usado no lugar de will. Faz-se referência às seguintes questões: “O que o empregador
em potencial realmente precisa de um empregado?” e “Quais
Exercício 227
são as habilidades técnicas, competências necessárias ao local
a) One could charge batteries in the future by wearing a skin de trabalho e qualidades pessoais que o empregador está
patch which contains enzymes that replace battery metals and procurando?”.
feed off sweat to provide power.
Exercício 231
b) It has proved to be tricky, but they are now getting d) it is high time we assessed our infatuation for shopping.
impressive power levels with the patch’s latest version.
Exercício 232
Exercício 228
b) procuram ascensão profissional por meio de experiência no
a) 5 (Mude para fraldas de pano). O trecho fala sobre a exterior.
economia ligada ao uso de fraldas de pano ao invés das
descartáveis (disposable).
b) 9 (Coloque sua casa em uma dieta energética). O trecho fala Exercício 233
sobre a redução nos gastos de energia. a) 10/3 e 10.
c) 10 (Diminua o consumo de loções e similares). O trecho fala
sobre o consumo excessivo de produtos ligados à beleza. Exercício 234
d) 7 (Crie seus próprios produtos de limpeza). O trecho fala b) constituem representação real dos hábitos humanos
sobre o uso de vinagre e limão como alternativas para a atuais.
limpeza.
e) 4 (Use menos combustível dirigindo de modo mais Exercício 235
eficiente). O trecho fala que a remoção de objetos no porta-
e) possuem uma estrutura de marketing que possibilita
malas reduz o consumo de combustível.
expansão do círculo de clientes.
f) 11 (Cozinhe em casa, seja mais criativo e tente comer menos
carne). O trecho fala sobre a importância de usar mais ovos e Exercício 236
feijões ao invés de refeições mais caras à base de carne.
d) losing.
g) 3 (Não faça compras, troque de graça). O trecho fala sobre
como o uso da Internet pode ajudar as pessoas a trocarem Exercício 237
objetos que não usam mais.
h) 12 (Cancele propagandas por correio – mala direta). O a) verificar se sua composição se assemelha à do Sol.
trecho fala sobre a quantidade de lixo oriundo de mala direta. Exercício 238
i) 6 (Não seja enganado por produtos “verdes” falsos). O
trecho fala sobre produtos que não são verdadeiramente c) influencia na possibilidade de presença de vida em outros
“verdes”, ou seja, ambientalmente corretos. locais do universo.
j) 2 (Torne sua privada mais eficiente). O trecho fala sobre a
Exercício 239
importância de privadas que usam menos água a cada
descarga. a) resposta padrão para comandos que incluem impropérios.
k) 1 (Decore novamente com produtos reciclados). O trecho
Exercício 240
fala sobre a escolha de fazer uma nova decoração domiciliar
usando objetos de cozinha de outras pessoas. b) a normalização de formas de assédio sexista.
– Colocar-se no mercado de trabalho como um produto e b) a armazenagem de todos os dados produzidos esgotará o
encarar o mercado de trabalho como se fosse uma campanha estoque mundial de microchips de silício.
de marketing.
– Você deve identificar os tipos de empregadores que estão Exercício 242
procurando alguém com suas qualificações, informar-se sobre a) seu poder de cura e destruição.
Exercício 243 a) propaga-se quando mosquitos fêmeas picam seres
humanos infectados e retransmitem a doença a outras
e) mostra o descompasso e a imprecisão relativos à percepção
pessoas.
do presente e do passado.
Exercício 260
Exercício 244
d) impede a eclosão dos ovos que contêm o vírus.
c) “confident that we will always know it is 7:03 P.M.” (ref.
4). Exercício 261
Exercício 245 b) são intermediárias entre usuários e prestadores de serviços

acionados por meio de aplicativos.
e) As barreiras construídas entre México e EUA são, além de
físicas, também psicológicas, como pôde ser visto no caso em Exercício 262
que milhares de crianças imigrantes foram separadas de suas
famílias. b) nem todos os trabalhadores em empresas “on-demand”
estão preparados para arcar com o custo de sua flexibilidade
Exercício 246 no trabalho.
a) dificultado para alguns migrantes. Exercício 263

e) têm seu pedido negado com frequência. e) desejam ter os mesmos benefícios sociais que
trabalhadores assalariados.
Exercício 248
d) ao muro invisível criado por práticas do governo Trump. Exercício 265
d) self-esteem and appearance should not be associated

Exercício 249
e) ter sofrido danos em sua estrutura. Exercício 266
a) she is still weight-conscious

Exercício 250
b) escassez de monumentos do gênero feminino. Exercício 267
c) worrying about her appearance

Exercício 251
a) firmeza. Exercício 268
c) body shapes depend on climate and food availability

Exercício 252
d) é incompatível com análises subjetivas e imprecisas. Exercício 269
b) These patterns do appear to also hold in humans, (ref. 3)

