BRAINWARE UNIVERSITY

[ESCD 301] [Internet of Things]

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Web of Things

The concept of the Web of Things was first introduced by researchers around 2007. It
has since been adopted and promoted by organizations like Mozilla, Siemens, and the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). web of things is a term used to describe
approaches, software architectural style of programming patterns that allow real world
objects to be part of WWW. The major portion of the WOT specification is the Thing
Description Thing Description includes the metadata and interfaces of a Thing in a
standardized way, with the aim to make the Thing able to communicate with other
Things in a heterogeneous world.

Need for Web of Things

By leveraging standard web technologies and principles, WoT empowers developers

to create a more connected, intelligent, and efficient world.

• Take on the problem of facilitating data interchange and connectivity between

various IoT platforms and devices.
• Solve interoperability problems brought on by exclusive communication
techniques and protocols.
• To handle the increasing number of connected devices across multiple
domains, enable scalability.
• Encourage automation to improve user experiences, increase resource
efficiency, and streamline procedures.
• Make using IoT devices and services easier for users by offering user-friendly
interfaces.
• Utilize the power of data insights to inform choices and spur creativity across a
range of sectors. To produce cutting-edge IoT solutions, encourage

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

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[ESCD 301] [Internet of Things]
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cooperation and experimentation among developers, researchers, and

companies.
Benefits of the Web of Things

Interconnectivity: The Web of Things (WoT) provides a means of facilitating data

exchange and communication across a variety of Internet of Things (IoT) platforms
and devices. The interoperability of traditional IoT systems is frequently hampered by
proprietary protocols and communication techniques. Through the use of common
web technologies like HTTP, WebSocket, and RESTful APIs, WoT makes it possible
for devices to talk to one another without regard to the underlying software or
hardware.
Standardization: To facilitate the development, deployment, and integration of IoT
solutions, WoT encourages the use of standardized communication protocols and
interfaces. Because of this standardization, gadgets made by many vendors can
operate together flawlessly.

Scalability: As IoT devices proliferate in a variety of areas, including smart cities,

smart homes, and industrial automation, scalable IoT solutions are becoming more
and more necessary. WoT facilitates the integration of a wide range of devices,
including cellphones, cloud services, actuators, and sensors. Because of its scalability,
extensive IoT ecosystems with millions of connected devices can be built.

Automation: In Internet of Things applications, automation is a major factor in

productivity and efficiency. With the help of well-defined rules and real-time data, WoT
allows devices to communicate with one another and make intelligent decisions.
Data Insights: Data insights are a crucial component of Internet of Things
applications, as they facilitate innovative thinking and decision-making. WoT makes it
possible to gather, examine, and use data from a variety of sources, including sensors,
gadgets, and cloud services.

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

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[ESCD 301] [Internet of Things]
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Difference between IOT and WOT

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

 BRAINWARE UNIVERSITY
[ESCD 301] [Internet of Things]
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Steps to set up cloud environment

1. Choose a Cloud Platform

Select a cloud platform that suits your IoT needs. Popular options include:

• Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT Core

• Microsoft Azure IoT Hub
• Google Cloud IoT Core

2. Create an Account and Set Up the Environment

• Sign Up: Create an account with your chosen cloud provider.

• Set Up Development Environment: Install necessary tools and SDKs for your
chosen platform.

3. Create IoT Resources

• IoT Hub: Set up an IoT hub to manage device connectivity and communication.
• Device Provisioning: Register and provision your IoT devices.

4. Configure Device Connectivity

• Device Authentication: Configure authentication methods (e.g., shared

access signatures, certificates).
• Connectivity Setup: Ensure devices can securely connect to the cloud.

5. Develop and Deploy IoT Applications

• Application Development: Develop applications to interact with IoT devices.

• Deploy Applications: Deploy your applications to the cloud.

6. Data Management and Storage

• Data Ingestion: Set up data ingestion pipelines to collect data from IoT
devices.
• Data Storage: Use cloud storage solutions to store collected data.
• Data Processing: Implement data processing and analytics to derive insights.

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

 BRAINWARE UNIVERSITY
[ESCD 301] [Internet of Things]
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7. Security and Compliance

• Security Measures: Implement security measures to protect data and devices.

• Compliance: Ensure compliance with relevant regulations and standards.

8. Monitoring and Maintenance

• Monitoring: Set up monitoring tools to track device performance and health.

• Maintenance: Regularly update and maintain your IoT infrastructure.

9. Scalability and Integration

• Scalability: Ensure your setup can handle an increasing number of devices

and data.
• Integration: Integrate with other cloud services and third-party applications as
needed.

By following these steps, you can set up a robust cloud environment for your IoT
applications, enabling efficient data management, real-time monitoring, and seamless
scalability.

Accessing cloud by Sensors

Sensors play a vital role in IoT applications by collecting data from the environment
and transmitting it to the cloud for processing, storage, and analysis. However,
sensors often cannot directly communicate with cloud services due to various
constraints such as limited processing power, storage, and communication
capabilities. This is where gateways come into play.

