SPECTRUM- A MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
ROORKEE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

ROORKEE ……………….

I hereby recommend that the final Project (thesis) prepared under my

supervision…………………………………………… by Shri/Km
……………………………………………………………….on
……………………………………………………………….be
accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of
Bachelor of Architecture.

THESIS ADVISOR (S) EXTERNAL EXAMINER (S)

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

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CONTENTS
Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION
- Introduction
- Aims and Objectives
- Methodology

Chapter – 2 SITE ANALYSIS

- The city “Noida”
- Site Location and Analysis
- General Climatic Study

Chapter – 3 CASE STUDIES

- Saket City Walk, Delhi
- Unitech Arcadia, Gurgaon
- Dubai mall , Dubai

Chapter – 4 LITERATURE STUDY

- Shopping
a. Type of shopping
b. Merchandise Locations
c. Types of stores
d. Factors leading to success and failure
e. Services
f. Shopping form
- Cinema
a. Functional requirements
b. Seating pattern
c. Screen
d. Design considerations

Chapter – 5 DESIGN CONCEPT

- Concept

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Chapter – 6 DESIGN
- Design

Chapter – 10 DRAWING DETAILS

Chapter – 8 AREA STATEMENT

Chapter – 9 ADVANCE OBJECTIVE

- Landscaping
Chapter – 10 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
- Load Calculation

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my thanks firstly to the Head of the Department, Prof. Ila Gupta,
for facilitating all that was required for the undisturbed execution of thesis
seminars, smoothing out all the troubles and encouraging us at all times.
I extend my heartfelt gratitude towards my thesis guide, Ar. Manavvi for
it is only due to her able guidance and timely words that I was able to
complete this mammoth task.
I thank my parents, grandparents, for always being there for me through
the tough times. I am very thankful to God for giving me such a
wonderful family and especially my elder brother.

The archi batch 2017, you guys are the coolest friends one could wish for
and time spent with you has biggest (negative) influence on me. You all
have played your part in making me a lazy procrastinator. NASA family,
we have been together in toughest of challenges and crazy fun.

My heartiest thanks to my Thesis team Volley ball player Rahul, Playboy

Keyur, Christiano Manish, Poojan-The hulk, our Jaipuriya Sunny and the
new family members Vaibhav and Mohan(shashidharan) for helping in
this minimalist thesis.

Special thanks to the special friends and motivator upcoming Architect

Saloni Verma, Brother from another mother : Rohit Chaudhary, Poker
Partner Umesh Verma, Volley Partner Mohit Nimje, Thesis Partner
Kuldeep Singh Kushwah. Thanx to the SplitsVilians (Ranil, Chordia,
Bond, Patil, Akku).
The coolest juniors Ronnie( Shubam Garg), Vivek, Mohit Bawa, Mehta,The
Drunken Master Ravi Jaiswal etc and etc.
Thanx to the most helping seniors
Arpit Gupta, Aditya Raj Singh, Kishlay Kishor,Raunak sir, UT sr…..

You all have made this journey wonderful. Cheers to the incredible times!!

Rahul Bathla
IX Semester B.Arch.
10110027

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INTRODUCTION chapter 1

With rising discretionary (ability) incomes and increased consumer

spending recreational and leisure activities in Noida have received an
impetus (The force or energy with which a body moves).
Shopping which includes buying both the luxuries and necessities of life is
another aspect of human life that is nearly universal.
A shopping Mall cum Multiplex hence is a complex of retail stores,
integrated facilities along with recreational and entertainment spaces in
the form of Mini Theaters, food courts and game parlors planned as a
unified group to give maximum exposure to merchandise. It is not just
about the big shops and showrooms but to have an overall shopping
exposure, and at the same time providing safe, relaxed, comfortable, easy
to flow circulation routes between entrances and shops, and leisure and
pleasure as well as window shopping.
Wherever communities have grown up, shops or market have developed
and over a period of time have become shopping centers or malls, focus of
every city. Hence a shopping mall has functional as well as social aspect
attached to it. Elements both architectural and aesthetic constitute the
multi space adapted to an urban background. The parameters that
characterize these spaces are large-scale display and sale areas, which
offer a plurality and variety of products and the concentration of greatest
possible number of customer services.

A Shopping Mall is a complete market place encompassing the roles both

of an architectural masterpiece and a public place. Malls must identify the
shopping areas with out any confusion. There is a need of both;
integrating and segregating areas according to their respective functions.
Entrances should be highlighted and easy to find. Variety of spaces, bold
displays, visual freedom and clarity are essential qualities of a shopping
mall.
There are about 350 Shopping Malls and Multiplexes (in all) proposed all
over the country.

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AIM
 To develop City center as a central place, which emerge as a single
preferred destination addressing multifarious needs for the entire family.
 To develop the place as an integrated multi-utility facility.

OBJECTIVES
 Complete commercial solution for the society.
 Can be defined as a world class shopping destination for all shopping
freaks.
 To meet multi budget requirement for all kinds of retail businesses.
 Understanding the proper standards and functional requirements
related to Mall and Multiplex Design and related ancillary
facilities/services.
 To resolve Services (Electrical, Firefighting, Air conditioning etc)
efficiently.
 The project offers Commercial space, Office space Studio and services
apartments.

Methodology
Data collection
 Collect the basic information about the project and the promoting body.
 Literature study relate to the project.
 Frame the aim and objectives.
 Study of site and analysis of the information.

