MODULE 4

EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A differential equation is said to be exac t if it is has been derived by differentiating a function

u ( x , y ) and performing no other operation.
Condition for exactness: Given two functions M ( x , y ) and N ( x , y ) which together with their
first and second partial derivatives are continuous and differentiable, then a necessary and sufficient
condition that

M ( x , y ) dx+ N ( x , y ) dy =0
∂M ∂N
To be an exact differential equation =
∂ y ∂x
Solved Examples:

1. ( x +2 y ) dx + ( 2 x + y ) dy=0

∂M
Test for exactness: M =x +2 y =2
∂y
∂N
N=2 x + y =2
∂x
∂F
=M =x +2 y (1 )
∂x
∂F
=N =2 x + y ( 2 )
∂y
∂F
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ ( x +2 y ) dx taking y as constant

2
x
F= +2 xy +T ( y )( 3 )
2
2
x
Differentiate partially F= +2 xy +T ( y ) with respect to y
2
∂F '
=2 x+ T ( y )
∂y
∂F
But from (2) =2 x+ y
∂y

Equate: 2 x+T ' ( y )=2 x + y

'
T ( y )= y

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ y dy

2
y
T ( y )= substitute in (3)
2
2 2
x y
F= +2 xy +
2 2
2 2
x y
+2 xy + =c answer
2 2

1
2. ( cos 2 y −3 x 2 y 2 ) dx+ ( cos 2 y−2 xsin2 y−2 x 3 y ) dy=0

2 2 ∂M 2
Test for exactness: M =cos 2 y −3 x y = =−2sin 2 y−6 x y
∂y
3 ∂N 2
N=cos 2 y−2 xsin2 y−2 x y =¿ =−2 sin 2 y−6 x y ¿
∂x
∂F 2 2
=M =cos 2 y −3 x y ( 1 )
∂x
∂F 3
=N =cos 2 y−2 xsin2 y−2 x y ( 2 )
∂y
∂F
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ ( cos 2 y−3 x 2 y 2 ) dx taking y as constant

3 2
F=xcos 2 y−x y + T ( y ) (3)

Differentiate partially F=xcos 2 y−x 3 y 2+ T ( y ) with respect to y

∂F 3
=−2 xsin2 y−2 x y+T ' ( y )
∂y
∂F 3
But from (2) =cos 2 y−2 xsin 2 y−2 x y
∂y

Equate: −2 xsin2 y−2 x 3 y +T ' ( y )=cos 2 y −2 xsin 2 y−2 x3 y

'
T ( y )=cos 2 y

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ cos 2 y dy

1
T ( y ) = sin 2 y substitute in (3)
2
3 2 1
F=xcos 2 y−x y + sin2 y
2
3 2 1
xcos 2 y−x y + sin 2 y =c answer
2

3. ( 1+ y 2 + x y 2) dx + ( x 2 y+ y +2 xy ) dy=0

2 2 ∂M
Test for exactness: M =1+ y + x y = =2 y +2 xy
∂y
2 ∂N
N=x y + y +2 xy = =2 xy +2 y
∂x
∂F 2 2
=M =1+ y + x y ( 1 )
∂x
∂F 2
=N =x y + y +2 xy ( 2 )
∂y
∂F
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ ( 1+ y 2+ x y 2 ) dx taking y as constant

2
 2 1 2 2
F=x + y x + x y +T ( y ) ( 3 )
2
2 1 2 2
Differentiate partially F=x + y x + x y +T ( y ) with respect to y
2
∂F 2
=2 yx + y x +T ' ( y )
∂y
∂F 2
But from (2) =x y + y +2 xy
∂y

Equate: 2 yx + y x 2 +T ' ( y )=x 2 y + y +2 xy

T ' ( y )= y

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ y dy

1 2
T ( y ) = y substitute∈(3)
2
2 1 2 2 1 2
F=x + y x + x y + y
2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
x + y x + x y + y =c answer
2 2
Exercises:

