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computers

SHARON
EBENEZER
Computer Handout

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COMPUTERS: THE PAST AND THE PRESENT
Definition: Computer is an electronic device that is capable of accepting data,
via any available input device(e.g. Keyboard), and process the data into
information which can either be stored in its memory or communicated to the
user(s) via any available output device(e.g. printer)

The block diagram below illustrates how data is processed in a digital computer.

Input Unit Central Processing Unit Output Unit

Auxiliary Storage Unit

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
There are four major characteristics that make the computer extraordinarily
useful as a tool for men. These are:

1. Speed: A computer has no problem in solving thousands of problems

within a second or even microsecond, nanosecond, e.t.c. In very fast machines
even millions of such are performed within one second. That is why in
computer science we talk of milliseconds, microseconds, pico-seconds, e.t.c.
Thus, computer can process information at speed far beyond the capability of
man.

2. Storage Ability: Due to auxiliary storage unit, unlimited amounts of

information can be stored in a computer system. This information is never
forgotten unless it is removed or change. The information placed inside
computer is reliable stored and easier to retrieve when needed.

3. Consistent Performance: There are no “off days” in the operation of

computers (except perhaps when they break down) and computers are consistent
in performance unlike humans. For examples if a computer is requested to
perform a series of calculations in a thousand times, it will perform the 989 th
with exactly the same care and attention as the first one. It neither looses
concentration nor does it become tired or bored. Hence it is ideal for performing
task of a repetitive nature.

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4. Accuracy: Computer is a highly accurate and reliable machine though
not every result produced is accurate. Computer nowadays are able to report if
the hardware misbehaves while processing information or if the information
proceeding from one unit to another is corrupted. They performed
finitearithmetic (numbers used are précised to a given extent only). If wrong
results are obtained it is because of a human error and not deficiency in the
computer itself or it might be that the application program has wrong
instructions which are obeyed as correct or the supplied data is wrong or the
system proms are wrong.

5. Programmability: This is one of the unique characteristics that

distinguish computer from other calculating machines (e.g. calculator). A
computer can be programmed to perform any desire operation, ranging from
business to science, military to education and lots more.

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
A computer really means a machine that helps to perform calculations.
However, the development of complicated modern computer, like the one in our
offices the following time chart shows some important date in the history of
computer.

Abacus has existed for thousands of years. It is an instrument used in arithmetic

calculations. It consists essentially of a tablet or frame bearing parallel wires or
grooves on which counters or bearing are moved. A modern abacus makes use
of a wooden frame with beads on parallel wires, and a crossbar oriented
perpendicular to the wires that divide the beads into two groups.

1642: Blaise Pascal

Pascal, a mathematician and philosopher, invented the first mechanical adding

machine, it was built with 8-pairs of wheels and series of gears operated with
hands to effect counting and subsequent addition of numbers.

1833: Charles Babbage

Charles – a mathematician started work on two machines: Difference machine

and Analytical engine, but were never finished. These machines were
forerunner of the modern day computer. The machines were however completed
after his death. Charles Babbage died in 1871 and was referred to as the father
of computer because he was the one that first conceived the idea of a machine
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which could carry out complicated calculations and also be completed
automatically. During his life time (1843) Charles was assisted by another
mathematician called Ada Augusta, the world first computer programmer, by
devising problems for testing the analytical engine.

1885: Herman Hollerith

Hollerith, a statistician, designed an electric tabulating device that was used in

automating the 1890 U.S census. In 1896, he found the Tabulating Machine
Company to manufacture and market his inventions. This company eventually
merged with several others to become IBM (The International Business
Machine).

1951: UNIVAC-1 and IBM-700 Series

These are the first sets of computer (UNIVACI and IBM-700 Series) to be
produced in commercial quantity. These were later termed “first generation of
computers”. (UNIVAC means Universal Automatic Computer)

1963: Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) was

developed in Dartmouth and used in 1975on PC as a programming language.

1964: The first computer built using silicon Chips went on sale.

Silicon chips: The first silicon chips were produced in 1960 with Integrated
Circuits (I.C).

1975: The first small home computer, the Altair was sold. In this same year, the
software company called “Microsoft” was founded in USA by Bill Gates and
Paul Allen.

1981: IBM (International Business Machines) introduced the IBM-PC, a model

that set the standard in small computer for the next few years. In the same year,
Microsoft Company brought out MS-DOS, an operating system used by IBM-
PCs.
An operating system is software inside the computer that acts as an interface
between the user of the computer on one hand, and the computer hardware on
the other hand. MS-DOS was text based, command oriented, no graphical user
interface, could not access up to 640KB and it could only use 16 bits at a time.

1995: Microsoft launched the Windows 95 operating system.

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1998: Microsoft launched the Windows 98 with internet Browser.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
It is difficult to distinguish between the various categories of categories of
computer systems. Their sizes cost and capabilities frequently overlap.
Sometimes, computer systems are classified by their cost but this method of
classification is arbitrary. The following criteria are considered here .

A. Classification according to the manner in which data is represented within

them.
B. Classification according to their physical sizes.
C. Classification based on age of technology.

A. Classification based on age of technology

This leads to the following generations of computers:

1. First Generation Computers: the following generation of computer was

in operation during the year 1940, s-1959, and their technology base was
circuitry consisting of wires and thermionic valves. They were made of
vacuum tube. Computer belonging to this generation have the following
characteristics:
(a) Comparatively large in size compared to present day computers.
(b) Generated a lot of heat (because of the moving parts_, which was not
consistent with reliability as the values, tend to fail frequently.
(c) Internal storage consisted of magnetic drums and delay lines.
Examples of the first generation computers are UNIVAC I (Universal
Automatic Computer) and, IBM (International Business Machine).

2. Second Generation Computers: this generation spans from 1959-1963.

The advancement of technological knowledge enabled the wire and
thermionic values of the first generation to be replaced with transistors
the transistors were much smaller, faster, and more reliable and produced
far less heat during operation than the vacuum tubes.
The computers of this generation are IBM 7030, UNIVAC 1107, NCR
315, and Honeywell 800. Computers of this generation have the
following characteristics:
(a) High cost direct access storage.
(b) Higher capacity internal storage.
(c) Use of operating systems and compilers
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3. Third Generation Computers: The third generation computers came

into existence around 1964 and early 1970’s. The computers of this
generation are made of Integrated Circuits (IC). Integrated circuit is
made up of many transistors packed into a single silicon chip.
Examples of computers in this generation in this generation was IBM
360, (there were 6 different IBM 360, each with different amount of
memory). Computers of this generation possess the following
characteristics.
(a) Multiprogramming facilities.
(b) Reduced cost of direct access storage.
(c) Low energy consumption.

4. Fourth Generation Computers: The introduction of system network

architecture in 1974 may be considered to be the inception of the fourth
generation computer. The standard architecture was derived which
provided for upgrading networks of computers without alteration of
application programming. These generations of computers were built
using Large Scale Integration (LSI).
This generation also witnessed the introduction of micro technology and
the advent of microcomputers, retail terminal system, and external
storage capacity. The characteristics of this generation of computer are
enhancement of those or the third generation.
Example of computers in this generation is the IBM 370.

5. Fifth Generation: As technological development continues, it will be

increasingly difficult to define computer generation and developments,
the computers developed from early 80’s onward, have been classified as
the fifth generation of computers. The made use of Very Large Scale
Integrated Circuit (VLSI). With the advent of very large scale integrated
circuits, together with the introduction of artificial intelligence, fifth
generation computers are supposed to take decision almost like human
beings.
The world today sis moving towards the development of Super Large
Scale Integrated (SLSI) circuits, which will compliment and improve on
speed, miniaturization, and cost reduction. With this, office and factory
automation will reduce manual jobs. With advanced function and
artificial intelligence incorporated, the 5 th generation computers will have
intelligence, not far from human intelligence. Thus they will be used as
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source of knowledge to make expert judgment and make decisions like
human.

B. Classification according to:

The manner in which data is represented within them

Here we have three types:

1. Digital computers: A digit computer is a machine that operates directly on

binary digits
(i.e. 0s and 1s). These digits represent numbers, letters, or other distinct
symbols. A digital computer receives input and produces output in the form
of numbers, letters, and special characters. Digital computers are commonly
are commonly used in business application.

Advantages of Digital over Analog Computers

i. Accurate and exact results are obtainable
ii. Programming is easy
iii. Versatile in nature

2. Analog computers: Analog computers do not operate directly on digits.

Instead, they measure all data as continuous variable. They are used for
scientific purposes to measure the results of experiments and they are found in
engineering departments such a structural design control. They measure the
magnitude of quantities (e.g. Electrical current, potential difference e.t.c). An
example of an analog computer is a car speed meter.

Advantages of Analog over Digital Computers

i. Operates at a very high speed
ii. Used for Specialized purposes, hence does the work
iii. Cheaper.

Disadvantages of Analog Computers

i. Limited memory capability
ii. It is restricted in the type of calculations that it can perform(i.e. it is
restrictive I its usage)
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iii. Numerical results can only be obtained indirectly, hence, analog
computers are less accurate than digital computers

3. Hybrid computers: The high speed of the analog machine combined

with the flexibility of a digital computer lead to the hybrid computer. A hybrid
computer is made up of a digital and an analog connected together in a single
system. It combines the properties of both the digital and analog computers.
Hybrids are mostly used in scientific researches and technical applications.

C. Classification According To Their Physical Sizes.

Here we have the following types:

1. Mainframe computers: Mainframes are physically large systems with

corresponding large memory capacity. They usually have wide varieties of
attachable peripherals (i.e. input and output devices). More often than not, they
are in rigid monitored Mainframe is the largest type of computer used for
business and accounting application in various environments including
ministries, higher institutions and research institutes.

2. Mini-computer: Mini computers have less imposing character. They are

smaller in size and memory capacity generates lower heat and accommodates
fewer peripherals, less expensive than mainframes, requires less stringent
environmental conditions than the mainframe. Mini computer has a memory
capacity in the range of 128KB, whereas the mainframe has a capacity in the
range 2 to 8 megabytes. A typical mini computer consists of a processor 125-
512KB, video screen or VDU (Display terminal –up to 32 in some cases),
integrated disk unit, line printers with a speed in the range of 9000 line per
minute, 900 lines per minute, tape drivers, cassette unit (often incorporated in
processor cabinet). Mini computers operate faster than microcomputers and tend
to have 16-bit word whereas microcomputers have 8-bits word.
3. Microcomputer: microcomputers are usually single-user systems
comprising a system unit that also houses the disk or cassette drives, a monitor,
a keyboard and a mouse. Large scale integrated ensures that their prices are low
despite their impressive computing power and wide range of applications. Some
microcomputers are called personal computers and they are suitable for small
organization and individual professionals. Microcomputers have interfaces for
connecting peripheral such as plotter, disk drive, hard drives, hard disk, paddles,
printers and other ports.

