4/8/24, 5:20 PM Analog Communication - SNR Calculations

Analog Communication - SNR Calculations

In this chapter, let us calculate Signal to Noise Ratios and Figure of Merits of various
modulated waves, which are demodulated at the receiver.

Signal to Noise Ratio

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is the ratio of the signal power to noise power. The
higher the value of SNR, the greater will be the quality of the received output.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio at different points can be calculated using the following

formulas.

Average power of modulating signal

Input SNR = (S N R)
I
=
Average power of noise at input

Average power of demodulated signal

Output SNR = (S N R)
O
=
Average power of noise at output

Average power of modulated signal

Channel SNR = (S N R)
C
=
Average power of noise in message bandwidth

Figure of Merit
The ratio of output SNR and input SNR can be termed as Figure of Merit. It is
denoted by F. It describes the performance of a device.

(S N R)
O
F =
(S N R)
I

Figure of merit of a receiver is

(S N R)
O
F =
(S N R)
C

It is so because for a receiver, the channel is the input.

SNR Calculations in AM System

Consider the following receiver model of AM system to analyze noise.

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We know that the Amplitude Modulated (AM) wave is

s (t) = Ac [1 + k a m (t)] cos(2πfc t)

⇒ s (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) + Ac k a m (t) cos(2πfc t)

Average power of AM wave is

2 2 2 2 2
Ac Ac k a m (t) Ac Ac k a P
Ps = ( –) + ( – ) = +
√2 √2 2 2

2 2
Ac (1 + k a P )
⇒ Ps =
2

Average power of noise in the message bandwidth is

Pnc = W N0

Substitute, these values in channel SNR formula

Average P ower of AM W ave

(S N R) =
C ,AM
Average P ower of noise in message bandwidth

2 2
Ac (1 + k a ) P
⇒ (S N R) =
C ,AM
2W N0

Where,

P is the power of the message signal=

Am

W is the message bandwidth

Assume the band pass noise is mixed with AM wave in the channel as shown in the
above figure. This combination is applied at the input of AM demodulator. Hence, the
input of AM demodulator is.

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v (t) = s (t) + n (t)

⇒ v (t) = Ac [1 + k a m (t)] cos(2πfc t)+

[n1 (t) cos(2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t)]

⇒ v (t) = [Ac + Ac k a m (t) + n1 (t)] cos(2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t)

Where nI (t) and nQ (t) are in phase and quadrature phase components of noise.

The output of AM demodulator is nothing but the envelope of the above signal.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
d (t) = √[Ac + Ac Ka m (t) + nI (t)] + (nQ (t))

⇒ d (t) ≈ Ac + Ac k a m (t) + n1 (t)

Average power of the demodulated signal is

2 2 2
Ac k a m (t) Ac k a P
Pm = ( – ) =
√2 2

Average power of noise at the output is

Pn o = W N0

Substitute, these values in output SNR formula.

Average P ower of demodulated signal

(S N R) =
O,AM
Average P ower of noise at Output

2 2
Ac k a P
⇒ (S N R) =
O,AM
2W N0

Substitute, the values in Figure of merit of AM receiver formula.

(S N R)
O,AM
F =
(S N R)
C ,AM

2 2
2 2
Ac k a P Ac (1 + k a ) P
⇒ F = ( )/( )
2W N0 2W N0

2
Ka P
⇒ F =
2
1 + Ka P

Therefore, the Figure of merit of AM receiver is less than one.

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SNR Calculations in DSBSC System

Consider the following receiver model of DSBSC system to analyze noise.

We know that the DSBSC modulated wave is

s (t) = Ac m (t) cos(2πfc t)

Average power of DSBSC modulated wave is

2 2
Ac m (t) Ac P
Ps = ( – ) =
√2 2

Average power of noise in the message bandwidth is

Pnc = W N0

Substitute, these values in channel SNR formula.

(S N R)
C ,DSBSC

Average P ower of DS BS C modulated wave

=
Average P ower of noise in message bandwidth

2
Ac P
⇒ (S N R) =
C ,DSBSC
2W N0

Assume the band pass noise is mixed with DSBSC modulated wave in the channel as
shown in the above figure. This combination is applied as one of the input to the
product modulator. Hence, the input of this product modulator is

v1 (t) = s (t) + n (t)

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⇒ v1 (t) = Ac m (t) cos(2πfc t)

+ [nI (t) cos(2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t)]

⇒ v1 (t) = [Ac m (t) + nI (t)] cos(2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t)

Local oscillator generates the carrier signal c (t) = cos(2πfc t). This signal is applied
as another input to the product modulator. Therefore, the product modulator
produces an output, which is the product of v1 (t) and c (t).

v2 (t) = v1 (t) c (t)

Substitute, v1 (t) and c (t) values in the above equation.

