SOLUTION TO A LINEAR EQUATION AND

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

A Project submitted

by

Saba Sirin
Roll No – 2145MTH014

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN

MATHEMATICS

Supervised

By

Miss. Pallabi Thethuwar

2022

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

MAHAMAYA DEGREE COLLEGE DARLIMUNDA, NUAPADA

ODISHA ,INDIA.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work on the topic Solution to linear equation and System of linear
equation for my B.Sc. degree has been done by me under the supervision Miss.pallabi
thethuwar in the Department of Mathematics, Mahamaya Degree College Darlimunda,
Nuapada, Odisha. I further declare that it has not been submitted earlier to any other
Institution or University for the award of any other degree.

Date: SABA SIRIN

Place: Nuapada, Odisha Roll No – 2145MTH014
B.Sc. Mathematics
Session: 2021-2024
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled Solution to linear equation and System of linear
equation is a bona fide work done by Saba Sirin Roll No – 2145MTH014 in the partial
fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from the
Mahamaya Degree College Darlimunda Nuapada, Odisha. The project work done and the
report satisfy the requirement for the award of the degree mentioned.

(Miss,Pallabi Thuthewar)
Supervisor
Department of Mathematics
Mahamaya College,Nuapada
Odisha
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my project supervisor

Miss.Palliabi Thuthewar for her all support and guidance. This project work would not been
possible without her help and the valuable time that she gave to me in spite of her busy
schedule.
I would also like to thanks all other teachers in our mathematics department for their co-
operation and support throughout the year in each situation.
I am very much obliged to my loving parents and my family members for their continuous
inspiration and sacrifice without which it would not have been possible to see this nice
academic year.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends and junior who have been very
cooperative with me and have helped me in completing my project work.
 CONTENT

1.Introduction……………………………………………………

2.Objective……………………………………………………….

3.Part1: Solution to Linear Equation

(a) Simple method

(b) Flow chart

(c) Algorithm

(d) Graphical method

Part2: Solution of System of Linear Equation

a) Substitution method
b) Elimination method
c) Cross multiplication method
d) Crammers rule
e) Graphical method
f) Gauss elimination method
g) Gauss Jordan method

❖ Result and Discussion

❖ Conclusion
❖ Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term is either a constant or the

product of a constant and (the first power of) a single variable (however, different variables

may occur in different terms).

In mathematics, a system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of two or more

linear equations involving the same set of variables

A simple example of a linear equation with only one variable, x , may be written in the form:

ax + b = 0, where a and b are constants and a ≠ 0. Parameters may depend on the problem

(for an example, see linear regression)

Linear equation can have one or more variables. An example of a linear equation with three

variables, x, y and z, is given by: ax + by + cz + d = 0, where a, b, c are non-zero. Linear

equations occur frequently in most sub areas of mathematics and especially in applied

mathematics. While they arise quite naturally when modeling many phenomena, they are

particularly useful since many non-linear equations may be reduced to linear equations by

assuming that quantities of interest vary to only a small extent from some "background" state.

An equation is linear if the sum of the exponents of the variables of each term is one.

Equation with exponent greater than one are non-linear. An example of a non-linear equation

of two variables is axy +b=0, where a and b are constants and a 0. It has two variables, x and

y, and is non-linear because the sum of the exponents of the variables in the first term, axy, is

two.
Example:

one variable: 4x+8=0 Here, x is variable,

two variables: x+2y+3=0 Here, x and y are variables

General Form :-

A general system of m linear equations with n unknowns can be written as

a11 x1+ a12 x2+ a13 x3...+ a1n xn = b1

a21 x1+ a22 x2+ a23 x3...+ a1n xn = b2.

am1 x1+ am2 x2+ a13 x3...+ amnxn = bm

Where x1, x2, x3, ……………………... , xn. are the unknowns are the constant terms. Consider

the system of n linear algebraic equations in n unknowns

a11 x1+ a12 x2+ a13 x3...+ a1n xn = b1

a21 x1+ a22 x2+ a23 x3...+ a1n xn = b2

.
.

. an1 x1+ an2 x2+ an3 x3...+ annxn = bn

Where x1, x2, x3………….xn. are the unknowns, , a11, a12………..ann as are the coefficients of

the system, and b₁ , b2, ………bn are the constant terms.

Vector Equation:-

One extremely helpful view is that each unknown is a weight for column vector in a linear

combination.