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FUCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
The functional component of the computer are broadly divide into three,
namely;

A. Hardware components.
B. Software components.
C. People wares.

HARDWARE COMPONENTS:
The computer hardware is the visible part of the computer system. It is the
physical part that can be seen, touch and carried about.
Examples of computer hardware are the keyboard, system unit, monitor,
printer, mouse, floppy disk etc.
The hardware components of a system are essentially the component that can
be physically seen and handled. These are shown in the diagram below

Control Unit (CU)

Arithmetic and Logic

Unit (A.L.U)

Input Unit Main Memory Unit Output Unit

(MMU)

Key
Auxiliary (Banking) Storage
Flow of data

Flow of control

Generally, computer hardware can be classified as

i. Input Devices
ii. Output Devices
iii. System Unit
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iv. Storage Devices

THE COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES

Input devices are equipment used to get data or information into the computer.
Examples of input devices are keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen, etc.

THE COMPUTER KEYBOARD:

The keyboard is the most commonly used input device. The computer keyboard
looks like a typewriter keyboard having numbers and letters. How ever, most
computer keyboards, apart from having all the features of a typewriter keyboard
also have extra keys such as the function keys, numeric keys and the cursor or
arrow or locate keys.

Keyboard Keys and their uses:

The keys include

i. The Typewriter Keys

ii. Alphabet keys(A-Z)
iii. Numeric keys(0-9)
iv. Cursor keys or Arrow keys or locate keys.
v. Function keys.

I. The Typewriter Keys:

Space bar: This is the longest key in the keyboard. It is used for creating
space between one word and the other.

Enter or return Key: It is used to instruct or command the computer to start

execution. In word processing, it is used to start new lines when creating
texts

Delete Key: The delete key is used to correct or erase wrong words or letters
by putting the cursor under the words or letters to be deleted.
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Back Space Key: This key is used for editing or for correcting mistakes to
the left of the cursor.

Shift Key: Some Keys have two functions they can perform. So to get the
second function, the shift key must be held down while striking the key in
question. Each alphabet key can produce small or capital letters.

To get the capital letter or the upper case letter, the shift key must be held
down while pressing the alphabet key of interest.

Caps Lock: This is used to lock all small letters so as to get only the
capital or upper case letters. When pressed again all capital letters are
locked, hence it is called caps lock.

II. The Alphabet Keys:

The alphabet keys are used in creating words or text. The point the alphabet
to be typed is usually located where the cursor is.

III. The Numeric Keys:

The numeric keys are used in entering numbers 0 to 9. The numeric

keys are usually located off to one side of the basic typewriter keys. They
look very much like the keys on a pocket calculator, and also perform the
same function which is to input numbers for the computer to calculate with.
IV. The cursor control or Arrow keys:
The blinking highlighted mark (-) block which always appears on the screen
of the monitor is called the Cursor. The cursor marks one’s position where
any keyboard will appear on the screen. The cursor can move up, down, right
and left on the screen using the arrow keys.
The arrows keys can be seen with up, down, left, and right arrows written
on them.

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Up Key

Left Key Right Key

Down Key

UP ARROW KEY- Moves the cursor up one line.

DOWN ARROW KEY- Moves the cursor down one line.

LEFT ARROW- Moves the cursor to the left.

RIGHT ARROW KEY-Moves the cursor to the right.

THE FUNCTION KEYS:

Modern computers have function keys on the keyboard to do some special
things in a program or software.

Standard Keyboard has function keys from F1 to F10; while Enhance keyboard
has function keys F1 to F12.

In running any software, it is necessary to learn what the different function keys
will do. For instance, in BASIC programming, F7 is used to trace the running of
the program, showing the steps and line numbers of the program, whereas in
Word perfect (a word processing package) F7 is used for exiting.

THE PERIPHERALS:
Apart from the keyboard, there are other input devices which can be used to
enter information into the computer system. These devices are called
PERIPHERALS.

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A peripheral is any hardware device that is connected to the computer so as to
make the computer easier to use or enhance the computer’s capabilities. A
peripheral can provide input to the computer or accept output from the computer
system. Examples of peripherals that are input devices are mouse, joystick, light
pen, graphic tablet, optical readers, and voice recognition machine.

The Mouse:
The mouse is a small box with one or more buttons that control the position of a
pointer (called a cursor) on the computer monitor. The mouse was invented in
1964 by Douglas Engelbart. In operation, the mouse is simply moved around on
a table or desktop to guide the cursor to a desired position or location on the
screen.

Mouse is easier and faster to use than a keyboard, hence it makes

communication between a computer system and its user more comfortable.

MOUSE

The Joystick:
A joystick is a device that permits the user to move a picture, line, word
or cursor from one point to another on the computer monitor. The joystick can
be used by moving it to left, right, up or down. The joystick performs the same
functions as the cursor keys on the keyboard. While the cursor keys in the
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Keyboard can permit movement in any four directions; the joystick can permit
movement in eight directions. It has a button used like the mouse which can be
pressed to give instruction to the computer. The joystick is also faster than the
keyboard, but not as common as the mouse.

THE LIGHT PEN:

The light pen looks like the ordinary pen. When the tip of the pen touches the
screen monitor, a point defined by the-Y-ordinates is automatically located. By
moving the pen across the surface of the screen or touching various points on
the screen, the user can draw or write in the computer.

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OPTICAL READERS:
An optical reader is an input device that can read data into a computer. The data
read into the computer can be processed immediately by the CPU or stored for
later use.

Examples include Optical Mark Reader (OMR), Optical Character Reader

(OCR) etc.

THE COMPUTER SYSTEM UNIT

The system unit is the engine of the computer. It is the “brain” of the computer
where the processing takes place. It is also the “heart” of the computer because
in without it nothing can be done in the computer. The type of computer
depends on the type of system unit.

For the commonest computer which is the personal computer (PC) or the micro-
computer, the system unit is made up of the following:

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) The Compact Disk (CD) Drive.

The Motherboard Fan

The Power Supply Speaker

The Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Ribbon Cable

The Floppy Disk Drive (FD)

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The system unit can look like a box for desktop or a tower for minitower
personal computer.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the actual processing unit, found on the motherboard. A

motherboard or system unit without a CPU is like a human being without heart
or without brain. The type of the motherboard depends on the CPU.

The CPU is made up of the control unit (CPU) and the Arithmetic Unit (ALU),
Logic Unit (ALU)

The processor does arithmetic operations in the arithmetic a unit, while data are
compared in the logic unit. The control unit controls the movement of data one
at a time for processing.

The CPU in the personal computers has different speeds. Modern models are
AT (Advanced Technology) machines and they can be SX or DX.

The Motherboard:
The Motherboard is the mother of all boards in the system unit. A “board” here
means an electronic board which is a flat surface with electronic circuit.

The following things are found on the motherboard

i. The CPU
ii. Memory Chips
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iii. Controller Cards (Electronic Boards)
The motherboard is the main engine of the computer system unit. A system unit
without the motherboard is like a car without engine. Such a system unit is
essential an empty case.

i. The CPU: This is a small chip embedded in the motherboard for

processing.
ii. The Memory Chips: Memory chips for Ram (Random Access
Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memo) are all embedded in the
motherboard.
iii. The Controller Cards: There is an electronic board that links the disk
drive whether floppy or Hard disk monitor etc, to the motherboard and
through this board; the operations of the disk drives, monitor, etc are
being controlled. These flat electronic boards are called controller cards.
When the monitor, disk drives and other devices that have controller
cards are not functioning properly, they may be bad or not properly
plugged to the motherboard.
The Power Supply:

The power supply is a device that permits electricity to enter the system unit. It
can be 110V or 220V or both. The power supply unit has fan, power supply
cables, Transformer, Circuit board.

i. The Fan: The fan cools the power supply unit so as not to get too hot.
Apart from the disk drives, the continuous sound from the system unit
when it is on is from the rotating fan.
ii. The Transformer: This is used to reduce or increase electricity to
the desired level.
iii. Circuit Board: It controls and directs the supply of electricity to other
parts of the system unit.
iv. Power Supply Cables: The motherboard needs electricity, hence there
is a power cable connecting the motherboard to the power supply unit.
Also, the Floppy Disk Drive and Hard disk drive need electrical power for the
mechanical rotation of the disks and the general operation of the disks, hence
these disk drives have power cables between them and the power supply cable
which goes to the switch.

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The Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Hard disk drive is the device that enables the computer to read from the hard
disk or write into the hard disk. AS the disk rotates as soon as the system unit is
switched on, the disk in the hard disk rotates continuously until the system unit
is switched off again. Part of the sound continuously heard when the computer
is working is from the hard disk drive.

There are various sizes of HDD coming in megabyte (Mb) Gigabyte (GB) such
as 320Mb, 540Mb, 1.2 gigabytes etc.

The Floppy Disk Drive:

The floppy disk drive enables the computer to read from the floppy disk or
diskette or to write on it as the disk rotates in the drive. Floppy disk can be of
51/4 size or 31/2 size. Most modern computers now which comes with 3 1/2 size
has 1.44mb while 51/4 size has 720kb (kilobytes). Hence 31/2 size has higher
storage capacity

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

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The Compact Disk Drive:

Because of the need for greater storage of data or information, there are
Compact Disks referred to as CD –ROM which can only allow data or
information to be read from them, but the can not be altered. They are Read
Only Memory (ROM) devices. The CD ROM has a drive that permits
information to be read from them.

THE COMPUTER OUTPUT DEVICES

Computer output devices are devices used to get information or result from a
computer. Examples of output devices are monitor, printer, plotter, magnetic
tapes, magnetic disks etc.

The Computer Monitor:

The monitor is an output device. It is also called the Visual Display Unit
(VDU). It is the fastest output devices because it shows the work that is being
done or already done in the computer. As the user inputs the data, it can
immediately be seen on the screen of the monitor. This helps to immediately
correct any input error, even before the computer processes the data of
information. Error and mistake are also corrected before printing. Any message
from the computer (i.e. feedback) is always shown on the monitor. The
processing options called menu is shown on the monitor to enable user to select.
Output from a monitor is called softcopy and can still be corrected

Types of Monitor:

There are two major types of monitors namely

(i) The Monochrome (ii) Coloured monitor

(i) The Monochrome:

A monochrome monitor uses a single or one color (Mono means one) on
a contrasting background. For example, it can use yellow against black
background or white against black background.

(ii) Colored Monitor:

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This type of monitor combines a variety of colors at a time. It is usually
more attractive and expensive than a monochrome monitor.