⇒ v2 (t) = ([Ac m (t) + nI (t)] cos(2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t)) cos

(2πfc t)

2
⇒ v2 (t) = [Ac m (t) + nI (t)] cos (2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t) cos

(2πfc t)

1 + cos(4πfc t)
⇒ v2 (t) = [Ac m (t) + nI (t)] ( )
2

sin(4πfc t)
− nQ (t)
2

When the above signal is applied as an input to low pass filter, we will get the output
of low pass filter as

[Ac m (t) + nI (t)]

d (t) =
2

Average power of the demodulated signal is

2 2
Ac m (t) Ac P
Pm = ( ) =
–
2√ 2 8

Average power of noise at the output is

W N0
Pno =
4

Substitute, these values in output SNR formula.

Average P ower of demodulated signal

(S N R) =
O,DSBSC
Average P ower of noise at Output

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2 2
Ac P W N0 Ac P
⇒ (S N R) = ( )/( ) =
O,DSBSC
8 4 2W N0

Substitute, the values in Figure of merit of DSBSC receiver formula.

(S N R)
O,DSBSC
F =
(S N R)
C ,DSBSC

2 2
Ac P Ac P
⇒ F = ( )/( )
2W N0 2W N0

⇒ F = 1

Therefore, the Figure of merit of DSBSC receiver is 1.

SNR Calculations in SSBSC System

Consider the following receiver model of SSBSC system to analyze noise.

We know that the SSBSC modulated wave having lower sideband is

Am Ac
s (t) = cos[2π (fc − fm ) t]
2

Average power of SSBSC modulated wave is

2 2 2
Am Ac Am Ac
Ps = ( – ) =
2√ 2 8

Average power of noise in the message bandwidth is

Pnc = W N0

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Substitute, these values in channel SNR formula.

(S N R)
C ,SSBSC

Average P ower of S S BS C modulated wave

=
Average P ower of noise in message bandwidth

2 2
Am Ac
⇒ (S N R) =
C ,SSBSC
8W N0

Assume the band pass noise is mixed with SSBSC modulated wave in the channel as
shown in the above figure. This combination is applied as one of the input to the
product modulator. Hence, the input of this product modulator is

v1 (t) = s (t) + n (t)

Am Ac
v1 (t) = cos[2π (fc − fm ) t] + nI (t) cos(2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin
2

(2πfc t)

The local oscillator generates the carrier signal c (t) = cos(2πfc t). This signal is
applied as another input to the product modulator. Therefore, the product modulator
produces an output, which is the product of v1 (t) and c (t).

v2 (t) = v1 (t) c (t)

Substitute, v1 (t) and c (t) values in the above equation.

Am Ac
⇒ v2 (t) = ( cos[2π(fc − fm )t] + nI (t) cos(2πfc t)−
2

nQ (t) sin(2πfc t)) cos(2πfc t)

Am Ac
⇒ v2 (t) = cos[2π (fc − fm ) t] cos(2πfc t)+
2

2
nI (t) cos (2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t) cos(2πfc t)

Am Ac
⇒ v2 (t) = {cos[2π (2fc − fm ) t] + cos(2πfm t)} +
4

1+cos(4πfc t)
nI (t) ( )
2

sin(4πfc t)
− nQ (t)
2

When the above signal is applied as an input to low pass filter, we will get the output
of low pass filter as

Am Ac nI (t)
d (t) = cos(2πfm t) +
2 2

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Average power of the demodulated signal is

2 2 2
Am Ac Am Ac
Pm = ( – ) =
4√ 2 32

Average power of noise at the output is

W N0
Pno =
4

Substitute, these values in output SNR formula

Average P ower of demodulated signal

(S N R) =
O,SSBSC
Average P ower of noise at output

2 2 2 2
Am Ac W N0 Am Ac
⇒ (S N R) = ( )/( ) =
O,SSBSC
32 4 8W N0

Substitute, the values in Figure of merit of SSBSC receiver formula

(S N R)
O,SSBSC
F =
(S N R)
C ,SSBSC

2 2 2 2
Am Ac Am Ac
F = ( )/( )
8W N0 8W N0

F = 1

Therefore, the Figure of merit of SSBSC receiver is 1.

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