GAMES102 (1)

1
f (x)

ϕ(x) f (x)
f (x) [a, b] x0 , x 1 , · · · , x n n+1 Φ
Φ ϕ(x)

ϕ(xi ) = f (xi ), i = 0, 1, · · · , n

ϕ(x) f (x) x0 , x 1 , · · · , x n Φ x0 , x 1 , · · · , x n (xi , f (xi ))

1.1

xi yi n pn pn (xi ) =
yi �i = 0, · · · , n
{1, x, · · · , xn } p

p(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn

p(xi ) = yi , i = 0, · · · , n
    
1 x0 x20 ... xno a0 y0
    
1 x x21 xn1     
 1 ...   a1   y1 
     
1 x2 x22 . . . xn2     
   a2  =  y2 
 .. .. .. . . ..   ..   .. 
. . . ..  .   . 
    
1 xn x2n . . . xn n an yn

Vandermonde

1.2

1
1.2.1 Lagrange

Lagrange li (x) li (xj ) = σij

Y x − xj
li (x) =
xi − xj
j=0,j̸=i

Lagrange
X
n
Ln (x) = yk lk (x)
k=0

1.2.2 Newton

f (x1 ) − f (x0 )
f [x0 , x1 ] =
x1 − x0
k
{x0 , x1 , · · · , xk } f (x) {x0 , x1 , · · · , xk } k

f [x1 , · · · , xk ] − f [x0 , x1 , · · · , xk−1 ]

f [x0 , x1 , · · · , xk ] =
xk − x0

Newton

Nn (x) = f (x0 ) + f [x0 , x1 ](x − x0 ) + · · · + f [x0 , x1 , · · · , xn ](x − x0 ) · · · (x − xn−1 )

2
2

1.

2.

Φ ϕ ϕ f
ϕ(x) f (x) Φ

2.1

f (x) [a, b] {xi }m

i=0 m+1 Φ
Φ ϕ(x) f (x) ϕ(x) m+1
2- ϕ(x) ∈ Φ
v
um
uX
R2 = t (ϕ(xi ) − f (xi ))2
i=0

2.1.1

f, g {xi }m
i=0

X
n
(f, g)h = f (xi )g(xi )
i=0

: f
p
||f ||h = (f, f )h

Pn
h 1- ||x||1 = i=1 |xi |

Φ = span{ϕ0 , ϕ1 , · · · , ϕn }

ϕ(x) = a0 ϕ0 (x) + a1 ϕ1 (x) + · · · + an ϕn (x)

3
 ||f (x) − (a0 ϕ0 (x) + a1 ϕ1 (x) + · · · + an ϕn (x))||h

{a0 , a1 , · · · , an }

||f (x) − (a0 ϕ0 (x) + a1 ϕ1 (x) + · · · + an ϕn (x))||2h

=||f ||2h − 2(f, a0 ϕ0 (x) + a1 ϕ1 (x) + · · · + an ϕn (x))h + ||a0 ϕ0 (x) + a1 ϕ1 (x) + · · · + an ϕn (x)||2h
X
n X
n
=||f ||2h − 2 ak (f, ϕk )h + ai ak (ϕi , ϕk )h
k=0 i,k=0

=Q(a0 , a1 , · · · , an )

a0 , a1 , · · · , an
∂Q
= 0, i = 0, 1, · · · , n
∂ai
Xn
i.e. ak (ϕi , ϕk )h = (f, ϕi )h , i = 0, 1, · · · , n
k=0

    
(ϕ0 , ϕ0 )h ... (ϕ0 , ϕn )h a0 (f, ϕ0 )h
 .. .. ..  .   .. 
 . . .   ..  =  . 
    
(ϕn , ϕ0 )h . . . (ϕn , ϕn )h an (f, ϕn )h

2.1.2

1 Φ {1, x}, y = a + bx
! ! !
(1, 1)h (1�x)h a (f, 1)h
=
(x, 1)h (x, x)h b (f, 2)h

2.1.3

2 Φ {1, x, x2 }, y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2
    
(1, 1)h (1�x)h (1, x2 )h a0 (f, 1)h
    
 (x, 1)h (x, x)h (x, x2 )h     
  a1  =  (f, x)h 
(x2 , 1)h (x2 , x)h (x2 , x2 )h a2 (f, x2 )h

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3 Weierstrass
f (x) [a, b] Pn (x) [a, b] f (x)
ϵ>0 P (x)

|P (x) − f (x)| < ϵ

x ∈ [a, b]
[a, b] [0, 1]
X [0, 1] f (t) Y

Bn : X → Y
X
n
k
f (t) 7→ Bn (f, x) = f ( )Cnk xk (1 − x)n−k
n
k=0

Bn (f, x) Bn (f, x) f ∈X Bn x n f
n Bernstein
Bn ,

1. : f, g ∈ X α, β ∈ R

Bn (αf + βg, x) = αBn (f, x) + βBn (g, x)

2. : f (t) ≥ g(t)(t ∈ [a, b]),

Bn (f, x) ≥ Bn (g, x) x ∈ [a, b]

3.
X
n
Bn (1, x) = Cnk xk (1 − x)n−k = 1
k=0
X
n
k k k
Bn (t, x) = C x (1 − x)n−k = x
n n
k=0
Xn
k2 k k x − x2
Bn (t2 , x) = C n x (1 − x)n−k
= x 2
+
n2 n
k=0

(t − s)2 Bn ( s ):