X1 [ ] + X2 [ ] +................. + Xn

[ ] = [ ] ………..(1)

This allows all the language and theory of vector spaces (or more generally, modules) to be

brought to bear. For example, the collection of all possible linear combinations of the vectors

on the left-hand side is called their span, and the equation have a solution just when the right

hand vector is within that span. If every vector within that span has exactly one expression as

a linear combination of the given left-hand vectors, then any solution is unique. In any event,

the span has a basis of linearly independent vectors that do guarantee exactly one expression:

and the number of vectors in that basis (its dimension) cannot be larger than morn, but it can

be smaller.

This is important because if we have m independent vectors a solution is guarantee regardless

of the right-hand side, and otherwise not guaranteed.

 Matrix Equation:

The vector equation is equivalent to a matrix equation of the form

Ax=b,

[ ] [ ]=[ ]

Where A is an m x n matrix, x is a column vector with n entries, and b is a column vector

with m entries.

A= [ ] ,X=[ ] ,b=

[ ]

The number of vectors in a basis for the span is now expressed as the rank of the matrix.

Solution Set:

A solution of a linear system is an assignment of values to the variables x1 ,x2 , … ,xn such

that each of the equations is satisfied. The set of all possible solution is called the solution set.

A linear system may behave in any one of three possible ways:

1. The system has infinitely many solutions.

2. The system has a single unique solution.

 OBJECTIVE

Students can know about the solution of a linear equation by different method i.e simple

method, flowchart, algorithm and Graphical methods.

Student can have idea about solution of linear equation by so many method i.e

method of substitution, method of elimination ,cross multiplication ,Graphical

method, Cramer’s rule, Gauss Elimination method, Gauss- Jordan Elimination Method,

Triangularition method, partition method , Cholesky method , Jacobi iteration

method, Gauss-seidel iteration method Relaxation method etc and they can know which will

easier to them.
 SOLUTION TO A LINEAR EQUATION

(a) Linear equation with one variable

(Simple Method)

Let the equation be ax + b = 0…………… (1)

Here x is variable and a and b are constants. Here we have to find the value of x. so solution

of equation (1) is given below

⇨ x = -( ) provide by a

There is only one solution i.e. x = -( )

Example: 1.1

Solve the equation 3x-6=0

Solution: 3x-6=0

=> 3x=6

=> x = 2
(b) Flow chart of a linear equation with one variable

The given equation is ax + b = 0; a ≠0

 (C) Algorithm of a linear equation with one variable

Step 1. BEGIN

Step 2. READ a,b

Step 3. X= (-b/a).

Step 4. PRINT x

Step 5. END

(D) Graphical solution to a linear equation in one variable

Steps are given below:

Finding a Graphical Solution for an Equation

Step 1. Let each side of the equation represent a function

Step 2. Graph the two functions on the same set of axes

Step 3. Find the point of intersection of the two graphs. The x value at this point represent the

solution

to the original equation

Example: 1

Solve by graphical method 2x-6=0

Solution: Given equation is 2x-6=0

Step 1. Let each side of the equation represent a function of x.

f(x) = 2x-6
 g(x) = 0

Step 2. Graph of the two functions on the same axes.

Step 3. Find the point of Intersection of two graph. The X coordinate of this point represents

the solution of the original equation.

The two lines intersect on the x axis at the point (3.0) . We are looking for the x value at the

point of intersection. which is

Part-2
Solution system of Equation
 (a) Method of substitution

Consider the system of equations

a₁ x + b₁ y + c₁ =0……(1)

a2x+ b2y +c2 =0….(2)

If b1≠0, then b₁ y = -c₁ -a1x

⇨ y=-(c1+a1x) / b1…..(3)

Substituting Equation (3) in Equation (2), then we get

⇨ a2x+ b2(-c₁ -a1x) /b1+c2= 0

⇨ (a2b1-a1b2)x +(c2b1-c1b2)=0

⇨ x = (-c2b1+c1b2) /(a2b1-a1b2) ……(4)

Substituting the equation (4) in equation (1)

a1(-c2b1+c1b2) /(a2b1-a1b2) + b1y + c₁ = 0

⇨ y = c1a2-c2a1 / a1b2-a2b1 ……(5)

So, the equations (4) and (5) are required solutions.

Example

Solve: 2x-5y+8=0 x-4y+7=0

Solution:

The Given equation are

2x-5y+8=0 ……. (i)

 x-4y+7=0 …….(i)

From equation (i) we have

5y=2x+8

⇨ Y=1/5(2x+8)……… (iii)

Subtituting equation (iii) in (ii) we get

x-4 / 5(2x+8)+7=0

⇨ 5x-8x-32+35=0

⇨ -3x+3=0

⇨ x=1

Subtituing the value of x=1 in equation (ii) then we get

⇨ 1-4y+7=0

⇨ Y=2

Therefore, The required solution is (1,2)

(b) Method of elimination

This method for solving a pair of simultaneous linear equations reduces one equation to one

that has only a single variable once this has been done, the solution is the same as that for

when one line was vertical or parallel. This method is known as Gaussian elimination

method.

