Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which of the following types of work involves a change in position of the cell or a cell structure? 1)
A) mechanical
B) electrical
C) bioluminescent
D) concentration
E) synthetic

2) Muscle contraction is an example of which of the following types of work? 2)

A) electrical
B) bioluminescent
C) concentration
D) heat
E) mechanical

3) Animals that regulate their body temperature independently of the environment are called 3)
A) biotherms.
B) poikilotherms.
C) homeotherms.
D) heterotherms.
E) abiotherms.

4) Bioluminescence can be driven by 4)

A) mushrooms.
B) green fluorescent protein.
C) ATP.
D) either ATP or chemical oxidation.
E) chemical oxidation.

5) Fireflies have the ability to convert the energy in ATP to light. Which of the following types of 5)
work is performed by the firefly?
A) concentration
B) mechanical
C) electrical
D) bioluminescent
E) heat

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 6) Nerve impulses travel along neurons by the opening of channels that allow sodium ions to flow 6)
inward, followed by an outward flow of potassium ions. In order to ensure that the impulse may
be produced at any time, sodium is actively transported out of the cell and potassium is
transported into the cell by the sodium/potassium pump. Which of the following types of work is
performed by the sodium/potassium pump?
A) synthetic
B) mechanical
C) concentration
D) bioluminescent
E) electrical

7) Bioenergetics can be simply defined as 7)

A) the application of biological principles to physics.
B) applied thermodynamics.
C) holding constant the variables in the universe.
D) a subdivision of biology.
E) the units in which energy is expressed.

8) Which of the following is defined as "heat content"? 8)

A) enthalpy
B) entropy
C) solar radiation
D) energy output
E) heat loss

9) Which of the following is an endothermic process? 9)

A) oxidation of metals
B) adding a strong acid directly to water
C) combustion reactions
D) neutralization reactions of the addition of strong acid directly to a strong base
E) ice melting

10) Which of the following is a phototroph? 10)

A) an earthworm
B) a tree
C) a person
D) a mushroom
E) soil bacterium

11) Which of the following is a chemoheterotroph? 11)

A) a photosynthetic bacterium
B) a mushroom
C) a tree
D) algae
E) grass

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12) "The total amount of mass-energy in the universe is constant," is a statement of 12)
A) enthalpy.
B) the second law of thermodynamics.
C) the first law of thermodynamics.
D) entropy.
E) thermodynamic spontaneity.

13) In a reversible chemical reaction at equilibrium, the concentration of X (the reactant) is 0.75 mol/L, 13)
and the concentration of Y (the product) is 2.25 mol/L. At 25°C, what would be the K ?
eq
A) 1.50 B) 1.69 C) 37.5 D) 3.0 E) 0.33

14) In a chemical reaction at equilibrium, the concentration of R (the reactant) is 3.0 mol/L and the 14)
concentration of P (the product) is 0.9 mol/L. At 25°C, what would be the K ?
eq
A) 37.5 B) 1.5 C) 1.0 D) 0.3 E) 3.0

15) In a chemical reaction, the standard free energy change (ΔG°') is calculated to be 3.67 cal/mol. What 15)
can be said of the chemical reaction?
A) Products predominate over reactants at equilibrium under standard conditions.
B) The reaction is not spontaneous under standard conditions.
C) The reaction is at equilibrium under standard conditions.
D) The reaction goes spontaneously to the right under standard conditions.
E) There can be no reaction.

16) In a chemical reaction, the standard free energy change (ΔG°') is calculated to be −3.67 cal/mol. 16)
What can be said of the chemical reaction?
A) The reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions.
B) The reaction is not spontaneous under standard conditions.
C) The reaction is at equilibrium under standard conditions.
D) Reactants predominate over products at equilibrium under standard conditions.
E) There can be no reaction.

17) A negative free energy change indicates that 17)

A) the reaction is not possible.
B) the reaction is at equilibrium.
C) the reaction is exothermic.
D) energy must be added to the reaction before it can proceed.
E) the reactant is predominant at equilibrium.

18) A spontaneous reaction 18)

A) will never occur.
B) could occur but might take a very long time.
C) is associated exclusively with homeothermic organisms.
D) has to occur immediately.
E) has an overall positive free energy change.