Case study
 Selection of Case study.
 Analysis of the features of the studies undertaken.
 Derive conclusions from the analysis, which will help in framing the
design requirements of the project.

Concept Design
 From the Literature study, case study and site analysis develop an
appropriate concept.
Final Design
 Refinement of concept design.
 Detailing of the project.
 Final design solution.

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The City “NOIDA”
Noida, short for the New Okhla Industrial Development Authority, is a
systematically planned] Indian city under the management of the
New Okhla Industrial Development Authority (also called NOIDA). It is
part of National Capital Region of India. Noida came into administrative
existence on 17 April 1976 and celebrates 17 April as "Noida Day". It was
set up as part of an urbanization thrust during the
controversial Emergency period (1975–1977). The city was created under
the UP Industrial Area Development Act by the initiatives of Sanjay Gandhi.
The city has the highest per capita income in the whole National Capital
Region. The Noida Authority is among the richest civic bodies in the
country. As per provisional reports of Census India, the population of
Noida in 2011 is 642,381, of which male and female are 352,577 and
289,804 respectively. Noida has tree lined roads and is considered to be
India's greenest city with about 50% green cover, the highest of any city in
India
Noida is located in Gautam Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh state.
The district's administrative headquarters are in the nearby town
of Greater Noida. However, the district's highest government official, the
District Magistrate (DM), has its official camp office in Noida Sector-27.
The city is a part of the Noida Vidhan Sabha (state assembly) constituency
and Gautam Buddha Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency).

SITE

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LOCATION:

The Site for proposed “Shopping Mall cum Multiplex” is located at Sector
- 75 one the urban conglomerates inside Noida Municipal Corporation
(NMC) limit, and under Delhi Development Authority (DDA) jurisdiction
in South Eastern Periphery of New Delhi.
 The surrounding areas comprises highly developed area of Satellite.
 It is in the proximity of the existing and proposed prominent
recreational centers like, Fun Republic & Wide angle cinemas and
also there are many other commercial establishment.
 Road connectivity - approximately 1.5 km from NH and on link
Road, which is major commercial spire.
Benefits of Location
The primary aim of any commercial project is its success and attracting
huge crowd so as to increase consumer spending on recreational and
leisure activities which in turn will maximize their profits.
The location of the site is in close proximity to developed areas such as
Satellite where there are A class row Houses and Apartments giving an
idea about the life style of the residents and near to NH and link road
which is considered as a commercial hub for this zone.

Particulars Project Requirements

Plot size (Site Area) 15 ACRE
F.A.R. or .F.S.I. 3.0
Total Built up Area 1,80,000 (Sq.m)
Max Ground Coverage 30% - 54000 (Sq.m)
Parking Required 30% of FAR - 54000 (Sq.m)
Surface Parking 5% of FAR - 9000 (Sq.m)

Accessibility/Road Network
The site is accessed from only one side with 45m. road on the front (West)
known as link road.
Proposed Infrastructure:
The development of following infrastructure has been proposed:
Shopping Mall
Mini-theatres
Food courts
Gaming Zone having bowling, pool etc.
Parking Space

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SITE ANALYSIS chapter 2

Wind movement

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SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTH
• Upcoming metro station in front of site make it easily accessible.
• Massive frontage facing 45 mt. wide link road.
• Located in the city with -maximum per capita income in NCR
region.
WEEKNESSES
• Major frontage of the site is west facing
• No special views from the site, site surrounded by apartments.
OPPURTUNITIES
• Site surrounding residential area encourages retail development
• Massive frontage allows to create the project a landmark with an
iconic façade
THREAT
• Political interventions in such kind of commercial development.

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NATURAL FACTORS:

- Geology:
Soil at the foundation level of -11.00m is Silty Sand with some mixture of
gravels with weighted average SPT value of 21. Accordingly, Raft
Foundation is recommended for the project with a safe bearing capacity of
33.0mT/sqm.
The safe bearing capacity considered for the design is 30.0mT/sqm.

Recommendations

Isolated/combined foundations
Depth of foundation: 1200-1300 cms below existing ground level.
Allowable bearing pressure
Width of foundation (cms) 300 400 500 & above
Allowable Bearing Pr. (kg/sq.cm) 2.15 2.50 2.85

Raft Foundations
Depth of foundation: 1200-1300 cms below existing ground level.
Allowable bearing pressure

- Topography:
Shape
The site is in Rectangular -Shape with a total area of 36000 Sq.m. with
front side measuring nearly 500m.

Site Orientation
The site is oriented East-West Direction, longer axis oriented in North -
South direction.
Site is having main access road (45m.) perpendicular to it in East-West
direction.
Slope
The site has a negligible slope of 1.02m (1:200) from south to north
direction. The storm water drains out itself into the main drain.

- Hydrology:
The ground water table was encountered at a depth of about 35m.This
provides good conditions for basement floor. But as the site is prone to

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flooding, during which the Ground Water Table may rise to the Ground
level.
Hence, the foundation has to be designed for uplift considering the water
table at the ground level.

- Vegetation:
The surroundings have plenty of trees. In fact the site has also some trees
such as Neem, Banyan, Gulmohar, Amaltas, Babul.
This indicates possibility of such plant growth.
Note - The existing plantation along with the proposed plantation
according to the design can be very useful in obtaining desired wind flow
and temperature in the site. Since site has a few trees landscaping can be
done with proper planning to create a green and healthy environment
along with providing shading for some outdoor recreational activities.

