Eluments d piqilal Dqtal cormmenicatio n

m(9)
omd(pe
CPam bad) satlile clanOopical chanal
SowLce Sowtct eharvelLodedata ill sasade
|ncede ax mappesl ilomodubadow /Daappx
EncodH
(RM)

channal ucusmitted aignal ard

avd caoiH will bo
uunfusreto sepaate.
Oata togtiat adhanat dh cod qius oußpusbit
Senlk
Jdtedob docodeosDemagpe inaly conwdednto m) uasgl
RxR sowrco doiodH lon
No
Lomeicatio

SeAees olabo amd hannel

Sowño sncodnlf canwtsm t o a In basbrd
dala (signal and this
decta banay fom Uaualynplodit moduafo may be M-ay modulato
Ls a PCM in udi ch m)s wusJom(ainsok
then arvanqid i n a y M no
then guanti zed and avd say diqts a mapprd an to o
a binaey Jaum. of ey this unit ay wauelon, then M=2l ard eaeh
uauelom haas wnaton =Tse

umparemenls do to noisoard moke

nmm 300 uquiud yost modulator
RQ
The

Sighal do nQSt Hate denotud bys

salated to bl anenigy cud pouon apac bel
n
duaty by No
R k k
DModuwto /mapp th autput bity Psn Awo N
ehanel ncodl 2

usd to moddao a choet e/kfoy oo e commcaioh w

hanoa eapay thoem
caoUsn Ngnal
ASKrFkPSk d well
Hue t may be This css mani um dataas uhh
lar amitted
B
Mmar
uhen
Um
CA) o
Nioot AUn-s
Mmax P(A) +PCA)= P(s)
PCA) +/-P()= P(s)
Ps) =1

P(AUA)= P(n) +PCA)-f(Ann)

guud to maintain oH
p/s)= | - pt) +P -Ro)
-{ `3d B
PlO)=0
I< AcBand ArBeS
pCA) <PC8)
allowd
auud hy
by channel 8=AU(ANB)
ut°anuaAt , SR uul stodkesast.P(B s A)
’ dB a Scale Say AB
P(AUBJ- Po)PB)
Odem - fouo incdBmzl0log Ang -
tually
tdBM tdßm =dB 9 PAUB) =P(A)+PB)-P(ANB)
afge pox- Bm otd Bw AUB= AAB -AnB)
6 6 Bu(ANB)
Pobabiuty
Sample spad tstes a spore cohis tng
pAUB)
ofea rAn_pAS)
AAz -- An a the outeos
AUB = Av(AnB)
(AA-AW calld asaunyale gpaet . PCAU3) =P(4) +P(AAB) -)
S=Ad2 An B= (ANB) u(HnB)
PB)=P(AnB)+P(A NB)-O
p(Ã nB)Ep(B)-AnB)
Any subad ady ACs Amay be an
euent
ahen an cunt AESs asignd uwtha PLAUB) P(A)+PB) - P(An8)
sual vale btueen
o to l,t callld #mala dujpind acb fit
Avioms :- sis a smpl pact
1 ACs , eA) |-P(A)
3 PAUB) =pCAJ+P(S AN8=
13m ol|2023 Rardomvaiab les
Conjkicval pscbaiyBes1hon spad s onatafing sanpe point A,À
-An an cutcomes an eupumd
deind aa an auuve Oj Auhvchdepord h mapping 9Cmpe poinds as aing
valud funcion anUal nnlsetaws
P(A|B) e(ANB) P(B)0D o i= ,2---n preserti a Hardo n
r(BIA)= PANA) Vavables.
P(S)00
P(A)
A
: make te domein of XOwdom veiables
P(AnB) = P(BAA) uehe a dlo mappld polnti on al no.
. PAng)= KA/B)PB) = Lin maks tlo angt of andom vauab
P(B/A) P(A) X .
Mi Nandom vaahl X nduces a Natr
probabiiy mtaswd duck that
tatal pxchalati
that A nA nA3-- NAn=9P Lxn -p[A; P(K)> n]

and euhaus iur euents un S. A 4V X s calud a

Xa JoX akes up disoe valus on
B

shanes doe cowwon pat tebr

tuuth a +he Ai.
B-(BnA)UB NA,)- U(BnA)

