LEARNING MATERIAL 3:

Differentiation of Transcendental Functions

Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

The following formulas are used for differentiating trigonometric functions. The
symbol 𝒖 denotes an arbitrary differentiable function of 𝒙.

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
1. (sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. (cos 𝑢) = −sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. (tan 𝑢) = sec 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
4. (cot 𝑢) = −csc 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
5. (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
6. (csc 𝑢) = −csc u cot 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solved Problems:

1. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽

𝑦 ′ = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 ∙ 𝑑 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃) − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑑(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 )

𝑦 ′ = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ) − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 )

𝑦 ′ = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

2. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒕

𝑦 ′ = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 ∙ 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡 ∙ 𝑑 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)

𝑦 ′ = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)

𝑦 ′ = −4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑦 ′ = −4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡) 𝑏𝑢𝑡: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 1

𝑦 ′ = −4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = −2(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) 𝑏𝑢𝑡: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝒚′ = −𝟐(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕) 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟑
3. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 (𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)

′
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 3( ) ∙𝑑( )
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

′
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
𝑦 = 3( ) [ ]
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )2

′
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 3( ) [ ]
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )2

′
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑦 = 3( ) [ ]
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )2

′
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑦 =3 [ ]
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )2

𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)𝟐
𝑦′ = 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
(𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)𝟒

4. 𝒚′′ 𝒐𝒇 𝐲 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

𝑦 ′ = sin 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥

𝑦 ′ = sin 3𝑥 (−2 sin 2𝑥 ) + cos 2𝑥 (3 cos 3𝑥 )

𝑦 ′ = −2 sin 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 3 cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = −2[sin 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 ]

+ 3[cos 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + cos 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 ]

𝑦′′ = −2[sin 3𝑥 ∙ 2 cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 ∙ 3 cos 3𝑥 ]

+ 3[cos 2𝑥 ∙ −3 sin 3𝑥 + cos 3𝑥 ∙ −2 sin 2𝑥 ]

𝑦 ′′ = −4 sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 6 sin 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 9 cos 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 6 cos 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = −𝟏𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓

 5. 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒚 + 𝒚𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 = 𝟒

𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑦 + cot 𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥(−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦) ∙ 𝑑𝑦 + cot 𝑦 + 𝑦(− csc 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) + csc 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 0

𝑥(−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦)𝑦′ + cot 𝑦 + 𝑦(− csc 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) + csc 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 0

𝑥(−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦)𝑦 ′ + csc 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(csc 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) − cot 𝑦

𝑦 ′(csc 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦) = 𝑦(csc 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) − cot 𝑦

𝒚(𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙) − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒚

𝑦′ = 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
(𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒚)

𝑑𝑦
Exercises: Find 𝑑𝑥
and simplify theresult whenever possible

cot 𝑥 4 1
1. 𝑦 = 2. 𝑦 = +
1 + cot 𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥

3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

5. 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 6. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥
7. 𝑦 = 8. 𝑦 =
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

9. 𝑟 = 4 − 𝜃 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 10. 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The following formulas are used for differentiating inverse trigonometric functions.
The symbol 𝑢 denotes an arbitrary differentiable function of x.

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
1. (𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢) =
√1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
2. (𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢) =
√1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
3. (𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
4. (𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
5. (𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
6. (𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥
Solved Problems:

1. 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 √𝟒𝒙

𝑑
4𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 √
2
√1 − (√4𝑥)
1 −1 𝑑
𝑦′ = (4𝑥 ) 2 ∙ (4𝑥 )
2 𝑑𝑥

4 𝟏
𝒚′ = = 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
2√4𝑥 √1 − 4𝑥 √𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐

2. 𝒚′ = 𝒙 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙)

𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑[𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(1 − 2𝑥 )] + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(1 − 2𝑥) ∙ 𝑑 (𝑥 )

−𝑑
(1 − 2𝑥 )
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 ∙ [ 𝑑𝑥 ] + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(1 − 2𝑥)
√1 − (1 − 2𝑥 )2

2𝑥
𝑦′ = + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(1 − 2𝑥)
√1 − (1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )

2𝑥
𝑦′ = + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(1 − 2𝑥)
√4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
2𝑥
𝑦′ = + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(1 − 2𝑥)
√4(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )

𝒙
𝒚′ = + 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
√𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐

𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝒙
3. 𝒚′ =
𝒙

𝑥 ∙ 𝑑(𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 ) − [𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑑(𝑥 )]

𝑦′ =
𝑥2

𝑑(2𝑥 )
𝑥∙[ ] − 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥
1 + (2𝑥 )2
𝑦′ =
𝑥2

2𝑥
− 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥
𝑦′ = 1 + 4𝑥 2
𝑥2

𝟐𝒙 − (𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 )

𝒚′ = 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
(𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐)
 𝟏+𝒙
4. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒕 ( 𝟏−𝒙 )

(1 + 𝑥 )
𝑑[]
′ (1 − 𝑥 )
𝑦 =−
(1 + 𝑥 ) 2
1+[ ]
(1 − 𝑥 )

(1 − 𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑑 ( 1 + 𝑥 ) − (1 + 𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑑 ( 1 − 𝑥 )
[ ]
′ (1 − 𝑥 )2
𝑦 =−
(1 + 𝑥 ) 2
1+[ ]
(1 − 𝑥 )

(1 − 𝑥 )(1) − (1 + 𝑥 )(−1)
[ ]
′ (1 − 𝑥 )2
𝑦 =−
(1 + 𝑥 ) 2
1+[ ]
(1 − 𝑥 )

(1 − 𝑥 ) − (−1 − 𝑥 )
[ ]
(1 − 𝑥 )2
𝑦′ = −
(1 + 𝑥 ) 2
1+[ ]
(1 − 𝑥 )

2
( 1 − 𝑥 )2
𝑦′ = −
(1 + 𝑥 )2
1+(
1 − 𝑥 )2

2
(1 − 𝑥 )2
𝑦′ = −
(1 − 𝑥 )2 + ( 1 + 𝑥 )2
(1 − 𝑥 )2

2
𝑦′ = −
1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2

2 2 𝟏
𝑦 ′ = − 2+2𝑥 2 = − 2(1+𝑥 2 ) = − 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
5. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

𝑥2 + 1
𝑑[ ]
𝑥2 − 1
𝑦′ =
2
𝑥2 + 1 √ 𝑥2 + 1
( ) −1
𝑥2 − 1 𝑥2 − 1

(𝑥 2 − 1) ∙ 𝑑(𝑥 2 + 1) − (𝑥 2 + 1) ∙ 𝑑 (𝑥 2 − 1)
(𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑦′ =
2
𝑥2 + 1 √ 𝑥2 + 1
( ) −1
𝑥2 − 1 𝑥2 − 1
 (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 ) − (𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥 )
(𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑦′ =
𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 1)2 − (𝑥 2 − 1)2
√
𝑥2 − 1 (𝑥 2 − 1)2

2𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1 − 𝑥 2 − 1)
(𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑦′ =
𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 − 1
√
𝑥2 − 1 (𝑥 2 − 1)2

−4𝑥
𝑦′ =
𝑥2 + 1 4𝑥 2
(𝑥 2 − 1)2 ∙ √ 2
𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
2

−4𝑥 −𝟐
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥2 = (𝒙𝟐 answer
+1)(2𝑥) +𝟏)

Exercises: Evaluate the following and simplify theresult whenever possible

1+𝑥 1
1. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑡 1 − 𝑥 2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2

√𝑥 2 − 4 1 𝑥
3. 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 4. 𝑦 = + 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑥2

𝑥 𝑥 2
5. 𝑦 = − 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 6. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

7. 𝑦 ′′𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 2 8. 𝑦 ′′𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2

3
9. 𝑦 ′′𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 − 3) 10. 𝑦 ′′ 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥)

The Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

The following formulas are used for differentiating logarithmic and exponential
functions. The symbol 𝒖 denotes an arbitrary differentiable function of 𝒙.