COMMERCIAL FACTORS:
- Proposed Land use:
The designated land-use of the area around the site as per the revised
development plan of Noida is predominantly residential and commercial.
- Major Linkages:
While studying the location of the site and its relationship to adjacent
properties and to the community, all existing linkages and ties are
specified. Linkages involve the movement of people, goods,
communication and amenities. The distance of site from various
institutions and amenities is given below.
Bus Stand 12 Kms.
Bank 2 Kms.
Air Port 22 Kms.
Railway Station 15 Kms.
Metro 0.5 Kms.

- Traffic:
The vehicular movement on the 45m. wide road includes buses, jeeps,
cars, two wheelers and autos, while that on the 12.45mts. and 11.80 wide
link roads includes mainly two-wheeler along with a few four wheelers.
This indicates appropriate entry for vehicles.

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UTILITIES AND SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE:

- Water Supply:
The provision of 8 Bore wells has been planned for the water supply. One
bore well has been digged near the front end of the site for daily and
construction requirements

- Electricity and Telecommunication Lines:

Underground cables are running along the site for Electricity as well as
Telecommunication Services.

- Sanitary and Sewage Disposal:

The municipal main sever line runs along the 45m. wide road. The invert
level of the same is 5mts.

- Storm Water Drainage:

The site has a negligible slope of 1.02m (1:200) from south to north
direction. The road level is 99.95m; the site front is at a level of 99.37m
whereas the site rear end is at a level of 100.37m. Due to this the storm
water drains out itself into the main Storm water Drain.

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CLIMATIC STUDY

GENERAL STUDY:

Noida is located near the New Delhi .

Geographical Location:
It covers an area of approximately 78 sq mi or203 km². and shares its
borders with the states of Delhi &Uttar Pradesh. The exact cartographic
co-ordinates of Noida are 28.57°N 77.32°E. It has an average elevation of
200 metres (700 ft).

Topography:
Noida has a humid subtropical climate characterised by a seasonal
rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall and great
variation in temperature (−1 °C to 46 °C). The average annual rainfall is
715 mm.

Vegetation:
Vegetation is scarce in this region; scattered low height trees, bushes and
grass are observed.

ANALYSIS OF GENERAL CLIMATE:

Inference of general climate from geographical and other physical factors

are listed below:

1. Since it lies between 28˚ and 29˚ north latitude it is a subtropical region.
2. Since there are no perennial water bodies and rainfall is less the climate
is dry, except during the monsoon [June to September] when it becomes
humid.
3. Winds are mostly from land.
4. There are mainly two seasons a hot one and a somewhat cooler one.
Summer is dominant in Noida with very high daytime temperature [40-
45˚C], but summer nights are comparatively comfortable with average
temperature of 25-30˚C.
5. The climate of Noida region is a hot and dry one.
6. Hot winds blowing from west to southwest direction with occasional
dust; make the environment uncomfortable in summer.
During winters wind flows from northeast and east direction.

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7. The light colored barren land devoid of vegetation and
bright sky is a source of intense glare during the daytime. Solar radiation
is intense around 2930 to 3350 K. Joule/sq. mts./Hour.

Solar radiation is intense around 2930 to 3350 K. Joule/sq. mts. /Hour

The observations by studying Dry Bulb temperature and Wet bulb
temperature are –
1. The minimum temperature occurs during the early hrs. of the day in
months of January and December ( Monthly Mean min. - 14 C.
2. The highest temperature occurs in the afternoon of months of March
to October. (Monthly Mean DBT - 41 C.
3. The highest temperature ever recorded is 47.8 C and lowest ever
recorded is 2.2 C.
Inference – Noida region has two seasons winter from November to
February and summer from March to October. Summer season is
experienced for about eight months hence it become necessary to combat
the intense heat rather than to design for fewer months of winter.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY
From the analysis of yearly distribution it is observed:
1. Only in the months of July, August and September, the relative
humidity (Mean) is always about 80%.
2. During the remaining part of the year it does not exceed 50%and the
temperature is high.

Inference - Looking over the above observation throughout the year the
regional climate is dry and humid
RAINFALL
The rainfall is very less in Noida region.
Most rainy month is of July with rainfall of 211mm.
The total annual rainfall comes out to be 715mm.
WIND
1. The main wind direction during over heated period is between south-
west and west and during under heated period is north-east
2. Local winds prevails in thr region (upto 15 Km/hr).
3. During early hours of the day and in the evening, in the month of Nov,
Dec, Jan, Feb and March wind blows from north and north east.

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SOLAR RADIATION:
It is the major factor to be considered for building because it effects the
building by direct heating, by penetrating the opening and indirectly by
heating the external envelop of the building. Heat flows through the walls
and roof determining the indoor space and air temperature.
From the analysis it is observed that:
 The horizontal surface receive intense solar heat during summers [on
June 21; from 0830 hr. to 1730 hr. above 55 gm.cal. /sq.cm. /hr. and the
highest being 82 gm.cal. /sq.cm. /hr. at 1200 hr.]

 The summer heat load on vertical surface disposed in northeast, east

west and north-west is also high [nearing 50 gm.cal. /sq.cm. /hr.]