1. ysin 2 xdx −( 1+ y 2+ cos2 x ) dy=0

2. ( x 2−4 xy−2 y 2 ) dx+ ( y 2−4 xy−2 x 2) dy=0

3. sec 2 xtan ydx+ sec 2 ytan xdy=0

4. ( a 2−2 xy− y 2 ) dx−( x + y ) dy=0

2

5. ( y 2 e x y +4 x 3 ) dx + ( 2 xy e x y −3 y 2 ) dy=0
2 2

EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO EXACT EQUATIONS

A differential equation of the form Mdx + Ndy=0which is not exact, may be reduced to the
exact form by multiplying it by a suitable factor, known as the integrating factor. After multiplying the
given differential equation by the integrating factor it can be solved by the method of exact differential
equations or by rearranging the terms.

Rules for Finding the Integrating Factors

Rule 1:
Integrating factor found by inspection: In a number of problems, a little analysis helps to find
the integrating. The following differentials are useful in selecting a suitable integrating factor.

a) d ( xy )=xdy + ydx b) d ( xy )= ydx −xdy

y
2

()
y xdy − ydx
( )
2 2
= x 2 xydx −x dy
c) d d) d =
x x
2
y y
2

( ) ( )
2 2
y 2 xydy− y dx x ydx−xdy
e) d = f) d arctan = 2 2
x x
2 y x +y

3
 (
g) d arctan
x )
y xdy− ydx
= 2 2
x +y
h) d ¿ ( xy )= ydxxy−xdy
( ) ( )
x x x
y xdy − ydx e y e dx−e dy
i) d ¿ = j) d =
x xy y y
2

xdx + ydy
k) d [ ¿ √ x + y ] =
2 2
2 2
x +y

Solved Examples:

1. ydx−xdy + ( 1+ x2 ) dx + x 2 sin ydy =0

( y +1+ x 2 ) dx + ( x 2 sin y−x ) dy =0

2 ∂M
Test for exactness: M = y +1+ x = =1
∂y
2 ∂N
N=x sin y−x= =2 xsin y−1
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ so the equation is not exact
∂ y ∂x
1
Multiply by 2 then the combination ( ydx−xdy ) becomes exact and the other terms
x
in the equation become integrable

[ ( y +1+ x 2 ) dx + ( x 2 sin y −x ) dy=0 ] ∙ 12

x

( y +1+ x 2) dx ( x2 sin y−x ) dy

2
+ 2
=0
x x

( )
2
ydx−xdy 1+ x
2
+ 2
dx+sin ydy =0
x x

−d ( yx )+( x1 +1) dx +sin y dy=0

2

−∫ d ( yx )+∫ ( x1 + 1) dx +∫ sin y dy=0

2

−y 1 2
− + x−cos y =c∨− y−1+ x −xcosy=cx answer
x x

dy x− y
2. =
dx x+ y
( x + y ) dy−( x− ydx ) =0
∂M
Test for exactness: M =x + y= =1
∂y
∂N
N=−( x− y )= =−1
∂x

4
 ∂M ∂N
≠ so the equation is not exact
∂ y ∂x
ydy −xdx+ ( xdy + ydx )=0
ydy −xdx+ d ( xy ) =0

∫ ydy −∫ xdx+∫ d ( xy )=0

2 2
y x 2 2
− + xy =c∨ y −x +2 xy=2 c answer
2 2

3. y ( 2 xy + e x ) dx−e x dy=0

( 2 x y 2 + y e x ) dx−e x dy=0
2 x ∂M x
Test for exactness: M =2 x y + y e = =4 xy + e
∂y
∂N x
N=¿ =−e
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ so the equation is not exact
∂ y ∂x

[ 2 x y 2 dx + y e x dx −e x dy=0 ] ∙ 12
y
2 x x
2 x y dx y e dx−e dy
2
+ 2
=0
y y

( )
x
e
2 xdx+ d =0
y

( )
x
∫ 2 xdx +∫ d ey =0
x
2 e 2 x
x+ =c∨x y +e =cy answer
y

Exercises:

