Roll# Section: Name:

Department: Software Engineering Program:BS (SE)

Solution of Assignment 2
SWE– 308: Human Computer Interaction

Announced Date: 02-01-2025 Due Date: 06-01-2025 Total Marks: 03(9.68%)

Teacher Name: Engr. Sumreena Bano Marks Obtained:

CLO
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) PLOs Bloom’s Taxonomy
No.
Analyze the principle and application of HCI, with PLO_2 C4
respect to the understanding of human (Knowledge for (Analyze)
2 Solving
psychology. computing
Problems)

Q1. Analyze the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) researcher is investigating whether users
prefer mobile applications with a light theme or a dark theme. The study is conducted with 150
participants, and their preferences are recorded based on their age group. The data is summarized
in the following table:

Age Group Light Theme Dark Theme Total

18-25 30 20 50
26-35 25 15 40
36 and above 20 40 60
Total 75 75 150

Task:

1. Conduct a Chi-Square test to determine if there is a significant association between the age
group and the preference for light or dark themes.
2. Calculate the expected frequencies for each cell.
3. Compute the Chi-Square statistic and interpret the result at a significance level of 0.05.
Solution:

Step 1: State the Hypotheses

 Null Hypothesis (H0H_0H0): There is no association between the age group and the
preference for light or dark themes. (The preference is independent of age group).
 Alternative Hypothesis (H1H_1H1): There is an association between the age group and the
preference for light or dark themes. (The preference depends on age group).

Step 2: Calculate the Expected Frequencies

The formula for the expected frequency for each cell is:

E=Row Total×Column TotalGrand TotalE = \frac{\text{Row Total} \times \text{Column

Total}}{\text{Grand Total}}E=Grand TotalRow Total×Column Total

For Light Theme and Age Group 18-25:

E=50×75150=25E = \frac{50 \times 75}{150} = 25E=15050×75=25

For Dark Theme and Age Group 18-25:

E=50×75150=25E = \frac{50 \times 75}{150} = 25E=15050×75=25

For Light Theme and Age Group 26-35:

E=40×75150=20E = \frac{40 \times 75}{150} = 20E=15040×75=20

For Dark Theme and Age Group 26-35:

E=40×75150=20E = \frac{40 \times 75}{150} = 20E=15040×75=20

For Light Theme and Age Group 36 and above:

E=60×75150=30E = \frac{60 \times 75}{150} = 30E=15060×75=30

For Dark Theme and Age Group 36 and above:

E=60×75150=30E = \frac{60 \times 75}{150} = 30E=15060×75=30

Step 3: Calculate the Chi-Square Statistic

The formula for the Chi-Square statistic is:

χ2=∑(O−E)2E\chi^2 = \sum \frac{(O - E)^2}{E}χ2=∑E(O−E)2

Where:

 OOO = observed frequency

 EEE = expected frequency

Now, calculate the Chi-Square values for each cell:

1. 18-25, Light Theme:

χ2=(30−25)225=2525=1\chi^2 = \frac{(30 - 25)^2}{25} = \frac{25}{25} = 1χ2=25(30−25)2=2525

=1

2. 18-25, Dark Theme:

χ2=(20−25)225=2525=1\chi^2 = \frac{(20 - 25)^2}{25} = \frac{25}{25} = 1χ2=25(20−25)2=2525

=1

3. 26-35, Light Theme:

χ2=(25−20)220=2520=1.25\chi^2 = \frac{(25 - 20)^2}{20} = \frac{25}{20} = 1.25χ2=20(25−20)2

=2025=1.25

4. 26-35, Dark Theme:

χ2=(15−20)220=2520=1.25\chi^2 = \frac{(15 - 20)^2}{20} = \frac{25}{20} = 1.25χ2=20(15−20)2

=2025=1.25

5. 36 and above, Light Theme:

χ2=(20−30)230=10030≈3.33\chi^2 = \frac{(20 - 30)^2}{30} = \frac{100}{30} \approx

3.33χ2=30(20−30)2=30100≈3.33

6. 36 and above, Dark Theme:

χ2=(40−30)230=10030≈3.33\chi^2 = \frac{(40 - 30)^2}{30} = \frac{100}{30} \approx

3.33χ2=30(40−30)2=30100≈3.33

Now, sum the individual Chi-Square values:

χ2=1+1+1.25+1.25+3.33+3.33=10.16\chi^2 = 1 + 1 + 1.25 + 1.25 + 3.33 + 3.33 =

10.16χ2=1+1+1.25+1.25+3.33+3.33=10.16

Step 4: Determine the Degrees of Freedom

The degrees of freedom for a Chi-Square test of independence is given by:

df=(r−1)×(c−1)df = (r - 1) \times (c - 1)df=(r−1)×(c−1)

Where:

 rrr = number of rows

 ccc = number of columns

Here, there are 3 age groups (rows) and 2 theme preferences (columns):

df=(3−1)×(2−1)=2×1=2df = (3 - 1) \times (2 - 1) = 2 \times 1 = 2df=(3−1)×(2−1)=2×1=2

Step 5: Compare the Chi-Square Statistic to the Critical Value

Using a Chi-Square distribution table with 2 degrees of freedom and a significance level of 0.05, the
critical value is:

χcritical2=5.991\chi^2_{\text{critical}} = 5.991χcritical2=5.991

Step 6: Conclusion

 The calculated Chi-Square statistic is χ2=10.16\chi^2 = 10.16χ2=10.16.

