y is derived from three greek words, Gon Metron | three sides. Measure ntcancienttime trigonometry define’ relations between elements ifatiangle. Ina triangle there are six basic elements, throe sides folties angles. Any three line segments will form a triangle if | te sy three triangular inequalities ic, the sum of any two facsseqnent is greater than third side. Tn Buelidean geometry ttesunofthree angles of a triangle is 180°. These requirements ‘apse limitations on the manner in which the relations between ‘elements are defined. (ANGLE age isa measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point. Te cignal ray is called the initial side and the final position of ‘tery after rotation is called the terminal side of the angle, The Frnt of rotation is called the vertex. Ifthe direction of rotation tnockwise, the angle is said to be positive and ifthe direct suron is clockwise, then the angle is negative Thital side (Positive angle (anticloekvse measurement) Initial side, i) Negative angle (clockwise measurement) Trigonometric Ratios and Identities SYSTEMS FOR 4 MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES “Anangle canbe measured inthe following systems. 1 4. Sexagesimal System (British System): In tis system 555 1 = ofa of a complete circular turn is called a degree (*). 5 1 ‘minute (’) and Z~ of a minute is called degree is called a minute ()) and Z— of r second (") ne right angle = 90°, 1° = 60", "= 60" L Centesimal System (French System): In this system —— of >. Centesimal System (F stem): w Lor ‘i a complete circular tur is called a grade (x), = of a grade is complete eireul led a grade (), 75 of BF 1 called a minute () and —_ of a minute is called a second (" led a minute () and 5 is o ‘One right angle 100%; 1* = 100 1'= 100" Note: The minutes and seconds in the Sexage are different with the minutes and seconds respectively in the Centesimal System, Symbols in both systems are also different. . Circular System (Radian Measurement): The angle subtended by an arc of a circle whose length is equal to the radius of the circle atthe centre of the circle is called a radian. In this system the unit of measurement is radian (©) As the circumference of a circle of radius 1 unit is 2x, therefore one complete revolution of the initial side subtends an angle of 2x. radian. More generally, in a circle of radius r, an are of length + will, subtend an angle of 1 radian, It is well-known that equal ares of a circle subtend equal angle at the centre, Since in a circle of radius r, an arc of length r subtends an angle whose ‘measure is 1 radian, an are of length 2 will subtend an angle t ‘whose measure is ~ radian. Thus, ifina circle of radius, are of length £ subtends an angle 6 radian at the centre, we have t3 = Traian Area of Circular Sector Area= +50 sq. units Note: © radian is written as 6° or can be written simply as 0. When the unit of angle is not mentioned. it must be taken as radians. eg. 0= 15 implies 15 radian Relation between radian, degree and grade: = radian = 90°= 1008 Train Your Brain Example 1: Find the radian measure corresponding to 37° 30, Se radians 24 2: The minute hand of a clock is 10 emg example ene e hand move in 20 minutes? far does the tip of th ol. The minute hand moves through 