The Graphic Adapters for Monitors:

Each monitor works with a particular controller card or Graphics adapter. This
controller card is usually slotted on the motherboard in the system unit. It it is
through the adapter or controller card that the CPU controls the monitor. A
monitor whether monochrome or coloured can have any of the following
adapters in order of increasing quality.

(i) CGA - Color Graphics Adapters

(ii) VGA – Video Graphics Adapter
(iii) SVGA – Super Video Graphics Adapter
The SVGA is better than ordinary VGA and is also better than
VGA. The SVGA monitor is more expensive than the VGA and
CGA monitor.

Multimedia Monitor:

This kind of monitor can be used to play music or games stored in the computer
disk. It is the most expensive monitor today.

COMPUTER MONITOR

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(1) The Computer Printer
The computer printer is an output device which is used to produce an
output on paper. Once the output from the monitor is considered good
enough, the printer is then used to copy it on paper. The output from a
printer is called a Text document or Hard copy.

Classification of printers

(i) The Basic Classification of Printers:

(a) Character Printers: These are printer that prints one character at a time.
(b) Line Printers: line printers print one line at a time.
(c) Page Printers: Page printers print a whole page at a time.

(ii) Impact and Non-impact Printers: This is another classification.

(a) Impact Printers:
These printer works like typewriter. They touch or strike a ribbon that has
been inked to produce the necessary character. A good example of impact
printer is Dot Matrix Printer.
Dot Matrix character is produced by printing the appropriate do
combination.
Impact printers are the most common and they re widely used. They have
low speed ranging from 30cps. They are inexpensive.

The limitation or impact printers include:

(i) Low speed
(ii) Noise
(iii) Low print quality

Impact printers are usually used to produce Draft quality output since
they are inexpensive.

(b)Non-impact Printers:
Non-impact printers do not produce dot matrix quality and they do not
use ribbon. They work like photocopy machine. They are faster than Dot
matrix printers and can produce ten to fifteen pages per minute. They are
page printers. They are used for printing textbooks like this computer
textbook.

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COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES
The equipment that the computer uses for storing data and information is
referred to as STORAGE DEVICES or MEMORY. Computer can keep
information in its memory for future use. Computer memory is the computer
store.

TYPES OF MEMORY:
There are two main types of memory, the main memory and the Auxiliary
memory.

The Main Memory:

This is the internal memory and it is an extension of the central processing unit.
The main memory is directly accessible by the CPU and it is regarded as the
computer’s primary storage or memory.

Features of the Main Memory:

i. The main memory comes in chips; hence they are completely electronic and
therefore very fast and reliable.
ii. Because the main memory is very close to the CPU data are almost instantly
accessible, hence the main memory or storage is also called Immediate
Access Storage (IAS)
iii. All data that must be processed by the CPU must first be transferred to the
main storage or memory.
iv.
Uses of Main Memory:

All data requiring processing must be brought to the main memory. The main
Memory stores

i. Instructions the CPU is waiting to obey.

ii. Instructions the CPU is currently obeying.
iii. Data waiting for processing: Data waiting for processing is usually stored
in an area called a BUFFER area.
V. Data that the CPU is still processing currently. This data is always stored in
an area called WORKING STORAGE area.

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Buffer area Buffer area

(Input data) (Output data)
Working of storage (For processing)
Program being used.
Main storage remaining

Main Memory

Input Output data

The amount of storage in the main memory is limited; hence it is being used as
a short term memory. The main memory is more expensive than the auxiliary
memory. The main memory is further divided into two namely the RAM and
ROM.

The RAM:

The RAM is the Random Access Memory. It is also a Direct Access Memory.
The RAM is the bigger part of the main memory. In fact the memory capacity
or storage capacity of a computer is usually related to the size of the RAM. The
bigger the RAM size, the more programs the computer can handle.

Before computer starts working, it always accesses the RAM. The program that
is to be used will first be brought to the RAM. Data to be processed will also be
brought to the RAM before the CPU can then process. If the RAM size is lower
than the size of the program, the computer cannot run the program. All the data
and program on the screen of the monitor when computer is working are stored
and held in the RAM. The RAM is like the “Workshop” of the computer where
the CPU carries out all the calculations and other processing.

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Hence when there is power cut, and the result of the data so far processed has
not been saved outside the main memory, this result will be lost.

When buying a new computer system, the RAM size is usually specified. The
bigger the size of the RAM, the costlier the computer.

The ROM:

ROM means Read Only Memory. Data or an instruction stored in ROM is

written permanently during manufacture. Information in ROM cannot be altered
and fresh information cannot be written into it. Where there is power supply or
no, the information in ROM remains intact. The computer comes with the
ROM.

The Auxiliary Memory:

The auxiliary storage or memory is the secondary storage device. It is also

called external storage device because it is external to the CPU. It is a mass
storage device since it stores a large amount of information.

The auxiliary memory is used to supplement or assist the main memory. During
processing, the CPU fetches or collects necessary data or information from the
auxiliary memory to the main memory before processing. This is why
processing from auxiliary memory takes more time than from the main memory.

Data is usually transferred in large quantity from the auxiliary memory to the
main memory at one time.

Data is usually copied; hence there is no loss of data from the auxiliary memory
during transfer. The data transferred or copied is temporarily stored in the main
memory. The data transfer to the main memory at one time must no exceed the
size of the main memory.

For example, if a program is to be run, e.g. a computer game, the program is

copied from the auxiliary memory to the main memory in the RAM. This is
called LOADING. Once the program is loaded into the computer, the game can
be played as long as the user wants and as long as there is power supply.
Because of the expensive nature main storage devices, auxiliary storage devices
are used as BACKING STORAGE DEVICES to back up programs and
information not currently used.

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Types of Auxiliary Memory:

Common auxiliary storage devices include magnetic tapes and magnetic disks,
optical disks.

The Magnetic Tape:

This is similar to the tape used in audio tape recorder. The tape is about 1/2 //
wide and can be about 2400/ long. The tape is housed in the tape drive which
operates like the red-to-red tape recorder. Data can be written onto the tape from
the tape recorder. Data can be written onto the tape and placed into the main
memory or read from tape and placed into the main memory.

Hence, the tape functions as an input or output unit. The tape is relatively cheap
and can be reused.

Magnetic Disk:

Magnetic tape is another form of auxiliary storage. This type of storage device
looks like a phonograph record. The device used to read or write data into the
disk is called disk drive. Information is read from the disk or written on it by a
read/write head. There are two types of magnetic tapes. These are Floppy Disk
or Diskette and Hard Disk.

(i) Floppy Disk

Floppy disk comes in different sizes but the most common is 3 1/2”. Other sizes
are 51/4” and 8”. The disk is usually stored in a paperlike envelope, especially
the 51/4” size. Floppy disk is commonly used in microcomputers. They are
relatively inexpensive and easy to use. When buying a computer, the floppy
disk drive is specified. Some computers have more than one floppy drive.

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Care of Floppy Disks:

Diskette contains important information which must not be lost. The following
are the ways of caring for the Diskette.

(1) Do not expose areas.

(2) Keep Diskette out of sun and other sources of heat.
(3) Don’t bend disk
(4) Always keep disks in an envelope when not in use
(5) Do not allow water to touch the disk.

Hard Disk:

The hard disk is a fixed disk inside the disk drive since it is not removable. It
normally keeps more information than the floppy disk.

In microcomputer, all programs are normally kept In the hard disk. The greater
the hard disk, the mare program of software it can store. In microcomputer the
hard disk drive is usually designated as the “C” drive while other drives are give
other designations other than “C”. Processed information can be stored in the
hard disk after operation. Once the computer is powered on, the hard disk
remains in operation and the hard disk in continuously rotates or spins. In
buying a computer, the hard disk capacity must be specified.

Optical Disk:

One example of an optical disk is the CD-ROM disk. It is usually driven by the
CD-ROM drive.

CD-ROM is Compact Disk Read Only Memory. CD-ROM has a large capacity
storage, however, information cannot be written on it but information can be
+read from it.

Differences between Main Memory and Auxiliary Memory

Main Memory Auxiliary

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1 Primary storage Secondary storage
2 Internal External
3 Faster Slower
4 Expensive Inexpensive
5 Small capacity storage Bigger-Capacity Storage
6 The RAM, which is the greater Does not loss information
part, can lose information once the when the power supply is off
power supply is off.

THE COMPUTER SOFTWARE:

The software is a program or set of instructions for the computer to obey. These
instructions are written by programmers to solve some problems. These are
some programs that come with the computers. Others are sold in packages
stored in floppy disks, magnetic tapes or cartridges. As soon as these programs
are needed, they are inserted into the drive of the computer and run.

The software that comes with the system when bought newly is called the
firmware.

The system software is the program that controls the computer system, enabling
it to run application packages. These application packages or application
software are develop to help the user solve his or her problem.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

FIRMWARE
APPLICATIONSOFTWARE
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SYSTEMSOFTWARE

The software is the “invisible” part of the computer since it cannot be touch, felt
or handled.

Once the computer is bought and all the parts are assembled and the computer is
switch on, it undergoes a self-test with the aid of the firmware. For the computer
to be used, the system software like the Disk Operating System will be installed.
Without the software, the application packages cannot run.

1 APPLICATION SOFTWARE :
An application software or package is a generalized set of computer programs
which are used to solve a particular problem. E.g. Word processing. The
packages usually have instructions on the set up, use and maintenance of the
package. The application packages are common to human users and are
available in the market for purchase.

Advantages of Application Packages

(i) The availability of the application package allows the user to get experts
and reputable software suppliers.
(ii) The user is also saved of his effort, cost and time of producing the
application programs.
(iii) In using an application package, the user gets the work done in relatively
quick time.

Disadvantages of Application Software

(i) The organization or individual buying the software have less control over
the quality of service rendered by the software.
(ii) The package is not made to the user’s requirements.

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(iii) There are some programs that need regular updating. eg. Some virus
programs. Hence the user may be forced to rely on producers for such
updating.
Types of Application Package

The following application packages are widely used and available in the market.

(a) Word Processing Packages

(b) Data Management Packages
(c) Electronic Spreadsheets
(d) Graphic Packages

(a) Word Processing Packages:

Word processing applications are word processors used to produce text
documents such as reports, letters, contract documents, book publication etc.
these processors have now replaced typewriters.

Examples of Word Processing Packages include Word Perfect, Word Star,

Corel draw, Jet set, PageMaker etc.

(b)Data Management Packages:

These are database application such as Dbase 3, Dbase4, Access and others .