Exercício 253
e) o comércio eletrônico. Exercício 270
a) will happen
Exercício 254
d) capacidade de escolhas adaptativas conforme o meio. Exercício 271
c) Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies

Exercício 255
most obviously among human populations. (ref. 9)
e) variáveis.
Exercício 272
Exercício 256
d) introducing objection
b) a técnica de divisão de raízes.
Exercício 273
Exercício 257
a) saving the wolf
c) recompensa.
Exercício 274
Exercício 258
b) animal protection
b) os participantes mostraram tendência a “curtir” uma
imagem que já havia recebido número considerável de Exercício 275
“curtidas”. c) probably not
a) create a false image Exercício 294
Exercício 277 d) the world is benevolent for those who enjoy high social and
economic status.
b) the people should be more concerned about their culture
Exercício 295
Exercício 278
e) formally created.
c) question
Exercício 296
Exercício 279
b) 4.
d) certainty
Exercício 297
Exercício 280
a) supported the idea that the American Dream was to be
c) resist what alienates them associated with an abundant life determined by the level of
Exercício 281 skill someone had in a particular job or activity.
d) novels and autobiographies Exercício 298
Exercício 282 e) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only.
c) I know why the caged bird sings Exercício 299
Exercício 283 c) radar, GPS and 3D laser-mapping are used in Google’s self-
driving vehicles.
a) denouncing the horror felt by black people
Exercício 300
Exercício 284
c) Only 3 and 4 are correct.
b) praising a person
Exercício 301
Exercício 285
b) people tend to behave positively towards things that look
a) passing (ref. 1) – departure (ref. 10) like alive things.

c) either. b) admits the new type of car will receive severe criticism.

b) did all sorts of things to recover several people from c) traffic accidents are the main cause of young people’s death
overdoses. around the world.

d) the number of people who has been saved from opioid a) Google’s new self-driving cars.
overdoses has been recorded until the middle of 2020.
Exercício 305
Exercício 289
a) refuse to accept.
a) throwing people in bathtubs.
Exercício 306
Exercício 290
d) T – T – T – T – F.
a) in spite of knowing the problems she would have to deal
with, she decided to open her bookstore. Exercício 307
Exercício 291 b) the people surveyed.
b) very pleased and excited. Exercício 308
Exercício 292 c) Only 1, 2 and 4.
d) 1, 3 and 4 only. Exercício 309
Exercício 293 b) only 1 and 4.
c) waving a children’s book in the air so that everybody could Exercício 310
see it. a) he wondered about the power of the words to cause social
changes.
b) T – T – T – F – F. a) widely (ref. 5)
e) a priest in Cuba. b) certain
b) Only 2 and 4. d) These can spread illnesses such as zika, yellow fever and
dengue (ref. 6)
Exercício 314
Exercício 328
c) flat-Earthers (ref. 8)
Foi Dorian Gray quem proferiu a frase.
Exercício 315 Ele estava dialogando com o pintor Hallward Basil.
d) “But it is not enough, because the Earth is round”. (ref. Reescritura: you will like me until I start getting old.
11)
Exercício 329
Exercício 316 Desejo: permanecer jovem e belo enquanto seu retrato
d) present a counter-argument envelhece.
Exercício 317 He would look first at the horrible, old face in the picture,
b) the shape of the planet and then at the handsome young face that laughed back at
him from the mirror.
Exercício 318
Exercício 330
c) crime is a beast
Ele sentiu prazer, por reconhecer sua beleza, e tristeza, por
Exercício 319 lembrar que ela não duraria para sempre.
b) it is already present in the text Exercício 331
Exercício 320 Função: expressar uma ação recorrente no passado.
d) creating a hypothetical situation
Justificativa: Dorian repetia as ações por estar obcecado
Exercício 321 pelo quadro
Contradição: os americanos lucram com o trabalho dos Exercício 332

imigrantes, mas os tratam com hostilidade / os consideram
ladrões do seu trabalho. (1) Discurso direto.
Exercício 322 (2) Discurso indireto livre.
Dois dos recursos: Exercício 333

- uso de negrito;
- expressão facial; A primeira construção indica que Hallward concluiu a ação
- uso de fontes maiores; de pintar, enquanto a segunda indica que ele interrompeu
- símbolos representando palavrões; uma atividade para iniciar a ação de pintar.
- braços do americano em movimento. Exercício 334
Significado: raiva / hostilidade. Homem: velho e terrivelmente feio.
Exercício 323 Quadro: homem jovem e bonito.

