2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT)

Pune, India. Apr 5-7, 2024

Survey Paper on Machine Learning and Deep

Learning Driven Applications using Bayesian
Techniques
2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT) | 979-8-3503-9447-4/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/I2CT61223.2024.10543602

1st Aditya Bagayatkar 2nd Prof. Bincy Ivin

Information Technology Information Technology
Vivekanand Education Society’s Institute of Technology Vivekanand Education Society’s Institute of Technology
Mumbai, India Mumbai, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—In today’s data-driven world, Bayesian methods, problems. Venturing further, the paper explores Bayesian Net-
including Naive Bayes and Bayesian Networks, have become works—a sophisticated graphical model that captures intricate
essential tools for solving complex data analysis and classification probabilistic dependencies among variables. These networks
challenges. These techniques, grounded in Bayesian probability
theory, excel in categorizing data based on observed features, find their stride in healthcare, engineering fault detection, and
making them valuable in various fields like medicine and image image classification, where modeling complex relationships is
classification. Naive Bayes, though seemingly simple, proves paramount.
effective in applications like spam filtering and sentiment analysis
by calculating probabilities using Bayes’ theorem. Bayesian Throughout the paper, various research endeavors illustrate
Networks, more complex graphical models, capture intricate
relationships among variables, finding uses in healthcare and how Bayesian techniques tackle unique challenges. From
engineering. These methods have been showcased in research image classification to medical diagnostics and remote sensing,
papers tackling real-world issues, from image classification to Bayesian approaches offer a unified, mathematically grounded
medical diagnostics, highlighting their potential to shape the approach for handling uncertainty. These studies delve into
future of data analysis and machine learning in our data-rich feature selection, model structure, parameter estimation, and
era.
Index Terms—Bayesian Network, Image Classification, active learning strategies within the Bayesian framework.
Bayesian Methodology
As we navigate these research papers, we’ll witness
I. I NTRODUCTION how Bayesian methodology, encompassing Naive Bayes and
In today’s data-rich era, where information surges from Bayesian Networks, reshapes the landscape of data analy-
countless sources, Bayesian methodology has emerged as sis and classification. It offers a path to unravel complex
a potent force in the realm of data analysis and machine problems, elevate accuracy, and provide invaluable insights
learning. This research paper takes a deep dive into the across diverse domains. In each study, Bayesian methodology
world of Bayesian techniques, including Naive Bayes and emerges as a powerful tool, poised to define the future of
Bayesian Networks, revealing their transformative potential in machine learning and data analysis in our data-driven world.
addressing complex classification and analysis challenges.
II. L ITERATURE S URVEY
At its core, Bayesian methodology is founded on Bayesian In [1], they have explored techniques such as Bayesian
probability theory, providing a robust framework for navigat- Frameworks and Vector Quantization. It was used to recognize
ing uncertainty. It excels in classification tasks, where the goal vacation photographs to classify them as indoor or outdoor
is to assign data to predefined categories based on observed and cityscape or landscape. In this feature selection turned
features. This adaptability makes it invaluable across diverse out to be a critical task as outdoor and indoor images showed
domains, from medical diagnostics to image classification and distinctive characteristics to distinguish them like presence of
content-based retrieval. sky while city and landscape images had differentiating factor
of man-made objects. In order to enhance the accuracy of their
Naive Bayes, a cornerstone of Bayesian methodology, may system they are using HSV, LUV, EDH, EDCV, CH and CCV
seem deceptively simple with its assumption of feature inde- which gives more detailed classification to its features during
pendence, but it consistently proves its worth in applications evaluation. This eventually led to development of hierarchical
like text classification, spam filtering, and sentiment analysis. classifiers which initially divided the images into outdoor or
Its essence lies in applying Bayes’ theorem to calculate prob- indoor then if outdoor they were further bifurcated into city
abilities, offering elegant and efficient solutions to real-world or landscape and at the end landscape images were split into