Bn ((t − s)2 , x) = Bn (t2 , x) − 2sBn (t, x) + s2 Bn (1, x)

x − x2 x − x2
= x2 + − 2sx + s2 = (x − s)2 +
n n

5
 f [0, 1] M >0 t ∈ [0, 1]

|f (t)| ≤ M

Cantor f [0, 1] ϵ>0 δ>0 t, s ∈ [0, 1]:

|t − s| < δ
ϵ
|f (t) − f (s)| <
2
|t − s| ≥ δ
2M
|f (t) − f (s)| ≤ 2M ≤ (t − s)2
δ2
t, s ∈ [0, 1],
ϵ 2M
|f (t) − f (s)| ≤ + 2 (t − s)2
2 δ

ϵ 2M ϵ 2M
− − 2 (t − s)2 ≤ f (t) − f (s) ≤ + 2 (t − s)2
2 δ 2 δ
t s Bn
x, s ∈ [0, 1]

ϵ 2M x − x2 ϵ 2M x − x2
− − 2 [(x − s)2 + ] ≤ Bn (f, x) − f (s) ≤ + 2 [(x − s)2 + ]
2 δ n 2 δ n
s=x x(1 − x) ≤ 1
4 x ∈ [0, 1]

X
n
k ϵ M
| f ( )Cnk xk (1 − x)n−k − f (x)| ≤ +
n 2 2nδ 2
k=0

N = d δM2 ϵ e n>N
X
n
k
| f ( )Cnk xk (1 − x)n−k − f (x)| < ϵ
n
k=0

x ∈ [0, 1] ■

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4 Weierstrass
f (x) 2π f (x)
ϵ>0 T (x) :

|T (x) − f (x)| < ϵ

x ∈ (−∞, +∞)

g(x) [0, π] ϵ>0 T (x)

|T (x) − g(x)| < ϵ

x ∈ [0, π]
g(arccos y) [−1, 1] Weierstrass ϵ>0 P (y)

|P (y) − g(arccos y)| < ϵ

y ∈ [−1, 1]
|P (cos x) − g(x)| < ϵ

x ∈ [0, π]
1
cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x),
2
1
cos3 x = (3 + cos 3x),
4
··· ,
1 X
n−1
1 n
cos2n x = 2n−1
( k
C2n cos 2(n − k)x + C2n ),
2 2
k=1
1 Xn
cos2n+1 x = k
C2n+1 cos (2n − 2k + 1)x
22n
k=0

P (cos x) = T (x)

g(x) 2π Weierstrass

Weierstrass
f (x) 2π

ϕ(x) = f (x) + f (−x), ψ(x) = [f (x) − f (−x)] sin x

7
ϕ(x) ψ(x) 2π ϵ>0
T1 (x) T2 (x)
ϵ ϵ
|ϕ(x) − T1 (x)| < , |ψ(x) − T2 (x)| <
2 2
x ∈ (−∞, +∞)
T3 (x) = T1 (x) sin2 x + T2 (x) sin x
ϵ ϵ
|ϕ(x) sin2 x − T1 (x) sin2 x| < , |ψ(x) sin x − T2 (x) sin x| <
2 2

|2f (x) sin2 x − T3 (x)| < ϵ (1)

x ∈ (−∞, +∞) f (t − π2 )
π
|2f (t − ) sin2 t − T4 (t)| < ϵ
2
x=t− π
2
π
|2f (x) cos2 x − T4 (x + )| < ϵ (2)
2
x ∈ (−∞, +∞)
T5 (x) = 12 [T3 (x) + T4 (x + π2 )] (1) (2)

|f (x) − T5 (x)| < ϵ

x ∈ (−∞, +∞) ■

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5
X {xn } ⊂ X {xn } X ϵ>0 N = N (ϵ)
m, n > N ρ(xm , xn ) < ϵ

X X X

C[a, b] ρ(x, y) = max |x(t) − y(t)|

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6 Fourier

f (t) = A sin(ωt + ψ)

t A ω ψ

An sin(nωt + ψn ) f (x)
∞
X
f (t) = A0 + An sin(nωt + ψn ) (3)
n=1

ψn An

An sin(nωt + ψn ) = An sin ψn cos(nωt) + An cos ψn sin(nωt)

an = An · sin ψn , bn = An cos ψn (3)

∞
X
f (t) = A0 + [an cos(nωt) + bn sin(nωt)] (4)
n=1

Fourier

6.1

(4) [−π, π]
Z π Z π Z π ∞
X
f (t)dt = A0 dt + [an cos(nωt) + bn sin(nωt)]dt
−π −π −π n=1
Z π
= A0 dt + 0
−π

= 2πA0

1
Rπ
A0 = 2π −π f (t)
A0 an bn cos(kωt) (4)
∞
X
f (t) · cos(kωt) = A0 cos(kωt) + [an cos(nωt) cos(kωt) + bn sin(nωt) cos(kωt)]
n=1

[−π, π]
Z π Z π ∞
X Z π Z π
f (t) · cos(kωt)dt = A0 cos(kωt)dt + [an cos(nωt) cos(kωt)dt + bn sin(nωt) cos(kωt)dt]
−π −π n=1 −π −π

10
 A0 bn 0 an k=n 0
Z π
f (t) · cos(nωt)dt = an intπ−π cos2 (nωt)dt
−π
Z
an π
= (1 + cos 2nωt)dt
2 −π
Z π Z π
an
= ( 1dt + cos 2nωtdt)
2 −π −π
an
= 2̇π = an π
2

Z π
1
an = f (t) · cos(nωt)dt
π −π

sin(kωt) (4) Z π
1
bn = f (t) · sin(nωt)dt
π −π

a0 = 2A0
∞
a0 X
f (t) = + [an cos(nωt) + bn sin(nωt)]
2
n=1

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