1

No of Experiment: 09

Experiment Name : Write a generalized MATLAB program to model a transmission line using π and T model using MATLAB and
Simulink.

Theory:

Nominal T Method

In Nominal T model of Transmission line, the whole shunt capacitance of line is assumed to be lumped at the middle of the line. The
half of the line resistance and reactance is assumed at either side of the shunt capacitance as shown in figure below. Due to such
modeling of line, capacitive charging current is flowing through half of the transmission line. Mind that, this is not the case i. In End
Condenser method, capacitive charging current flows through the entire line as shunt capacitance is assumed to be lumped at the
receiving end.

Fig.01: Nominal T model of Transmission line

Let us now try to find the sending end voltage and current. For that, we will apply kirchhof’s law. Each parameter is shown in figure
above with their meaning.

As the voltage across the shunt capacitance

V1 = (R/2 + jX/2)IR + VR ………(1)

Also, using Kirchhof’s current law,

Is = IR + Ic (phasor sum) ………………………….(2)

Therefore,

Vs = (R/2 + jX/2)Is + V1

= (R/2 + jX/2)IR + (R/2 + jX/2)Is + VR …………………….(3)

Let us now take the receiving end voltage as reference and assume that receiving end current or load current is lagging by some angle
ØR.

Therefore,

VR = VR + j0
 2

and IR = IR<-ØR = IR (CosØR – jSinØR)

As the current through the shunt capacitor lead by an angle 90° with respect to voltage across it i.e. V1, therefore

Ic = jωCV1

From equation (2),

Is = IR (CosØR – jSinØR) + jωCV1

= IR CosØR + j(ωCV1 – SinØR) ………………..(4)

Thus by putting the value of V1 from equation (1) in equation (4), sending end current can be found. Similarly, the sending end
voltage can be calculated by putting the value of Is in equation voltage regulation ( can also be calculated as we know the sending and
receiving end voltage.

See, I haven’t used phasor diagram to find these parameters. The phasor diagram for Nominal T method is shown below.

Fig. 02: Phasor diagram for Nominal T

Nominal π Method

In Nominal π Method, the shunt capacitance of each line i.e. phase to neutral is divided into two equal parts. One part is lumped at the
sending end while the other is lumped at receiving end as shown in figure below.
 3

Fig.03: Nominal π model of Transmission line

Notice that, in this method there is no effect of shunt capacitance at sending end on the line voltage drop and hence on voltage
regulation but this accounts for the charging current in sending end.

Let

IR = Load Current per phase

R = Resistance per phase

X = Reactance per phase

C = Capacitance per phase

CosØR = Receiving end power factor (lagging)

Vs = Sending end voltage

Let us now draw the phasor. Assume receiving end voltage VR as reference and load current IR lagging this voltage by ØR.
 4

Fig. 04: Phasor diagram for Nominal π

Therefore,

VR = VR + j0

and IR = IR<-ØR = IR (CosØR – jSinØR)

Charging Current at load end IC1 = j(ωC/2)VR = jπfCVR

Line Current IL = IR + IC1 (phasor sum)

Sending end voltage Vs = VR + IL (R+jX)

Now,

Charging current at sending end IC2 = j(ωC/2)Vs = jπfCVs

Hence, Sending end current Is = IL + IC2 (phasor sum)

Thus sending end current and voltage is calculated as above and from these parameters the performance line is evaluated.

MATLAB CODE:
clc;

clear;

r = input('Enter the Resistance per unit length (Ohms): ');

xl = input('Enter the Inductive Reactance per unit length (Ohms): ');

xc = input('Enter the Capacitive Reactance per unit length (Ohms): ');

g = input('Enter the Conductance per unit length (Siemens): ');

linelength = input('Enter the Length of Transmission Line (km): ');

z = (r + 1i * xl) * linelength;
 5

y = (g + 1i * xc) * linelength;

networktype = menu('Select the type of network:', 'Nominal T', 'Nominal Π');

if networktype == 1

a = 1 + (z * y / 2);

b = z;

c = y * (1 + z * y / 4);

d = a;

else

a = 1 + (z * y / 2);

b = z * (1 + z * y / 4);

c = y;

d = a;

end

abcd = [a, b; c, d];

vrl = input('Enter the Receiving End Line Voltage (kV): ');

pr = input('Enter the Receiving End Real Power (MW): ');

powerfactorr = input('Enter the Receiving End Power Factor: ');

vrp = vrl / sqrt(3);

qr = pr * tan(acos(powerfactorr));

sr = pr + 1i * qr;

ir = conj(sr / (3 * vrp));

sendingend = abcd * [vrp; ir];

vs = sendingend(1);

is = sendingend(2);

vsmagnitude = abs(vs) * sqrt(3);

ismagnitude = abs(is) * 1000;

pfs = cos(angle(vs) - angle(is));

voltageregulation = ((vsmagnitude / abs(a)) - vrl) / vrl * 100;

ps = real(3 * vs * conj(is));

efficiency = (pr / ps) * 100;

fprintf('Sending End Line Voltage: %.2f kV\n', vsmagnitude);

fprintf('Sending End Line Current: %.2f A\n', ismagnitude);

fprintf('Sending End Power Factor: %.2f\n', pfs);

fprintf('Transmission Efficiency: %.2f%%\n', efficiency);

fprintf('Percentage Voltage Regulation: %.2f%%\n', voltageregulation);

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.05.: Circuit diagram for Nominal π Method

Fig.06 : Circuit diagram for Nominal T Method

Result and Discussion: In this experiment, by using the MATLAB Simulink software, we have solved the math problem and
determined the transmission line parameters .Then by simulation we have constructed the transmission t model and pi model where
their respective blocks represent the receiving end power,voltage regulation,and transmission efficiency.The output of the MATLAB
problem have same answer with the manual calculation which satisfied our lab experiment .