P(x=i)e)
PCB)= P(BN A)4P(BnA)4PBnan) then P(i) a cated then pobabltmas
P(B/A)P4:) uncHon t PrE odsoee vX,
P(BNA;)-
Popsdtusol pnf
pA(8): P(AinB)_ e(BIAi)eAi)
P8)2etslai)A) i
ondnuss NaIdon Vekalles and CDF PH)= Pxilmo)Mo) +pxl)Rm

XA ox eakes up cuy AOlu uuthin

-03x 08 t o6 x 02
624 t o12

4he bilas (-036= o64

PCmolo)Po) PCtolo) Plm
3PlMolHo) Xo32= b4 xo2
Fx(u) zP[x<] Pmolxo) I02s
O32 4
Ghany sgnmatue chaane
mo nd M tlo euevcs to denotr D

-tting end ulilt to cud , a th sueity

I p(m) =0-2 ard Holm)03 , poF:CVAobab iky deusy encic
1{ Xs a toutiow RV Hhen,
P(mo) o2
P(tolrn) callkd PDE X
du
Prcprtes c PDF!
Plmo) o:2
pl mi)= 1-pMo) =I-0 2=0:8
Fx(w) =P(x <n)=|fldn
po(no) *plalmo) =1
0(tol md+p(ilni)=!
plolm;) = (-p(o fmi)
=|-03=0
Fx(n) > Fa(n.)
(ON dIng to to falpo bukiloty theoxem
Poo)= PCHolmo) P(mo) + PlHe (mi) P(M)
o9x 2 + o 3 xo8
O0 t 624 o3 2
2-p RV Masgin PDF:
S uen (X,v)i (allid a 2-D MVAn

uwth ndiwdu! sutc nvbe lin

Entudig ts do -Divaio

PDF
2-D st V (disceit ný)
Hee PmE (pxolalailbls mcus fuctia
Pxy (iiY;) =P[Y=X; Y-y]
prohsily hyliy)=!

callud maqùncd coF

ie to chtaun Fu(w re Fxyl (say)y)

Fxyl, o) >Fx()0o Fxylo, V)

Fyly
+ cOND|TIONAL PDF m y’conion PDF A

Pv
# Fnx n o

e
ind the PDF
 mmnwnt
nth central

entrne memt Whn n=l

-nyli =0

n=2
whn
2nd
cntral momt

etrmnedy
Ckpetecleperace

# coVAPHANCE coRPELAT)ON

arnhte ineg" bco 2 Pv psent

 a'ox 2 2
lg'w}
mN(y)Jind
POF
Y9/
o2 J2n
-(h-u 2
2
istibtion
Hiv aunn !Xsa lx] +u-2uyE =ECx*]
icn dis Kinal (No PDFGiassih
xa Ig'(w] (9)= ty Hee
2
ducHUAVOVabe Fo
ol43)
PDF
Y.o< the Fard
3). (4, buui<oumly
ti dia x~
1 uhen
u aluLLys
be Acf maHey
cucsdom
ouwy vavchl uhen #
EX]EIYI Y]
= lx E wanh abou monets
wnoelad ’XandY
ce
E(Y]=u
y oy=0 coveiens, 4
lxY uylyY =Elxy-
y=covix EC(-ex)(Y-uy
]=
,) (ovcIaneSxard
bogaval out ane Y
m=0 colatian llun
EUx]=
ldncly
Louttnuaws cevta hth
tuo he y an xlet mOMeIta)(sftiafical Chpectation
 -/9-(6+au
2(aon)2
ynN(b +ayiaon)

yrqut7<gomsian
dicyradi w
etox
(o<a<t)
# plweH llde oUast
HanlabalpiUtnls fhes
 heucen tuo int say k to a
asXnUlb. a)
IPryl<i aud it Ácwittn
asxsb (wila )

t ly14 a'Ely] -2* E [xyI>o

b

tlxy]

wiw mvalu o asxsb

Find the n and veMne
puttingn. E[y²1 asx<b
E ly'j2 E (Y]:

