2.

2 SDoF Module

The SDoF module is shown in Figure 4. This module is used to define the main SDoF

parameters: a) the period, T, b) the mass, M, and c) the lateral stiffness, K. From

the popup menu at the top, the user can choose to define any two of those three parameters.

The third parameter is then calculated using Equations 1a-c. The user shall specify the

damping coefficient, . This is then used to calculate the damping ratio, C, using Equation 2,

in which is the circular frequency of the employed system.

Panel A

Panel B

Figure 4. The SDoF module

M
T 2
K (1a)

2
T
M K (1b)
2

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 M
K 2
(1c)
T 2

C 2 M, 2 /T (2)

From the same module, the user can specify whether to include or exclude the system P-Delta

effects. To include P-Delta, the user has two options: a) define the system gravity load, P

and height, H, or b) specify the stability coefficient, . efficient

is internally computed by Equation 3. The stability coefficient is then used to modify (rotate)

the defined system model backbone curve (see Section 2.2) due to P-Delta effects as shown in

Figure 5.

P P
(3)
H V H K

Fy
Fy-P y/H Without P-Delta
Ke With P-Delta

(1- )Ke

Figure 5. Effect of P-Delta on system backbone curve

2.3 System Model Module

The System Model module is shown in Figure 6. In the current IIDAP version, six system

models (i.e., force-deformation hysteretic models) are available. These include: 1) Linear elastic

non-deteriorating model, 2) Bi-Linear non-deteriorating model (symmetric backbone curves

for negative and positive loading directions), 3) IMK-Bilinear deteriorating asymmetric model

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with optional smooth-transition between loading branches, 4) IMK-Pinching deteriorating

asymmetric model with pinched hysteretic behavior, 5) IMK-Peak Oriented deteriorating

asymmetric model with peak-oriented hysteretic behavior, and 6) Flag-Shaped deteriorating

model with asymmetric flag-shaped hysteretic behavior.

Figure 6. The System Model module

2.3.1 Model

This model is defined only by the elastic stiffness, Ke. However, the user may specify an

ultimate force/displacement at which the system loses its lateral load capacity (i.e., force will

drop to zero). This is done through the Linear Model module shown in Figure 7. By default,

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a relatively large reference value of 999 (inches or meters) is assigned to the system failure

displacement. The right hand side of the Linear Model module shows a sample plot of the

linear stiffness with and without P-Delta (if applicable).

Backbone Parameters Backbone Plot

Figure 7. The Linear model module

2.3.2 Bi-Linear Model

The Bi-Linear model module is shown in Figure 8. This model is defined by three main

parameters:

1) The elastic stiffness, Ke. This is taken equal to the previously defined SDoF stiffness,

K.

2) The yielding point ( y, Fy). This point can be defined by either specifying the yield

force, Fy, or the yield displacement, y . Herein, the yield force is expressed as a

fraction of the system weight W=Mg, in which g is the gravity acceleration 386.2

in/sec2 or 9.81 m/sec2.

3) The ratio of the post-yield stiffness, Kp, to the elastic stiffness, Ke, (expressed as a

percentage).

The user is also given the option to specify an ultimate displacement, u, at which the force

drops to zero. The ultimate displacement is expressed as a multiple of the yield displacement,

y . By default, u = 999 meters or inches so as it works as a simple bilinear model.

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In the Bi-Linear model module, the defined backbone curves with and without the P-Delta (if

applicable) are plotted automatically on the right hand side of the module (see Figure 8) as

the user defines the backbone parameters.

Backbone Parameters Backbone Plot

Figure 8. The Bi-Linear model module

2.3.3 IMK-Bilinear Model

The IMK-Bilinear model module is shown in Figure 9. This model is basically the modified

Ibarra-Medina-Krawinkler (IMK) deterioration model (Ibarra et al. 2005; Lignos and

Krawinkler 2011) with optional control over the smooth transition between the loading branch

and the hardening branch. This model in the general case has an asymmetric hysteretic

response and considers basic strength, post-capping strength and stiffness deterioration. For a

symmetric IMK-Bilinear mode, the user shall define 6 backbone parameters as shown in Panel

A in Figure 9:

p/ y pre-capping plastic displacement (normalized by the yield displacement, y )

pc / y post-capping plastic displacement (normalized by y )

u / y ultimate displacement (normalized by )

Fy/W yielding force W=M·g)

Fmax/Fp maximum (capping) force to yield force ratio

Fres/Fp residual force to yield force ratio

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Additional 8 parameters may be specified to define the amount/rate of cyclic deterioration as

shown in Panel B. Three main modes of cyclic deterioration are considered: 1) deterioration

in basic strength (i.e., Fy) after each cycle, 2) deterioration in the post-capping strength (i.e.,

Kpc and subsequently Fmax), and 3) deterioration in the unloading stiffness after each excursion.

This is based on the energy dissipated at each cycle/excursion assuming that the system has

a pre-defined reference energy capacity, Et. The reference energy is calculated as using

Equation (4), in which is the reference cumulative deformation capacity.

Et Fy p Fy (4)

The parameter is calculated as the product of the pre-capping deformation p and the

parameter . The latter is defined by the user. Note that a higher value results in lesser

deterioration. The rate of deterioration is controlled by the parameter c where a higher c value

typically results in higher deterioration rate in later cycles. Note that a reasonable value of c

is between 1.0 and 2.0. The parameters D+ and D- define the decrease in rate of cyclic

deterioration in the positive and/or negative loading direction. The D+/- values must be larger

than or equal to 1.0. When the rate of cyclic deterioration is the same in both loading

directions, the D+=D-.

Panel C provides the option to include a smooth hysteretic response.

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