(c) Electronic Spreadsheet:

Spreadsheet is a simple table in which individual elements can be identified by
column and rows references e.g. MS Excel, Lotus 1-2-3

A B C D E F G
1 1.0 8 7.0
2 1.3 5 8.3
3 1.6 6 4.6
4 1.9 7 5.8
Common examples of spreadsheet are MS Excel and Lotus 1-2-3.

(d)Graphic Packages:

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These are graphics used to produce different types of graphics. The user can use
the package to produce drawings or diagrams. They are very useful to artist,
engineers, businessmen etc. A good example is Harvard Graphics.

Some Application Software Manufacturers:

Software Manufacturer
1. Word perfect Word Perfect Corporation, U.S.A

2. Harvard Graphics Software Publishing Corporation

3. Lotus 1-2-3 Lotus Development Corporation, USA

4. Managing your money Mecca Software Inc., USA

5. Microsoft Word Microsoft Corporation

6. Ventura Publisher Corel Corporation

7. Database IV Borland International

2 SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
System software is a collection of programs written to service other programs.
Most of this software is program which contributes to the control and
performance of the computer system. The system software is characterized by
heavy interaction with the computer hardware; heavy usage by multiple users;
resource sharing; concurrent operations that requires scheduling and multiple
external interface.

System software includes:

Operating System

Language processors

Utilities programs

3 THE PEOPLESWARE OR LIVEWARE:

The computer cannot do without human beings. The computer is manufactured,
installed and put into use by human beings. It is an “idiot” machine that can
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only do what it is commanded to do. The people that are involved in the
operation of the computer represent the live wares or people ware of the
computer system. The people ware include all the professional staff such as the
computer Engineers, Programmers, analysts, typesetters etc.

{DATA PROCESSING}
DATA:

This are basic files (usually unorganized), represented by letters, numbers,

symbols, and spaces, about an entity. An entity here could be a person (student,
worker etc), place (university, Ondo state etc) or thing (mountain, car, furniture,
etc). They are the raw materials of data processing in a computerized
information system.

DATA ITEMS:

Entities are things about which there is a need to record data, e.g. an employer,
a financial transaction etc. the individual properties of the entity, about which
data is recorded are its attributes. For instance, the attribute of an employee
(entity) will include the “Name”, ”Address”, ”Sex”, ”Age”. These attributes are
referred to as data items.

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DATA TYPES:

Consist of data values and a set of operations that may be applied to the values.
Data items can be classified into:

(a) Numeric
(b) Character
(c) Boolean (logical)

INFORMATION:

When data is converted into a more useful and intelligible form then it is said to
be information.

DATA PROCESSING:

These are set of procedures used in transforming data into useful information.
When the work is carried out by a computer system it is often known as
Electronic Data Processing (EDP).

DATA PROCESSING FUNCTIONS (ACTIVITIES)

DATA COLLECTION: This involves gathering of original data to be entered

into the information system. An example is gathering the number of hours each
week that an hourly employee worked. This is essentially to calculate the
weekly payroll.

CODING:

Is the use of short hand notation to save space and time on occasion? Encoding
not only save space and time but makes the information more secure by limiting
its understanding to those aware of the scheme.

Any encoding scheme must ensure that each code is unambiguous in its
interface
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ENCODING (CODING):

Is the process of reducing information into short hand notation for the purpose
of saving time and space?

DECODING:

Is the process of transforming the codes into meaningful word?

VERIFICATION:

Is the process of ascertaining that they have been entered accurately from the
source document into the informational system?

RECORDING:

After data have been gathered they must be recorded only then can processing
begin. Recording is the process of expressing data in a form that is recognizable
by a person or machine. Without it, no further data processing is possible. When
data are recorded for the first time the process is called Organization.

TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING:

There are three major type of data processing. They are:

(1) MANUAL DATA PROCESSING: This involves the use of paper and
pencil (or biro) for conversion of data into meaningful form.
(2) ELECTRO-MECHANICAL DATA PROCESSING: Is the method of
using electronic device such as a calculator in converting raw data into
information.
(3) ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING: When the work of receiving
data, processing it and producing the desired result is carried out by a
computer system without human aid. It is often referred to as Electronic
Data Processing (EDP)

THE WINDOWS
The window is a software program that must be installed before the computer can be used.

VERSIONS OF THE WINDOWS

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There are different types of windows which are: 3.1, 3.2, 95, 98, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2007,
8,8.1, 10, 11 etc.

IMPORTANCE OF WINDOWS
 It runs many applications at a time
 It supports video and audio clips
 It is more interactive and easy to use
 It allows networking (internet)
 It transfers information from one source to another
 It allows graphic design

WINDOWS BASIC SKILLS

On the computer desktop, there are some items called ICONS. Examples of are:
My computer, my document, Recycle bin, Internet explorer, Network neighborhood

 My Computer: Contains configuration

 Recycle Bin: is the temporary storage place where deleted items are found
 My Document: is a storage place where saved files are stored
 Internet Explorer: is an application that is used to browse the internet with your
computer
 Network Neighborhood: is used to connect your computer to the internet

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OPENNING AN ICON
Double-click on the icon
Or
Right click on the icon and click open

DELETING AN ICON
 Right click on the icon
 Click delete
 Click YES

HOW TO ARRANGE AN ICON

 Right click on the desktop

 Click on “Arrange Icons by”

 Click the arrangement of your choice e.g. Name, Type, Modified or Size

CREATING A FOLDER

A folder is used to store files

 Right click on the desktop
 Click on New
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 Click on folder
 Enter folder name and press enter on the keyboard

RENAMING A FOLDER

 Right click on the folder

 Click Rename
 Type your new name
 Press enter on the keyboard

DELETING A FOLDER

 Right click on the folder

 Click Delete
 Click Yes

APPLYING A WALLPAPER OR DESKTOP BACKGROUND

 Right click on the desktop

 Click properties

 Click Desktop tab

 Choose a Background
 Click Apply
 Click Ok

APPLYING SREENSAVER
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 Right click on the desktop

 Click properties, a dialog box appears

 Click Screensaver tab

 Click 3D text
 Click settings
 Type your name
 Click Ok
 Adjust time of delay
 Click Apply
 Click Ok

CHANGING SYSTEM TIME AND DATE

 Right-click on the time shown on the task bar, a dialog box appears

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 Adjust the time and date to your satisfaction

 Click Apply
 Click Ok

CHECKING THE PROPERTIES OF A FILE

 Right click on the file

 Click on properties
 Close the dialog box after viewing the properties

CHECKING THE PROPERTIES OF A COMPUTER

 Right click on “My Computer”

 Click on properties
 Close the dialog box after viewing the properties

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Close the box

HOW TO INSTALL SOFTWARE

 Insert the software into the CD Drive

 Allow to load
 Follow the instructions

COPYING A FILE INTO A FOLDER

 Click on office button

 Click on save as, a dialog box appears
 Click the save in box
 Select folder name
 Enter file name
 Click save

FLASH-DRIVE FORMATTING

This is a process of deleting all the content in the flash or diskette due to one reason or the
other.

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HOW TO CHECK THE PROPERTIES OF A DISKETTE OR A FLASH DRIVE

 Click on “My Computer”

 Right click on the drive
 Click on properties, a dialog box appears
 Click close after checking the properties

FORMATTING AN EXTERNAL DEVICE

 Click on “My Computer”

 Right click on the drive
 Click format
 Click Ok to proceed with the formatting
 Click Ok after formatting has finished

SAVING INTO AN EXTERNAL DEVICE

 Click on office button

 Click on save as
 Click my computer
 Click the external device
 Enter filename
 Click save

CHECKING HARD DISK (LOCAL DISK) CAPACITY

 Double-click on my computer
 Right click on local disk
 Click on properties, a dialog box appears
 Click Ok after checking the properties

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{Word Processing}
WORD PROCESSING DEFINITION:

W ord processing could be primarily described as an act of preparing documents. But

in essence, word –processing consist of all activities that involve the preparation
& handling of written documents. In the traditional office, the typewriter is the
basic tool used for written communication in the word-processing operation. The term ‘word-
processing’ however took another dimension in 1966 when it was used to describe the link
between audio work & typewriting (i.e. a process whereby spoken words are transformed into
typewritten form. Thus word falls into 2 basic parts: the actual composing of texts & the
typing or printing of the final texts. Processing of texts starts from the time words are
composed, dictated to a secretary or into a machine typed and stored. In this process, the
machines such as dictating machines, typewriter and possibly copier are made use of. Today,
the story is different. Word-processing equipment include those machines that make use of
computer technology, i.e. microprocessor in processing text.

With this word-processing is described by place et el (1980), as the process that eliminates
the present duplication of typing and proof-reading by capturing key strokes on a magnetic
medium, such as tapes, cards, or disk. The stored information is simply revised and corrected
rather than retyping when revisions are necessary.

In summary, word-processing embraces all methods or processes of getting through into

typewritten documents as speeding and efficiently possible.

THE WORD PROCESSOR

Any machine or device that can be used to process text is referred to as word-processor. This
ranges from the manual typewriter to the most sophisticated machines that make use of
computer technologies to process text. Such computer-base machines as found in modern
days offices, process text efficiently and economically, thereby reducing the psychological
stress on the typist or the writer. Many word-processors are designed in the form of software
or programs that can run computer systems.
Note: there has been a lot of misconception in the past as to the difference between word –
processor and the users. As stated earlier, word-processors are the machines, while the word
processor operators are the users of the machine.

TYPES OF WORD-PROCSSING

The act of preparing documents can be carried in two major ways either manually, or
automatically.
Manually word-processing involves the use of manual typewriter in preparing a document.
Automatic word-processing involves the use of electronics and computer-based machines in
preparing a document.

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ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC OVER MANUAL WORD-PROCESSING

The automatic word-processing is fast overtaking the manual word-processing due to its
numerous advantages over the latter; however, some of the outstanding advantages are as
follows:
- It allows the use of different fonts and pitches in formatting a text. In the case of the
computer program, additional fonts can also be purchased & added to the existing ones.
- Ability to import the capabilities of the word-processing software into the other.
- Ability to store documents for a period of time.
- Easier and faster in operation.
- It has the capability to attach objects, pictures and other images to the documents.
- It produces a better quality of document such as black & white or colored documents.
- It offers a greater reduction in the use of paper & consequently in the use of file cabinets
- It requires less energy to operate.

MS-WORD AS A WORD PROCESSOR

MS-WORD is a special kind of application package that is used for word-processing.

What is word-processing?