 During winters, vertical surface [south, south-east and south-west] as

well as horizontal surface [roof and projections] is subjected to high
solar radiation [on December 22 at 1200 hr. the horizontal surface
receives 51 gm.cal. /sq.cm. /hr. and the south wall receive 53 gm.cal.
/sq.cm. /hr.]

INFERENCES :
The building should have north-south orientation [long axis, east-west].
The layout should have compact courtyard planning. The building should
be planned around small to medium courtyards to ensure protection of
outdoors spaces, mutual shading of external walls, shelter from dust and
reduction of surfaces exposed to solar radiation.

COMFORT CONDITIONS:

The comfort range is established between 20 C and 28.5 C by method

suggested by C .T. Mahoney Sir,
Thus, Tam = 40.8 + 13.8/2 = 27.3 C
Tcc = 17.3/4 + 17.2 = 24.025 ( 24.0 C )
Therefore the comfort zone lies between 20 C ( 24-4 ) and 18 C ( 24+4 )
Evaluation :
1. The comfort zone lies between 20 C to 28 C .
2. 30 % to 35 % relative humidity is considered comfortable for this region.
3. Temperature below 20 C requires radiation.
Required radiation ranges form 15 to 30 K CAL / Hr.

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CASE STUDIES chapter 3

OBJECTIVES OF THE CASE STUDY:

 To Study the relative functional aspects of the commercial buildings.

 To understand the division of spaces when dealing with
a commercial building with different requirements clubbed together.
 To understand the trends and aesthetics, services these
buildings are providing.

CASE STUDY PROGRAMME:

a. Location And Access

a. Name of the Mall/Multiplex –
b. Client –
c. Design Team –
d. Location & Access – (Location Map)
e. Site Area

b. Spaces/Activities

c. Urban Setting And Vicinity

d. Architectural character

e. Traffic and parking

 Zoning
 Circulation and movement
 Services/specifications

F Design aspects /Inferences

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CASE STUDY 1: Saket City Walk, Delhi

• Location- Saket District Centre, South Delhi

• Type : Mixed use commercial
• Plot Area- 15,884.5 Sq. Mt
• Built up area-62,862.32 Sq. Mt.
• Commercial Area – 24,281 Sq. Mt.
• Retail Area (Multiplex & Mall) – 8498.3 Sq. Mt.
• Landscaped Area – 15782 Sq. Mt.

PARKING(Basement)

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• 1200 cars can be parked on three different basement floors at one
time.
• Basement-1: offices, parking for 370 cars, loading and unloading
areas, garbage collection area
• Basement-2: parking for 470 cars
• Basement-3: parking for 270 cars
• Basement height 3.5m
• Basement floor area 47653.5 sq.m.
• Two separate entrance for parking ,one for general cars and one for
service vehicles.
• There are 4 lifts connecting to the upper floor.
• Escalators to connect to the basements
• Well-lit and well placed escalator lobbies for easy and comfortable
• movement to and fro between the retail areas and the parking.
• Escalator lobbies would also work as reference points for the
parkers and providing points of attention since there is a very large
plate of the
• basements.
• Conveniences for the drivers in the basements, toilets and locker
rooms provided.

INFERENCES

• A frontage of over 250 m overlooking a plaza space with pedestrian

walkways extending into a vast 4 acres of green area.
• Two entries and five fire exists are provided.
• 3 level basement parking are provided.

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• A 20m services lane is provided at the back which also serve the
purpose of surface parking
• The placement of the entrance to the basement is such that it also
acts as a drop off without hindering the basement entry.
• Being a high end commercial complex the grand plaza in front make
it accessible to diverse segment of people.
• Hierarchy and strong interrelationship of spaces plaza-corridors-
atrium spaces.
• Excellent servicing by rear side service lane and service corridors
along the back.

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CASE STUDY 2: UNITECH ARCADIA , Gurgaon

• Location- Gurgaon , India

• Type : Mixed use commercial
• Plot Area- 6 acre
• Built up area- 3,40,000 sq. ft.
• Commercial Area – 250 Sq. ft. to 1700 sq.ft.
• Typical office unit area – 700 -3000 sq.ft.

Connectivity and parking

• easy access to sohna road, Golf course road ext. and NH 8.

• proximity to the Delhi international airport and 1km Delhi metro.
• Ground and first structure offering maximum frontage.
• Ample visitor parking on the surface - Park and Shop.
• accommodating 600 vehicles .

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GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

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Inferences

• Designed a central plaza which makes it accessible to diverse

segment of people.
• Hierarchy and strong inter-relationship of spaces plaza - corridors
– atrium – shops.
• it not only allows an activity but also shows visual harmony of the
spaces.
• Openness and adaptability.

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CASE STUDY 3 :DUBAI MALL , Dubai

AREA: 34 hectares

Dubai Mall
• Mixed use
• Excellent view of the burj khalifa
• Development of unprecedented scale.
• Features world’s largest dancing water fountain.
• Beautiful designs of skylights,facade articulation patterns, and
fabricated patterns of interior finishes.
• Location- Dubai , U.A.E.
• Type : Mixed use commercial
• Plot Area- 15,884.5 Sq. Mt
• Built up area-62,862.32 Sq. Mt.
• Commercial Area – 24,281 Sq. Mt.
• Retail Area (Multiplex & Mall) – 8498.3 Sq. Mt.