In other word we eliminate x and y from the given equations. Here the equation are

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 …………..(1)

 a2x+ b₂ y + c₂ = 0 ............ (2)

To eliminate x, we multiply in equation (1) by a2 and equation (2) by a1 :

We get a1a2x + a1b2y +a1c2 = 0 ………(3)

a1a2x + a1b2y + a1c2 = 0 ………(4)

Now subtracting equation (3) from equation (4), we get

(a1b2-a2b1)y+ (a₁ c2-a2c1) = 0

⇨ y=-(a1c2-a2c1) /(a1b2 –a2b1) ……..(5)

similarly eliminating y from equation (1) and (2), we get

⇨ x =( b1c2 - b2c1) / a1b2 – a2b1) ……..(6)

The above solutions exist provided by a1b2 – a2b1 ≠ 0

Example:

Solve 2x+3y-8=0 ………(1)

3x+y-5=0 ………..(2)

Multiplying equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by 2 we get

⇨ 6x+9y-24 = 0 ………..(3)

⇨ 6x+2y-10 = 0 .……….(4)

Now subtracting equation (4) from equation (3), we get

⇨ 7y-14=0

⇨ Y=2
 substituting y = 2 in equation (1), we get

2x+3(2)-8=0

⇨ 2x+6-8=0

⇨ 2x-2 =0

⇨ X=1

Therefore, required solution is (1 , 2 )

(c) Cross Multiplication

Consider the equations a1x + b1y + c1 =0 ………….(1)

a2x + b2y + c2 =0 …………….(2)

From elimination method, we have

⇨ x=b1c2 - b2c1 / a1b2 - a2b1

⇨ y=c1a2 – c2a1 / a1b2 – a2b1 ……………(3)

From equation (3), we have

x/b1c2 – b2c1 = 1 / a1b2 –a2b1

y/c1a2 – c2a1 = 1 / a1b2 – a2b1 ……………(4)

From equation (4), we get

X / b1c2 – b2c1 = y / c1a2 – c2a1 = 1 / a1b2 –a2b1 ………..(5)

We can write equation (5) is of the form which is given below

= =
Equation (6) is the Cross Multiplication method.

Example:

Solve 2x+3y-8=0

3x+y-5=0

Solution:

Given equations are 2x+3y-8=0 …….(1)

3x+y-5=0 ……..(2)

Here a₁ = 2 , b₁ =3 , c1 = -8

a2=3 , b2 =1 , c=2-5

By using cross multiplication method, we have

⇨ = =

⇨ = =

Now = =

⇨ X = 1 and Y = 2

Therefore, the required solution is (1, 2).

(d) Graphical Method

A system of linear equations in two variables i.e.

a₁ x + b₁ y +c₁ =0
 a2x+b2y+c2 =0

Here x and y are variables we have to determine it and a1 , a2,b1,b2,c1 and c2 are constants.

The solution of such a system is the order pair that is a solution to both equations. To solve a

system of linear equations graphically we graph both equations in the same coordinate

system. The solution to the system will be the point where the two lines intersect.

Steps are given below:

Finding a Graphical Solution for an Equation

Step 1. Let the two equations represent a function of x & y.

Step 2. Graph the two functions on the same set of axes.

Step 3. Find the point of intersection of the two graphs. The (x , y) value at

this point represent the solution to the original equations.

Example:2.1

Solve 2x+3y-8=0.

3x+y-5=0

Solution: Given equation are 2x+3y-8 = 0 ………….(1)

3x+y-5 = 0 …………..(2)

Now from equation (1), we have

⇨ y=1/3 (8-2x) = f (say) ………..(3)

⇨ y=(5-3x)=g (say) …………..(4)

Now we plot the graph of two equations (3) and (4)

 The two lines are intersected at the point (1,2), so the required solution is (1,2).

(e) Cramer's rule

In linear algebra cramer's rule is an explicit formula for the solution of a system of linear

equation.

Cramer's Rule is one of many techniques that can be use solve systems of linear equations.

Cramer's Rule involves the use of determinants to find the solution and like any other

technique has its advantages and disadvantages. Cramer's Rule on very simple, but the

notation used requires a little DIL explanation, so let's take a look at Cramer's Rule.

For two variables: Here x and y are two unknown variables Cramer's Rule
 x= ,y=

Steps:

Step 1: Find the determinant, D, by using the x and y values from the problem

Step 2: Find the determinant, Dx, by replacing the x-values in the first column with the values

after the equal sign leaving the y and z columns unchanged.

