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Module 7a Intro To AC Waveform

CIRCUIT 1

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Onii Chan
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34 views24 pages

Module 7a Intro To AC Waveform

CIRCUIT 1

Uploaded by

Onii Chan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to AC and Sinusoids

Learning Objectives

• Compare AC and DC voltage and current sources as defined by


voltage polarity, current direction and magnitude over time.
• Define the basic sinusoidal wave equations and waveforms, and
determine amplitude, peak to peak values, phase, period,
frequency, and angular velocity.
• Determine the instantaneous value of a sinusoidal waveform.
• Graph sinusoidal wave equations as a function of time and
angular velocity using degrees and radians.
• Define effective / root mean squared values.
• Define phase shift and determine phase differences between
same frequency waveforms.
Direct Current (DC) REVIEW

• DC sources have fixed polarities and magnitudes.


• DC voltage and current sources are represented by capital E and I.
Alternating Current (AC)
• A sinusoidal AC waveform starts at zero then:
• Increases to a positive maximum…
• Decreases to zero…
• Changes polarity…
• Increases to a negative maximum…
• Returns to zero.
• Variation is called a cycle.
• AC sources have a sinusoidal
waveform.
• AC sources are represented by
lowercase e(t) or i(t).
Generating AC Voltage

• Rotating a coil in fixed magnetic field generates sinusoidal


voltage.
Sinusoidal AC Current

• AC current changes direction each cycle with the


source voltage.
Time Scales

• Horizontal scale can represent degrees or time.


Frequency

• Frequency (f) is the number of cycles per second of a waveform.


• Unit of frequency is hertz (Hz).
• 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second.
Period

• Period of a waveform:
• Time it takes to complete one cycle.
• Time is measured in seconds.
• The period (T) is the reciprocal of frequency:

1
= (s)
f
Amplitude and Peak-to-Peak Value

• Amplitude of a sine wave is the distance from its average to its peak.
• We use Em for amplitude
• Peak-to-peak voltage is measured between minimum and
maximum peaks
• We use Epp or Vpp

Amplitude
Peak-to-Peak
Example Problem 1
What is the waveform’s period, frequency, Vm and VPP?

Amplitude

Peak-to-Peak

T = 0.4s Vm = 8V
1 1
=
f
=> f =
T Vpp = 8V − (−8V ) = 16V
1
f= = 2.5Hz
0.4s
The Basic Sine Wave Equation
• The equation for a sinusoidal source is given:

e = Em sin( ) V
where Em is peak coil voltage and  is the angular position.


Instantaneous Value

• The instantaneous value is the value of the voltage at a


particular instant in time.

• The instantaneous value of the waveform can be determined


by solving the equation for a specific value of .
• For example, if  =37⁰ and amplitude were 10V, then the
instantaneous value at that point would be:
e(37) = 10sin(37) V = 6.01 V
Example Problem 2
A sine wave has a value of 50V at  = 150˚. What is the value
of Em (the amplitude)?

e = Em sin( ) V
e(150) = Em sin(150) =50V
50V
Em = =100V
sin(150)
Radian Measure

• Conversion for radians to degrees:


2 radians = 360º
 Radians = 180º
/2 radians = 90º
1 radian = 57.296º
Angular Velocity
• The rate that the generator coil rotates is called its
angular velocity ().
• Angular position can be expressed in terms of
angular velocity and time.
 =  t (radians)
• Rewriting the sinusoidal equation:
e (t) = Em sin  t (V)
Relationship Between , T and f

• Conversion from frequency (f) in Hz to angular


velocity () in radians per second

 = 2 f (rad/s)

• In terms of the period (T)

2
 = 2 f = (rad/s)
T
Sinusoids as Functions of Time
• Voltages can be expressed as a function of time in
terms of angular velocity ():
e ( t ) = Em sin(t ) (V )  = 2 f =
2
T
(rad/s)

• Or in terms of the frequency (f):


e ( t ) = Em sin((2f )t ) (V )
• Or in terms of Period (T):
2
e(t ) = Em sin(( )t ) (V)
T
Example Problem 3
A waveform has a frequency of 100 Hz, and has an instantaneous value of
100V at 1.25 msec.
Determine the sine wave equation. What is the voltage at 2.5 msec?

e ( t ) = Em sin 2 ( ft ) (V )
e (1.25ms ) = Em sin[2 (100 Hz )(1.25ms) ] = 100V
100V
Em = = 141V
sin[2 (100 Hz )(1.25ms) ]
Now, calculate the voltage at 2.5 msec:
e ( 2.5ms ) = 141V sin[2 (100 Hz )(2.5ms) ] = 141V
Phase Shifts

• A phase shift occurs when e(t) does not pass through


zero at t = 0 sec.
• If e(t) is shifted left (leading), then:

e = Em sin ( t + )

• If e(t) is shifted right (lagging), then:

e = Em sin ( t - )
Phase shift

• The angle by which the wave LEADS or LAGS the zero


point can be calculated based upon the Δt.

 t   10  s 
 =   360 =   360 = 36
T   100  s 

• The phase angle is written in DEGREES.


Phase Relationships

i leads v by 80° i leads v by 110°

V and i are in phase


Effective (RMS) Values
• Effective values tell us about a waveform’s ability to do work.
• An effective value is an equivalent DC value.
• It tells how many volts or amps of DC that an AC waveform
supplies in terms of its ability to produce the same average
power.
• They are “Root Mean Squared” (RMS) values:
• The terms RMS and effective are synonymous.
Vm
Vrms = = 0.707Vm
2
Im
I rms = = 0.707 I m
2
Example Problem 4
The 120VDC source shown delivers 3.6 W to the load. Determine the peak
values of the sinusoidal voltage and current (Em and IM) such that the AC
source delivers the same power to the load.

PDC = VDC * I DC
PDC 3.6W
I DC = = = 30mA
VDC 120V

Vm
I m = I DC 2 = I RMS 2 = I eff 2 Vrms = = Vm = EDC 2
2
I m = 30mA 2 = 42.43mA Vm = 120V 2 =169.68V

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