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The mall is structured at the scale of a city, with internal pedestrian

streets, nodes and landmarks; way-finding and urban identifiers are
integrated into the design and organized by wide, straight boulevards
terminating at well-defined atria and connecting the many realms of
shopping.

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• Entrances perform as circulation focal points

• the Media Drum Entrance, the Grand Entrance, the Gold Souk
Pavilion and the Carnival Street ‘Red Box’ Entrance
• At smaller scales, architectural details provide a visual dynamism
that extends though each of the mall’s spaces
• It lies at the base of the world’s tallest building
• the world’s largest indoor aquarium
• features an all-weather shopping grove, indoor adventure park, and
Olympic-sized ice skating rink
• frontage is a half kilometer
• gross floor area -5,50,000sqm over four levels
• 190,000sqm of granites, marbles and artificial stones
• 1200 shops , parking for 14,000 vehicles
• The project opened in 2008 as part of the $20 billion Burj Khalifa
complex in Dubai’s new downtown, a 180ha master plan for office
spaces, hotels, residential apartments and shopping centres.
• vast spaces.

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Ground Floor

First Floor

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Second Floor

Third Floor

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Aquarium
world’s largest indoor aquarium

Olympic sized ice skating ring

Adventure park

Interior

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INFERENCES
• The Dubai Mall project was an exploration in typology informed by
techniques of retail design and urban planning. The mall is
structured at the scale of a city.
• coherence and hierarchy were critical to the mall’s planning.
• Series of public gathering spaces and well connected by corridors
• Architecture or design inspired by urban context, form , spatial
arrangements.

• The Dubai Mall project was an exploration in typology informed by

techniques of retail design and urban planning. The mall is
structured at the scale of a city.
• coherence and hierarchy were critical to the mall’s planning.
• Series of public gathering spaces and well connected by corridors
• Architecture or design inspired by urban context, form , spatial
arrangements.
• Key attraction are present like aquarium, ice skating ring ,
adventure park
• water features inject life into this desert city in the form of cascading
falls and a public aquarium.
• Skylights are provided along with corridors.
• The activities linked together by means of space arrangement and
key attractions.
• Nature of integration between open and built spaces, with the
surrounding environment
• Shops are grouped into families to form islands of specialization, as
eight regions with distinct characters
• a spectrum of Arabic motifs and symbols — facade articulation
patterns, skylight designs, and the fabricated patterns of interior
finishes, for instance.

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COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

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LITERATURE STUDY chapter 4

SHOPPING

Emergence of concept of Shopping Mall

Quite a substantial number of markets centers were developed during late
medieval period, purely as merchandise and industrial commodities. But
the character of these market which remained constant, was the
pedestrian movement and residence manufacturing area relationship. This
impeccable way of dealing with the customers, promoted a very strong
shopkeeper-customer relationship which is still visible in older markets.
Then after the development of the automobile industry gave rise to road
transport brought about a considerable change in the pattern of the
development of the markets centers.
Central shopping places like Cannaught place, Gole market etc were
designed and were widely accepted. This also resulted in coming up of
shops on both side of roads and highways.
As the number of stores increased issues of automobile traffic and parking
also need to be catered.
So this resulted in the development of the concept of “Shopping Malls”.

Shopping Malls
A Shopping Mall is a complex of retail stores and integrated facilities
planned as a unified group to give maximum exposure to merchandise.
In such centers, pedestrian areas are filled with teeming life not only
during normal shopping hours, but on Sundays and holidays when
people relax in the gardens courts, view exhibits and patronize the
restaurants.
Shopping
First step is to divide the merchandise into 3 groups- impulse,
convenience and demand.
‘Impulse’ goods are luxuries or suddenly desired merchandise depending
for sale on good display and accessibility.
‘Convenience’ goods are staple items of standard quality, use and
popularity.
‘Demand’ goods are necessities that bring in a steady flow of customer
traffic.

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Merchandise locations

Demand departments are best located at the far end of the shopping
street, away from the entrance, convenience midway and impulse
departments near the start where customers are bound to pass them
twice- coming in and going out.
Impulse: perfumes, jewelry, gifts, men’s furnishings, women accessories
- Highly designed shops
- Front with interesting and catching display
- Informal shopping to attract crowd
Convenience: food, drugs
- Services through informal sectors
- Do not require elaborate display
- More storage space is required
Demand: clothing, furniture, household equipment
- Display needed
- Counters and shop volume designed for and display
- Comparison shopping to attract crowd.
The economic success of any store depends on how well it stimulates
impulse buying.
Public conveniences like toilets are demand departments and are best
located at the far end.

Quiet areas: Some types of luxury impulse merchandise, such as exclusive

women’s apparel, expensive jewelry and silverware need quite traffic
conditions, personal service and leisurely sales methods. Such
departments should be accessible but remote from main traffic.

Related selling: After basic sales department locations have been

established by the general character, there locations will be further
modified by the requirements of related merchandise: shirts and ties,
shoes and hosiery, handbags and gloves are examples of merchandise
groupings based on inter-related use.

Customer traffic: Store planners must give the customers a class route
between the store entrance and the remote sections of the sales floor.
Central traffic artery should be planned as an indoor shopping street by
which customers can enter, buy and leave.