Step 3: Find the determinant, Dy, by replacing the y-values in the second column with the

values after the equal sign leaving the X and Z columns unchanged.

Step 4: Use Cramer's Rule to find the values of x, y, and z. consider the equations

a1x+b1y+c1=0 …………... (1)

a2x+b2y+c2 =0 ................... (2)

where a1 , a2 , b1 ,b2 , c1 and c2 are represent the real numbers.

We can write equations (1) and (2) is of the form

a1x+b1y =d1 ............. (3)

a2x+b2y =d2 …………(4)

where , d1= -c1 and d2= -c2

and Eq.(3) and (4) are the standard form.

To eliminate y, we multiply Eq. (3) by b2 and Eq. (4) by -b₁ , then we get

a1b2x + b1b2y = b2d1

-a2b1x – b1b2y = -b1d2

 (Adding) a1b2x – a2b1x = b2d1 - b1d2

=> (a1b2 – a2b1) x = (d1b2 – d2b1)

=>x =d1b2 – d2b1 / a1b2 – a2b1 ……….(5)

Using similar steps to eliminate x from the equations (3) & (4), We get

y= a1d2 – a2d1 / a1b2 – a2b1 ………(6)

Equation (5) and (6) are the solution of the given system which is provided by a1b2 – a2b1

These formulas can be written by using determinants. In the determinant form they are

called Cramer's Rule. The solution to the system

a1x+b1y = d1

a2x+b2y =d2

is given by x = DX/Dy=DY/D where

D=[ ], Dx=[ ], Dy = [ ],

provided that D≠0

Example

Solve 2x+3y-8=0

3x+y-5=0

Solution:

Given equations are 2x+3y-8=0 ……….(1)

3x+y-5=0 ……….(2)
Equation (1) and (2) can be written as in standard equation form

i.e. 2x+3y=8 ........(3)

3x+y=5 ………… (4)

Here, a₁ = 2, b₁ =3, d₁ =8

a2=3, b₂ =1, d₂ =5

D= | |= (2×1) - (3×3) =2-9= -7

D1=| | = (8×1) - (3×5) =8-15= -7

D2=| | = (2 5) - (3 8) =10-24= -14

Here D ≠ 0 , so we can use Cramer’s Rule

⇨ x = DX / D = =1

⇨ y = DY/D= =2

Therefore, the required solution is (1,2).

(f) Gauss Emanation method

Working Rule

Consider the system of equation

a11x+a12y+a13z=b1

a21x+a22y+a23z=b2

a31x+a32y+a33z=b3

In matrix From AX=B

 [ ] [ ]=[ ]

Augmented matrix C=[A:B]

C=[ ]

Reduce augmented matrix to echelon from using elementary row transformation

C=[ ]

The corresponding system of equation are

C11x+c12y+c13z=d1

C22y+c23z=d2

C33z=d3

The Solution of system in obtained by solving these equation by back substitution.

Example:

Solve the following system of equation by Gauss Elimination method.

x+3y+2z=5

2x+4y+6z=4

x+5y+3z=10

Solution:

The given system of equation in matrix form AX=B

[ ][ ]=[ ]

Augmented matrix C = [A:B]

The corresponding system of equation are

x+3y+2z=5 …………(1)

-2y-10z=-14 ………..(2)

-9z=-9 ……….0 ………(3)

Solving by back substitution

-9z=-9

z=1

Substitution z=1 in eqn (2) then

-2-10(1) =-14

=>-2Y=-14+10

=>Y=2

Again, Substitution z=1 and y=2 in eqn (1)

Then x+3(2) + 2(1) =5

=>x=5-6-2
 =>x = -3

Hence, the required solution is x:y:z = -3,2,1 ans.

(g) Gauss Jordan Elimination Method

Modified form of Gauss elimination method

Working Rule

Consider the system of equation

a11x + a12y + a13z = b1

a21x + a22y + a23z = b2

a31x + a32y + a33z = b3

The given system of equation in matrix from AX=B

Augmented Matrix C=[A:B]

C=[ ] [ ]=[ ]

Applying Elementary row transformation Augmented matrix to

reduce coefficients Matrix to unit matrix [A:B] .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.M K Jain, S.R.K Iyengar and R.K. Jain Numerical Methods for Scientific and

Engineering Computation, New age International Publishers, India

2.Michael Health: Scientific Computing: An introductory Survey.

3.S. D Conte & S.de Boor: Elementary Numerical Analysis: An algorithmic Approach

4.B. Braide, A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Pearson Education, India,

2007

5.Kendal E. Atkinson: An Introduction to Numerical Analysis.

6.C.F Gerald and P.O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, Pearson Education,

th
India, 7 Edition, 200