1. x ( xdy − ydx )= y 2 Inxdx

2. ( sin y + ysin x ) dx −( cos x−xcos y ) dy =0

3. ( x √ x 2− y 2+ y ) dx−( y √ x2− y 2−x ) dy=0

4. ( 2 xy +4 x +3 ) dx + ( x 2 +2 y−5 ) dy=0

() ()
2
dx x x
5. = +2
dy y y

Rule 2:

5
 ∂ M ∂N
−
If in the equation Mdx + Ndy=0, the value of ∂ y ∂ x is a function of x alone, say f ( x ) ,
N
then

I . F .=e∫
f ( x ) dx

Solved Examples:

1. ( x 2 + y 2+ x ) dx+ xydy =0

2 2 ∂M
Test for exactness: M =x + y + x= =2 y
∂y
∂N
N=xy = =y
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ so the equation is not exact
∂ y ∂x
∂ M ∂N
−
∂ y ∂ x 2 y− y 1
= = =f ( x )
N xy x
∫ 1x dx
I . F .=e∫ f
( x ) dx
=e =e Inx =x

[ ( x 2 + y 2 + x ) dx+ xydy =0 ] ∙ x
( x 3 + xy 2+ x 2) dx + x 2 ydy=0
∂M
M =( x + xy + x )=
3 2 2
Test for exactness: =2 xy
∂y
2 ∂N
N=x y= =2 xy
∂x
∂F 3 2 2
=M =x + xy + x ( 1 )
∂x
∂F 2
=N =x y ( 2 )
∂y
∂F
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ ( x 3 + xy 2 + x 2 ) dx taking y as constant

4 2 2 3
x x y x
F= + + +T ( y ) (3 )
4 2 3
4 2 2 3
x x y x
Differentiate partially F= + + +T ( y ) with respect to y
4 2 3
∂F 2
=x y +T '( y )
∂y
∂F 2
But from (2) =x y
∂y

Equate: x 2 y +T ' ( y )=x 2 y

'
T ( y )=0

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ 0 dy

T ( y ) =0substitute in (3)

6
 4 2 2 3
x x y x
F= + +
4 2 3
4 2 2 3
x x y x 4 2 2 3
+ + =c∨3 x +6 x y + 4 x =12 c answer
4 2 3

2. ( 2 xInx−xy ) dy +2 ydx=0

∂M
Test for exactness: M =2 y= =2
∂y
∂N
N=2 xInx−xy= =2+2 Inx − y
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ so the equation is not exact
∂ y ∂x
∂ M ∂N
−
∂ y ∂ x 2−( 2+2 Inx− y ) −2 Inx+ y −2 Inx+ y −1
= = = = =f ( x )
N 2 xInx−xy 2 xInx−xy x ( 2 Inx− y ) x

∫ −1 dx 1
I . F .=e∫ f
( x ) dx −1

=e x
=e−Inx =e ¿ x =x−1=
x
1
( 2 xInx−xy ) dy +2 ydx=0 ∙
x
y
2 dx+ ( 2 Inx − y ) dy=0
x
y ∂M 2
Test for exactness: M =2 = =
x ∂y x
∂N 2
N=2 Inx− y= =
∂x x
∂F y
=M =2 ( 1 )
∂x x
∂F
=N =2 Inx − y ( 2 )
∂y
∂F y
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ 2 x dx taking y as constant

F=2 yInx+T ( y ) ( 3 )

Differentiate partially F=2 yInx+T ( y ) with respect to y

∂F
=2 Inx +T '( y)
∂y
∂F
But from (2) =2 Inx− y
∂y
Equate: 2 Inx+ T '( y)=2 Inx− y

T ' ( y )=− y

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ − y dy

2
−y
T ( y )= substitute in (3)
2

7
 2
y
F=2 yInx−
2
2
y 2
2 yInx− =c∨4 yInx− y =2 c answer
2

( )
3 2
y x 1
dx+ ( x+ x y ) dy=0
2
3. y + +
3 2 4
3 2
y x ∂M 2
Test for exactness: M= y+ + = =1+ y
3 2 ∂y
1 ∂N 1 1 2
N= ( x + x y )=
2
= + y
4 ∂x 4 4
∂M ∂N
≠ so the equation is not exact
∂ y ∂x