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Types of Stores
Primary – Major department stores and supermarkets. (Shopper stop, The
Home store, Big Bazaar, Mega marts)
Secondary- Retail stores and showrooms (Lifestyle, Westside, Giant,
Tanishq and Pantaloon)
Tertiary- Smaller units selling a whole range of specialist goods.
Factors leading to success and failure
 Purely commercial factor
- Incorrect analysis of the surrounding population size or the shopping
habits.
- Design faults such as failure to realize the importance of a correct
pedestrian flow, or failure to provide right kind of storage or access
facilities.
 Amenity factors
- Provision of’ proper seating areas, toilets and a whole range of aesthetic
factors.
- Proper signage and directions for various areas in the shopping center.
 Factors connected with access
- Parking facilities,
- Public transportation
- Integration with existing pedestrian routes
- Visibility of centre from a main street.
 Factors connected with the Design
- Climatic considerations
- Number of levels
- Pedestrian flow within the space
- Flexibility
 Factors connected with the running of the Mall
- Traders association and public
- Leasing practice
- Number of the dependent population
- Spending power
- Population in respect of size and behavioral characteristics is vital.
 Variety
A major survey conducted revealed the importance of variety of shops
in a shopping center.
1. It was found that variety of shops or range of shop types was
extremely essential in the success of shopping centers.

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2. Also not only variety but also a comprehensive range of
merchandise and competition was also considered essential.

This is especially true in the case of the Indian customer who considers
shopping to be successful only when he has managed to buy a product at
the most competitive prices, through effective comparisons in various
shops.
It is therefore wise to make proper grouping of shops.
It would be appropriate here to mention that shopping nowadays is more
of an experience than a mere transaction.
Customers are no longer content to park their vehicle and simply enter the
store and buy merchandise. They are looking behind the shopping
window to seek out an experimental visit to the retail center as individuals
lives become increasingly time pressured and technology focused, the
shopping visit has become an integral part of the leisure time.

Tenant Grouping
The location of stores is determined to some degree by the principle of
growing stores selling similar goods, in type quality and price. Experience
has shown that this general arrangement proves to be beneficial as
follows.
The compatible business located in close proximity will show an increase
in business volume directly proportionate to the incidence of total
customer interchange between them and inversely proportional to the
ratio of the business volume of the larger store to that of the smaller store.

Amenities in Shopping Centers

 Public toilets/lavatories at convenient locations and in adequate
quantity.
 Convenient and proper parking facilities, with direct access to the
shopping area.
 Signage and information booths about placement of stores, access to
amenities,
etc.
 Play areas/ seating spaces in adequate number.
 Attractive setting with interior landscaping if possible.

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SERVICES

1. Warehousing for stores

Goods delivery to all the stores within the center can be by one of the
following methods. The actual system selected will depend upon the type
of the center on the site conditions.
 Direct Rear Servicing
Each unit is served from a rear access road as would be expected, this
system predominate in the strip or linear shopping centers.
Service Courts
Each unit is served from a common service court, which preferably is
screened from public area. Those units requiring the most frequent
servicing should be located at the end of the shopping center.

2. Air Conditioning and other service utilities

 The bulk of the services can be conveniently located in the
underground parking spaces. If the complex is spread over a great
distance or if some distance from the complex segregates the parking
structure, then it is advisable to consider the construction of an
underground service floor.
 Air conditioning plants catering to different zones of the mall can be
installed in this service space. The service floor can have a minimal height
of 7’6”, in order to save on space and construction cost.
 The vertical movement of services can take place through the various
cores of the complex or from specially constructed shafts.

3. Lighting
 In most of the shopping centers natural light into the common
circulation area and into the atrium as the retail stores utilize the space
around it. This also prevents direct glare thereby not interfering with the
signage of the retail stores. CFL’s are usually used to light up the interiors
of retail stores.

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4. Vertical transportation
Elevator location and numbers
The average store elevator is capable of handling about 400 persons per
hour in an 8-10 storey building.
Locations of elevators are just as important to the indoor shopping street
as the sales department locations.
Like stairs they are best placed at or near the far end so that shoppers will
pass all or most of the sales departments on that floor before leaving for
the next floor.

Elevators should be in groups and visible from the entrance; in large

stores in centers of building not more than 50m from any point of the sales
floor. May be arranged in groups back to back or in combination with
escalators.

Escalator location and numbers

Escalators are usually located in the common circulation space of the
center to provide access to its different levels and so that customers get a
good view of each floor as they travel
A flight of escalators, depending on their width can take care of 4-10
thousand persons per hour e.g.: 4' wide escalator will convey 8 thousand
persons per hour.
Escalators are essential when minimum of approx. 2000 people/ hour to
be transported. It should run in successive system to all the sales floors,
both directions.

Parallel superimposed type: Up and down landings adjacent to each

other. Flow of traffic is not continuous because of opposite direction of up
and down landing on each floor.

Criss- cross type: Up and down landings are separated by a traffic aisle.

Parallel continuous type: Up and down landings adjacent to each other

and concentrated in one direction so continuous flow of traffic.

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Shopping Form
The various components of the shopping activity are –
1. Servicing of goods
2. Display of goods
3. Selling of goods.