979-8-3503-9447-4/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE 1

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 noisy data. In conclusion, the empirical findings solidify the
efficacy of the proposed method, clearly demonstrating its
capacity to significantly enhance segmentation and classifi-
cation, particularly in the presence of noisy images. The
superiority of the region-merging approach over pixel-by-pixel
classification and the heightened efficiency of the hierarchical
scheme underscore its practical value, especially in scenarios
with spatial contiguity. The observed reduction in errors within
the region’s interior further highlights the method’s robustness
in challenging conditions. The simplicity and effectiveness
of the maximum ratio rule add to the method’s appeal for
practical applications, promising improved unsupervised im-
age analysis outcomes. In summary, the results affirm the
method’s prowess in delivering accurate and efficient unsu-
Fig. 1. Multiwindow structure pervised image classification, showcasing its potential impact
in real-world scenarios where spatial contextual information
is paramount.
forest, sunset or mountains giving soaring high accuracy at the
appraisal. In [3], a hybrid approach is presented for automatic tissue
identification in wound images, utilizing neural networks and
In [2], the researchers propose a method for unsupervised Bayesian classifiers. The method employs a four-stage-cascade
image analysis consisting of two key phases. In the first binary-classification system, combining Bayesian committee
phase, it utilizes hierarchical clustering to segment the image, machines composed of multilayer perceptrons trained via
ensuring that merging occurs only between spatially adjacent back-propagation learning through-fold cross-validation. Spe-
clusters. This process creates partitions with varying intensity cific heuristics tailored to wound topology are integrated to
values in neighboring segments, incorporating spatial relation- enhance classification performance. The study demonstrates
ships through a Markov random field approach. The second its effectiveness with real pressure ulcer digital photographs,
phase involves classifying the segments from the first stage showcasing its ability to efficiently detect significant wound
into distinct states through sequential merging, using a context- areas. Notably, the use of a Bayesian classifier to consolidate
free similarity measure. The first phase employs a hierar- neural network classifications enables the precise identification
chical clustering algorithm with a multi-window approach, of critical tissues, like necrosis, necessitating immediate clin-
optimizing computational efficiency while maintaining spatial ical intervention. This Bayesian-committee-machine approach
connectivity during merging. In the paper, the researchers excels in providing higher specificity scores, especially for
propose a method for unsupervised image analysis consisting tissues with low prevalence rates, such as necrosis, making it
of two key phases. In the first phase, it utilizes hierarchical a clinically desirable solution.
clustering to segment the image, ensuring that merging occurs
only between spatially adjacent clusters. This process creates In [4], the focus is on the classification of diverse halftoning
partitions with varying intensity values in neighboring seg- techniques used in digital image processing. Halftoning serves
ments, incorporating spatial relationships through a Markov as a pivotal method for converting high-bit-depth images
random field approach. The second phase involves classifying into low-bit-depth renditions, often for applications such as
the segments from the first stage into distinct states through printing and display. The central objective of this research is
sequential merging, using a context-free similarity measure. to devise an effective means of distinguishing between various
The first phase employs a hierarchical clustering algorithm halftoning methods, a task critical for enhancing the quality
with a multi-window approach, optimizing computational effi- of inverse halftoning, a process employed to restore halftone
ciency while maintaining spatial connectivity during merging. images to grayscale format.
Simulation experiments demonstrate significant improvement
in segmentation and classification for noisy images, reducing Noteworthy points in the [4] emphasize the unique features
errors in the region’s interior. The proposed region-merging inherent to halftone patterns, including characteristics like
approach outperforms pixel-by-pixel classification, especially pattern periodicity and dot distribution. These features create
for patterns with spatial contiguity. The hierarchical scheme’s distinct identities for each halftone method, akin to individ-
efficiency is underscored by the multi-window operation of ual ”fingerprints”. Bayesian Classifier possesses a remarkable
boundary blocking. The simplicity and efficacy of the max- ability to navigate probabilistic data and adeptly model and
imum ratio rule for selecting the number of classes are encapsulate the distinct attributes of different halftone patterns
highlighted. The proposed method, employing hierarchical within a probabilistic framework. Furthermore, Bayesian clas-
clustering to merge regions, proves valuable for unsupervised sifiers prove invaluable in the face of the inherent challenges
image classification, addressing challenges associated with associated with accurately classifying various halftoning meth-