∂ M ∂ N 1+ y 2− 1 + 1 y 2
−
∂ y ∂x
=
4 4
=
3 3 2
+ y
4 4
=
3
4 (( 1+ y 2 )
3 )
= =f ( x )
N 1 1 1 x
( x + x y 2) x ( 1+ y )
2
x ( 1+ y )
2
4 4 4

∫ f (x )dx ∫ 3x dx 3 Inx ¿x 3 3
I . F .=e =e =e =e =x

[( ) ]
3 2
y x 1
dx+ ( x+ x y ) dy=0 ∙ x
2 3
y+ +
3 2 4

( )
3 3 5
x y x 1 4 4 2
dx + ( x + x y ) dy=0
3
x y+ +
3 2 4
3 3 5
x y x ∂M 3 3 2 3
M =x y+
Test for exactness: + = =x + x y
3 2 ∂y
1 4 4 ∂N
N= ( x + x y )=
3 3 2
=x + x y
4 ∂x
3 3 5
∂F 3 x y x ( )
=M =x y+ + 1
∂x 3 2
∂F 1 4 4 2
=N = ( x + x y ) ( 2 )
∂y 4
3 3 5
From (1) ∫ ∂∂ Fx =∫ x 3 y + x 3y +
x
2
taking y as constant

4 4 6
x y 1 3x 1x
F= + y + +T ( y ) ( 3 )
4 3 4 2 6
4 4 6
x y 1 3x 1x
Differentiate partially F= + y + +T ( y ) with respect to y
4 3 4 2 6
4
∂F x 1 4 2
= + x ∙ 3 y +T '( y )
∂ y 4 12
∂F 1 4 4 2
But from (2) = (x +x y )
∂y 4

8
 4
x 1 4 1 4 4 2
+ x ∙ 3 y +T ' ( y )= ( x + x y )
2
Equate:
4 12 4

T ' ( y )=0

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ 0 dy

T ( y ) =0substitute in (3)
4 4 6
x y 1 3x 1x
F= + y +
4 3 4 2 6
4 4 3 6
3x + x y +x 4 4 3 6
=c∨3 x + x y + x =12 c answer
12

Exercises:

1. ( x 2 + y 2+ 2 x ) dx +2 ydy=0

2. ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx−2 xydy=0

3. ( 2 y +6 x y 2 ) dx + ( x + 4 x 2 y ) dy=0

4. ( x 3−2 y 2 ) dx +2 xydy =0

5. ( x 2 + y 2+ 1 ) dx+ x ( x−2 y ) dy=0

Rule 3:
∂N ∂M
−
If in the equation Mdx + Ndy=0, the value of ∂ x ∂ y is a function of x alone, say f ( x ) ,
M
then

I . F .=e∫
f ( y ) dy

Solved Examples:

1. ( x y 3+ y ) dx+ 2 ( x 2 y 2+ x + y 4 ) dy=0

3 ∂M 2
Test for exactness: M =xy + y = =3 x y +1
∂y
∂N
N=2 ( x y + x + y )=
2 2 4 2
=4 x y +2
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ so the equation is not exact
∂ y ∂x
∂N ∂M
− 2 2 2
∂ x ∂ y 4 x y + 2−3 x y −1 x y +1 1
= = = =f ( y )
M y ( x y +1 ) y
3 2
x y +y

∫ f ( y ) dy ∫ 1y dy
I . F .=e =e =e Iny = y

[ ( x y 3 + y ) dx+ 2 ( x 2 y 2+ x+ y 4 ) dy=0 ] ∙ y

9
 ( x y 4 + y 2 ) dx +2 ( x2 y 3 + xy + y 5 ) dy=0
4 ∂M 2 3
Test for exactness: M =x y + y = =4 x y +2 y
∂y
∂N
N=2 ( x y + xy+ y )=
2 3 5 3
=4 x y +2 y
∂x