Direct Communication

In some cases, advanced sensors equipped with sufficient processing power and
networking capabilities can directly connect to the cloud. These sensors may use Wi-
Fi, cellular, or other communication protocols to send data to cloud services. However,
this is not common for all types of sensors due to the associated power and cost
implications.

Gateway-Assisted Communication

Sensors collect data from the environment. For example, temperature sensors,
humidity sensors, motion detectors, etc.

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

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Sensors communicate with a gateway using protocols such as Zigbee, Z-Wave,

Bluetooth, LoRa, or other low-power wireless communication standards.

The gateway can perform local processing on the data, such as filtering, aggregation,
or preliminary analysis to reduce the volume of data sent to the cloud.

The gateway establishes a secure communication channel with cloud services using
protocols like HTTPS, MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), or AMQP
(Advanced Message Queuing Protocol).

Role of Gateways

• Protocol Translation: Gateways translate data from sensor-specific protocols

to protocols suitable for cloud communication.
• Data Processing: Perform initial data processing to reduce the amount of data
sent to the cloud.
• Security: Provide secure data transmission channels to the cloud, often using
encryption and authentication mechanisms.
• Bandwidth Management: Manage bandwidth efficiently by aggregating and
compressing data before transmission.

Importance of data analytics in IoT

Immediate Actions: Analytics allows for real-time processing of data, enabling

immediate responses to critical events, such as triggering alarms or shutting down
systems to prevent failures.

Predictive Maintenance: By analyzing patterns and trends, organizations can predict

equipment failures before they occur, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.

Process Optimization: Data analytics helps identify inefficiencies and bottlenecks in

processes, allowing for optimization and improved performance.

Personalization: Analyzing user behavior data helps tailor services and products to
individual preferences, enhancing user satisfaction.

Market Insights: Data analytics provides deep insights into market trends, consumer
behavior, and competitive landscape, supporting strategic business decisions.

Dynamic Adjustments: Allows for dynamic adjustments in operations based on real-

time data, leading to more responsive and agile operations.

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

 BRAINWARE UNIVERSITY
[ESCD 301] [Internet of Things]
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Comparison of traditional IoT architectures and RESTful architectures

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

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[ESCD 301] [Internet of Things]
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Resource identification in the Web of Things

Resource identification in the Web of Things (WoT) is a crucial step in ensuring that
IoT devices and their data can be seamlessly accessed, managed, and integrated into
web-based systems.
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Each resource is assigned a URI, which is a
string of characters that uniquely identifies a specific resource.
Naming Conventions: URIs follow a structured naming convention to ensure
consistency and clarity. For example, a temperature sensor might have a URI like
http://example.com/sensors/temperature.
Discovery Mechanisms: Employing protocols and services that allow devices to
discover resources within the network automatically.

RESTful APIs: Resources are made accessible through RESTful APIs, which use
standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to interact with the resources.

Linked Data: Resources can link to other resources, creating a web of interconnected
data that enhances discoverability and usability.

Significance of Resource Identification

1. Standardization: Using web standards like URIs ensures that different

systems and devices can communicate and understand each other, regardless
of the manufacturer or underlying technology.
2. Compatibility: Promotes compatibility between a wide range of devices and
services, enabling seamless integration.
3. Data Organization: Helps in organizing and managing data effectively, which
is critical as the number of connected devices grows.
4. Integration: Simplifies the integration of IoT data into other web-based
applications and services, enhancing the overall user experience.

In summary, resource identification is a foundational element in the Web of Things,

enabling interoperability, scalability, and effective management of IoT devices and
data. By aligning with web standards and employing unique identifiers, WoT facilitates
seamless communication and integration across diverse systems and platforms.

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

 BRAINWARE UNIVERSITY
[ESCD 301] [Internet of Things]
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Challenges in Resource Identification

Handling Large Numbers: Managing the identifiers of potentially billions of IoT

devices is a significant challenge. Ensuring the system can scale efficiently is crucial.

Dynamic Environments: IoT environments are dynamic, with devices frequently

joining and leaving the network. The identification system must handle these changes
gracefully.

Authentication and Authorization: Ensuring that identifiers are securely managed

and that only authorized entities can register and access resources is critical.

Privacy Concerns: Protecting the privacy of sensitive data associated with resource
identifiers is essential.

Limited Resources: Many IoT devices have limited processing power, memory, and
storage, making it challenging to implement complex identification mechanisms.

Energy Efficiency: Identification processes must be energy-efficient to prolong the

battery life of IoT devices.