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ods due to subtle differentiations in their features. By learning modeling problems. Unlike deterministic methods, Bayesian
probabilistic models for each method and leveraging these techniques treat model parameters as random variables with
models to make informed classification decisions based on prior distributions, ensuring robustness and flexibility. They
observed features, Bayesian classifiers offer a robust solution also employ Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo
to this intricate task. (RJMCMC) techniques to simultaneously estimate model pa-
rameters and select the optimal number of clusters. Experimen-
The [5] presents a pioneering approach to address the tal results on a challenging texture dataset demonstrate the su-
”semantic gap” challenge in content-based image classifica- periority of their Bayesian approach over traditional Gaussian
tion, where traditional methods often struggle to bridge the models, highlighting its potential for advancing texture analy-
divide between low-level texture features and the higher-level sis and classification in computer vision and image processing.
semantic content of images. The proposed solution introduces Furthermore, the [6] discusses the application of their Bayesian
the integration of semantic features and Bayesian networks, approach to image retrieval, which involves classifying images
aiming to create a robust mapping between low-level visual into texture categories and retrieving similar images based
information and higher-level semantic representations. By har- on content similarity. This highlights the versatility of their
nessing prior knowledge and Bayesian networks, the method method in practical applications, offering a promising solution
demonstrates its potential to enhance image classification for tasks like content-based image retrieval in fields such as
precision and content-based image retrieval. The experiments medical imaging and remote sensing.
conducted on a set of web images illustrate the feasibility
and effectiveness of this approach. The [5] delves into the
historical development of pattern recognition and classifier
design, highlighting the prevalent reliance on low-level visual
aspects such as color, shape, and texture. It emphasizes the
critical need to incorporate semantic information for more
accurate image classification. Furthermore, the [5] introduces
a multi-level framework for semantic representation, distin-
guishing between low-level features, derived attributes (object
semantics), and abstract attributes (scene semantics). The
utilization of Bayesian networks as directed acyclic graphs to
encode joint probability distributions over random variables Fig. 2. Result for 28 classes of X-ray Images
emerges as a pivotal technique to bridge the semantic gap
and enable effective image classification. The experiments,
conducted on 400 dress images from eBay, unveil a substantial The [7] introduces a robust framework for the classifica-
enhancement in classification accuracy with the integration tion of medical X-ray images into diverse categories, with
of semantic features. Notably, artificially generated semantic a primary focus on the application of Bayesian rule-based
features lead to an impressive accuracy of 95.9 % , showcasing classification. This classification process holds significant im-
the potential of the Bayesian network-based approach. The portance in the context of medical image retrieval systems,
conclusion underscores the method’s ability to bridge the as it plays a pivotal role in organizing and indexing images
semantic gap and enhance classification precision, marking for efficient retrieval and subsequent analysis. The proposed
a valuable contribution to content-based image classification. methodology encompasses a sequence of key stages, beginning
Additionally, the results highlight a 5 % average increase with a crucial pre-processing step. During this initial phase,
in classification accuracy when employing semantic features, advanced techniques such as adaptive local histogram equal-
affirming their efficacy in refining the classification process. ization, median filtering, edge detection filters, thresholding
The experimental results showcase significant improvements methods, and morphological operators are applied to enhance
in classification accuracy when incorporating semantic fea- image quality by mitigating noise and improving contrast. This
tures, particularly with artificially generated semantic features, preparatory phase is particularly critical given the inherent
underlining the promising potential of this Bayesian network- challenges posed by X-ray images, often characterized by low
based approach in addressing the challenges of image classi- contrast and substantial noise levels. Following pre-processing,
fication and content retrieval. the [7] underscores the extraction of shape-based features,
including Fourier Descriptor (FD), Invariant Moments (IM),
In this [6], the authors present a novel Bayesian approach and Zernike Moments (ZM). These features serve as concise
for texture analysis and classification, addressing the inherent yet informative representations of the image content, with a
challenges in modeling non-Gaussian characteristics within specific focus on delineating the boundaries and shapes of
textured images. They advocate the use of finite Beta mixture anatomical structures, particularly bones. Subsequently, the
models, well-suited for capturing the diverse nature of texture heart of the classification process centers on the utilization
images. Bayesian methods are central to this approach, as they of Bayesian rule-based classification. This involves the cal-
provide a rigorous framework for handling complex mixture culation of expected values and variances for each class

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using training images, ultimately leading to the creation of
determination functions for individual classes. During the cat-
egorization of a given test image, these determination functions
undergo computation and scrutiny. The resultant classifica-
tion is determined by the class associated with the highest
value in the determination function. The paper concludes
by underscoring the pragmatic significance of this approach,
exemplified by its adept handling of the intricacies inherent in
medical X-ray images. This method effectively streamlines the
retrieval and analysis processes within healthcare applications.
The conclusion highlights the triumphant implementation of
the proposed methodology in classifying 4937 medical X-ray
images into 28 distinct categories, achieving a commendable
overall accuracy rate of 82.87 %. Noteworthy is the fact
that certain classes exhibit accuracy rates surpassing 92 %.
This underscores the tangible efficacy of the framework in
authentic, real-world scenarios.