∂F 4 2
=M =x y + y ( 1 )
∂x
∂F
=N =2 ( x y + xy+ y ) (2 )
2 3 5
∂y
∂F
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ x y 4 + y 2 taking y as constant

2 4
x y 2
F= + x y +T ( y )( 3 )
2
2 4
x y 2
Differentiate partially F= + x y +T ( y ) with respect to y
2
∂F 1 2 3
= x ∙ 4 y +2 xy +T ' ( y )
∂y 2
∂F
=2 ( x y + xy + y )
2 3 5
But from (2)
∂y
1 2
x ∙ 4 y +2 xy +T ( y )=2 ( x y + xy + y )
3 ' 2 3 5
Equate:
2

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ 2 y 5 dy

6
y
T ( y )= substitute in (3)
3
2 4 6
x y 2 y
F= +x y +
2 3
2 4 6
x y 2 y 2 4 2 6
+ x y + =c∨3 x y +6 x y +2 y =6 c answer
2 3

2. ( y 4+ 2 y ) dx + ( x y 3 +2 y 4−4 x ) dy=0

4 ∂M 3
Test for exactness: M = y +2 y= =4 y +2
∂y
3 4 ∂N 3
N=x y +2 y −4 x= = y −4
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ so the equation is not exact
∂ y ∂x
∂N ∂M
−
∂ x ∂ y y −4−( 4 y +2 ) −3 ( y +2 ) −3
3 3 3
= = = =f ( y )
M y ( y +2 ) y
4 3
y +2 y

10
 ∫ f ( y ) dy ∫ −3y dy −3
1
I . F .=e =e =e−3 Iny =e ¿ y = =¿
y3
1
[ ( y 4 +2 y ) dx+ ( x y 3 +2 y 4−4 x ) dy=0 ] ∙ 3
y

( y + y2 ) dx +( x +2 y− 4yx ) dy =0
2 3

2 ∂M 4
Test for exactness: M= y+ = =1− 3
y
2
∂y y
4x ∂N 4
N=x +2 y− 3 = =1− 3
y ∂x y
∂F 2
=M = y + 2 ( 1 )
∂x y
∂F 4x
=N =x+2 y− 3 ( 2 )
∂y y
∂F 2
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ y + y 2 taking y as constant

2x
F=xy + 2
+ T ( y ) (3)
y
2x
Differentiate partially F=xy + 2
+ T ( y ) with respect to y
y
∂F 4x
=x− 3 +T ' ( y)
∂y y
∂F 4x
But from (2) =x +2 y− 3
∂y y
4x 4x
Equate: x− 3
+T ' ( y)=x+2 y− 3
y y

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ 2 y dy

2
T ( y ) = y substitute in (3)
2x 2
F=xy + 2
+y
y
2x 2 3 4
xy + 2
+ y =c∨+ x y + y =6 c answer
y

3. ( 3 x 2 y 4 +2 xy ) dx + ( 2 x 3 y3 −x 2) dy =0

2 4 ∂M 2 3
Test for exactness: M =3 x y +2 xy = =12 x y +2 x
∂y
3 3 2 ∂N 2 3
N=2 x y −x = =6 x y −2 x
∂x

11
∂M ∂N
≠ so the equation is not exact
∂ y ∂x
∂N ∂M
−
∂ x ∂ y 6 x y −2 x−( 12 x y +2 x ) −6 x y −4 x
2 3 2 3 2 3
= =
M 4
y +2 y
2 4
3 x y +2 xy

−2 ( 3 x 2 y 3+ 2 x ) −2
¿ = =f ( y )
y ( 3 x 2 y 4 +2 xy ) y

∫ f ( y ) dy ∫ −2 dy −2
1
I . F .=e =e y
=e−2 Iny =e ¿ y =
y2

1
[ ( 3 x 2 y 4 +2 xy ) dx+( 2 x 3 y 3−x 2 ) dy=0 ] ∙ 2
y

( ) ( )
2
2 2 2x 3 x
3x y + dx + 2 x y− 2 dy=0
y y

2 2 2x ∂ M 2 2x
Test for exactness: M =3 x y + = =6 x y− 2
y ∂y y
2
3 x ∂N 2 2x
N=2 x y− 2
= =6 x y − 2
y ∂ x y
∂F 2 2 2x
=M =3 x y + (1 )
∂x y
2
∂F 3 x
=N =2 x y− 2 ( 2 )
∂y y
∂F 2x
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ 3 x 2 y 2+ y
taking y as constant