120° in 20 min Sol. Th ne Me Hy | ough — radians, moves through = Since the length of the minute hand is 10 y, distance moved by the tip ofthe hand is given ge formula 20", em. —_} (¢) Concept Application \ 1. Inacircle of diameter 40 em, the length of a chal is 20m. Find the length of minor arc corresponding to the chord 2. ‘The angles of a triangle are in AP and the number of degrees in the least isto the number of radians inthe greatest as 60 t0 m find the angles in degrees. ‘Assuming that a person of normal sight can ead pring ‘at such a distance that the letters subtend an angle of 5'at his eye, find the height of the letters that he eay read ata distance of 12 metres. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR ACUTE ANGLES Let a revolving ray OP starts from OA and revolves into the position OP, thus tracing out the angle AOP. In the revolvi perpendicular to the ray take any point P and draw PM ray OA. gle MOP, OP is the hypot he we, PMs onometrical ratios, or functions, of the angle AOPare 8 follows’ Hypotenuse’ <40P Base Hypotenuse 40P, lar tan ZAOP; ree oxy societ—, cot AOP; dicular Hypotenuse Hyp ‘AOP; Base _Hypotemse cose ZAOP; Perpendicular «quantity by which the cosine falls short of unity i. RY AOP. iscalled the Versed Sine of ZAOP; also the quantity es 4OP ls short of unity, is called the ai Sine ores n be noted that the trigonometrical ratios all real Ie cam pers ‘The names of these eight ratios are written, for brevity, gn HOP, 608 ZAOP, tan ZAOP, e0t ZAOP, cosee ZAOP, 82 208, vers ZAOP, and covers ZAOP respectively (RIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR AN ANGLE ewill tow extend the definition of trigonometric ratios to any terms of radian measure and study them as trigonometric ae fansins. (also called citeular functions) y one plab) \ Ce x" of M faa BO.-1) ye Consider a unit circle (radius 1 unit) with centre at origin of the coordinate axes. Let P(a, b) be any point on the cirele with angle ZAOP = x radian, ie. length of arcAP = x We define cos x = a and sin x = b Since AOMP is a right triangle, we have OM? + MP? = OP? o a +6? point on the unit circle we have a? + 6 Thus, for every 1 or cos? + sin? x= 1 Since one complete revolution subtends an angle of 2x. tan athe cen ofthe circle, HOB = Z., Z4OC= x ond Zao = 5. Alt angles which are integral multiples of = called quadrantal angles. The coordinates ofthe points 4, B, Cand Due, respectively, (1, 0), (0,1), (-1,0) and (0, -1). Therefore, for auadrantal angles, we have nde! cos *, =0 ws 29 0s 2: sin 2n=0 Now if we take one complete revolution from the position OP, we again come back to same position OP. Thus, we also cobserve that if. increases (or decreases) by any integral multiple cof 2x, the values of sine and cosine functions do not change. Thus, sin 2am +x) =sin.x,n € Z, c08 (2mm +x) = cos x,n eZ Further, sin x =0, ifx= 0,4 m4 20, + 3m 4 Le, when 3n x is an integral multiple of w and cos x= 0, if x= > 1 OF cisey 608 x Vanishes when x is an odd multiple of 2%, s ple of Thus sin x =0 implies x= mr , where n is any integer os x= Oimplies x= n+ 1 Z., whee mi any integer. functions in terms of sine We now define other trigonomet and cosine functions: sinx ny moe seox= —,24(2n+1) ©. where is any imteger cos.” 2” uy 7. sin x tan x= 0%, an 1) ©, where mis any integer, cos.x ‘ ) 2 “_ cota 28 een, where ais ony integer BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES where 0 € 2. or see*0 —tan’0 = 1 coP@= I 1. sin*® + c0s°0 = 1 2. 