This [8] provides a comprehensive exploration of how Fig. 3. Point types of ground, low vegetation, high vegetation, and buildings
Bayesian methods can be applied to the challenging field of are colored in orange, dark green, light green, and red, respectively. (a) 0.2
m orthoimage (test area 1 in scene I), (b) segmented image (test area 1 in
remote sensing image classification, with a specific emphasis scene I, scale=20), (c) manual classification (test area 1 in scene I), (d) 0.2
on kernel-based classifiers. The primary motivation for this m orthoimage (test area 2 in scene I), (e) segmented image (test area 2 in
research stems from the need to address the complexities scene I, scale=20), (f) manual classification (test area 2 in scene I), (g) 0.2
m orthoimage (test area 3 in scene II), (h) segmented image (test area 3 in
of remote sensing data, characterized by high-dimensional scene II, scale=20), and (i) manual classification (test area 3 in scene II).
feature spaces and limited labeled samples. In response to
these challenges, the authors contrast Bayesian methods with
the well-established Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and the intricate challenges posed by high-dimensional data and
emphasize the distinctive advantages of Bayesian approaches. sparse labeled samples. The Bayesian framework not only
Bayesian methods are lauded for their intrinsic flexibility, as matches the performance of SVMs but also introduces distinc-
they do not assume specific data distributions, making them tive advantages, including posterior estimates and automatic
inherently nonparametric and thus well-suited for the diverse parameter learning. Additionally, the incorporation of active
and unique characteristics often encountered in remote sensing learning strategies enhances classification accuracy signifi-
data. Additionally, they are versatile enough to be applied to cantly. This work paves the way for future research endeavors
both finite and infinite-dimensional feature spaces, providing in even more complex remote sensing scenarios characterized
a robust framework to navigate the intricacies of remote by scarcer labeled data and higher dimensionality, highlighting
sensing data. The [8] introduces a tailored Bayesian framework the promising potential of Bayesian methodology in remote
designed explicitly for kernel-based remote sensing image sensing applications.
classification. This framework introduces a novel approach to
parameter estimation, departing from conventional methods re- In [9], there is an analysis of features of LiDAR point
lying on posterior distributions of adaptive parameters. Instead, cloud and aerial image. Geometric features are extracted from
the authors propose an innovative methodology that harnesses point clouds, and spectral features are extracted from optical
evidence Bayesian techniques, the kernel trick, and marginal pictures. They use a Bayesian network to form the structure of
distribution of observations. This approach proves particularly the model. An improved mutual-information-based K2 method
advantageous when dealing with infinite-dimensional feature is implemented to enhance the structure. They are able to
spaces, where traditional techniques might falter. Furthermore, distinguish between four primary ground objects: ground, veg-
the [8] addresses the vital aspect of active learning in re- etation, trees, and buildings using BN classifier. Neighborhood
mote sensing, essential for enhancing classification accuracy size had minimal impact on the accuracy of high vegetation
in scenarios with limited labeled data. Three distinct active classification, while segmentation scale notably influenced
learning strategies are introduced: maximizing the differential ground and low vegetation point accuracy.
of entropies, minimizing the distance to the decision boundary,
and minimizing the normalized distance. These strategies are The [10] introduces a novel machine learning approach
carefully crafted to boost classification accuracy and expedite based on the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) for image classifi-
convergence as the number of queries increases. In conclusion, cation. It highlights the significance of image categorization in
this [8] represents a substantial contribution to the field of medical diagnostics, particularly in the context of MRI images
remote sensing image classification. It underscores the adapt- for brain tumor detection. The research aims to overcome
ability and effectiveness of Bayesian methods in handling the limitations of traditional methods by leveraging heuristic