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19) Which of the following is not a basic need of the cell? 19)
A) energy
B) molecular building blocks
C) chemical catalysts
D) 100% efficiency
E) information

20) When the ΔG°' of a chemical reaction is positive (K' < 1.0) under standard conditions, 20)
eq
A) the reaction is exothermic.
B) the reaction is spontaneous to the right.
C) reactants predominate over products.
D) work can be done under these conditions.
E) reactants and products are at equilibrium.

21) When ΔG' = 0 in a chemical reaction, under standard conditions, 21)

A) reactants and products are at equilibrium; no work can be done; no energy required.
B) the reaction is spontaneous to the left.
C) work can be done; energy is required.
D) reactants and products are at equilibrium.
E) no work can be done; no energy is required.

22) In a cell, the concentration of glucose-6-phosphate is 83 μM and of fructose-6-phosphate is 14 22)

μM. The ΔG°' = 410 cal/mol for the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.
Based upon this information, the ΔG' for this reaction (in cal/mol) is
A) 27. B) 644. C) 0. D) −644. E) −63.7.

23) Which process involves an increase in entropy of the system? 23)

A) any spontaneous process
B) synthesis of cellulose
C) freezing of ice
D) combustion of paper
E) formation of raindrops

24) Under the conditions of a given reaction, a positive ΔG' means 24)
A) the reaction is at equilibrium.
B) work can be done.
C) the reaction will not occur.
D) no energy needs to be added.
E) the reaction is spontaneous.

25) A student drops his notes, and his papers scatter. The fact that the papers scatter and do not 25)
remain neatly stacked is an illustration of
A) an increase in entropy.
B) an increase in entropy as predicted by the second law of thermodynamics.
C) the first law of thermodynamics.
D) the second law of thermodynamics.
E) both the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

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26) The steady state vital to life is possible because 26)
A) all reactions are exothermic.
B) the cell continually takes up energy from the environment.
C) all cells are autotrophic.
D) the cell cannot convert energy from one form to another.
E) all reactions are at equilibrium.

27) What form of energy do all living organisms use? 27)

A) radiation
B) nuclear energy
C) heat
D) sunlight
E) chemical bonds

28) Energy is important to life forms because 28)

A) all life forms require a continuous supply of energy and energy is required to do work.
B) energy is required to do work.
C) all life forms require a continuous supply of energy, energy is required to do work, and
energy is required to make specific alterations in the cell.
D) energy is required to make specific alterations in the cell.
E) all life forms require a continuous supply of energy.

29) In a biochemical reaction, reactants may be converted into products. The extent to which this 29)
occurs spontaneously is expressed as which of the following?
A) K
eq
B) TΔS
C) ΔS
D) temperature
E) ΔG

30) Photosynthesis is an important process that 30)

A) is performed by heterotrophs.
B) only plants can perform.
C) is performed by organisms living near deep-ocean thermal vents.
D) produces oxidized products.
E) uses water and carbon dioxide as reactants.

31) Matter and energy flow through the biosphere. The flow of matter, however, differs from the flow 31)
of energy. Which of the following statements accurately describes these differences?
A) Matter and energy flow sometimes in cycles and sometimes unidirectionally.
B) Matter flows in cycles, whereas energy flows in one direction.
C) Energy flows from chemotrophs to phototrophs, whereas matter flows from phototrophs to
chemotrophs.
D) Energy flows as organic molecules are reduced to inorganic molecules, but matter does not.
E) Matter does not accompany energy as it enters the biosphere, but it does flow with energy
from the biosphere.

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32) The flow of energy in the biosphere begins primarily with 32)
A) lightning.
B) oxidized chemicals.
C) chemotrophs.
D) high-energy electrons.
E) phototrophs.

33) The statement, "Energy is neither created nor destroyed," is a statement of 33)
A) the first law of thermodynamics.
B) enthalpy.
C) entropy.
D) the second law of thermodynamics.
E) an early theory of energy that has now been proven false.

34) Which of the following statements are false concerning phototrophs? 34)
A) They can be bacteria.
B) They capture light energy.
C) They provide energy for chemotrophs.
D) They store energy as glucose.
E) They are not autotrophs.

