The Laplace Transform

Note: Some topics have been repeated in the slides. Just for better
understanding. Not for classroom teaching.

1
 The Laplace Transform
Laplace transform converts time domain problems into
functions of a complex variable, s, that is related to the
frequency response of the system

Laplace
Transform

Time domain
lesson10et438a.pptx Complex frequency 2
lesson10et438a.pptx 3
 Basic Laplace Transform Pairs
5
5  u s (t) →
s
 4 
3  sin(4t ) → 3   2  =4
 s + 16 

10 1
10 t
s2 e −2 t s+2
− at 1  s 
t e 3 cos( t ) 3   2 
(s + a ) 2  (s + 1) 

1
e5 t s−5
 Laplace Theorems
Laplace of an unknown function
Capitalize unknown function name
L (f1 ( t ) ) = F1 (s) Replace t with s

Examples
Laplace
Operator L (i1 ( t ) ) = I1 (s)
Symbol
L (v1 ( t ) ) = V1 (s)
Linearity of transform - can multiply by constant
If L (f1 ( t ) ) = F1 (s) and L (f 2 ( t ) ) = F2 (s)
Then L (a  f1 ( t ) + b  f 2 ( t ) ) = a  F1 (s) + b  F2 (s)
5
 Laplace Transforms of Calculus Operators
Laplace Transform turns derivative into multiplication by s
If L (f1 ( t ) ) = F1 (s) Subtract any
non-zero
initial
d 
Then L  f1 ( t )  = s  F1 (s) − f1 (0) conditions
 dt 
For higher order derivatives 0 initial conditions reduces
formula to
 d2  d  d2  2
L  2 f1 ( t )  = s  (s  F1 (s) − f1 (0)) − f1 (0) L  2 f1 ( t )  = s  F1 (s)

 dt  dt  dt 

6
 Laplace Transforms of Calculus Operators

Laplace turns integration into division by s

If L (f1 ( t ) ) = F1 (s)

 d  1
Then L   f1 ( t ) dt  =  F1 (s)
 dt  s

Examples from circuit analysis:

1 
Capacitor voltage L (v C ( t ) ) = L    i C ( t ) dt 
C 
1
C 
v C ( t ) =  i C ( t ) dt 1 1
VC (s) =     I C (s) = 
 1 
  I C (s)
C s Cs
7
 More Examples From Circuit Analysis

Find the Laplace relationship for inductor voltage

d
vL (t) = L  i L (t)
dt
 d 
L (v L ( t ) ) = L  L  i L ( t ) 
 dt 
VL (s) = L  s  I L (s)

Laplace relationship for resistor voltage

v R (t) = R  i R (t) L (v R ( t ) ) = L (R  i R ( t ) )
VR (s) = R  I R (s)

8
 Laplace Transforms and Impedance

Remember phasor analysis is only valid for sinusoidal steady-state. Turns

ac analysis into an analysis similar to the dc. (Ohm's law)

Resistance R
Inductive Reactance XL = j  L  = 2  f j = 90
1  1  1
Capacitive Reactance XC = = − j   - j = = −90
j  C   C  j

Since Laplace variable represents frequency, it's possible to replace j with s

and s with j. If s is replaced with j, analysis reverts to phasors We can find
the frequency response of a dynamic system by converting differential
equation into Laplace domain and replacing s with j. Sweeping frequency
produces Bode plot of system.
lesson10et438a.pptx 9
 Laplace Transforms and Impedance

Laplace “Impedances” (Ohm’s Law) Impedance (Phasors)

Ls =
VL (s) VL ( j)
Inductors Inductors jL =
I L (s) I L ( j)
1 VC (s) 1 VC ( j)
Capacitors = Capacitors =
Cs I C (s) jC I C ( j)
V (s) VR ( j)
Resistors R= R Resistors R=
I R (s) I R ( j)

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Q3. In the circuit shown in Figure, switch 1 is closed at t = 0 and then, at t = t’=
4ms, switch 2 is opened. Find the current i(t) in the intervals 0 < t < t’ and t > t’
using Laplace Transform.
1 50