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techniques to enhance the learning phase. The SSA algorithm III. F UTURE S COPE
is employed to improve the learning algorithm’s estimator In the realm of image classification, the future scope of
function, enabling automated and accurate categorization of Bayesian methodology is poised for groundbreaking advance-
images. The study focuses on evaluating this approach against ments, especially in the context of Bayesian deep learning.
traditional methods such as K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Integrating Bayesian principles with deep neural networks
Naı̈ve Bayes, and Decision Tree. The results indicate sub- enhances the robustness of image classifiers by introduc-
stantial improvements in various performance criteria, em- ing a layer of uncertainty quantification. This innovation
phasizing the potential of the SSA-based approach for image is particularly crucial in scenarios where not only accurate
classification. The [10] is structured to discuss related works, predictions matter but also understanding the confidence and
present the proposed method and its evaluation, and conclude potential errors associated with those predictions. Consider,
on its findings. for example, medical image diagnostics, where Bayesian deep
learning can provide not just a diagnosis but also a measure
The [11] presents a method for the accurate detection of of uncertainty. This added layer of information can guide
brain tumors, specifically Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), in healthcare professionals in making more informed decisions
MRI images. It begins with an introduction highlighting the and can be instrumental in scenarios where the consequences
global health issue of brain cancer and the need for precise of misclassification are significant.
detection of cancerous brain tissues, particularly GBM. The
[11] emphasizes the malignancy and rapid growth of GBM Another promising avenue for the future lies in the inter-
tumors. Image processing techniques, such as morphological pretability of image classification models through Bayesian
operations and pixel subtraction, are employed to enhance methodologies. As machine learning models become more
MRI images and isolate the brain region from the skull. complex, the need for transparent decision-making processes
Feature extraction involves morphology and intensity features, becomes paramount. Bayesian models inherently provide a
including various region properties. Naı̈ve Bayes classification, framework for incorporating uncertainty, offering a principled
a supervised machine learning approach, is used to predict the approach to interpretability. In practical terms, this could
presence of tumors based on extracted features, with a focus mean understanding the uncertainty behind an AI system’s
on training for improved performance. The study concludes classification of an anomaly in surveillance imagery. By con-
that this method can assist medical professionals in diagnosing veying the model’s level of confidence and potential areas of
brain cancer, particularly GBM, by accurately identifying ambiguity, Bayesian image classifiers foster trust and facilitate
cancerous regions in MRI images, including challenging brain collaboration between the AI system and human operators.
areas.
Continual learning and adaptability are key challenges in
In [12], a Bayesian Capsule Network (BayesCap) is in- dynamic environments, and Bayesian approaches offer an
troduced for brain tumor classification in medical imaging. elegant solution. For instance, in environmental monitoring
The study addresses the limitations of Convolutional Neural using satellite imagery, Bayesian models can adapt to changing
Networks (CNNs) in handling spatial information, particularly conditions over time. As new data becomes available, the
in small medical imaging datasets. Brain tumor classification Bayesian framework allows classifiers to update their knowl-
is essential for treatment planning, and Capsule Networks edge, mitigating the effects of concept drift and ensuring
(CapsNets) are shown to excel in preserving spatial relations sustained accuracy. The ability to continually learn and adapt
within images. However, CapsNets, like other deep learning positions Bayesian image classifiers as invaluable tools in
models, lack the capacity to capture prediction uncertainty, scenarios where the image characteristics evolve, such as in the
which is vital for involving human experts. To address this, surveillance of rapidly changing urban landscapes or ecosys-
BayesCap employs Bayesian modeling, providing both mean tems. This adaptability not only ensures accuracy but also
predictions and measures of prediction uncertainty, ultimately longevity and relevance in real-world applications. In essence,
improving accuracy by filtering out uncertain predictions. This the future of Bayesian image classification not only promises
Bayesian approach offers a mathematically grounded solution improved accuracy but also addresses critical challenges in
for modeling uncertainty associated with model weights, es- transparency, uncertainty quantification, and adaptability, re-
sential for enhancing medical decision-making. The study val- shaping the landscape of AI applications.
idates that uncertain predictions are often incorrect and high-
lights BayesCap’s advantages, including its ability to handle
small datasets, mitigate overfitting, and integrate seamlessly
into clinical decision-making processes. Overall, BayesCap
combines CapsNets’ strengths with Bayesian inference to
boost confidence in deep learning models while ensuring
the continued involvement of human experts in the decision-
making process.

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 TABLE I
C OMPARISON TABLE

Authors Year Approach Parameter

Vailaya, A. Figueiredo, M.A.T. Jain, A.K. 2001 Combines features, such as HSV, LUV, EDH, Accuracy - 88.88%
Hong-Jiang Zhang EDCV, CH, and CCV, to develop hierarchi-
cal classifiers to categorize images like in-
door/outdoor and cityscape/landscape

Sanghoon Lee, Crawford, M.M. 2005 Hierarchical clustering with spatial contextual Error rate - 2%
information in the first phase and sequential
merging with a context-free similarity measure
in the second phase.