1 +tan20 = sec?0 3. 1+ e0t20 = casee*® or cosec*® 4, sin'® + cos'@ = 1-2 5. sin®0 + cos" = 1 Note: (i) (sec 0 ~ tan 6) is reciprocal of (see 0 + tan 0) and sin’0:cos"0 3 sin?0-cos%8 (4) (cosee 0 cot 0) is reciprocal of (cosee 8 + cot 8) and Using above identities hundreds of other identities can be proved, While proving identities you can use rationalization, ‘mathematical operations. factorization and many other similar (a) Train Your Brain (tan A+ see A) (sec* A= tan* A) (sec A+ tan 4)—— Example 4: If cosecd ~ cot6 sin 0. then find the value of Sot. Given cosee 0 cord = 2 @ 1 _us _—t ch) cose cot => coseed + cot Adding (d) and (i), we get 2cosec @ = 5+ 128 57s => cosec® 13 sine= sin’ A 1 Example :1f Sr Gigtg |» Prove tat sin‘ Asin’ B= 2sin* Asin? B sin‘ A sin’ B oe cos? A+sin’ A cos B Sol. Given, sin’ A on 284 cos? A= sin” A cos* (cos? A—cos* B) or, cos B sin? A(sin® B—sin’ sin? B cos? BA cos" B) on, aera (cos? ~cos* 8) When cos? 4 —cos? B= 0, cos? A in” A when 24 si0" Ag cost sin®B = sin’ cos°B ta "6 is 2" of Example sinO-+cosec®=2, the value sin” 0 + cos (@ 10 Sol. (d) We have, sin@ +cosecO=2 => 2sind+1=0 > (sind ~ 1? =0 > sin = 1 Required value of sin!0 + cosee'” 0 Or 2 sin? 0+1=2 sin 0 > sin? 0 t (+52 Example 7: The expression written as: (a) sinAcos A+ 1 (b) sec A coseca +1 (© tnd @ seed ) Given expression ean be written as cot A cosee A Sol. (6) sind C084, cos. Sood tind —c0sA Sin A” COS A~sing byat+ ab +5?) 4+cos' A sin Acos A Concept Application ) 1, then find the v sin’ alue of costs + 4. If'sinx 6. Which of the follow o fc) sin} = sint =i SIGN CONVENTION OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS | : 4 — + seen vanes| 10 is any angle, then ~ 0, called allied angles o| | | Ratios of (-0) wp | | Let O bean angle inthe standard poston inthe 1 quadrant. Let its } terminal side cuts the circle with centre ‘O" and radius r in P(x, y)- xp. implies not defined Let P(x, »') be the point of intersection of the terminal side Pine values OF COSC, SeC and ot rare the reciroeat | oFtHE angle nthe standard position withthe cise feats of sins co and tan, respectively Now ZMOP = ZMOP* (numerically) and P and P* have the mane re nea be | Sm Poon a Bea rimetric ratio of A cg. 420°, 940° me ented OMP’ => x= andy=~y coe fpr and any trigonometric ratio of these angles will equal to tio of 40° (as shown in following diagrams also). y Y | ZPOM=0 ZMor'=-0 cos(- 8) = tan(~ 8) = 3.An angle can lie in any of four quadrants according to the cat(- 6) ostion of revolving ray forthe angle. y y seo(-0)= > + 4 cosec(= 8) = cose 8, 120° 2402, . : Similarly if @ is in the other quadrants then the above results > x ly i) x oO can also be proved. Trigonometric Ratios of (x + 0) P Let 0 be an angle in the standard position in the / quadrant, Let its terminal side cuts the circle with centre “O" and radius r at PC, 9) Let P(x) be the point of intersection ofthe terminal side of the angle x0 with the circle. Let Mf and Mf be the projections of P and P respectively in the x-axis, Since AMP’ = AOMP, x'=—x,y"=y