Chapter 1 Introduction 19

283K. Thus

P1.32 A blimp is approximated by a prolate spheroid 90 m long and 30 m in diameter.

Estimate the weight of 20°C gas within the blimp for (a) helium at 1.1 atm; and (b) air at
1.0 atm. What might the difference between these two values represent (Chap. 2)?

Solution: Find a handbook. The volume of a prolate spheroid is, for our data,

2 2
LR 2 (90 m)(15 m)2 42412 m3
3 3

Estimate, from the ideal-gas law, the respective densities of helium and air:

pHe 1.1(101350) kg
(a) helium 0.1832 3 ;
R T 2077(293) m
pair He 101350 kg
(b) air 1.205 3 .
Rair T 287(293) m

Then the respective gas weights are

kg m
WHe He g 0.1832 3
9.81 2
(42412 m 3 ) 76000 N Ans. (a)
m s
Wair air g (1.205)(9.81)(42412) 501000 N Ans. (b)

The difference between these two, 425000 N, is the buoyancy, or lifting ability, of the
blimp. [See Section 2.8 for the principles of buoyancy.]

P1.33 A tank contains 9 kg of CO 2 at 20ºC and 2.0 MPa. Estimate the volume of
the tank, in m3.
Solution: All we have to do is find the density. For CO 2 , from Table A.4, R = 189
m2/(s2 K). Then
(2,000,000 )
= = = 36.1 /
([189 m /(s K](20 + 273 K)

Then the tank volume m/ (9 kg ) / (36.1 kg / m3 ) 0.25 m3 Ans.

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20 Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Eighth Edition

P1.34 Consider steam at the following state near the saturation line: (p 1 , T 1 ) (1.31
MPa, 290°C). Calculate and compare, for an ideal gas (Table A.4) and the Steam Tables
(a) the density 1 ; and (b) the density 2 if the steam expands isentropically to a new
pressure of 414 kPa. Discuss your results.

Solution: From Table A.4, for steam, k 1.33, and R 461 m2/(s2 K). Convert T 1
563 K. Then,
p1 1,310,000 Pa kg
1 2 2
5.05 3 Ans. (a)
RT
1/k 1 (461 m s K )(563 K )
1/1.33 m
2 2 p2 414 kPa kg
0.421, or: 2 2.12 3 Ans. (b)
1 5.05 p1 1310 kPa m

From the online Steam Tables, just look it up:

SpiraxSarcoTables: 1 5.23 kg/m3 Ans. (a), 2 2.16 kg/m3 Ans. (b)

The ideal-gas error is only about 3%, even though the expansion approached the saturation line.

P1.35 In Table A-4, most common gases (air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, CO, NO)
have a specific heat ratio k 1.40. Why do argon and helium have such high values?
Why does NH 3 have such a low value? What is the lowest k for any gas that you know?

Solution: In elementary kinetic theory of gases [21], k is related to the number of

“degrees of freedom” of the gas: k 1 2/N, where N is the number of different modes
of translation, rotation, and vibration possible for the gas molecule.
Example: Monotomic gas, N 3 (translation only), thus k 5/3
This explains why helium and argon, which are monatomic gases, have k 1.67.
Example: Diatomic gas, N 5 (translation plus 2 rotations), thus k 7/5
This explains why air, nitrogen, oxygen, NO, CO and hydrogen have k 1.40.
But NH 3 has four atoms and therefore more than 5 degrees of freedom, hence k will
be less than 1.40. Most tables list k = 1.32 for NH 3 at about 20 C, implying N 6.
The lowest k known to this writer is for uranium hexafluoride, 238UF 6 , which is a
very complex, heavy molecule with many degrees of freedom. The estimated value of k
for this heavy gas is k 1.06.
 Chapter 1 Introduction 21

P1.36 Experimental data [55] for the density of n-pentane liquid for high pressures, at
50ºC, are listed as follows:

Pressure, kPa 100 10230 20700 34310

Density, kg/m3 586.3 604.1 617.8 632.8

(a) Fit this data to reasonably accurate values of B and n from Eq. (1.19).
(b) Evaluate at 30 MPa.