E(x?1 EIy] b-a

aucluy- sckevads
b-a 2

a uay
Vavace
2"d wO ment

altb'tab
b-a 3
2

= a'+b'tab- (atb)s(b-al
3 4
12
 Ainowal diatebdion

ExponLtad disbibuic
R(w=)=(kr-p-o k!(h-k)I
Hoe the puob. auces dey
pAob o failwe -p=g
'.ptq=1

ptanile (np); k<h

keaduzof fkaigrna
Findthu man o bihonit
Aandom vaabx
k =
man X, E[X=By=np
Nauane,6x? = hp ((-p)
Appbcation : Tu Awc ie ol PoÙson Dtýbion lpiscoct)
a queu hastd ou xaa poilon bralúbutiou 4. vit
is LUvaly zuponeuttally
distibiltd soshdo m
poes. paxametn
biausicn DLbú but d sty
Lt s also nonal distuburon- AHv tu man ELX=Ey=d
X is qawsiUn dustubutd -lu-Maiance oy=d
lts PoF J

kak
k=(lk
k k L(K)
ee y =Elx]man afx k= LK|

Etx2

CA waN)
Kzo

(k-t|)!
K_ak
ki
LK
 APoue that C=owytat
(R-I+) ttx+y7-t[x]+E/YI(DEb]-cEM]
kl

Se (k)k E(XY]= Elx]E ly]

Lk

k kJ

2 k-2

k=2 )k-2k= Ls

2
t lx']u

lpuian dubuibuitid gev

2o2
26
J2n0y

2ox2

20xdw

duce

J2
2
C

PDF haui ng muaho

 Random Prous stohastte pous Autotoauncl

constiu
3CMcto m uyporemet cid dhey

stochasic pous dunetd by X(At)

wich

batho

we qt Mavdom vavahb Xf.

CDE

PDE
Jlh, d Fluis)
poy

n-0PDE

PDE (DDE

Mian yx(

AE (Auto owaion yuntiou )

utX-0lat toh Havdompicuw
ad y$) be tue
X-cOloioM Rxyl):0
Rxv (s, ) E[xC&) y(e,)) do chcK Hthegcnahiy
len ws
we heuw
x (9) L YH | Madom abnals y ue hau
bdun tuo

X-COvda Gyl,,isl = E Dx(i)-Wl4z) - d vs)-M)

Ryy(31ata)-y(B)Aly(9)

à catbd a sss puces d i anvierd to a Jhj

ndcm poes X9)

On l$)=yi atautas (nof a luucto

wiloray dis bo butud ,d~Ulo.2n) -Chock htt het i sa ss

0
A'E[ tes 2w9 t02+2)j+ to(we)
2
27

=A|E(o 2w94wE+24) + Lolye)] A colud tes df

20
E Acow lobde-Asg do
2
 I X()0 a wss pce JT ps D Acr
ACE:

ORyrlo) ED9)]
slasian

Ao) t [x*9) LTT Syalurn io

4u Handc uf x(9) be a Mandom aigwal as ah
AuKa pouLoN whoseop s ylg)
to cn LTI Aytum
Rxx(d=Elx(3) x(â +]
LTI
Ryxlt--)
Rxx-) Man aofp
ACF o/p
Y(o)=hl)x(-)de
>El* (s)+*2(9+) t 2xCs) X(9 t2)o
’Rrxfo) +Rxylo) +2 Rxxl 70 MianUysl=E
9 cutput,
lys)]

J! X)s
wSS NCudom po = e h ) E(i-)] dz
ACV ly(s)
hte) Mylt-edz
X-coelaionx(9) and Y4) coe
tuo USS Rps
Ryy(ritz) = Rxy (
t xo) bt a wsS R P
X-ovouawv
Cxy(tistd=Gu) and
Cxy()o5X(9)and Y(9) cus
ncasulaüd. Uy(3)= h tz)yftde
Peuer apubral duraity (pousx
aectum Jo wss P, X(9) uy(s)= lx Hol -Uy
Huu X(9} s a RP
Lohatat
 cutpul

A,s): t[y3)Y/AJ

hez) hz) E (x3,-z)x (8,-e) Jd,dz

hz) h(a) Roslii s-)de,d

Rycr)=hzd hlz) Ruz4,t- dzidt

AO wSS RP
Hunce y(9) à Ato
Psp
"hyy oe'dz
dzz dz!

Sel) xH) H)
# Rxxo) =E [(a)]
Sxx()d pesen
2R