Servicing of goods
It involves mainly three activities parking, unloading and storing.
A parking lot of servicing vehicles could be visible or concealed. In
smaller centers the servicing parking could be combined with the parking
lots of the customers.
The unloading activity would require a unloading bay or a platform.
For storing the shops most of the times acts as a store where the store and
displaying activities are combined.
Display of goods
It is one of the most effective means of drawing people into a store. There
are four requirements that the display must meet:
I. Display of Merchandise
a. To create eye appeal
b. To dramatize goods
c. To invite window shopper.
II. Identification of the store
a. Role of signages (character of the store and the kind of merchandise it
carries)
III. Inducement to approach the premises
IV. Invitation to enter the store

Selling of goods.
I. Personal service (Counter system)
II. Self selection (Retails)
III. Self service (Super market and hyper market)

The servicing for customers

I. Parking lot
General principles regarding Parking
- Direct connectivity of the parking to the mall.
- The entry from the parking should lead to a place in the shopping
center where uniform movement is encouraged in all directions and no
sections are at a disadvantageous position.

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II. Corridors/aisles

Psychological and behavioral factors

Purchasers who enters in a shopping centre or a store will instinctively
first turn towards –
 The right side
 The most spacious side
 The brightest colour
 The greatest movement and congestion
 The greatest noise.
Goods which are displayed in large quantities convey the impression of
cheap quality.
Show windows which display only a few articles lend the merchandise a
note of distinction and suggest prime quality and high price.

Shopping Environment

The object of all planning and building design is the production of an

environment for shopping. Thus it is important to study the elements that
make the shopping environment

 Colour: Properly used colors should aid the recognition and

appreciation of form and make clear spatial arrangements.
The use of colour regardless of form and shapes creates visual confusion
and disturb eye and mind of the viewer.

 Element of sound: The environment sound can have both negative and
positive responses.

 Shadows and shade

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LITERATURE STUDY

CINEMA

Functional Requirements

Visibility Requirements
- The distance between the screen and the front row of seats shall be
subject to the angle of elevation to the top of the projected picture on the
screen to the centre of the plane passing through the observer’s eyes and
normal to the back line not exceeding 33o
- The elevation of balcony should be such that the line of sight to the
centre of the screen should not be inclined more than 30o to the horizontal.
- The floor slope shall be elevated such that each listener shall be elevated
from the person right in front of him. Viewers head should be elevated 12
cm. from the top of the head of person right in front of him.

Seating Requirements
- The seating shall be so arranged such that there is free access to exits.
- An average width of seats shall be not less than 50 cm. and the
minimum width of seats shall be 45 cm.
- The spacing of row of seats from back to back
shall be not less than 90 cm.
- In all cases there shall be an intervening space of
at least 30.5 cm between the back of one seat and
the front of the seat immediately behind measured
between perpendiculars.

Seating Pattern
- One row vision: This method requires more slope
and it provides unobstructed vision of the heads of
persons in the row immediately ahead.

- Two row vision: This method requires milder

slopes and the inclusion of an upper level of seats.
In this case the view is permitted between the

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heads of the persons in the row immediately
in row.

Screen

Film Format Aspect Ratio

Screens Width Height
Cinemascope 2.35 1
Wide Screen 35 mm 1.85 1
Old wide Screen 35mm 1.66 1

70mm 2.20 1

- Height of the Screen (H) – 3W/7

- Height to width ratio for different screens are:
Wide = 1:2.35 Flat = 1:1.85

Design considerations
- The angle formed with the horizontal by a line from the top of the
screen to the eye of the front viewer should not be greater than 33o.
- Maximum viewing distance should be less than or equal to the twice
the width of the widest picture to be projected.
- Width of the seating should vary from 1 times the width of projected
picture at the first row to 1.3 times at the row farthest from the screen.
- The angle from the middle of the last row of seats to the outer edge of
the picture should be at most 38o for cinemascope.
- The seats nearest the screen will remain acceptable if screen width
<35ft.
- For better dramatic impact, the bottom of the projected picture should
be as close as possible to the floor under the first row of seats. The
lower edge of the projection screen should be at least 1.2m above the
floor.
- The ratio of the spacing of the last row of seats to the projection screen
should be 3:2.
- The seat nearest to the screen shall not be nearer than the effective
width of the normal picture (ratio 1:1.33). This distance shall be 3/4 in
case of cinemascope and other wide angles techniques and one half in
case of 70mm presentations.
- Minimum distance between front row of seats and the screen = 1.43 x
height of screen.

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Projection Angle
- It is angle formed by the line of projection lens to the mid height of the
projected picture with horizontal. This angle should be < 5o.
- For 70mm screen the height width ratio is 1:2.22.
- Curvature radius should be equal to about 1.25 times the projection
distance.
- A depth of 5’ should be provided behind the screens for the speakers.

Projection Room

- The projection room having one equipment shall have minimum floor
area of 18 Sqm. with a minimum width of 3.3m.
- The maximum floor area of projector room shall be 33.5 Sqm. for
commercial cinema buildings.
- The height of projector room measured from the surface of the floor to
the lowest point in ceiling shall not be less than 3m.
- In case separate space is provided for amplifier, tape deck and film
safe, minimum floor area of 6m.Sq.shall be provided.
- The difference between the last seating level and the opening for the
projected ray should be at least 2.0m taking the average height of
projector as 1.2m.

Sight lines:
- Eye height: 1120mm
- Tread of seating tier: 800-1150mm

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- Head clearance : 65 in case of two row vision
120 in case of one row vision

Fire safety
Aisles
- Clear aisles not less than 1.2m in width shall be formed at right angles
to the line of seating in such number and manner that no seat shall be
seven seats away from the aisle.
- Under the condition that all these do not directly meet the exit door,
cross aisles shall be provided parallel to the line of seating in such
manner that no row of seat shall be more than 7 meters away from
cross-aisles.
- The width of the cross aisle shall be 1.2 meters.