to a *X sin (x8) = sin. su wo | re cos (n-0)= = = * =_cos 0. ® * = tan 6 P tan (cot (x8) cot 0. see (x8) see 0. cosee (n cosee 0, ZMOP=0 MOP = x Trigonometric Ratios of a") Similarly we can easily prove the following results. sia( 3-0) ~con0,tan(7-0)=coto 0) = sec 6, cos( 0 |= sino, tan 6, see cosee 0 TWigonometric Ratios of (+0) Similaty we can easily prove the following results +0) =~ cor 9, —sin Trigonometric Ratios of (x + 6) ‘Similarly we can easily prove the following results sin (x + 0)=—sin 8, tan (x +6) cos (+8) = sec (+0) £08 0, cot (x see 8)=cot 8, js sc ratios of (2% Trigonometric Ratios of (3-0) ‘Similarly we can easily prove the following results, 6) --cos 0,tan( 38-0) = cot, cosec {3 3n_9) ( 0) = tan, seo 3 tan 8, cosee (x ® casee 8, Trigonometric Ratios of ( * +8) Simitarly we ean easily prove the following result 0, cos 240) sing, cot 0, cot +0 |= — tan, ie +0 +0} = cosee 0, cosee| sec There is an easy way to remember these formulae. Fin think of @ as an acute angle. Angles like 180° @, 3g 2 tan be considered as angles associated withthe horizon angles like 90° 0, 90° + 0,270° # O.can be considered associated with vertical line. When associated with the Tine, the magnitude of the Funct on does not change, nist when associated with the vertical line the function ch the corresponding complementary value (sin «> co sc0 © cose) F sin( 80 magnitade) plus of minus and cos(90 ©) will be only sing 8) will be sin 6 ogy magnitude. To decide upon the sign, consider the quadrant in wh angle falls and decide the sign by the quadrant rule Forexample,sing180" in third qu sin(180° 0) is sin0 (in magnitude) (180°, dant and hence sin(180° + 6) is negative 0) =-sind tan (90° +9) since (90 tan(90° + 0) (2) Train Your Brain | Example 8: Find cos (315° Sol Again conside a negative sig (00° + Os This should be cot and must 6) is im II quadrant and hence 1g 1608 (315°) = c0s (360° ~ 45°) = cos (45°) 1 ~ cos (45°) = Fe Example 9: Find tan (330°) Sol tan(330°) tan (360° — 30°) =tan (-30°)=tan 30° Example 10: Prove thy sim(-330°) = | Sol sin420° 05390° + cos(-2009 =sin(360"+ 60°) cos (360° sin (-360°+ 30 = sin 60" cos 30° 30°) +c0s(-360°+ 60") 0s 60° sin 30° IEE (XI) Module-lje 11: Prove that sin 240° sin Si* igaQe gay (270° ~ 30%) sin (540 30°) ~ sin (360° 308) £08 (360° + 308) ° 4)~sin(270°—4) £08 30° sin30° + sin30° cos3p ample 12: Prove that cos 4+ sin(270°4 Esaniigo? + A)=0 cos.d + sin (270° + A)~ sin(270" A)+c0s(180°+4) cos A ~c0s A ~ (008 A) + (~ cos A) <0 sam : Find the value of tan 35%an 40°tan ase jn sora 5S We hav tan 35° tan 40°.tan 45% tan 50° tan 55° = (tan 35° * 55°} {tan 40° tan 50°) x tan 45° 5°} {tam 4° cot 40") > tan 45° | gxample 14: Find the value of tan(1")tan(2 | ins”. | so. Wehave, tan(3") tan(1*).tan(2")tan(3%...tan(89°) | = tan(1°)tan(2°) tan(3°)...tan(44°) | tan(45*) tan(46")...tan(87°) tan( 8°) tan(89° = ftan(1*) * tan(89°)}-{ tan(2") « tan(88°)} tam(44*) > tan(46°)). tan(45°) = 1 | Example 15: Find the value of cos(1°).cos(2").cos(3°) os(189") Sol, We have, £08(1°) c08(29).c08(3")...005(189°) €09(1°).£05(2°).£08(3°)..n.€05(89) .€05(90") c05(91),...€05(189°) .£05(1°).£08(2").£08(39)nn.808(89°) «0 ¥ c05(91") . 605(189°) 7. If Scosta.