VARIABLE COMPLEJA

𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑷𝑰𝑬𝑫𝑨𝑫𝑬𝑺 𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂 − 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒋𝒖𝒈𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝑶𝑳𝑨𝑹

̅ = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 ⋮ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝒁 (𝒁̅ ) = 𝑍 ⋮ 𝒁 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑻𝒆𝒐. 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒗𝒓𝒆 → (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑖)𝑛 = cos(𝑛𝜋) + 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑛𝜋)𝑖

𝒂 = 𝑅𝑒(𝑍) = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ⋮ 𝒃 = 𝐼𝑚(𝑍) = 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝒆𝒊𝜽 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑖) ⋮ 𝒁 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃

𝜽 = arg(𝑍) → 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
2
𝑍̅
𝒁−𝟏 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
|𝑍|2 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝜽 =
2𝑖
̅ 𝒁 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = |𝒁|𝟐
𝒁 𝑹𝒂𝒊𝒛 𝒏 − 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒂

̅ 𝒁 ⋮ |𝒁
|𝒁| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = √𝒁 ̅ | = |𝑍| = 𝑟 𝟏
𝒁𝒏 = 𝑟 (cos
𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋
+ sen
𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑖) , 𝑘 ∈ (0,1,∙∙∙, 𝑛 − 1)
𝑛 𝑛
𝒁𝟏 |𝑍1 | 2𝜋
| |= 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 → 𝒁𝒏 = 1 ⋮ 𝑾𝒏 = 𝑒 𝑛 𝑖 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑
𝒁𝟐 |𝑍2 |
𝟏 2(𝑛−1)𝜋
𝑖
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐 = ̅̅̅
𝑍1 + ̅̅̅
𝑍2 𝟏𝒏 = 𝑒 𝑛

1 0 2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 2(𝑛−1)𝜋
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒁𝟏 ∙ 𝒁𝟐 = ̅̅̅
𝑍1 ∙ ̅̅̅
𝑍2 1𝑛 = 1 = 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑛 𝑖 =∙∙∙= 𝑒 𝑛
𝑖

1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒁𝟏 − 𝒁𝟐 = ̅̅̅
𝑍1 − ̅̅̅
𝑍2 1𝑛 = 1 = 1 = 𝑤 = 𝑤 2 = 𝑤 3 =∙∙∙= 𝑤 𝑛−1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒁𝟏 ̅̅̅
𝑍1 2𝜋

𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝒘 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖 ; 𝑟 = 1:
( )=
𝒁𝟐 ̅̅̅
𝑍2
̅)𝑘
̅ = 𝑤−1 ⋮ 𝒘𝒏−𝟏 = 𝑤−1 ⋮ 𝒘𝒏−𝒌 = (𝑤
𝒘
̅ = 𝑍 ↔ 𝑏 = −𝑏 𝑜 𝑏 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑍 ∈ 𝑅
𝒁
̅ = 2𝑅𝑒(𝑍)
𝒁+𝒁
̅ = 2𝐼𝑚(𝑍)
𝒁−𝒁 𝑶𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑨𝑪𝑰𝑶𝑵𝑬𝑺

|𝒁𝟏 ∙ 𝒁𝟐 ∙∙∙ 𝒁𝒏 | = |𝑍1 ||𝑍2 | ∙∙∙ |𝑍𝑛 | (𝒂, 𝒃) ∓ (𝒄, 𝒅) = (𝑎 ∓ 𝑐, 𝑏 ∓ 𝑑)

|𝑍1 + 𝑍2 +∙∙∙ +𝑍𝑛 | ≤ |𝑍1 | + |𝑍2 | +∙∙ +|𝑍𝑛 | (𝒂, 𝒃) ∙ (𝒄, 𝒅) = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑, 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)
(𝒂, 𝒃) 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑
= ,
(𝒄, 𝒅) 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2

𝑶𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑨𝑪𝑰𝑶𝑵𝑬𝑺 𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐 = 𝑍2 + 𝑍1

(𝒂, 𝒃) ∓ (𝒄, 𝒅) = (𝑎 ∓ 𝑐, 𝑏 ∓ 𝑑) (𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐 ) + 𝒁𝟑 = 𝑍1 + (𝑍2 + 𝑍3 )

(𝒂, 𝒃) ∙ (𝒄, 𝒅) = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑, 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) 𝒁𝟏 ∙ 𝒁𝟐 = 𝑍1 ∙ 𝑍2

(𝒂, 𝒃) 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑 (𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐 ) ∙ 𝒁𝟑 = 𝑍1 𝑍3 + 𝑍2 𝑍3
= ,
(𝒄, 𝒅) 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 (𝒁𝟏 ∙ 𝒁𝟐 ) ∙ 𝒁𝟑 = 𝑍1 ∙ (𝑍2 ∙ 𝑍3 )
𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐 = 𝑍2 + 𝑍1 (𝒁𝟏 ∙ 𝒁𝟐 ) = 𝑟1 ∙ 𝑟2 (cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + sen(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )𝑖)
(𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐 ) + 𝒁𝟑 = 𝑍1 + (𝑍2 + 𝑍3 ) 𝒁𝟏 𝑟1
= ∙ (cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + sen(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )𝑖)
𝒁𝟏 ∙ 𝒁𝟐 = 𝑍1 ∙ 𝑍2 𝒁𝟐 𝑟2
𝟏 1
(𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐 ) ∙ 𝒁𝟑 = 𝑍1 𝑍3 + 𝑍2 𝑍3 = ∙ (cos(𝜃) − sen(𝜃)𝑖)
𝒁𝟐 𝑟2
(𝒁𝟏 ∙ 𝒁𝟐 ) ∙ 𝒁𝟑 = 𝑍1 ∙ (𝑍2 ∙ 𝑍3 )
 SUPERFICIES
𝑻𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂 𝒅𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒏
𝑏
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑃
∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝐹[𝑟(𝑡)] ∙ 𝑟´(𝑡) = ∬ − 𝑑𝐴𝐷 = ∬ 𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝐹) ∙ 𝑘 𝑑𝐴𝐷
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑻𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂 𝒅𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒌𝒆𝒔
𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝑔
∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑟 = ∬ 𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝐹)𝑑𝑠 = ∬ −𝑃 −𝑄 + 𝑅 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑆 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝐷

𝑻𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂 𝒅𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂

∬ 𝐹𝑑𝑠 = ∭ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐹)𝑑𝑣
𝑆 𝐸

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒅𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔

𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
∬|𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 | 𝑑𝐴 𝐷 ⋮ ∬ √1 + ( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝐴 𝐷
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

∫ 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑆 𝑆

𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2
∬ 𝑓[𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣)] |𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 | 𝑑𝐴𝐷 ⋮ ∬ 𝑓[𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)]√1 + ( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝐴𝐷
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

∫ 𝒅𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔 = ∬ 𝐹 𝑑𝑆 𝑆

𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝑔
∬ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 ⋮ ∬ 𝐹[𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣)] ∙ (𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 ) 𝑑𝐴𝐷 ⋮ ∬ −𝑃 −𝑄 + 𝑅 𝑑𝐴𝐷
𝑆 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑽𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒏
1 𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝑔 𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣
𝒏= (− ,− , 1) ⋮ 𝒏 = ⋮ 𝑆𝑖 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 (−𝟏) ∙ 𝒏
2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 |𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 |
√1 + (𝑑𝑔) + (𝑑𝑔)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