Solution:
Eq. (1.19) is p/p o B+1)( / o )n – B. The first column is p o = 100 kPa and o = 586.3
kg/m3.

(a) The writer found it easiest to guess n, say, n = 7 for water, and then solve for B from
the data:
[ ]
=
( ) 1

The value n = 7 is too low. Try n = 8,9,10,11 – yes, 11 works, with B

Equation (1.19), with B = 260 and n = 11, is accurate to a fraction of 1%. Ans.(a)

(b) Use our new formula for p = 30 MPA = 30,000 kPa.

30000
= = (261) 260 , .( )
100 586.1
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P1.37 A near-ideal gas has M 44 and c v 610 J/(kg K). At 100°C, what are (a) its
specific heat ratio, and (b) its speed of sound?

Solution: The gas constant is R 189 J/(kg K). Then

cv R/(k 1), or: k 1 R/cv 1 189/610 1.31 Ans. (a) [It is probably N2 O]
With k and R known, the speed of sound at 100ºC 373 K is estimated by

a kRT 1.31[189 m2 /(s2 K)](373 K) 304 m/s Ans. (b)

22 Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Eighth Edition
 Chapter 1 Introduction 23

P1.38 In Fig. P1.38, if the fluid is glycerin at 20°C and the width between plates is 6
mm, what shear stress (in Pa) is required to move the upper plate at V 5.5 m/s? What is
the flow Reynolds number if “L” is taken to be the distance between plates?

Fig. P1.38
Solution: (a) For glycerin at 20°C, from Table 1.4, 1.5 N · s/m2. The shear stress is
found from Eq. (1) of Ex. 1.8:
V (1.5 Pa s)(5.5 m/s)
1380 Pa Ans. (a)
h (0.006 m)
The density of glycerin at 20°C is 1264 kg/m3. Then the Reynolds number is defined by
Eq. (1.24), with L h, and is found to be decidedly laminar, Re < 1500:
VL (1264 kg/m 3 )(5.5 m/s)(0.006 m)
ReL 28 Ans. (b)
1.5 kg/m s

P1.39 Knowing 1.80E 5 Pa · s for air at 20°C from Table 1-4, estimate its viscosity
at 500°C by (a) the power-law, (b) the Sutherland law, and (c) the Law of Corresponding
States, Fig. 1.5. Compare with the accepted value (500°C) 3.58E 5 Pa · s.

Solution: First change T from 500°C to 773 K. (a) For the power-law for air, n 0.7,
and from Eq. (1.30a),
0.7
n 773 kg
o (T/To ) (1.80E 5) 3.55E 5 Ans. (a)
293 ms

This is less than 1% low. (b) For the Sutherland law, for air, S 110 K, and from Eq. (1.30b),
(T/To )1.5 (To S) (773/293)1.5 (293 110)
o (1.80E 5)
(T S) (773 110)
kg
3.52E 5 Ans. (b)
ms
24 Solutions Manual Fluid Mechanics, Eighth Edition

This is only 1.7% low. (c) Finally use Fig. 1.5. Critical values for air from Ref. 3 are:

Air: c 1.93E 5 Pa s Tc 132 K (“mixture” estimates)

At 773 K, the temperature ratio is T/T c 773/132 5.9. From Fig. 1.5, read c 1.8.
Then our critical-point-correlation estimate of air viscosity is only 3% low:

kg
1.8 c (1.8)(1.93E 5) 3.5E 5 Ans. (c)
ms

P1.40 Glycerin at 20ºC fills the space between a hollow sleeve of diameter12 cm and
a fixed coaxial solid rod of diameter 11.8 cm. The outer sleeve is rotated at 120 rev/min.
rod
length, to hold the inner rod fixed.

=120 rev/min

Solution: From Table A.3, the viscosity of glycerin is

radii, 6 cm
6 cm – 5.9 cm = 0.1 cm = 1 mm. The velocity of the sleeve
o 5.9 cm
The shear stressin the glycerin is approximately
.754)/(0.001) = 1123 Pa.
The shear forces are all perpendicular to the radius
and thus have a total torque

Torque (2 ri L )ri (1123 N / m 2 )[2 (0.059m)(1m)](0.059m) 25 N m per meter Ans.

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