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Experiment No.: 05
Experiment Name: Load flow analysis using Newton Raphson method with MATLAB
programming.
Theory: Load flow analysis using the Newton-Raphson method is a widely used approach in
power system studies to determine the voltage magnitude and phase angles at each bus in a power
network. This information is critical for ensuring reliable and efficient operation of power systems.
The Newton-Raphson method offers faster convergence compared to other methods, especially for
large and complex systems.
𝑛

𝐼𝑖 = ∑ 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑖𝑗
𝑗=1

In the above equation, j includes bus i. expressing this equation in polar form,
𝑛

𝐼𝑖 = ∑|𝑌𝑖𝑗 ||𝑉𝑗 |∠𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗 … … … … . (1)

𝑗=1

The complex power at bus i is,

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖∗ 𝐼𝑖 … … … … . (2)
Substituting from equation (1) for 𝐼𝑖 in equation (2),
𝑛

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = |𝑉𝑖 |∠ − 𝛿𝑗 ∑|𝑌𝑖𝑗 ||𝑉𝑗 |∠𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗

𝑗=1

Separating the real and imaginary parts,

𝑛

𝑃𝑖 = ∑|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑉𝑗 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | cos(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )

𝑗=1
𝑛

𝑄𝑖 = − ∑|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑉𝑗 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 | sin(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )

𝑗=1

This is load flow equation.

Required Apparatus:
Computer with MATLAB and Simulink software installed.
Problem:
Obtain the load flow analysis using Newton-Raphson method:
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1 2
0.02 + j0.04 400 MW

0.01 + j0.03 0.0125 + j0.025

250 Mvar
Slack Bus
V1 = 1.05∠0 ͦ

200 MW
| V3 | = 1.04

MATLAB Program:
clc;
clear all;
v=[1.05;1.0;1.04];
d=[0;0;0];
ps=[-4;2.0];
qs=-2.5;
n= input('Enter the number of buses ');
iter_val=input('Enter the itteration level ');
fprintf('Enter your choice');
p= input ('1. impedance, 2. admittance');
if (p==1)
for q= 1:n
for r=q+1:n
fprintf('Enter the impedance value between %d-%d',q,r);
z(q,r)=input(':');
if (z(q,r)==0)
y(q,r)=0;
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else
y(q,r)=inv(z(q,r));
end
y(r,q)= y(q,r);
end
end
elseif (p==2)
for a= 1:n
for b=a+1:n
fprintf('Enter the admittance value between %d-%d',a,b);
y(a,b)=input(':');
y(b,a)= y(a,b);
end
end
else
fprintf('enter the correct choice');
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for a = 1:n
for b=1:n
if (a==b)
for c = 1:n
ybus(a,a)= ybus(a,a)+ y(a,c);
end
else
ybus(a,b)=-y(b,a);
end
end
end
ybus
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y=abs(ybus);
t=angle(ybus);
iter=0;
pwracur=0.00025; % Power accuracy
dc=10; % Set the maximum power residual to a high value while max(abs(dc))>pwracur
iter=0;
for k=1:iter_val
iter=iter+1
p=[v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-
d(2)+d(1))+v(2)^2*y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)- d(2)+d(3));
v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)-
d(3)+d(1))+v(3)^2*y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)- d(3)+d(2))];
q=-v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-v(2)^2*y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-
v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(1,1)=v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)- d(2)+d(1))+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(1,2)=-v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(1,3)=v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)- d(2)+d(1))+2*v(2)*y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-
d(2)+d(3));
j(2,1)=-v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(2,2)=v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*sin(t(3,2)- d(3)+d(1))+v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(2,3)=v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(3,1)=v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)- d(2)+d(1))+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(3,2)=-v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(2)+d(3));
j(3,3)=-v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-2*v(2)*y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))- v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-
d(2)+d(3));
dp=ps-p;
dq=qs-q;
dc=[dp;dq]
j
dx=j\dc
d(2)=d(2)+dx(1);
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d(3)=d(3)+dx(2);
v(2)=v(2)+dx(3);
v,d,delta=180/pi*d;

p1=v(1)^2*y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+v(1)*v(2)*y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)-
d(1)+d(2))+v(1)*v(3)*y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3));
q1=-v(1)^2*y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-v(1)*v(2)*y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))-
v(1)*v(3)*y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3));
q3=-v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))-v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)- d(3)+d(2))-
v(3)^2*y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3));
end
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Output:
Enter the number of buses 3
Enter the itteration level 3
Enter your choice1. impedance, 2. admittance 1
Enter the impedance value between 1-2: 0.02+0.04i
Enter the impedance value between 1-3: 0.01+0.03i
Enter the impedance value between 2-3: 0.0125+0.025i
ybus =
20.0000 -50.0000i -10.0000 +20.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i
-10.0000 +20.0000i 26.0000 -52.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i
-10.0000 +30.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i 26.0000 -62.0000i

iter =
1
dc =
-2.8600
1.4384
-0.2200
j=
54.2800 -33.2800 24.8600
-33.2800 64.1664 -16.6400
-27.1400 16.6400 49.7200
dx =
-0.0455
-0.0080
-0.0265
v=
1.0500
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0.9735
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0455
-0.0080
iter =
2
dc =
-0.0992
0.0367
-0.0509
j=
51.7246 -31.7678 21.3026
-32.9797 63.7409 -15.3834
-28.5386 17.3988 48.1036
dx =
-0.0016
-0.0007
-0.0018
v=
1.0500
0.9717
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0471
-0.0087
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iter =
3
dc =
-0.0002
0.0014
-0.0001
j=
51.5967 -31.6941 21.1474
-32.9337 63.6841 -15.3520
-28.5482 17.3966 47.9549
dx =
1.0e-04 *

0.1465
0.2778
-0.0428
v=
1.0500
0.9717
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0471
-0.0087
Conclusion:
Thus the load flow analysis using is performed by Newton-Raphson method and a program is
developed using MATLAB to find the solution of load flow for given power system and the output
is verified.
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