VERSIONS OF MS-WORD
Word 3.1
Word 95
Word 97
Word 2000
Word XP (XP = experience)
Word 2003
Word 2007
Word 2010

M icrosoft Office Word helps you produce professional-looking documents by

providing a comprehensive set of tools for creating and formatting your
document in a new interface. Rich review, commenting, and comparison
capabilities help you quickly gather and manage feedback from colleagues. Advanced data
integration ensures that documents stay connected to important sources of business
information.
Microsoft Office Word is an application package use for word processing. It is an application
package under Microsoft Office suite. Members of Microsoft Office suite includes:

1. Microsoft Word

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2. Microsoft Excel
3. Microsoft PowerPoint
4. Microsoft Access
5. Microsoft Outlook
6. Microsoft Publisher
7. Microsoft InfoPath
8. Microsoft FrontPage

STARTING MICROSOFT WORD

 Click on start button

 point to all programs
 Point to Microsoft office suite
 Click on Microsoft word

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PAGE SETUP
Change or set page margins

1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins.

2. Click the margin type that you want. For the most common margin width, click
Normal.

When you click the margin type that you want, your entire document automatically
changes to the margin type that you have selected.

3. You can also specify your own margin settings. Click Margins, click Custom
Margins, and then in the Top, Bottom, Left, and Right boxes, enter new values for
the margins.

4. Click ok

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Change the orientation of your entire document

1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Orientation.

2. Click Portrait or Landscape.

SAVE A NEW DOCUMENT

1. Click the Microsoft Office Button

2. Click Save as, a dialog box appears

3. Enter the file name

4. Click save

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OPEN AN EXISTING FILE

1. Do the following in Microsoft Office system programs:

Word, Excel, PowerPoint, or Access

 Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Open.
Keyboard shortcut To display the Open dialog box, press CTRL+O.

 Click the file name

 Click open

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CHANGE THE TEXT COLOR

In Office Word 2007, you can use the formatting options on the Mini toolbar to quickly
format text. The Mini toolbar appears automatically when you select text. It also appears with
the menu when you select text and then right-click.

1. Select the text that you want to change, and move your pointer to the Mini toolbar
that appears with your text selection.

2. Click Font Color, and then select the color that you want.

Make text bold

1. Select the text that you want to make bold, and move your pointer to the Mini toolbar
above your selection.

2. Click Bold . Keyboard shortcut CTRL+B

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ADD BULLETS OR NUMBERING TO A LIST

1. Select the items that you want to add bullets or numbering to.

2. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Bullets or Numbering.

NOTE: Double click the mouse to deactivate the bullet and numbering

CORRECT MISTAKES

 You can right-click the misspelled word

 See suggested corrections.
 click on the correct word

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ADD WORDART

1. On the Insert tab, in the Text group,

2. Click WordArt, and then click the WordArt style that you want.

3. Enter your text.

4. Click ok

Delete the WordArt

Select the WordArt that you want to remove, and then

Press DELETE.

INSERT CLIP ART

1. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Clip Art.

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2. In the Clip Art task pane, in the Search for text box, type a word or phrase that
describes the clip art that you want, or type in all or some of the file name of the clip
art.

3. To narrow your search, do one or both of the following:

 To limit the search results to a specific collection of clip art, in the Search in
box, click the arrow and select the collection you want to search.
 To limit the search results to clip art, click the arrow in the Results should be
box and select the check box next to Clip Art.
In the Clip Art task pane, you can also search for photographs, movies, and
sounds. To include any of those media types, select the check boxes next to
them.

4. Click Go.

5. In the list of results, click the clip art to insert it.

COPY AND PASTE

 Highlight the text/click the Art, object, or Image

 On the home Tab, click copy
 Click the new location
 Click paste
OR (using the keyboard)
 After highlight the text/click the Art, object, or Image
 Press CTRL + C
 Click the new location
 Press CTRL + V
OR
 After highlight the text/click the Art, object, or Image
 Right click on it, a flip appears
 Click copy
 Click the new location
 Right click on it, a flip appears
 Click paste

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CUT AND PASTE

 Highlight the text/click the Art, object, or Image

 On the home Tab, click cut
 Click the new location
 Click paste
OR (using the keyboard)
 After highlight the text/click the Art, object, or Image
 Press CTRL + X
 Click the new location
 Press CTRL + V
OR
 After highlight the text/click the Art, object, or Image
 Right click on it, a flip appears
 Click cut
 Click the new location
 Right click on it, a flip appears
 Click paste

INSERT A TABLE

1. Click where you want to insert a table.

2. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group,

3. click Table, and then

4. Click Insert Table.

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5. Under Table size, enter the number of columns and rows.

6. Click ok

ADDING MORE ROWS AND COLUMNS

1. Click the row or column

2. Click on layout tab
3. Click either (insert above, insert below, insert left, or insert right)

DELETE A TABLE AND ITS CONTENTS

1. Click in the table.

2. Under Table Tools, click the Layout tab.

In the Rows & Columns group, click Delete, and then click Delete Table.

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MERGE CELLS

You can combine two or more table cells located in the same row or column into a single
cell. For example, you can merge several cells horizontally to create a table heading that
spans several columns.

1. Select the cells that you want to merge by clicking the left edge of a cell and then
dragging across the other cells that you want.

2. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, in the Merge group, click Merge Cells.

SLITING CELLS

1. Click the cell

2. Click on layout tab
3. Click on split cell, a dialog box appears
4. Type the number of spit
5. Click ok

INSERTING SHAPES
1. click on insert
2. click shapes, a drop down appears
3. click the required shape
4. click and drag the mouse button to the size of your choice

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CHANGE THE LINE SPACING
1. Select the paragraph for which you want to change the line spacing.
2. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Line Spacing.
3. To apply a new setting, click the number of line spaces that you want.
For example, if you click 2.0, the selected text is double spaced.

DROP CAP

The dropped cap, a large dropped initial capital letter, can be used to begin a document or a
chapter, or to pronounce a newsletter or invitation.

Dropped cap

In-margin dropped cap

1. Click in the paragraph that you want to begin with a drop cap.

The paragraph must contain text.

2. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Drop Cap.

3. Click Dropped or In margin.

ADD A BORDER

1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Background group, click Page Borders.

Make sure you are on the Page Border tab in the Borders and Shading dialog box.

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2. Click one of the border options under Settings.

3. Select the style, color, and width of the border.

To specify an artistic border, such as trees, select an option in the Art box.

4. Do any of the following:

 To specify a particular page or section for the border to appear in, click the
option that you want under Apply to.

5. Click ok

Remove a border from a page

1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Background group, click Page Borders.

Make sure you are on the Page Border tab in the Borders and Shading dialog box.

2. Under Setting, click None.

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INSERTING WATERMARK

1. Click on page layout

2. Click on watermark, a dropdown menu appears

3. Click on custom watermark, a diaolog box appears

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4. Click on text watermark
5. Type the text
6. Click apply
7. Click OK

WORD COUNT

1. Click on Review
2. click on word count, a dialog box appears

3. view the statistics

4. click close

INSERTING COLUMNS
1. Click on Page layout
2. Click Column
3. Click more columns, a dialog box appears

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4. enter the number of columns

5. click ok

Insert page numbers

You can choose from various page numbering designs that are available in the gallery.

Insert page numbers or Page X of Y page numbers

1. On the Insert tab, in the Header & Footer group, click Page Number.

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2. Click Top of Page, Bottom of Page, or Page Margins, depending on where you
want page numbers to appear in your document.

3. Choose a page numbering design from the gallery of designs.

Preview a page before printing

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 Click the Microsoft Office Button , point to the arrow next to Print, and
then click Print Preview.

Print a file

 Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then

 Click Print.

 Keyboard shortcut To display the Print dialog box, press CTRL+P.

 Click ok

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{Microsoft Excel}
MS EXCEL

MICROSOFT EXCEL

SPREADSHEET

Electronic Spreadsheet is a table with Rows and a Column, that is a matrix

in which data can be entered, manipulated. Calculation can also be
performed and result be generated which can also be printed thereof.
Therefore, when a problem is capable of been organized into rows and
columns, then Ms-Excel can be used to solve such problem. In fact, there
is no problem in real life which cannot be organized into Rows and
Columns; this of course makes the use of spreadsheet unlimited.

SPREADSHEET, WORKSHEET, AND WORKBOOK

SPREADSHEET: This is actually the program or the package itself

which is produced in form of rows and columns. Just like we have rightly
discussed, MS-Excel is an example of a spreadsheet program.

WORKSHEET: A worksheet is just like when we talk about a page in a

book, though it is not a page here, but it is just a particular segment within
a workbook.

WORKBOOK: This is just the combination of various worksheets in a

particular document, if you have to save a document in excel, such to as a
sheet that is why we can have sheet 1, sheet 2, sheet 3----- in a particular
workbook.

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EXAMPLES OF SPREEDSHEET PROGRAMS
MS-Excel
Lotus 1-2-3
Viscalc
Quartro pro
Lotus approach
Super calc

USES OF MS-EXCEL

MS-Excel can be used for the following purposes:

 To create budget and expense report.

 To create marketing and sales report.

 To create invoice and purchase order.

 To create spreadsheet information for use on internet and intranet.

 To create data analysis.

 To create statistical tables.

 To create personal record.

 To create payroll analysis.

 It is a forecasting tool.

 It is used for appraisal tool.

 It is used for projection.

ADVANTAGES OF MS-EXCEL

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MS-Excel has the following advantages over the other Spreadsheet
Packages.
 It is faster and easy to use

 Availability of toolbar and shortcut keys

 Auto saving

 More charts and graphics features

 More workbooks and worksheet

 Increased number of rows

 Ability to share data with other packages

 Availability of more function and formula

Microsoft Excel is an Application Package designed and developed for

accounting purpose. It is used for creating Cash Book, Ledger, Payroll,
Inventory Control etc.

It is an example of a Spreadsheet Package. It is divided into Rows and

Columns. The Rows are identified by numbers while the Columns are
identified by alphabets.

Examples of Spreadsheet package include:

i. Ms Excel
ii. Peach tree
iii. Quick book

Versions are: 4.5, 95, 97, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, etc.

TERMINOLOGIES OF MS EXCEL

- Cell: This is where users enter data

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- Cellpointer: This is the intersection of rows and columns

- Cell Address: This indicates where the cellpointer is

- Worksheet: This is the combination of several cells

- Workbook: This is the combination of several worksheets

FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SPREADSHEET

PROGRAM

The following are features of any Spreadsheet program:

TABLE FORMAT: When we walk about the table format in Excel, we

are talking about the dimension in which the table is formatted, that is the
Rows and Columns that are combined together. Note that the intersection
point of the Row and Column is simply known as CELL. However, the
cell which one is accessing at a particular time is called the ACTIVE
CELL i.e. the cell which is currently having the focus.