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
1. (𝐼𝑛𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. (𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. (𝑎𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑢 (𝐼𝑛𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solved Problems using Logarithmic Functions:

1. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = 𝑰𝒏(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟒

1
𝑦′ = ∙ 𝑑 (2𝑥 + 1)4
(2𝑥 + 1)4

1
𝑦′ = ∙ 4(2𝑥 + 1)3 ∙ 𝑑(2𝑥 + 1)
(2𝑥 + 1)4

1
𝑦′ = ∙ 4(2𝑥 + 1)3 (2)
(2𝑥 + 1)4

𝟖
𝒚′ = 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
2. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = 𝑰𝒏√𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

1 𝑑 1 + sin 𝑥
𝑦′ = ∙ (√ )
1 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − sin 𝑥
√
1 − sin 𝑥

−1
1 1 1 + sin 𝑥 2 1 + sin 𝑥
𝑦′ = [ ( ) ∙𝑑( )]
1 + sin 𝑥 2 1 − sin 𝑥 1 − sin 𝑥
√
1 − sin 𝑥

1 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑑 (1 + sin 𝑥 ) − (1 + sin 𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑑 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )

𝑦′ = [ ]
1 + sin 𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥 )2
2 (1 − sin 𝑥 )
1 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )(cos 𝑥 ) − (1 + sin 𝑥 )(− cos 𝑥 )
𝑦′ = [ ]
1 + sin 𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥 )2
2( )
1 − sin 𝑥

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑦′ = [ ]
1 + sin 𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥 )2
2 (1 − sin 𝑥 )

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑦′ = [ ]
2(1 + sin 𝑥 ) (1 − sin 𝑥 )2

cos 𝑥
𝑦′ =
(1 + sin 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )

cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 1
𝒚′ = 2
= 2
= = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
 3. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒚𝑰𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙𝑰𝒏𝒚 = 𝒄
𝑦 ∙ 𝑑(𝐼𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑑 (𝑦) − [𝑥 ∙ 𝑑(𝐼𝑛𝑦) + 𝐼𝑛𝑦 ∙ 𝑑(𝑥 )] = 0

1 1
𝑦 (𝑥) + 𝐼𝑛𝑥𝑦 ′ − [𝑥 (𝑦) 𝑑(𝑦) + 𝐼𝑛𝑦] = 0

𝑦 𝑥
+ 𝐼𝑛𝑥𝑦 ′ − [𝑦 𝑦 ′ + 𝐼𝑛𝑦] = 0
𝑥

𝑥 𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 𝐼𝑛𝑦 − 𝑥

𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 ′ (𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝐼𝑛𝑦 − 𝑥

𝑦 𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑥 𝒚 𝒙𝑰𝒏𝒚 − 𝒚
𝒚′ = 𝑥 = = ( ) 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑦𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 𝒙 𝒚𝑰𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙
𝑦

4. 𝒚′′′𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = 𝒙(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑰𝒏𝒙)

𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑(sin 𝐼𝑛𝑥 − cos 𝐼𝑛𝑥 ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 ∙ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝐼𝑛𝑥 ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 )

1 1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ ) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐼𝑛𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝐼𝑛𝑥

1 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

2 2
𝑦 ′′′ = ∙ 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑑
𝑥 𝑥

2 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑2 − 2𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝐼𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 ( )
𝑥 𝑥2

2 1 −2
𝑦 ′′′ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 ( 2 )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 2 𝟐
𝑦 ′′′ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑥 𝑜𝑟 − (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑰𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑰𝒏𝒙) answer
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝒙𝟐
 5. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = 𝑰𝒏[(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑) ]

𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 3 + 2) + 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 2 + 3)

𝑑 (𝑥 3 + 2) 𝑑 (𝑥 2 + 3)
𝑦′ = +
(𝑥 3 + 2) (𝑥 2 + 3)

𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙
𝑦 ′ = (𝒙𝟑 +𝟐) + (𝒙𝟐 +𝟑) answer

𝑜𝑟

𝒅[(𝑥 3 +2)(𝑥 2+3)]

𝑦′ = (𝑥 3 +2)(𝑥 2+3)

(𝑥 3 + 2) ∙ 𝑑(𝑥 2 + 3) + (𝑥 2 + 3) ∙ 𝑑 (𝑥 3 + 2)
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 3 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3)

(𝑥 3 + 2)(2𝑥 ) + (𝑥 2 + 3)(3𝑥 2 )
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 3 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3)