~ 2sina ~2 the value of cota 8 Lot a= tan{ ="), 5 ay d= c0s (315°), then (@ a tana + )=1 tind on B im tan + tanB = 1 tand , tanB > tand + tanB + tand , tend = 1 > 1 + tand + wnB + tand , tan = 1+ 1=2 => (1+ tan) + tant + and) = 2 (1+ tana) (1 + tan) = 2 Example 18: Find the value of (1 + tan 20°) (1 + tan 24°) (1 + tan 25°) (I + tan 21°) Sol. We have (1+ tan 20%) (1 + tan 24%) (1 +tan 25°) (1 +tan 21°) {(1 + tan 209 (1 + tan 25%) x {(1 + tan 24%) (tan =2e2=4 Example 19: [f2 tan a= 3 tanp, then show that, 2sinBeosB tan 0-0) oar tang. —tanps Sol. T+tana. tan Wohave, tan(a-f) 3tanp~tanB B +3tan® 143 tanBranp sinBcosB 2eos' + 3sin' sinleos _ 2sinBeosph 2esin’B 4+2sin’B (¢) Concept Application AL, Prove that tan(70°) = 2 tan( 50") + tan(20°) 12, Show that cos20+ cos%(a.+ 8) ~2c0s cosO os (a+ 8) is independent of 8 1 . Utsin(A-B)=—, con(d+B)=—2e find the 18 Esa 4-2) =15, cosa 8) = find th value oftan 24 where and & lie between 0 and 14TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE (0 sin(a + B) + sina ~ BY» 2 sind cost (0) sinc + sind = 2 in ggg =P (i sin(a + BY sind ~ B) = 2 60nd sina (ii) cos(d + BY + c0s(d ~B) = 2 con cost? (eV 08C + gos = 2 608 ©" cos 9) cos(A ~ BY ~ cos +B) = 2 sin sind sin E22 gin =P Example 20: Show that sia12° sin 48° . sin $4°= 1/8 Sol. LHS. -0s36°- cos60"Jsin 54 Ly 20836°sinS4°~ sin54°] i 90° + sin 18° sinS4°} (in $4°— sin 18°)1 sample 21: Prove tn SB S980 = 9 in 80¢050~2sin 6c0s38 sin 49 $in90+sin70—si cos30-+ 2050 c0s04 0088 2sin2000550 2cosS0cos 26 i (a) Train Your Brain qt) Note :2 cos? fan 24= Note: tan 0 sin 24 plication 1 1? id cos Aeon B= £ and cos joa 15, ‘Theproduct cot 123°. cot 133°. cot 137° cot 147%, whe simplified is equal to 14, 1F sin 4 —sin +B +) @- (@) tan37 (6) oot 33° @ 1 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS C oF J MULTIPLE AND SUB-1 MULTIPLE ANG (@) sin 24=2 sind cos 8 8 Note : sin® =2 sin cos ete. 0s 24 = cost = sintd = 2c0s4 = 1 8 +080, 2sint® = 1 ' 2 2tand T= tn? 2 tan® 1+ tan? A sin 34 =3 sind — 4 sini cos 34 = 4 c0s)4~3 cos 3 tan A~ tan’ A tan 34= sin? A (1+ 00824) (3sin 4-sin34) (0) cosd.cos(60 — A) c0x{60+ A) = Feos34 (mm) tam 4 .tan(60— A). tan(60+ 4) =tan 34 (2) cot —tand = 2cot(20) esos sotuiet &@ (i) Treas —c0s B~cos( As By 2°"D co 20040 # tan $0 ~ tan 30 (i) LHS. tan 4 + cot A 4(L+tan® 4) 2tan A } (ai) LHS. irene B) ireeedeos Boon 4B) Ayan A cal sin? 425i sin 48) =A _5 A TY peor? 4 2e084cos{ 448] sin $0.c0s30-+ sin30cos50 jy 2050-41030 sin 30 c0558 | tan 50—tan30 — sin30cos3e = 5088 _ 4c0s20c0548 sin20 too(7+4) ssop svcin asin | Example23: Provethat:— G44) aeceavsin assim [a_,) ~ 200s A-sin Asin tn( £- Lend . sol rs, = Letand - detan dd (tana ~ (tan a) Tetand 2nd ietan’ A _t+sin2A 7 = SARS, 7) ian A” sind Vetan? A 2cos A 20s A 2eos A(L+sin2A)_L4+sin 2eos A—sin2A) 1—sin2A Both sides reduce to the same result, 2m) a4 4") Example 24; Prove that cos} Psin(Z) ssin(=) ® (¢) Concept Application 16. 16 (0)=sin® O+sin?( 0. 0+48) shen 4%) seaunio m2 2 oF 5405% ~3 co 0 7 | & 2sin 0 cos 0 5 a | Hence, either cos 0 = 0, ™ sives 0 = 90°, or (1+08#)(t+eoe7) 1 Asin? 0+ 24in0= E 8 a) "8 By solving this quadratic equation, we have (1 our cagg ; By solving i ae quantity Hence We ake the upper gO 18. Prove that sin(20°) sin (40°) sin(80") 4 have) "Ba sino sint8* rapt has veae con 18° = =a = ft 2B» fC ANGLES 6 Ye there exit of 18° mayb om ong ning tig is the complem 1 of 18°, the value ofthe rat 03 for, (@) sin nn=O;coenn=(-IF:tnne=O,wheron el — | Since oo sin ts*orsin® « 3! ezat9*ercon 38 may be oblained. 