Referente: pessoas relacionadas ao trabalho de Alamar,
como os produtores de tijolos, mestres de obras e Os anéis foram fundamentais para que o homem morto
caminhoneiros / trabalhadores. fosse identificado.
Consequência: geração de mais empregos. Exercício 335
Exercício 324 Significado: grito.
Inicialmente, o personagem estava interessado na corrupção
da sua alma. Ao longo da história, passou a ficar Tradução: a senhora Leaf estava chorando.
preocupado com a morte dela. Exercício 336
02) climate change: mudança climática Exercício 343
64) rush hours: horários de pico
08) The goals of language education in Europe.
Exercício 337
Exercício 344
01) commutes: regular trips to school or work
02) Plurilingual individuals become more tolerant of cultural
04) surge: a sudden increase
differences.
32) pledged: promised
04) Plurilingualism helps people to participate in
Exercício 338 democratic processes.
16) People who know more than one language show more
01) Reference 1: -y in “windy” – adjective respect for language varieties.
02) Reference 2: -ity in “popularity” – noun
08) Reference 4: -er in “faster” – comparative Exercício 345
Exercício 339 01) understanding: compreensão

04) citizenship: cidadania
01) Fake news articles can go viral if they are designed to
look like an article from a respected newspaper. Exercício 346
04) Fake news articles rely on how the brain processes
01) What is the name of the city where the musician was
information to catch the readers’ attention.
born?
16) Advertising has contributed to the growth of fake
04) Who was Dylan’s first producer?
news.
16) When did Dylan release his first album?
Exercício 340
Exercício 347
01) Wikipedia is used as a source of information.
01) Bob Dylan is also a writer.
08) people may use social media to express their hate.
16) Dylan’s song lyrics have been published in books.
32) social media make people feel they have power.
Exercício 348
Exercício 341
01) Dylan lived in a city called Hibbing.
04) right away: imediatamente
02) Dylan’s albums influenced other musicians.
32) biting the hand that feeds you: sendo ingrato
16) Dylan’s music was influenced by poetry.
Exercício 342
Exercício 349
04) songs are different from literature.
02) in the following: in the next
16) Dylan’s lecture occurred in a private event.
04) which: that
08) such as: like

Lista

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document informationen

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lista

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lista

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Inglês Lista de Exercícios

a) será utilizada para sequenciar trilhões de moléculas destinadas Exercício 3

Anúncios publicitários buscam chamar a atenção do consumidor

(www.nature.com, 25.02.2020. Adapted.)

Para o cartunista, a diferença entre estar ou não estar de dieta

O cartum ilustra que o aumento de temperatura, também citado

a) causa mudanças substanciais apenas em climas frios.

The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest. It is also the

a) ações do governo local referentes a calamidades.

b) relatos de sobreviventes em tragédias marcantes.

c) tipos de desastres naturais possíveis de acontecer.

d) informações sobre acidentes ocorridos em Connecticut.

How do they live?

In the speech balloon of panel 1, the word that appears twice.

a) showing emphasis in speech

Tropicália is used to describe the explosion of cultural creativity in Exercício 11

a) ficou com medo da irritação da sua mãe.

b) o uso da água, do vento e a geração de eletricidade a partir do

According to what the boy says, he __________.

a) wants to take care of the baby

Located between the Amazon, Atlantic Forests and Pantanal, the

Texto da legenda: Paraguayan Guarani — a language descended

On a hillside monument in Asunción, a statue of the mythologized

- Covering or of the country’s territory, the a) Chaco.

Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on

Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral

(Catherine Price. www.nytimes.com, 24.04.2019. Adapted.)

(Famema 2020) No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “But there is

(Fac. Albert Einstein - Medicin 2020) Quanto ao sentido, o

a) “Deus dá o frio conforme o cobertor”.

(Fac. Albert Einstein - Medicin 2020) No cartum, a criança

a) mostra-se inconformada com o destino da excursão escolar.

- Annual rainfall is around to

a) ironiza uma ideia de liberdade de expressão.

Located between the Amazon, Atlantic Forests and Pantanal, the

Cigarette smokers who are having trouble quitting because of

(Oxford UP 2009 - English Result, p.62. Adaptado.)

(Source: When 24-year-old fashion blogger Scarlett Dixon posted a

(Fgv 2015) The excerpt from the reference 2 — had Argentina

O cartum dialoga com o seguinte trecho do texto “Education for

a) “UNESCO aims to improve access to quality education on

With a world population of 7 billion people and limited natural Exercício 38

welcoming Obama to Brazil, “We still face enormous challenges.”

Effects of food shortage

Solution to problem of food shortage

Adapted from http://www.paypervids.com/food-shortage-

1. unrest – disagreement or fighting between different groups of

we have neighbours beyond Earth? Time will tell – and the

b) aponta a gordura como o grande vilão da saúde.

(G1 - epcar (Cpcar) 2020) Mark the alternative that completes

hosting the virus. 13Similarly, food scarcity brought about by

The reason which is presented in both texts is

d) environmental changes perspectives and 8unexpected pathways of human exploration.

welcome: exclusion happens quickly 2and non-conformist doubts

A democratic vision – shared aspirations for the future, based on a) so

DAVIS, J. L. Disponível em: www.webmd.com

Ao discutir sobre a influência de animais de estimação no bem-

a) mostrar que animais de estimação ajudam na cura de doenças