LABEL OR TITLE: The label or title defines the identification of the

active cell or range of cells. This is simply known as the cell address. For
example, in the diagram above the active cells has its label as D5, this is
because the cell is as a result of the intersection of the Rows and a
particular Column. Remember that the label/ title of the cell address are
always displayed in the name box.

NUMBER OR ALPHABET: This is actually the data entries inputted

into the cells in the Worksheet. This could be in form of numeric values,
alphabetical values or alpha-numeric values. The number or alphabet can
also be form of special characters.

CALCULATED ENTRIES: This is the result of returned into a cell or

range of cells after a function or formula has been used. This is because
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you are not the one who inputted the calculated result, you only inputted a
formula, and the formula you inputted is regarded as a number or alphabet.

RECALCULATION: This is the ability of a spreadsheet program to

make use of a particular cell to calculate the values in the subsequent cells
below, left or right. For example, in the illustration above, you don’t need
to enter another formula to calculate the values in other cells; all you need
is to copy the formula you entered earlier into those cells below with the
aid of the fill handle. This will be discussed later in this manual.
STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL: This is the ability to store data and give
it back to the users when needed. When a document is saved, definitely the
user can retrieve it back later.

BUILDING A SPREADSHEET

Building the Spreadsheet has to do with the ability to manipulate the

Worksheet effectively so as to get the desired result. When the
Spreadsheet program is loaded for the first time, the screen will appear
blank table. The cursor specifies the active cell where data is to be entered.
The active cell position can be changed using the cursor movement keys or
the mouse as the case may be. Using the keyboard, any Data can be
entered into the active cell.

WINDOWING FACILITIES

Unless the Spreadsheet is very small indeed, the whole Spreadsheet cannot
be displayed on the screen at a time. The screen will therefore show the
few Rows and Columns at any point in time. The section it displayed can
be changed conveniently perhaps by clicking on the arrows located on the
screen i.e. the scroll bar depending on the type of the Spreadsheet. The
screen is the window of the Spreadsheet.

DATA ENTRIES ON THE WORKSHEET

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Data entries are made on the single cell at a time on the Worksheet. To
enter Data on the Worksheet, move the cell pointer to the desired cell and
type in the data then press the return key i.e. <ENTER> or move the cell
pointer out to the place the data on the cell. To enter another data, move
the cell pointer to another cell and type in the data. In MS-Excel, a single
cell has a default width of 9 characters, but it can be expanded or reduced
to any width by the user. There are three (3) main types of data that can be
entered on the Worksheet which Excel automatically determined from the
first character entered in the cell.

Text (labels)
Numbers (values)
Formula

STARTING MS EXCEL

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- Click on Start Button
- Click All Programs
- Click Microsoft Office
- Click Microsoft Office Excel

SAVING A NEW WORKBOOK

- Click Office Button

- Click Save As, a dialog box appears
- Enter filename
- Click Save

OPENING AN EXIXTING WORKBOOK

 Click on Office button

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 Click open, a dialog box appears
 Click the file name
 Click open

INSERTING, RENAMING, AND DELETING A WORKSHEET.

INSERTING A WORKSHEET
- Right-click on any of the Worksheet
- Click on insert, a dialog box appears
- Click on Worksheet
- Click Ok

RENAMING A WORKSHEET
- Right-click on the Worksheet
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- Click rename
- Type your new name
- Press enter on the keyboard

DELETING A WORKSHEET

- Right-click on the Worksheet

- Click delete

PAGE SETUP
- Click on the page layout
- Click on size
- Select a page size of your choice
- Click on orientation
- Select either Landscape or Portrait

FORMULA
This is a set of information used to calculate large range of values. It could
be in series or letters, numbers or symbols that represent rule or law.

CALCULATING TOTAL
There are two methods
1. Cell by cell method e.g. A1 + B1 + C1
2. Formula name e.g. =Sum(A1:C1)

CALCULATING AVERAGE
=Average (A1:C1)

CALCULATING MAXIMUM
=Max (A1:C1)

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OPERATOR
Operator is a set of instruction used to calculate operand variables

TYPES OF OPERATOR

1. Text Operator e.g. $

2. Arithmetic Operator e.g. +, -, *, /, %, ^ etc.

FUNCTION NAME

FUNCTION: Functions are abbreviated formula that performs a specific

operation on a group of values. Excel performs over 250 functions that can
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help you with tasks ranging from determining loan payment, calculation of
investment returns, tracking of expenses, determining the behaviors of
goods and products, producing the employees’ payroll etc. Functions are
always used when the problem in questions is becoming tedious, complex
and cumbersome. There are many types of functions, to see all the
function categories, click on the button marked FX on the left hand side of
the formula bar.

The following types of functions are recognized:

- Statistical function
- Mathematical and trigonometric function
- Logical function
- Database function
- Financial function
- Accounting function
- Engineering function
- Information function

COMPONENTS OF A FUNCTION

All functions in MS-Excel consist of three (3) parts

- The equal sign (=)
- The function name
- The argument range
The function below explains this further
We will now consider all these functions one by one:
STATISTICAL FUNCTION:

The following statistical functions are recognized:

=SUM (RANGE): this function is used to calculate total summation of
values or entries within the range.
= AVERAGE (---): this calculates the average o entries within the range.
= MAX (---): this gets the maximum value within the entries in the range
=MIN (---): this get the minimum value within the entries in the range
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= COUNT (---): this will count the number of entries within the list
= STDEV (---): this calculates the standard deviation of entries within the
list.
Let us now pick a particular illustration and practice the statistical
function.

MATHEMATICAL AND TRIGONOMERIC FUNCTION

The following are some of the common mathematical and trigonometric

function.

=COS (X) this calculates the Cosine of an angle X.

=SIN (X) this calculates the Sine of an angle X.
=TAN (X) this calculate the Tangent of an angle X.
=POWER (Number, power) this returns the result of a number raised to
power.
=PRODUCT (Number 1, Number 2………….) this implies all the number
given as argument and returns the product
=RADIANS (Angle) this converts angle to radians.
= DEGREE (Angle) this converts angle to degree.
=LN (X) this calculates the natural logarithms of a number X.
=LOG (X) this calculates the common logarithms of a number X.
=ROUND (x, n) this approximates the number x to n decimal places.
=SQRT (X) this calculates the square root of a number X.

LOGICAL FUNCTION

The logical function is used to evaluate conditions that depend on one or

two outcomes or results. This is the condition that returns yes or no, true or
false. It is used when there are many available conditions in which one
will accept and the other(s) rejected at a particular point in time. For
example there are male and female students in a school, those are
conditions. One may either be male or female at a time, but the two

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conditions will not return true for a particular student at a time. Therefore,
when there are conditions, one will only returns true while other person(s)
will return false for a particular person. Note that a condition that returns
true or accepted for a particular person will return false or rejected for
another person and vice versa.

The following logical functions are recognized:

IF condition
AND condition
OR condition.

However, the most versatile and most commonly used is the IF condition.
The general and acceptable syntax for the logical function is as follows:

= IF (CONDITMALEION, X, Y)

CONDITION: This is actually the condition to be accessed in the

available problem; this should be structured in an acceptable manner.
X: This is what you want ms-excel to perform if the condition in the
parameter is accepted or when the condition returns true.
Y: This is what you want ms-excel to perform if the condition in the
parameter is rejected or when the condition returns false.
Let us consider the following example in which we have only two
conditions.

EXAMPLE
ABC Nigeria limited is a manufacturing company employing the services
of both male and female workers. The accountant was given the
instruction concerning the tax computation of the workers as follows:
Every male employee should pay 2% of his basic salary.
Every female employee should pay 5% of her basic salary as tax.
The following analysis was given and you are required to calculate the tax
liability of the employees.
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We will use the following analysis to practice the logical function.

Now, place the mouse pointer on cell E1 type EVALUATION. The
evaluation is just asking excel whether someone is a male or female.
Place your pointer on cell F12 and type the following function:
= IF (C2 = “MALE”, “YES”, “NO”)
Press the enter key and use the fill handle or copy procedure to evaluate
for the subsequent cells.
Place the cell pointer on the cell F1 and type RATE, then on F12 type the
following function: = IF (C2= “MALE”, 2%, 5%) press enter key and use
the fill handle or the copy procedure to evaluate for the subsequent cells.
Place your mouse pointer on cell G1 and type TAX. to finally calculate the
tax, place the pointer on cell G2 sand type the formula:
= IF (C2 = “MALE”, D2 * 2%, D2 * 5%)
What this means is that if C2 is male then the basic salary of that person
should be multiplied by 2% as the tax deduction but if otherwise the basic
Salary of that person should be multiplied by 5%.
Press enter and use the fill handle to evaluate for the subsequent
employees.

DATABASE FUNCTION

The database function which is used to extract values from a list of

database or records and a particular statically function on the value being
extracted based on condition or criteria.
This is ms-excel function which analyzes data stored in a list or database
for a particular purpose using these arguments i.e. database, field and
criteria. The database function in excel is collectively referred to as
DFUNCTION.

SOME FUNCTION NAMES INCLUDES:

1. =sum(A1:D1)
2. =Product(A1:D1)
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3. =Average(A1:D1)
4. =Max(A1:D1)
5. =Min(A1:D1)
6. =Count(A1:D1)
7. =Log(A1:D1)
8. =Sin(A1:D1)
9. =Tan(A1:D1)
10. =Cos(A1:D1)
11. =PI() – 22/7 (π)
CONDITIONAL FUNCTION

This is used for argument data. The syntax (formula) is: =If
(Arg1>Arg2,”St1,St2”)
e.g. =if (A1>B1, “Yes”,” No”)

FILTER
- select the row
- Click on data
- Click filter

TO PERFORM SIMPLE SEARCH

- Click the tab mark of the required cell e.g. sex

- A flip appears
- Unclick the other options
- Click Ok

TO PERFORM COMPLEX SEARCH

- Click the tab mark of the required cell e.g. Total

- Click on number filter

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- Select the comparison operator, a dialog box appears

- Enter the search

- Click Ok

TO PERFORM WILD CARD SEARCH

- Click the tab mark of the required cell e.g. name
- A flip appears

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- Click on text filters

- Click “equals”, a dialog box appears

- Enter the initial letter of that search e.g. Tope=T* or Kunle=K*

FREEZE PANES
- Highlight the row before the heading
- Click on view
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- Click on Freeze Panes

- Click “Freeze panes”

PROTECT A WORKSHEET
- Click on review
- Click on Protect Sheet, a dialog box appears

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- Give a password
- Click Ok, a dialog box appears

- Enter the password again for confirmation

- Click Ok

CHART
- Highlight the entire table/specified area
- Click insert
- Select your choice
- Do the necessary settings

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(POWERPOINT)

INTRODUCTION TO POWERPOINT
Microsoft power point is a product of Microsoft office suite. It is a graphical application
package used for promoting goods and services, advertisement of goods and services,
presentation of meeting agenda project and planning.