2” aN ot | rotnd the trigonometcal functions of an angle of 362 12 sn, Since cos 20. S41 10836" = 1-2 sin? 18° 4 ise Ba! 2 - ae The remaining trigonometrical functions of 36° may poy, found. Also, since 54° may be found. be wn 75 1 = 24V5 cons Note: 1. We must be careful while determining the square roo, trigonometrical function ¢. ot -1 To find the trigonometrical functions of an angle of 18%: Let 0. |_ in? = [sin xP not sin. stand for 18°, so that 20 is 36° and 30 is $4 Hi 1ce 20 = 90° — 30 and therefore sin 2 is 4 2 therefore in 20 sin(90°—30)=c0s30 | 2 Vivid = fine +0083 Values of standard angles \i2/ io) : 5 ' cot | 2ev3 [Nera tanTrain Your Brain CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES | A+ B+C () sin2d + sin2B + sin2C | then 4 sind sind sinC Prove that sin(12°), sin (48°). sin(S4°) Be ng uae 26 Poe int sin 129-4 | ay sind sin + sinc = cos con coe! 4 Bye _ ras) 4 sind an aw wc say iN 12929 (op und tan? +n an stan on 1 460" + 12°)) (cos(36")) 2 > . . “ =~ (sin(36").c0s(36°)) 2 2 a 2 1 (6i(36?,.0s(36%) | (ey ae 8+ C= 5 then tan tan 8 + tan B tan C+ tan Ctan in) at? cam im) 7 : | Train Your Brain sample 26: Prove that: si(24°+ on) (148) | | 5 ee , ¥3) Example 28: If + B-+ C= 180°, prove that, sin?A + sin?B ser Webave 4 (in24") + cose) T eute=1+ 2eoad cosB cot | 4 (sin(24") + sin (84°) Sol. Let $= sin?A + sin*B + sin’ (,., (24easae)(24"-840 so dat {asin ad [inl Joo) $= Dunk +1 col +1 ~c02C | 8 (sin (54°) co8(30")) = 8 (cos(36") cos(30") Raksha +2—-eon(B + C) cost ©) | 1M) comer =e 6°) 008(30)) 2costd + 2 = 2cos(B + C) cos(B-C) 1) ia) 5-2 + cond (cos -©) + c0¥68 + 0) ) since cosd = - cos(B + C) ea $2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C 4B nl So LALS. = sin 36° sin 2® sin 108" sin 144 teosc= 14 sin’ sind sinS ‘sin 36° sin 72° sin 72° sin 36° = sin? 36° sin? 7; | os 5-5 20. 5 | fe 4 64 16 Lo _ J | Concept Application ) | | 19. Ifa.= 112° 30, find the value of sin a and cos a. 20, Find the value of cos 12° + cos 84° + cos 156° | | sin | eos 132 2Example 30: If 4, 8, C are the angles ofa triangle, show that tan 4 + tan B+ tan C= tan 4 tan B tan © Sol. We have B Zeina a1) sin tan + tan 8 + tan tan tan(4+B+C)= — en 4 1 (an B tan C + tan Ctan A+ tan Atan B) cos| a+(2 9F |-cosl arian This may also be proved independently. For esta. * tan (4 + B) = tan (180° -C) ~~ tan sat 1" Paaee | tan 4+ tan B + tan C= tan tan B tan C sin 2608] a+(napf (¢) Concept Application 21, In triangle ABC, prove that sin (B+ C— A) + sin (C +A~B) + sin (A+ B-C)=4 sin A sin B sin C, 22. Prove that in triangle ABC =1~2 sin sin B cos C. Type-It Form sided regular polygon Sum of all exterior angles = 27 (0) The value of one exterior an A + c0s*B— cos? C (id) The value of one interior angle SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES Type-l fx ‘Sum of the sin and cosine series when th les are in A.P. | (iii) Sum of interior angles = x(n (1) sin a+ sin (a+B)+sin (a +28) +... sin (a+ m1) op anf _p 6] Type-Ill = Bain er Ys Spliting the sum series as difference of 2 terms. “my Here cach term of trigonometric series is splitted into differ Proof: Let = sin a+ sin (a+) sin (a+28)+...