35) Which is true of heterotrophs? 35)

A) They can obtain energy by consuming phototrophs.
B) They cannot be unicellular.
C) They store energy in the form of heat.
D) They capture light energy.
E) They can function as autotrophs in an emergency.

36) Which of the following statements is false concerning the value ΔH? 36)
A) In biology, ΔH is basically the same as ΔE.
B) ΔH is the change in heat content.
C) A reaction with a positive ΔH value is exothermic.
D) ΔH is the change in enthalpy.
E) ΔH = ΔE + Δ(PV)

37) Oxidation 37)

A) is rare in biological reactions.
B) involves the removal of oxygen atoms from a molecule.
C) occurs when an atom accepts electrons.
D) is endothermic.
E) occurs when oxygen atoms are added to a molecule and energy released.

38) Reduction involves the 38)

A) gain of electrons and an increase in oxidation state.
B) loss of neutrons, gain of electrons, and an increase in oxidation state.
C) loss of neutrons.
D) gain of electrons.
E) increase in oxidation state.

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 39) Life is possible because living cells maintain themselves in a steady state, with most of their 39)
reactions
A) conserving energy and matter.
B) far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
C) near thermodynamic equilibrium.
D) conserving matter.
E) conserving energy.

40) Energy-requiring reactions can occur in biological systems because they can be coupled with 40)
reactions that are
A) exergonic.
B) unlikely.
C) spontaneous and endergonic.
D) endergonic.
E) not spontaneous.

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the symbol with the appropriate definition to the right.

41) ∆G A) joule
41)

42) ∆S B) change in size

42)

43) K C) equilibrium constant

eq 43)

D) equation constant
44) ∆H
44)
E) change in free energy
45) ∆G˚′
45)
F) change in stored energy
46) J
46)
G) change in enthalpy

H) standard free energy change

I) change in gas pressure

J) change in entropy

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Match the choice on the left with the correct choice on the right.

47) example of biological work A) heat releasing

47)

48) phototroph B) bioluminescence

48)

49) chemotroph C) green plant

49)

50) endergonic D) +∆G; nonspontaneous

50)

51) exothermic E) −∆G; spontaneous

51)

52) endothermic F) example of a state variable

52)

53) system G) heat absorbing

53)

54) pressure H) portion of the universe

54)

I) animal

Match the type of work with an example of that type of work.

55) synthetic work A) glowing fungi

55)

56) mechanical work B) accumulation of substances in a cell

56)

57) concentration work C) muscle contraction

57)

58) electrical work D) nerve impulse conduction

58)

59) heat E) maintaining body temperature

59)

60) bioluminescence F) carbon fixation

60)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

61) Any process that results in an increase in the free energy of the system is called ________. 61)

62) Any process that results in a decrease in the free energy of the system is called ________. 62)

63) The standard state of dilute aqueous solutions is at a temperature of ________°C (298 K), 63)
________ atmosphere(s) of pressure, and with products and reactants present in
concentration of ________ mol/L.

64) In any physical or chemical change, the universe tends toward greater disorder. This is the 64)
________ law of thermodynamics, or the law of thermodynamic ________.

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 65) In any physical or chemical change, energy cannot be created or destroyed. This is the 65)
________ law of thermodynamics.

66) ________ is the transfer of energy from one place or form to another place or form. 66)

67) A ________ is the amount of energy required to warm 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius at 67)
1 atmosphere of pressure.

68) A ________ is an organism that requires the intake of chemical compounds such as 68)
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

69) A spontaneous reaction releases energy. This type of reaction is ________. 69)

70) The total energy stored within a system is called the ________. 70)

71) ________ reactions release energy when electrons are removed from a substance. 71)

72) ________ reactions require an input of energy when electrons are gained, such as in the 72)
conversion CO → CH .
2 4

73) ________ is the partial measure of the internal energy of a system, also known as the heat 73)
content.

74) The melting of ice is an example of a(n) ________ process. 74)

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

There are different types of biological work. Can you identify the type of work illustrated by the examples below?
75) A man lifts a barbell. A) electrical work or concentration work
75)

76) A sea creature glows in the dark. B) heat

76)

77) Green plants perform carbon fixation. C) mechanical work

77)

78) During respiration, protons are D) bioluminescent work

78)
transported across the membrane of
the mitochondrion. E) synthetic work

79) Humans maintain a constant body

79)
temperature.