IMPORTANT OF MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

 It enables high quality presentation

 It enables sound effect
 It enable the planning of project
 It enables presentation of agenda

Starting Microsoft PowerPoint

 Click on start button

 point to all programs
 Point to Microsoft office suite
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 Click on Microsoft PowerPoint

SAVE A NEW DOCUMENT

5. Click the Microsoft Office Button
6. Click Save as, a dialog box appears
7. Enter the file name
8. Click save

SAVE AN EXISTING FILE

Do the following in Microsoft Office system programs:

Word, Excel, or PowerPoint

Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Save.

Keyboard shortcut To save the file, press CTRL + S

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OPEN AN EXISTING FILE

2. Do the following in Microsoft Office system programs:

Word, Excel, PowerPoint, or Access

 Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Open.
Keyboard shortcut To display the Open dialog box, press CTRL+O.

 Click the file name

 Click open

ADD A NEW SLIDE

1. On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click New Slide.

2. Select a slide thumbnail from the layout gallery.

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DELETE A SLIDE

To delete a slide from a presentation, do the following:

Right-click the slide that you want to delete, and then click Delete Slide.

ADD THEME TO PRESENTATION

1. Click the slide or slides that you want to add a background style to.

To select multiple slides, click the first slide, and then press and hold CTRL while
you click the other slides.

2. On the Design tab, in the Background group, click the arrow next to Background
Styles.
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3. Right-click the background style that you want, and then do one of the following:

 To apply the background style to the selected slides, click Apply to Selected
Slides.

 To apply the background style to all of the slides in your presentation, click
Apply to All Slides.

ADD WORDART

5. On the Insert tab, in the Text group,

6. Click WordArt, and then click the WordArt style that you want.

7. Enter your text.

8. Click ok

DELETE THE WORDART

Select the WordArt that you want to remove, and then

Press DELETE.

INSERT CLIP ART

6. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Clip Art.

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7. In the Clip Art task pane, in the Search for text box, type a word or phrase that
describes the clip art that you want, or type in all or some of the file name of the clip
art.

8. To narrow your search, do one or both of the following:

 To limit the search results to a specific collection of clip art, in the Search in
box, click the arrow and select the collection you want to search.
 To limit the search results to clip art, click the arrow in the Results should be
box and select the check box next to Clip Art.
In the Clip Art task pane, you can also search for photographs, movies, and
sounds. To include any of those media types, select the check boxes next to
them.

9. Click Go.

10. In the list of results, click the clip art to insert it.

ADD A DRAWING

When you create a drawing in Microsoft PowerPoint, you must begin by inserting a drawing
canvas. The drawing canvas helps you arrange and resize the objects in your drawing.

1. Click in your document where you want to create the drawing.

2. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Shapes,

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3. Click a shape or shapes to insert into your document.

ADD TEXT TO A SHAPE

Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007, right-click the shape that you want to add
text to, click edit Text, and then type your text.

Grouping
1. Click on home menu
2. Click select
3. Click select objects
4. Click and drag over the objects
5. Click on format
6. Click group

Ungrouping
1. Click the item
2. Click format
3. Click on group
4. Click ungroup

DUPLICATE SLIDES WITHIN A PRESENTATION

To add a slide that contains the content of an existing slide in a presentation, you can
duplicate the slide.

1. In the pane that contains the Outline and Slides tabs, click the Slides tab.

2. Select one or more slides that you want to duplicate.

3. On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click New Slide.

In the layout gallery, click Duplicate Selected Slides.

HIDE OR SHOW A SLIDE

If there is a slide that you need in your presentation, but you do not want it to appear in the
slide show, you can hide the slide.

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This is particularly useful when you have added slides to a presentation that provide different
levels of detail on the subject matter, perhaps for different audiences. You can mark these
slides as hidden so that they are not displayed in your main slide show, but you can still
access them if you need to.

1. In the pane that contains the Outline and Slides tabs, click the Slides tab.

2. Do one of the following:

 To hide a slide, right-click the slide that you want to hide, and then click Hide
Slide.

The hidden slide icon appears with the slide number inside, next to the slide
that you have hidden.

 To show a slide that you previously hide, right-click the slide that you want to
show, and then click Hide Slide.

ADD AN ANIMATION

1. The text, Click object, Art graphic that you want to animate.

2. On the Animations tab, in the Animations group,

3. Click on custom animation, a bar appears

4. Click on add effect

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5. Click entrance

6. Click on more effects, a dialog appears

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7. Select the effect of your choice

8. Click ok

PREVIEW A PAGE BEFORE PRINTING

1. Do the following in Microsoft Office system programs:

Word, Excel, PowerPoint, or Access

 Click the Microsoft Office Button , point to the arrow next to Print, and
then click Print Preview.

PRINT THE SLIDES

1. Click the Microsoft Office Button , click the arrow next to Print, and then click
Print Preview.

2. In the Page Setup group, in the Print What list, select Slides.
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3. Click Options, point to Color/Grayscale, and then click one of the following:

 Color If you print to a color printer, this option prints in color.

 Color (On Black and White Printer) If you print to a black-and-white printer,
this option prints in grayscale.

 Grayscale This option prints images that contain variations of gray tones
between black and white. Background fills are printed as white, so that the text
will be more legible. (Sometimes grayscale appears the same as Pure Black and
White.)

 Pure Black and White This option prints the handout with no gray fills.

4. Click Print.

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MS ACCESS
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE

Database is a collection of specially structured records which are substantially non-redundant

program independent and accessible to users.
Data dictionary is where database are kept.

EXAMPLES OF DATABASE APPLICATION

- Access
- Ms SQL
- SQL server
- ORACLE

TERMINOLOGIES OF DATABASE

- Table: A table is a collection of records

- Records: It is a collection field names that has an entity
- Field: This is a single set of related data value e.g. First Name, Surname, and Address
etc.
- Data Value: It is a particular item field name

STARTING MS ACCESS

- Click Start Button

- Click All Programs
- Click Microsoft Office
- Click Microsoft Access
- Click Blank Database

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- Enter your Field Name

- Click on create

GENERATING A DATABASE

- Click on Create
- Click on Table Design
- Enter Field Name

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- Close the table

- Click Yes
- Enter Table Name
- Click Ok
- Click Yes to add Primary Keys

TYPING TEXT INTO A TABLE

- Double-click the Table Name

- Enter a text

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QUERY

- Click on Create
- Click on Query Wizard, a dialog box appears

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- Click on simple query wizard

- Click Ok, a dialog box appears
- Click “>>” for all available fields
- Click next twice
- Enter query title
- Click finish
- Right-click on the query title
- Click Design view, a table appears

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- Under criteria
- Enter query title
- Click on “RUN” (!)

VALIDATION
This is a process of adding a command or constrain to the datatype of a field name.

VALIDATION RULE
This is the command given to the datatype of a field name

VALIDATION TEXT
This is a prompt message that appears when a wrong entry is made.

VALIDATION PROCESS

STEP1
- Click on Create
- Click on Table Design, a table appears
- Enter the field names
Field Name Data Type
Name Text
Age Number
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Sex Text
Acct Type Text
Acct No Number

STEP 2
- Click the data type of the field name
- Click on Validation rule
- Enter the command e.g. =male
- Click on the Validation text
- Enter the text e.g. error, promo ended, invalid, not qualified etc.

STEP 3
- Close the table
- Click Yes, a dialog box appears
- Enter table name
- Click Ok
- Click “Yes” to add Primary Keys

STEP 4
- Double-click the table name
- Enter the record

CREATING REPORT

- Click on Create
- Click on Report Wizard, a dialog box appears

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- Select all available fields

- Select report layout and Orientation
- Click next
- Select report style
- Click “Next” and Click “Finish”

CREATING MICROSOFT ACCESS DATABASE PASSWORD

- Click on Database tools

- Click on Enrupt with password, a dialog box appears

- Re-enter password for confirmation

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- Click Ok

OPERATOR
This is a set of instructions used in calculating a large value.
 Calculating Total

- Generating the Database

Name Text
Sex Text
Maths Number
Eng Number
Bio Number
Chem Number
Acct Number

- Click on Create
- Click on Query Wizard, a dialog box appears

- Click Ok, a dialog box appears

- Select all available fields
- Click Next twice
- Enter Query title e.g. Total
- Click Finish
- Right-click on Query title
- Click Design view, a table appears

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- Click the column after the last field name

- Right-click on the cell
- Click Total
- Right-click on the cell
- Click “Build”, a dialog box appears

- Double-click the Tables

- Click Table names
- Click Field names
- Select the Operator
- Click “Paste”
- Click “Ok”
- Delete “Expr 1” (i.e.
expression)
- Type Total
- Click Run (!)

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MS FRONTPAGE

MS-FrontPage is an application package developed for web designing.

Microsoft FrontPage comes with different future which includes:
FrontPage frame, Theme, Table, Cascading Style Sheet, Background color
and hyperlink.

STARTING MS FRONTPAGE

 Click on start button

 Click on all programs
 Click on Ms FrontPage

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FORMATTING A TEXT

 Highlight the text

 Click on format
 Click font, a dialogue box will appear

 Select font face, font size, font color etc.

 Click ok

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SAVING A DESIGN

 Click on file
 Save, a dialogue box appears

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 Enter file name

 Click save

SAVING AN EXISTING DESIGN

 Click on file
 Click save

OR

 Press CTRL + S on the keyboard

OPENING AN EXISTING DESIGN

 Click on file
 Click open, a dialog box appears

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 Click the file name

 Click open

APPLYING BACKGROUND COLOR

 Click on format
 Click on background, a dialogue box appears
 Click on background
 Select background color
 Click ok

APPLYING THEME

Themes are pre-designed background.