Methods of resource identification

Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)

• Description: A URI is a string of characters used to identify a resource on the

internet uniquely.
• Usage: Common in web-based IoT systems, such as the Web of Things (WoT).
• Example: http://example.com/sensors/temperature

EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier)

• Description: EUI-64 is a 64-bit identifier used for device identification in

networks.
• Usage: Common in low-power and wireless communication protocols such as
Zigbee and IEEE 802.15.4.
• Example: 00-14-22-01-23-45-67-89

MAC Address (Media Access Control Address)

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

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• Description: A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to network

interfaces for communications within a network.
• Usage: Used for device identification in local area networks (LANs).
• Example: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E

IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)

• Description: An IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device

connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication.
• Usage: Used for identifying and locating devices in a network.
• Example: 192.168.1.1

Barcodes and QR Codes

• Description: Barcodes and QR codes are visual representations of data that

can be scanned to identify a resource.
• Usage: Used for quick and easy identification in logistics, inventory
management, and access control.
• Example: QR code containing a URL or device information.

The role of cloud platforms in managing IoT data and enhancing system
scalability

Cloud platforms play a pivotal role in the efficient management of IoT data and
significantly enhance system scalability. Here’s a breakdown of their key roles and
benefits:

Massive Storage Capacity: Cloud platforms offer virtually unlimited storage, making
it possible to handle vast amounts of data generated by numerous IoT devices.

Data Integration: Seamlessly integrate data from various sources, enabling a holistic
view of the IoT ecosystem. Pay-as-You-Go Model: Cloud platforms often operate
on a pay-as-you-go model, allowing organizations to pay only for the resources they
use. This can lead to significant cost savings, especially for startups and small
businesses.

Reduced Infrastructure Costs: By using cloud services, companies can avoid the
high upfront costs associated with setting up and maintaining physical infrastructure.

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

 BRAINWARE UNIVERSITY
[ESCD 301] [Internet of Things]
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Elastic Scalability: Cloud platforms can automatically scale resources up or down

based on the demand. This ensures that the system can handle varying loads
efficiently without manual intervention.

Real-Time Processing: Cloud platforms provide robust data processing capabilities,

enabling real-time analysis and decision-making. This is crucial for applications that
require immediate responses, such as predictive maintenance or automated controls.

Simplified Deployment: Cloud platforms provide various tools and services that
simplify the deployment and management of IoT applications, reducing the complexity
for developers.

Future Web of Things

The Future Web of Things (WoT) is an evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) that
aims to integrate everyday objects into the web, enabling seamless communication
and interaction using standard web technologies

WoT leverages existing web standards like HTTP, REST, and URIs to create a unified
framework for IoT devices. This ensures interoperability and ease of integration

Emphasizes decentralized and distributed architectures, allowing for more resilient

and scalable systems

Focuses on identifying and describing resources (e.g., devices, sensors) using URIs,
enabling web-based access and manipulation

Potential Impact of WOT on Society

Enhanced Interoperability: By using standard web protocols, WoT ensures that

devices from different manufacturers and ecosystems can work together seamlessly,
reducing fragmentation.

Improved Efficiency: Streamlines the development and deployment of IoT

applications, leading to more efficient and cost-effective solutions.

Better User Experience: Provides a more intuitive and user-friendly interface for
interacting with IoT devices, making technology more accessible to a broader
audience

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)

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[ESCD 301] [Internet of Things]
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Healthcare Advancements: Enhances healthcare through better monitoring,

personalized treatment plans, and remote care, improving patient outcomes and
healthcare delivery

Importance of cloud access from sensors in an IoT atmosphere

Cloud access from sensors in an IoT environment is crucial for several reasons,
primarily related to data management, analysis, and overall system efficiency.

Massive Storage Capacity: Sensors generate vast amounts of data. Cloud platforms
provide virtually unlimited storage capacity, ensuring all data can be stored and
accessed when needed.

Centralized Management: Centralizing data storage in the cloud simplifies data

management, making it easier to organize, retrieve, and use data for various
applications.

Pay-As-You-Go: Cloud services often operate on a pay-as-you-go model, allowing

organizations to only pay for the resources they use, which can be more cost-effective
than maintaining dedicated servers.

Standardized Protocols: Cloud platforms support standardized communication

protocols, facilitating interoperability between different sensors and devices.

Sensor and cloud platform in IOT environment

The process of communication between sensors and cloud platforms in an IoT system
involves data collection by sensors, transmission to gateways, secure communication
to the cloud, data storage and processing in the cloud, and user access to the data.
This process ensures efficient and secure data management, real-time insights, and
enhanced scalability, enabling organizations to leverage IoT data for improved
decision-making and operational efficiency.

Importance of scalability in IOT

Scalability is essential in cloud-based IoT environments to handle increasing data

volumes, support a growing number of devices, optimize costs, ensure performance
and reliability, future-proof the system, and enhance the user experience. By
leveraging scalable cloud infrastructure, organizations can efficiently manage their IoT
deployments, drive innovation, and maintain high-quality service as they grow.

2024-25, Prepared by: Faculty of CSE-CSDS Department, (Brainware University, Barasat)