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 80) Sodium is accumulated inside a cell. A) mechanical work
80)

81) A nerve impulse is transmitted along B) electrical work

81)
a neuron.
C) concentration work
82) Chromosomes move to opposite
82)
spindle poles during mitosis.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

83) The equilibrium constant (K' ) for the reaction, glucose-6-phosphate + water → glucose + phosphate, is 260.
eq
What is the ΔG°' for this reaction? What do the values of K' and ΔG°' tell you about this reaction?
eq

84) Compare how energy and matter flow in an ecosystem and relate this flow to the laws of thermodynamics and
matter conservation.

85) What is a Calorie and why is the caloric content of food displayed on nutrition labels? Which contains more
energy, 1 gram of fat or 1 gram of sugar? Why?

86) Within biological systems, there are always reactions that seem to occur when thermodynamically they should
not. An example is in the process of glycolysis, ΔG°' = 2183.6 kJ/mol. How is this possible, when cells are
governed by the laws of thermodynamics?

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

1) A
2) E
3) C
4) D
5) D
6) C
7) B
8) A
9) E
10) B
11) B
12) C
13) D
14) D
15) B
16) A
17) C
18) B
19) D
20) C
21) A
22) D
23) D
24) C
25) B
26) B
27) E
28) C
29) E
30) E
31) B
32) E
33) E
34) E
35) A
36) C
37) E
38) D
39) B
40) A
41) E
42) J
43) C
44) G
45) H
46) A
47) B
48) C
49) I
50) D
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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

51) A
52) G
53) H
54) F
55) F
56) C
57) B
58) D
59) E
60) A
61) endergonic
62) exergonic
63) 25; 1; 1
64) second; spontaneity
65) first
66) Work
67) calorie
68) chemotroph
69) exergonic
70) internal energy
71) Oxidation
72) Reduction
73) Enthalpy
74) endothermic
75) C
76) D
77) E
78) A
79) B
80) C
81) B
82) A
83) The ΔG°' is −3292 cal/mol. The large K' indicates that at equilibrium the concentration of glucose and phosphate is
eq
much higher than the concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate. This translates into a negative ΔG°', which indicates
that the reaction should occur spontaneously under standard conditions.
84) Although answers will vary, they should contain the following key concepts. The ultimate source of most energy in
the biosphere is the sun. Energy flows from the sun, through phototrophs to chemotrophs, and, finally, is dissipated
as heat. This reflects the first law of thermodynamics in that the amount of energy remains constant, although the
form of energy changes. All of the energy that enters an ecosystem is conserved but eventually dissipates as heat
energy. This also upholds the second law of thermodynamics which states that in every physical or chemical change,
the universe always tends toward greater disorder. The conversion of the energy in sunlight to heat is an example of
an increase in disorder or entropy. Matter, on the other hand, cycles in an ecosystem between phototrophs,
chemotrophs, and inorganic chemicals. This upholds the law of the conservation of mass in all physical and chemical
changes. In summary, the flow of energy is unidirectional through an ecosystem, while the flow of matter is cyclical.

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

85) One dietary Calorie (capital C) is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1
degree Celsius under specific conditions. It is equivalent to 1 thermodynamic kilocalorie. The caloric content of food is
displayed on nutrition labels because it measures how much potential energy is in food and thus helps us regulate
how much potential energy we take in (eat) per day so we can balance that with our energy usage per day. One gram
of fat contains more potential energy (Calories) than 1 gram of sugar. The bonds in lipid (fat) molecules are more
reduced and thus have more electrons and energy stored in them. When the electrons are released during oxidation,
energy is also released. In sugar molecules, some of the bonds are already oxidized, thus there is less potential energy
per gram.
86) Basically, the conversion of glucose to pyruvate?? does not occur in a single reaction; stepwise reactions make the
overall process more thermodynamically feasible. In addition, conditions inside of cells are not standard, and low
concentrations of products and high concentrations of reactants make the thermodynamics of biologically important
reactions more favorable. Further, biological systems couple reactions, such that a thermodynamically improbable one
(e.g., the conversion of ADP to ATP) can now take place.

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