100 2

100V
i (t )
0.1H
Q3. In the circuit shown in Figure, switch is closed at t =0. Find the current i(t)
for t > 0 using Laplace Transform.
Representation of R, L, and C in the S-domain
Using differentiation and integration
Laplace property
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Time domain to complex frequency domain

v 1 (0)
R! _ L2 R2
+ _
+ C1 v 2 (0) i2 (t) _
C2
VA(t) + VB (t)
_ L1
i1 (t) +

v 1 (0)
_ L2i2(0)
R! + s sL 2 +
_
R2

1 1
sC 1 sC 2 _
v 2 (0)
+ +
VA(s) + s
VB(s)
_ _
sL 1
+
L1i1(0)
_
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application:

Given the circuit below. Assume zero IC’s. Use Laplace to find vc(t).
The time domain circuit:
t=0 100 

+
+
2u(t) V 0.001 F
v c (t)
_
_ Laplace circuit

t=0
 2  1000  100 
  
Vc ( s ) =  s  s 
+
1000
100 + +
s 2 1000
I(s) s Vc(s)
s _
20
Vc ( s ) = _
s( s + 10)
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application:

t=0
100 

+
+
2 1000
I(s) s Vc(s)
s _
_

20 2 2
Vc ( s ) = = −
s( s + 10) s s + 10


vc ( t ) = 2 − 2e −10t u( t ) 
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application:

Given the circuit below. Assume vc(0) = - 4 V. Use Laplace to find vc(t).
The time domain circuit:
t=0 100 

+
+
2u(t) V 0.001 F
v c (t)
_
_
Laplace circuit:
t=0
100 

2 4  1000 
+ = I ( s )100 +
+
s 
1000
s s  2
+ s
I(s) _ Vc(s)
s _ 4
6 s
100 I ( s ) = + _
s + 10
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application:

t=0
100  1
2
1000
+ − 100 I ( s ) − Vc ( s ) = 0
+ s s
2
I(s) _ Vc(s)
s _ 4
s + 2 6
_
− = Vc ( s )
s s + 10
2 − 4 s + 20 A B
Vc ( s ) = = +
s( s + 10) s s + 10 Check the boundary conditions

3 vc(0) = - 4 V
2 6
Vc ( s ) = −
s s + 10
vc(oo) = 2 V


v ( t ) = 2 − 6e −10t u( t ) 
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application: Find i0(t) using Laplace

1 2 2H

+ i0 (t)
Time Domain 4u(t) 1 e-tu(t)
_ 1F

1 2 2s

+
Laplace 4 1
s I 1 (s) 1 I 2 (s) 1 I 3 (s)
_ s s+1
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application: Find i0(t) using Laplace

1 2 2s

+
4 1
s I 1 (s) 1 I 2 (s) 1 I 3 (s)
_ s s+1

Mesh 1

( s + 1) I 2 ( s) 4
I1 ( s ) − =
s s s

( s + 1) I1 ( s ) − I 2 ( s ) = 4
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application: Find i0(t) using Laplace

1 2

+
4 1
s I 1 (s) 1 I 2 (s) 1 I 3 (s)
_ s s+1

Mesh 2
−1 3s + 1
I1 ( s ) + I 2 ( s) − I 3 ( s) = 0
s s
−1 3s + 1 1
I1 ( s ) + I 2 ( s) − =0
s s s +1
s
− I1 ( s ) + ( 3 s + 1) I 2 ( s ) =
s +1

− ( s + 1) I1 ( s ) + ( s + 1)(3 s + 1) I 2 ( s ) = s
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application: Find i0(t) using Laplace

+
4 1
s I 1 (s) 1 I 2 (s) 1 I 3 (s)
_ s s+1

( s + 1) I1 ( s ) − I 2 ( s ) = 4 Add these 2
equations
− ( s + 1) I1 ( s ) + ( s + 1)( 3 s + 1) I 2 ( s ) = s

s ( 3 s + 4) I 2 ( s ) = s + 4
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application: Find i0(t) using Laplace

+
4 1
s I 1 (s) 1 I 2 (s) 1 I 3 (s)
_ s s+1

s( 3 s + 4) I 2 ( s ) = s + 4

(1 )( s + 4)
I ( s) = 3
1
= − 3
2
2
s( s + 4 ) s s+ 4
3 3
2 − 43t
i2 ( t ) = [ 1 − e ] u( t )
3