Francisco Veredas, Héctor Mesa, Laura 2009 Combining neural networks and Bayesian Accuracy - 93.66%
Morente classifiers for automatic tissue identification in
wound images

Yun-Fu Liu, Jing-Ming Guo, Jiann-Der Lee 2011 Distinguish between various halftoning meth- AvgCCR - 98.3%
ods based on their unique features

Hongjun, Chen, Junfeng Zhang 2011 Combines semantic features and Bayesian net- Accuracy - 95.9%
works to bridge the ”semantic gap”

Bouguila Nizar, Elguebaly, Tarek 2011 Employs Bayesian methods and finite Beta Accuracy - 92.58%
mixture models to address non-Gaussian char-
acteristics in textured images for texture anal-
ysis and classification

Fesharaki, Nooshin Jafari, Pourghassem Hos- 2012 Bayesian rule-based classification to classify Accuracy - 82.87%
sein medical X-ray images

Ruiz Pablo, Mateos Javier, Camps-Valls Gus- 2014 Employs Bayesian methods for remote sensing Accuracy - 98.25%
tavo, Molina Rafael, Katsaggelos, Aggelos K. image classification and Bayesian framework
for kernel-based classification

Kang, Zhizhong, Yang Juntao, Zhong Ruofei 2017 Integrates multisource data, extracting spectral Accuracy - 92.80%
information from aerial images and combin-
ing it with point cloud classification using a
Bayesian network model

Mohammad Behrouzian, Nejad, Mohammad 2019 Iteratively optimizing solutions through the Accuracy - 97.5%
Ebrahim Shiri collective movement of salp agent

Zaw, Hein Tun, Maneerat, Noppadol, Win 2019 Combines image preprocessing, feature ex- Accuracy - 94%
Khin Yadanar traction, and Naı̈ve Bayes classification

Afshar, Parnian, Mohammadi Arash, Platani- 2020 Incorporating Bayesian modeling to capture Accuracy - 73.6%
otis Konstantinos N. prediction uncertainty

IV. C ONCLUSION The research papers we’ve examined demonstrate the ver-
satility of Bayesian techniques in addressing real-world chal-
lenges. From image classification to medical diagnostics and
In our exploration of Bayesian methodology, Naive Bayes, remote sensing, Bayesian methods provide a mathematically
and Bayesian Networks, we’ve embarked on a journey into grounded approach for dealing with uncertainty. These studies
the heart of data analysis and machine learning. These tools highlight how Bayesian methodology can enhance machine
have proven invaluable in today’s data-rich landscape, offering learning and data analysis, offering a promising path forward
practical solutions across various domains. in our data-driven world.

Rooted in Bayesian probability theory, Bayesian methodol-

ogy provides a robust framework for handling uncertainty, par-
ticularly excelling in classification tasks. Naive Bayes, while
seemingly simplistic, has shown remarkable effectiveness in
applications like text classification and sentiment analysis.
Meanwhile, Bayesian Networks offer a powerful means of
modeling complex dependencies among variables, finding ap-
plications in fields from healthcare to image classification.

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 R EFERENCES
[1] Vailaya, Aditya, et al. ”Image classification for content-based indexing.”
IEEE transactions on image processing 10.1 (2001): 117-130.
[2] Lee, Sanghoon, and Melba M. Crawford. ”Unsupervised multistage im-
age classification using hierarchical clustering with a Bayesian similarity
measure.” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 14.3 (2005): 312-320.
[3] Veredas, Francisco, Héctor Mesa, and Laura Morente. ”Binary tissue
classification on wound images with neural networks and Bayesian
classifiers.” IEEE transactions on medical imaging 29.2 (2009): 410-
427.
[4] Liu, Yun-Fu, Jing-Ming Guo, and Jiann-Der Lee. ”Halftone image
classification using LMS algorithm and naive Bayes.” IEEE Transactions
on Image Processing 20.10 (2011): 2837-2847.
[5] Hongjun, Chen, and Zhang Junfeng. ”Classification of image based on
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[6] Bouguila, Nizar, and Tarek Elguebaly. ”A Bayesian approach for texture
images classification and retrieval.” 2011 International Conference on
Multimedia Computing and Systems. IEEE, 2011.
[7] Fesharaki, Nooshin Jafari, and Hossein Pourghassem. ”Medical X-
ray images classification based on shape features and Bayesian rule.”
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[11] Zaw, Hein Tun, Noppadol Maneerat, and Khin Yadanar Win. ”Brain
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capsule networks.” IEEE Signal Processing Letters 27 (2020): 2024-
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