2
x3 2
F=x y + +T ( y ) ( 3 )
y
2
x
Differentiate partially F=x 3 y 2 + +T ( y ) with respect to y
y
2
∂F 3 x
=2 x y− 2 + T '( y)
∂y y
2
∂F 3 x
But from (2) =2 x y− 2
∂y y
2 2
x 3 3 x
Equate: 2 x y− 2 +T ' ( y )=2 x y − 2
y y

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ 0 dy

T ( y ) =0substitute in (3)
2
x 3 2
F=x y +
y
2
3 2 x 3 3 2
x y + =c∨x y + x =cy answer
y

12
Exercises:

1. ( x y 2−x 2 ) dx+ ( 3 x 2 y 2+ x 2 y−2 x 3+ y 2) dx =0

2. ( 2 x y 4 e y +2 x y 3 + y ) dx + ( x 2 y 4 e y −x 2 y 2−3 x ) dy=0

( 2
3. ( 2 ydx +3 xdy )+ 6 x y dx +
15 2
2 )
x ydy =0

4. ( y 3 + y x 4 ) dy +2 x3 dx=0

5. ( y 2 + x 2−a 2 ) ydy + ( y 2−x 2−b2 ) xdx=0

Rule 4:

If the equation Mdx + Ndy=0 has the form y f 1 ( xy ) dx+ x f 2 ( xy ) dy=0 and Mx−Ny ≠0 , then
1
is the integrating factor.
Mx−Ny

Solved Examples:

1. y ( xy +2 x 2 y 2 ) dx+ x ( xy−x 2 y 2 ) dy=0

[ y ( xy +2 x2 y 2 ) dx + x ( xy −x2 y 2 ) dy=0 ] ∙ xy1

y ( 1+ 2 xy ) dx + x (1−xy ) dy=0
∂M
Test for exactness: M = y ( 1+2 xy )= =1+ 4 xy
∂y
∂N
N=x ( 1−xy ) = =1−2 xy
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ the equation is not exact but the equation is of the form
∂ y ∂x
y f 1 ( xy ) dx+ x f 2 ( xy ) dy=0 so the integrating factor will be

1 1 1
= = 2 2
Mx−Ny xy ( 1+ 2 xy ) −xy ( 1−xy ) 3 x y

1
[ y ( 1+ 2 xy ) dx + x (1−xy ) dy=0 ] ∙ 2 2
3x y

( 3 x1 y + 32x ) dx+( 3 x1y − 31y ) dy=0

2 2

1 2 ∂M −1
Test for exactness: M= + = = 2 2
3 x y 3 x ∂ y 3x y
2

N=
( 1
−
3x y 3 y
2
1
=
)
∂N −1
= 2 2
∂x 3x y

∂F 1 2
=M = 2 + ( 1)
∂x 3x y 3x

13
 ∂F 1 1
=N = − (2)
∂y 3x y 3 y
2

∂F 1 2
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ 3 x 2 y + 3 x taking y as constant

1 2
F= + Inx +T ( y ) ( 3 )
3 xy 3
1 2
Differentiate partially F= + ∈ x +T ( y ) with respect to y
3 xy 3
∂F 1
= +T '( y )
∂ y 3 x y2

∂F 1 1
But from (2) = −
∂ y 3x y 3 y
2

1 1 1
Equate: ¿= +T ' ( y )= −
3x y 3 y
2 2
3x y
−1
Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ 3
dy

−1
T ( y )= Iny substitute in (3)
3
1 2 1
F= + Inx− Iny
3 xy 3 3
1 2 1
+ Inx− Iny =c answer
3 xy 3 3