(𝑥 3 + 2)(2𝑥 ) (𝑥 2 + 3)(3𝑥 2 )
𝑦′ = +
(𝑥 3 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3) (𝑥 3 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3)

𝟐𝒙 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝑦 ′ = (𝒙𝟐 +𝟑) + (𝒙𝟑 +𝟐) answer

𝑑𝑦
Exercises: Find 𝑑𝑥
and simplify theresult whenever possible

1. 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛3 (𝑥 + 3) 2. 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 2 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3)

𝑥4
3. 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛 (3𝑥 − 4)2 4. 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

1 1
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥(sin 𝐼𝑛𝑥 − cos 𝐼𝑛𝑥 ) 6. 𝑦 = 5
𝑥 5 (𝐼𝑛𝑥 − 5)

(𝐼𝑛 𝑥 2 )
7. 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛(𝐼𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) 8. 𝑦 = 𝑥2

𝐼𝑛𝑥
9. 𝑦 = 1 + 𝐼𝑛𝑥 10. 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛(𝐼𝑛(𝐼𝑛𝑥 ))

Logarithmic Differentiation

The process of finding the derivative of a function which is expressed as a

product, quotient, power or root of two or more differentiable functions of x by a
procedure is known as logarithmic differentiation. The steps are as follows:

1. Take the logarithm of both sides of the equation which defines the function.
2. Simplify the right member of the resulting equation by making use of the
properties or laws of logarithm.
 𝑑𝑦
3. Differentiate with respect to x and solve for 𝑑𝑥.

Solved Problems:

1. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙
𝐼𝑛 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛𝑥 𝑥

1
𝑑 (𝑦) = 𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥
𝑦

𝑦′ 𝑑
= 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 )
𝑦

1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 [𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝐼𝑛𝑥]

𝒚′ = 𝒙𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝑰𝒏𝒙)𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

2. 𝒚 = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)√𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓

𝐼𝑛𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛[(2𝑥 + 1)√3𝑥 + 5]

𝑦′
= 𝐼𝑛(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐼𝑛√3𝑥 + 5
𝑦

1 𝑑 1 𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑦 [ ∙ (2𝑥 + 1) + ∙ (√3𝑥 + 5)]
2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 √3𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥

2 1 1 −1
𝑦 ′ = [(2𝑥 + 1)√3𝑥 + 5] [ + ∙ (3𝑥 + 5) 2 ∙ 𝑑(3𝑥 + 5)]
2𝑥 + 1 √3𝑥 + 5 2

2 1 3
𝑦 ′ = [(2𝑥 + 1)√3𝑥 + 5] [ + ∙ ]
2𝑥 + 1 √3𝑥 + 5 2√3𝑥 + 5

4(3𝑥 + 5) + 6𝑥 + 3
𝑦 ′ = [(2𝑥 + 1)√3𝑥 + 5] [ ]
(2𝑥 + 1)(2(3𝑥 + 5))

𝟏𝟖𝒙 + 𝟐𝟑
𝒚′ = 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟐√𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓

3. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙

𝐼𝑛𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑥

𝑦′
= sin 𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥
𝑦

𝑦 ′ = 𝑦[sin 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝐼𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ]

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 [ + 𝐼𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
𝑥
 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒙𝑰𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒚′ = 𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 [ ] 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝒙

4. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝑰𝒏𝟐𝒙

𝐼𝑛𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 2 𝐼𝑛2𝑥 )

𝑑 (𝑥 2 𝐼𝑛2𝑥 )
𝐼𝑛𝑦 =
(𝑥 2 𝐼𝑛2𝑥 )

𝑦′ 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑑𝐼𝑛2𝑥 + 𝐼𝑛2𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 2
=
𝑦 (𝑥 2 𝐼𝑛2𝑥 )

𝑑2𝑥
𝑥 2 ∙ 2𝑥 + 𝐼𝑛2𝑥 (2𝑥 )
′
𝑦 = 𝑦[ ]
(𝑥 2 𝐼𝑛2𝑥 )

2
𝑥 2 (2𝑥 ) + 2𝑥𝐼𝑛2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 2 𝐼𝑛2𝑥 ) [ ]
(𝑥 2 𝐼𝑛2𝑥 )

𝑦 ′ = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝑰𝒏𝒙 answer

𝒙
5. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = √𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙

1
𝑦 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 )𝑥

1
𝐼𝑛𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 )𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝐼𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑥

𝑦′ 1 1
= ∙ 𝑑 𝐼𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) + 𝐼𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) ∙ 𝑑
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥

1 𝑑 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) −1
𝑦′ = 𝑦 [ ∙ + 𝐼𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) ( 2 )]
𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑥

′ 𝑥 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 𝐼𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
𝑦 = √𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 [ ∙ − ]
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥2

𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝑰𝒏(𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙)
𝑦 ′ = √𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 [𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 − ]answer
𝒙𝟐
 𝑑𝑦
Exercises: Find using Logarithmic Differentiation
𝑑𝑥

𝑡
1. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑥 2. 𝑦 = (√𝑡)

3. 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥 )𝑥 4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑥

5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝑥 +1) 6. 𝑦 = 𝑡 √𝑡

−𝑥2
7. 𝑦 = (𝐼𝑛 𝑥 )𝐼𝑛 𝑥 8. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒

9. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 10. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑒 𝑥

Solved Problems using Exponential Functions:

1. 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒆−𝟒𝒙 )
𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑒 −4𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑑𝑒 −4𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑒 −4𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑒 −4𝑥 ∙ 𝑑 (−4𝑥 )

𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑒 −4𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑒 −4𝑥 ∙ (−4)

𝒚′ = −𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒆−𝟒𝒙 ) ∙ 𝒆−𝟒𝒙 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰er

2. 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒆−𝒙 )
𝑑 (𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑦′ =
√1 − (𝑒 −𝑥 )2

′
𝑒 −𝑥 ∙ 𝑑 (−𝑥 )
𝑦 =
√1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥

−𝒆−𝒙
𝒚′ = 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
√𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒙

−𝟏
3. 𝒚′ = 𝒙𝟑 𝒆 𝒙

−1 −1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑑 (𝑒 𝑥 )+ 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑 (𝑥 3 )

−1 −1 −1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 3 ∙ (𝑒 𝑥 ) ∙𝑑( ) + 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 3𝑥 2
𝑥

−1 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑(−1) − (−1) ∙ 𝑑 (𝑥 ) −1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 3 ∙ (𝑒 𝑥 )[
2
] + 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 3𝑥 2
𝑥
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝒚′ = 𝒙 (𝒆 𝒙 ) + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒆 𝒙 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
 4. 𝒚′′𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙

𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ∙ 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑒 −2𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ∙ 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 (−2𝑒 −2𝑥 )

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 − 2𝑦

𝑦 ′′ = 3𝑒 −2𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑑 3𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑦′

𝑦 ′′ = 3𝑒 −2𝑥 (−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 )

+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 (−6𝑒 −2𝑥 ) − 2(3𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 )

𝑦 ′′ = −9𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 − 6 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 − 6 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + 4 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥

𝑦 ′′ = −𝟓𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝒆𝒂𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒂𝒙
5. 𝒚′𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒂𝒙

𝑦′
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑑 (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) − [(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑑(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )]
=
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2

(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )(𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) − [(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )(𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )]

𝑦′ =
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2

𝑎𝑒 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑒 0 − 𝑎𝑒 0 + 𝑎𝑒 −2𝑎𝑥 − [𝑎𝑒 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑒 0 + 𝑎𝑒 0 + 𝑎𝑒 −2𝑎𝑥 ]

′
𝑦 =
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2

−2𝑎 − 2𝑎
𝑦′ =
(𝑒 𝑎𝑥
− 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )2

−𝟒𝒂
𝑦′ = 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
(𝒆𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒂𝒙)𝟐

𝑑𝑦
Exercises: Find using Exponential Functions
𝑑𝑥

𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 2. 𝑦 = 𝑒 (cos 𝑡 +𝐼𝑛 𝑡)
𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥

2 4
3. 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 𝑡 (𝐼𝑛 𝑡 2 + 1) 4. 𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑥 𝐼𝑛 𝑥)

1 3
(1+ )
5. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡√𝐼𝑛𝑡
6. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
 2𝑒𝑥) 2 −5)4
7. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 8. 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑡(2𝑡

2 𝑠𝑒𝑐(1 )
9. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛(2√𝑥)+7 10. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