+sin | oftwo so that most ofthe terms while adding them gets cancel (a+ n~1p) | Type-IV Continued Product of Cosine Series Hore angle are in A.P. and common difference of angles = B £08 A 608 24 608 44 608 BA ou 6052"! f iipvng bot sides by in we get Pree: Maing above md blow by 2 LHS ssin ® =2 B 2 sin(a+p)sin B+... +2sin moe ooen a Ha’, t 2eatasP ne . | - sin A €08 A cos 24 cos 44 .... cos 2"-' A] (a+ nip) sin® o [2 sin 24 cos 24 cos 44 .... cos 2"-! A] see (xt) Module! @sin 44 608 44 ... 608 2"-1 4) sind 1 2 sin 2"-! 4 cos 2-1 sind 4l sin (2-21 4) = SnQ" A) sind sina Find the summation of the following series an | oo 6m (a cos + cos + cos K 3n (ii) cose + + cos 65 Gi 608-7 + e087 7 teosay + const Sol. lar polygon of n-sides with 4 A, vertices prove that Ady) + (Ady)? + AA) + oo (AAP 2M? where 2 is the radius of circumcircle circumscribing it SOL. (4,4)? + (AA? sn (AYA, = 2H? By trigonometry (44,9? = AR? sit (4A, = 48 si (Ady? = AR si weal (AA, = 42> sin’ (AA + AA) + on + Ady) are [so © sin? 2 sin 2m] An—Dz Example 33: § = cosec x + cosec 2 Sol. Let cosee x =~sinx-cos $n (ot 28-1 i Brample 4 Prove that oon 2 1 assin(n +0) (Re carcass mam, 5 23, sin +sin=+sin ® coe)! cos upton terms isequal t0 wo @1 2 24, The product {cos)-(c0s*}{cos2).... cs 2) (oa) (erg) 256) to WO coe x si 256 256 © 128sin =. $12sin 128 32 25, Find the summation of the following series on Special Cases ‘When angle of Type-til Making use of reciprocal relationship be is equal IGONOMETRY APPLICATION OF TR IN MAXIM! ND MINIMISING i ING Al (OPTIMISATION) Type minimising by using the property OF ond Maximising of trigonometti je functions ive bound ales BetWeen 1 ang rent are unbounded functions ues greater than 1 and Tess hago sec > | webu gent and co nge sec have al 1,03 cost of finction i “bY, an / 1 inimag o (6) cosecand (ao ossin'x Note: If maximum val ange is 1, tan? 2 [ab) sine and cosine are same ‘asind +b cos r ae sea 2 = = cos a _— wo b pela VF sin Oa), whertan = 2 Hens foreny el value of arb ses (ere Type-ll inary Train Your Brain Example 35: Find the max and min values of 8) = sin® + cos"8 Sol. We have, (0) = sin'0 + cos'9 = (sin? 0)’ +(c0s* 6)” = (sin? 6+ cos* 6)” ~3sin? @cos? @(sin? 0 +cos* 0) 1-3sin? Ocos? 0=1 + (Asin 8cos? 0) Broo 163 1-3 (gin? 20) =143(-sin?2 in’ 20) = 1+ (-sin* 20) ‘As we know that, ~1<(-sin?20) <0 a ree x mote @the maximum value = 1 1 ence, othe niin value pant 34: Find iniouit and main sae of esa a sin 8. Taye 7608 0+ 24 in 0 TB sacos0 + bsind s a® +o) (FORE 100804 24sind's Fe 3570080 +24 sin O $25, ple 37: = cos 2x-+3 sins, Find range of y Example 38: If y minimum value of y 2ab + 2ab ‘i e @tantx + tan? x Sol.y 2 (atanx~——| + 2ab2 2ab \ tanx) Yin, = 246 1 26, Find the range of the function =——> —— oe NO" Ssinx+deosx +2 27. Find the maximum and minimum value of cos?® 6 sin 6 cos 0+ 3sin0-+ 2 28, If A= sin?0 + cos*0, then forall real values of @ a) 1S 452 b) = ASI (@ 154 OG B 16 B 3 © 8 @ 4sas : 4 ‘Trigonometric Ratio ~ Basie Terminology hypotenuse ‘opposite adjacent C The six trigonometric ratios of @ are defined as follows: sing =2PPOSE ogy tdtcemt 9 _ opposite Typotenuse iypotenuse adjacent cot = aicent types opposite ‘opposite ” Git) cosec0— cot’ = 1