2. ( 1+ xy + x 2 y2 ) ydx + ( 1−xy+ x2 y 2 ) xdy=0

∂M
M =( 1+ xy + x y ) y =
2 2 2 2
Test for exactness: =1+2 xy +3 x y
∂y
∂N
N= ( 1−xy + x y ) x=
2 2 2 2
=1−2 xy +3 x y
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ the equation is not exact but the equation is of the form
∂ y ∂x
y f 1 ( xy ) dx+ x f 2 ( xy ) dy=0 so the integrating factor will be

1 1 1
= =
Mx−Ny ( 1+ xy + x 2 y 2) yx − y ( 1−xy + x 2 y 2 ) x 2 x 2 y 2

1
[ ( 1+ xy + x 2 y 2) ydx + ( 1−xy + x 2 y 2 ) xdy=0 ] ∙ 2 2
2x y

(
1 1 1
+ + y dx +
2 x y x
2
1 1
)
2 xy y
2
1
(
− + x dy=0
)
( x1y + 1x + y) dx +( x1y − 1y + x) dy=0
2 2

14
 Test for exactness: M=
( 11
+ +y =
x y x
2 )
∂ M −1
=
∂ y x2 y2
+1

N=
( x1y − 1y + x )= ∂∂Nx =¿− x 1y + 1
2 2 2

∂F 1 1
=M = 2 + + y (1 )
∂x x y x
∂F 1 1
=N = 2 − + x ( 2 )
∂y xy y
∂F 1 1
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ x 2 y + x + y taking y as constant

−1
F= + Inx + xy +T ( y )( 3 )
xy
−1
Differentiate partially F= + Inx + xy +T ( y ) with respect to y
xy
∂F 1
= 2 + x+T ' ( y )
∂y xy

∂F 1 1
But from (2) = 2 − +x
∂y xy y

1 1 1
Equate: ¿ + x +T ' ( y )= 2 − + x
xy
2
xy y

−1
Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ y
dy

T ( y ) =−Iny substitute in (3)

−1
F= + Inx + xy−Iny
xy
−1
+ Inx + xy −Iny =c answer
xy

3. ( y −x y 2 ) dx−( x + x 2 y ) dy=0

y ( 1−xy ) dx−x ( 1+ xy ) dy =0
2 ∂M
Test for exactness: M = y −x y = =1−2 xy
∂y
2 ∂N
N=−x−x y= =−1−2 xy
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ the equation is not exact but the equation is of the form
∂ y ∂x
y f 1 ( xy ) dx+ x f 2 ( xy ) dy=0 so the integrating factor will be

1 1 1
= =
Mx−Ny ( y −x y ) x−(−x−x y ) y 2 xy
2 2

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 [ ( y −x y 2 ) dx−( x + x 2 y ) dy=0 ] ∙ 2 1xy

(
1 1
2 x )
− y dx −
1 1
2 y ( )
+ x dy=0

( 1x − y) dx−( 1y + x )=0
Test for exactness: M=( 1x − y )= ∂∂My =−1
N=−( + x )=
1 ∂N
=¿−1
y ∂x
∂F 1
=M = − y ( 1 )
∂x x
∂F −1
=N = −x ( 2 )
∂y y
∂F 1
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ x − y taking y as constant

F=Inx−xy +T ( y )( 3 )

Differentiate partially F=Inx−xy +T ( y ) with respect to y

∂F
=−x +T ' ( y )
∂y
∂ F −1
But from (2) = −x
∂y y
−1
Equate: ¿−x+T ' ( y )= −x
y
−1
Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ y
dy

T ( y ) =−Iny substitute in (3)

F=Inx−xy −Iny
Inx−xy −Iny=c answer

Exercises:

1. ( xysin xy+ cos xy ) ydx+ ( xysin xy −cos xy ) xdy=0

2. ( x 4 y 4 + x 2 y 2+ xy ) ydx + ( x 4 y 4−x 2 y 2+ xy ) xdy=0

3. ( 1+ xy ) ydx+ ( 1−xy ) xdy=0

4. y ( 1+ xy + x 2 y 2 + x 3 y 3 ) dx + x ( x3 y 3−x 2 y 2−xy +1 ) dy−0

Rule 5:

16
 If the equation Mdx + Ndy=0 is homogeneous in x and y i.e. M and N are homogeneous
1
function of the same degree in x and y , then is an integrating factor.
Mx+N y

Solved Examples:

1. ( x 2 y−2 x y 2 ) dx−( x 3−3 x 2 y ) dy=0

2 2 ∂M 2
Test for exactness: M =x y−2 x y = =x −4 xy
∂y
∂N
N=−( x −3 x y )=
3 2 2
=−3 x + 6 xy
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ the equation is not exact but is homogeneous in x and y
∂ y ∂x
1 1 1
= 3 = 2 2
Mx+ Ny x y−2 x y −x y +3 x y x y
2 2 3 2 2

1
[ ( x 2 y−2 x y 2 ) dx−( x 3−3 x 2 y ) dy=0 ] ∙ 2 2
x y

( 1y − 2x ) dx−( yx − 3y )=0
2

Test for exactness: M= ( 1y − 2x )= ∂∂My =−1y 2

N=−
( x 3 ∂N
y y
2
− =
)∂x
1
=¿− 2
y
∂F 1 2
=M = − (1 )
∂x y x
∂F −x 3
=N = 2 + ( 2 )
∂y y y

∂F 1 2
From (1) ∫ ∂ x =∫ y − x taking y as constant

x
F= −2 Inx +T ( y )( 3 )
y
x
Differentiate partially F= −2 Inx +T ( y ) with respect to y
y
∂ F −x
= +T ' ( y )
∂ y y2

∂ F −x 3
But from (2) = +
∂ y y2 y

x −x 3
Equate: ¿− +T ' ( y)¿= 2 +
y
2
y y

3
Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ y dy

17
 T ( y ) =3 Iny substitute in (3)
x
F= −2 Inx +3 Iny
y
x
−2 Inx +3 Iny =c answer
y

2. x 2 ydx −( x 3+ y 3 ) dy=0

2 ∂M 2
Test for exactness: M =x y= =x
∂y
∂N
N=−( x + y ) =
3 3 2
=−3 x
∂x
∂M ∂N
≠ the equation is not exact but is homogeneous in x and y
∂ y ∂x
1 1 −1
= 3 = 4
Mx+ Ny x y−x y− y
3 4
y

[ x 2 ydx−( x 3+ y 3 ) dy=0 ] ∙− 14
y

( )
2 3
−x x 1
3
dx+ 4 + dy=0
y y y
2 2
−x ∂ M 3 x
Test for exactness: M= 3
= = 4
y ∂y y
3 2
x 1 ∂N 3x
N= 4 + = =¿ 4
y y ∂x y
2
∂F −x
=M = 3 ( 1 )
∂x y
3
∂F x 1
=N = 4 + ( 2 )
∂y y y

2
From (1) ∫ ∂∂ Fx =∫ −x
y
3 taking y as constant

3
−x
F= 3
+T ( y ) ( 3 )
3y
3
−x
Differentiate partially F= 3
+T ( y ) with respect to y
3y
3
∂F x
= +T '( y)
∂ y y4
3
∂F x 1
But from (2) = +
∂ y y4 y
3 3
x x 1
Equate: ¿ 4
+ T ' ( y)= 4 +
y y y

18
 1
Integrate with respect to y: ∫ T ' ( y ) =∫ y dy
T ( y ) =Iny substitute in (3)
3
−x
F= 3 + Iny
3y
3
−x
3
+ Iny=c answer
3y

Exercises:

1. ( 3 x y 2) dx −( 2 x 2 y−x y 2) dy =0

2. ( y 3−2 y x 2 ) dx+ ( 2 x y 2−x 3 ) dy=0

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

Eric C. Aquino Melchor A. Meana

Instructor Chairman, Mechanical Engineering

Approved:

Harrison R. Flores
Dean, College of Engineering

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