 Click on format
 Click on themes, a dialogue box appears

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 Select the themes of your choice

 Click ok

TO PREVIEW A DESIGN
 Click on file
 Click on preview in browser, a dialogue box appears

 Click preview

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CREATING A TABLE

 Click on table
 Click on insert
 Click on table, a dialogue box appears

 Type in the columns and rows

 click Ok

MERGING CELLS

 Highlight the cells

 Right click on the cell, a dialogue box appears
 Click merge cells

SLITTING CELLS

 Click the cell

 Right click on it, a flip appears
 Click on spit cell, a dialog box appears
 Enter the number
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 Click ok

APPLYING BACKGROUND COLOR TO A TABLE

 Highlight the whole table

 Right click on the table
 Click table properties, a dialogue box appears

 Select a background color of your choice

 Click apply or ok

INSERTING IMAGE

 Click on insert
 Click on picture

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 Click on clipart, a dialogue box appears

 Type in search
 Press enter on the keyboard
 Click on the image of your choice

FORM CREATION
 Click on insert
 Point to form
 Click on form

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 Press enter on your keyboard to increase the size of the form

HOW TO INSERT TEXT BOX

 Click on insert
 Click on form
 Click on text box

HOW TO CREATE A PASSWORD

 Click on insert
 Click on form
 Click on text box
 Double click on the textbox, a dialogue box appears

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 Click on yes
 Click ok

HOW TO INSERT A TEXT AREA

 Click on insert
 Click on form
 Click on text area

HOW TO INSERT CHECK BOX

 Click on insert
 Click on form
 Click on check box

HOW TO INSERT OPTION BUTTON

 Click on insert
 Point to form
 Click on option button
HOW TO INSERT PUSH BUTTON

 Click on insert
 Click on form
 Click on push button

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HOW TO INSERT DROP-DOWN BOX

 Click on insert
 Click on form
 Click on drop-down box
 Double-click on drop-down box, a dialog box appears

 Click on add

 Enter the text

 Click OK twice

Example of Form Creation

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The Preview

APPLYING MARQUEE DIRECTION

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 Highlight the text or click the object/image
 Click on insert menu
 Click on web component, a dialog box appears

 Double click on marquee, a dialog box appears

 Select the direction, color, speed, background color

 Click ok

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USING IMAGE AS BACKGROUND

 Click on format
 Click on background, a dialog box appears

 Click on background pictures

 Click on browse, a dialog box appears

 Click the
picture or
image
 Click open
 Click ok

HYPERLINK

This is the process

of connecting two
or more pages

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 Highlight the text
 Click on insert
 Click on hyperlinks, a dialog box appears

 Select the filename of the other pages

 Click ok

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MODULE TEN

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction of Html

2. Terminologies of Html

3. To Open Notepad

4. To Save Notepad

5. Why Do I Have To Put Dot Html

6. To Open Internet – Explorer

7. To Upload Internet Explorer

8. To View Source Code

9. To Refresh Internet Explorer

10. To Create a Table

11. Creating Form

12. Linking Pages (Hyperlink)

13. Color Codes

14. Do’s And Don’ts Of Html

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INRODUCTION TO HTML
HTML means Hypertext Markup Language. HTML was created for the
beginner to learn about the web designer. To get the most out of html a basic
knowledge is required that is total attention must be paid.

The following are some other software used to develop webpage.

 Java script
 Adobe Photoshop
 Microsoft FrontPage
 Corel draw
 Micro media flash
 Micro media firework
 Micro media video encoder
 Micro media Dreamweaver
 Cascade Style Sheet(CSS)

TERMINOLOGIES OF HTML
This are the things needed to be used time without number when designing a
web page using html.

<HTML>: It is described as the text file of html format

<TITLE>: It is described as the title found on the title bar and task bar of the
internet explorer. E.g. www.innocent the author of this html .com

The title is also known as the key to a particular website. That is what people
are going to use before accessing your website.

<HEAD>: It is described as the head area of the text found on the internet
environment. e.g. A name of a particular organization. EMYOLA
COMPUTERS

<BODY>: It is found after the head and it is described as the text found on the
internet environment. e.g. History of a particular organization can be written
down under the body.

<FONT>: It is declared the font appearance of the text e.g. color, size, face.

<MARQUEE>: It is used for animation or moving of text from right, left, up,
down and alternate.

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<u>: It is use to underline text

<I>: It is use to italize text

<B>: It is use to bold text

<P>: It means paragraph. It is to arrange a sentence according to paragraph.

<BODY BGCOLOR>: It is use to apply color to a background of a web page.

Body bgcolor means body background color.

<OL>: It is used for numbering items

<UL>: It is used for bullet

<LI>: It is used for listing items

Note: Any tags you open<> make sure that you enclose it with slash </>

TO OPEN NOTEPAD

Click on start button

Point to program

Point to accessories

Click on notepad

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TO SAVE NOTEPAD
Click on file

Click on save as

Dialog box appear

Under save in, select Local Disk(c)

Enter your name with dot HTML

Click on save

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WHY DO I HAVE TO PUT DOT HTML?

Glad you asked. It is a thing called “association”. It’s how computers tell
different file types apart. “DOT HTML” tells the computer that this file is an
html document. When we get into graphics you will see a format of “name
suffix” always.

 EXAMPLE 1:

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TO OPEN INTERNET EXPLORER
Click on start button

Point to all program

Click on internet explorer

TO UPLOAD INTERNET EXPLORER

Click on file

Click on open

Dialog box appear

Click on browse

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Dialog box appear

Select your file name

Click on open

Click ok.

 SEE THE END RESULT OF EXAMPLE 1 BELOW:

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TO VIEW SOURCE CODE

Click on view

Click on source

OR

Press Alt+V+C on the keyboard

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TO REFRESH INTERNET EXPLORER

Click on view

Click on refresh

OR

Press F5 on the keyboard.

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TO CREATE A TABLE
The tags needed are:

<TR>: it means table row. It is used to arrange a data on row.

<TD>: it means table data: It is used to enter or insert data on a table.

<TABLE BORDER>: It is describe as the border and the thickness of the table.

<BORDER COLOR>: It is described as the border color on a table.

EXAMPLE: The Emyola Computer Student Report

S/N NAME BATCH STATE G.P GENDER

001 OLABISI 04 EKITI 90% FEMALE
002 ADEOLA 03 EDO 70% MALE
003 AYO 06 OGUN 60% FEMALE
004 BAYO 01 ONDO 50% MALE
005 CONSELIA 03 IMO 80% FEMALE
006 JOSEPH 08 OGUN 60% MALE
007 ENIOLA 07 OYO 80% FEMALE

The html script for the above table.

 EXAMPLE 2
<Html>

<Title>www.innocent the author of this html handout.com </title>

<Head>The Emyola Computer Student Report</head>

<Table>

<table border=”4” bordercolor=”blue”>

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<TR> </TR> <TD>80 %</TD>

<TD>S/N</TD> <TR> <TD>FEMALE</TD>

<TD>NAME</TD> <TD>003</TD> </TR>

<TD>BATCH</TD> <TD>AYO</TD> <TR>

<TD>STATE</TD> <TD>06</TD> <TD>006</TD>

<TD>G.P</TD> <TD>OGUN</TD> <TD>JOSEPH</TD>

<TD>GENDER</TD> <TD>60 %< /TD> <TD>08</TD>

</TR> <TD>FEMALE</TD> <TD>OGUN</TD>

<TR> </TR> <TD>60 %< /TD>

<TD>001</TD> <TR> <TD>MALE</TD>

<TD>OLABISI</TD> <TD>004</TD> </TR>

<TD>04</TD> <TD>BAYO</TD> <TR>

<TD>EKITI</TD> <TD>01</TD> <TD>007</TD>

<TD>90 %< /TD> <TD>ONDO</TD> <TD>ENIOLA</TD>

<TD>FEMALE</TD> <TD>50 %< /TD> <TD>07</TD>

</TR> <TD>MALE</TD> <TD>OYO</TD>

<TR> </TR> <TD>80 %</TD>

<TD>002</TD> <TR> <TD>FEMALE</TD>

<TD>ADEOLA</TD> <TD>005</TD> </TR>

<TD>03</TD> <TD>CONSELIA</ </TABLE>

TD>
<TD>EDO</TD> </HTML>
<TD>03</TD>
<TD>70 %< /TD>  SEE THE END
<TD>IMO</TD> RESULT OF
<TD>MALE</TD> EXAMPLE 2

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MAKING LIST <Using Numbers>

<OL>Ordered List

e.g. <OL>

<LI>BOOK</LI>

<LI>PENCIL</LI>

<LI>ERASER</LI>

</OL>

MAKING LIST <Using bullet>

<UL>Unordered List

e.g. <UL>

<LI>BOOK</LI>

<LI>PENCIL</LI>
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<LI>ERASER</LI>

</UL>

CREATING HORIZONTAL RULE

<hr size=”10” width=”100%” font color=”red”>

=”t1”

CREATING FORM
Form is a field area which allows the user to enter their data or necessary
information according to the holster of the web page. In the form field, a lot of
data is required e.g. Surname, Middle Name, Last Name, Gender, Marital
Status, Date of Birth, State of origin, Poster Address, Phone Number, e-mail,
Fax e.g.

These are the codes needed for creating form. (I.e. the tags needed are)

1. <input type=”text” name=”t1” size=”20”>

It’s describe the field area which allow the to type. It means one-online
text, e.g. Sure Name, Middle Name, Phone No, Last Name etc.

OR

<input type=”standard”>

2. APPLYING PASSWORD
<input type=”password”>

3. DROP DOWN MENU: this is described as the field area that allow an
option e.g gender ,state ,award e.g.
TO APPLY A DROP CAP

<Form>
Gender: <select>
<option select value= “male”>male
<option select value=”female”>female

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 </select>
</form>
4. <text area rows=”2”name=”s” cols=”20”>
</text area>: it describe the field area that allow the user to enter long
text .
5. <input type=”submit “value=”submit “name=”b”>

LINKING PAGES (HYPERLINK)

This is the process of connecting two or more pages together

Linking Two Pages

 Create the first page

 Save it with a file name that html and upload
 Preview the source code of the first web page i:e edit the notepad
of the first page
 Apply the tag to connect the second webpage i.e. the name used to
save the second page.
 <a href=”c:/file name of the second page with dot html”> insert the
linking text e.g. <a href=”c:/waec.html”>waec
 Save it
 Go back to your internet explorer an refresh
 View the source code of the second web page i:e edit the notepad
of the second page

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  Enter the tag to link the first page. I:e<a href=”c/filename of the
first page”>
 Save it
 Go back to your internet explorer an refresh

COLOUR CODES

Red………………………………………………………………….........#ff0000
Blue……………………………………………………………….……#0000ff
Navy……………………………………………………………………#000fff
Blue…………………………………………………….………………#000080
Yellow……………………………………………………………………#ffff00
Purple……………………………………………………………………#800080
White………………………………………………………………………#ffffff
Black…………………………………………………….………………#000000
Pink………………………………………………………………………#ff99ff
Grey…………………………………………………….………………#cccccc
Brown……………………………………………………………………#996633
Green………………………………………………..…………………#008000

Etc.

DO’S AND DON’TS OF HTML

 Think about tags before using them
 Make each page be independent
 Check your spelling and grammar
 Group related information. Use tables, graphics or horizontal rules to split
up separate areas on a page.
 Describe links when possible
 Don’t use too many image
 Avoid using phrases links: click this link or click here.

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