 The critical value is 5.9915.9915.991.

Since 10.16>5.99110.16 > 5.99110.16>5.991, we reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion: There is a significant association between age group and preference for light or dark
themes at the 0.05 significance level.

Q2. In Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and system design, several techniques are used to
analyze tasks, user behaviors, and system requirements. Task Analysis is one of the primary
methods used to understand user actions, while other techniques such as Task Decomposition,
Knowledge-Based Analysis, and Entity-Relationship-Based Techniques serve distinct purposes in
system modeling and design.
Task:

1. Compare and contrast Task Analysis with the following techniques:

o Task Decomposition
o Knowledge-Based Analysis
o Entity-Relationship-Based Techniques.
2. Answer the following specific questions:

a. What is the primary focus of Task Analysis compared to Task Decomposition?

b. How does Task Analysis differ from Knowledge-Based Analysis in terms of their
approach to understanding user interaction and system behavior?

c. How are Task Analysis and Entity-Relationship-Based Techniques related in terms of

system design, and how do they complement each other when creating user interfaces?

Solution:

1. Comparison of Techniques

Task Analysis:

 Definition: Task analysis is a method for identifying and understanding the tasks that users
perform while interacting with a system. It focuses on the goals, steps, actions, and context
behind each task to identify system requirements and improve user experience.
 Purpose: Task analysis provides a high-level overview of the user’s tasks and the system
functionalities needed to support them.

Task Decomposition:

 Definition: Task decomposition is the process of breaking down complex tasks into smaller,
more manageable sub-tasks or steps. This technique focuses on identifying the individual
actions and sequences that make up a larger task.
 Purpose: To make complex tasks easier to understand, design, and implement by focusing on
the smaller components of each task.

Knowledge-Based Analysis:

 Definition: Knowledge-based analysis utilizes domain-specific knowledge, often represented

in the form of rules or decision trees, to guide the design of a system. It is typically used in
expert systems or systems that rely on predefined knowledge to make decisions.
 Purpose: To design intelligent systems that use rules or expert knowledge to provide
recommendations, automate decisions, or guide user interactions.

Entity-Relationship-Based Techniques:

 Definition: Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling is a technique used to structure and organize

data entities and their relationships within a system. It is primarily used in database design and
system architecture to ensure that data flows correctly between system components.
  Purpose: To design and organize the data structure that supports system operations, ensuring
data consistency and the integrity of relationships between entities.

2. Specific Questions

a. Task Analysis vs. Task Decomposition:

 Task Analysis: Focuses on understanding the overall goals and processes users follow to
accomplish tasks within a system. It considers both the goals of the users and the context in
which the tasks are performed.
 Task Decomposition: Breaks down the tasks identified in task analysis into smaller, more
manageable steps. It focuses on identifying the individual actions, steps, or sub-tasks involved
in performing the larger task.

Difference: Task analysis looks at the "big picture" of user goals and tasks, while task decomposition
focuses on breaking these tasks into detailed, actionable sub-tasks to make them more manageable or
efficient.

b. Task Analysis vs. Knowledge-Based Analysis:

 Task Analysis: Focuses on understanding how users interact with a system to achieve their
goals, identifying the steps, tools, and actions involved in these tasks.
 Knowledge-Based Analysis: Uses expert knowledge or predefined decision rules to inform
system design. It does not focus directly on user behavior but rather on system intelligence
and decision-making based on rules.

Difference: Task analysis centers around understanding user behavior and identifying how tasks
should be designed to accommodate these behaviors. In contrast, knowledge-based analysis is more
concerned with the underlying decision-making logic of the system, often using expert knowledge or
AI techniques to guide actions.

c. Task Analysis vs. Entity-Relationship-Based Techniques:

 Task Analysis: Focuses on user goals, tasks, and the user-system interaction from a
functional perspective.
 Entity-Relationship-Based Techniques: Focus on modeling the data entities and their
relationships within the system, ensuring that the data required to perform tasks is correctly
structured and available.

Relationship: While task analysis identifies the tasks that users will perform, ER techniques ensure
that the underlying data structures support those tasks. Task analysis informs the system’s user
interface and functionalities, while ER techniques ensure that data flows seamlessly behind the
scenes.

Complement: Task analysis ensures the system meets user needs and goals, while ER techniques
provide a solid data architecture to back those user tasks. For example, task analysis might reveal that
users need to store and retrieve certain information, and ER modeling can design the database
structure to support those needs.