Staircase
- The minimum width of all the staircases shall be 1.5 mts.
- No staircase shall have a flight of more than 15 steps or less than 3
steps and width of the landing between such fights shall be of the
same width of the staircase.
- Sanitary Accommodation
- Water closet - 1/100 person upto 400 for males, add at the rate of
1/250 there after.
- Water closet - 3/100 person upto 400 for females, add at the rate of
1/100 there after.
- Basins - 1 for every 200 persons (both male and female).
- Urinals - 2 for every 75 persons.
- Drinking water – 1 for every 100 persons.

Exit Requirements

Parking
Cinema – 1 Sqm per seat
Commercial – 30% of maximum permissible F.S.I.
20% of parking space required at the ground level shall be
provided for visitors.

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ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL

An Aluminum composite panel is a versatile decorative material for the
use in wall cladding applications.
Its fabrication on the wall enhances the beauty of the facade of the
building.
It consist of two aluminum cover sheets and high mineral or polythene
core with exterior coated with PVDF resin (min 70%) or super polyester
which provide resistance against corrision, chalking, fading and colour
change.

Advantage of its use

- Gives ultra modern look to the building.
- Light weight reduces both frame loadings
and cost of fabrication and installation.
- Sound insulation and pollution resistant.
- Excellent UV characteristics - retain colour
after long exposure.
- Heat insulation - thermal insulation.
- Smooth paint finish and stability of flatness.
- Easy maintenence. - can be cleaned using detergents
- Vibration damping - minimizes vibration noise
- Resistant to blow and breakage -high impact resistance
- Ease of installation and fabrication - can be cut, drilles, punched,
stamped and shaped into complex shapes

Availability in the market

Standard sizes - 1220mm x 2440 mm
1200mm x 3050 mm
1220mm x 3660 mm
Thickness 1mm to 6 mm
Available in different colours.
Applications
- Cladding
- Spandrels panels

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- Column/ beam covers
- Signboards
- Ceilings
- Partitions
- Curtain wall

Fabrication process
The aluminum composite panel can be shaped with ordinary wood or
metal processing tools by cutting, sawing
Milling,, punching, pressing, rolling and bending. The materials can be
differently shaped in compliance with the
Construction and decoration designs. Arc, short radius curvatures and
interior or exterior turning are so easily made that no other materials can
be comparable.

Comparison with Aluminum and Steel

AL Panel Solid Aluminium Steel

3 mm – 4.5 kg/m2 2.7 mm – 7.3 kg/m2 1.9 mm – 14.8 kg/m2
4mm – 5.45 kg/m2 3.3 mm - 8.9 kg/m2 2.4 mm - 18.7 kg/m2
6mm – 7.3 kg/m2 4.5mm - 12.2 kg/m2 3.2 mm – 25.0 kg/m2

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GLASS
Various forms of glass available are:
- Clear glass
- tinted glass
- Reflecting glass

Some of the main types of glass for architectural use in Malls are -
- Toughened/Tempered glass
- Heat strengthened glass
- Insulating glass
- Laminated glass
- Decorated glass

TEMPERED GLASS:-
Tempered glass is an extremely strong glass which has been thermally hot
treated to induce compressive stresses of 11000 to 20000 psi on the
surfaces and edge compression of not less than 9700 psi.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEMPERED GLASS

Strength:-
Toughened or Tempered glass is four to five times stronger than its
equivalent thickness of normal annealed float or sheet glass

High Thermal Shock Strength: -

Tempered glass provides greater thermal strength.

Safety: - Tempered Glass is very difficult to break but even on breakage, it

will break into small, relatively harmless fragments.

Availability:-
Maximum size: 2070mm x 3660mm
2440mm x3660mm

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Minimum size: (diagonal) of 280mm (smaller sizes have to toughen
vertically)
Thickness Range: 4mm to 19mm (3mm in heat strengthened form)
Colors: Clear, Bronze, Grey, Green, Blue and Reflective.

HEAT STRENGHTENING GLASS:-

It is valued for its mechanical strength which is twice of normal annealed
glass, though half of fully tempered glass.
It cannot be cut and drilled after heat strengthening.

Availability - Maximum size - 2500mmx2500mm

Thickness - 3 mm to 12 mm

LAMINATED GLASS:-
It is two or more panes of glass with one or more layers of polyvinyl
Butyral (PVB) sandwiched between them and treated.
Laminated glass doesn’t shatter like ordinary glass. It absorbs impact,
Resist penetration, and remains intact even if broken, holding glass
Fragments in place and lowering the risk of injury.

Availability - Maximum size - 2000mm x 3200mm

Thickness - 5 mm to 38 mm

INSULATING GLASS:-
The insulating glass is a prefabricated Unit made of two or more glass
panes, which have been separated by air gap and edge-sealed together.
It saves on heat and cooling by reducing air to air heat transfer.
The enclosed layer of layer makes the insulating capability about twice
that of monolithic glass hence reducing the AC load increase strength to
with stand wind load

Availability -
Maximum size - 2000mm x 3200mm
Thickness -11mm to 25mm
Polysulfide and silicone for conventional glazing and only silicon is used
for structural Glazing.

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STAINLESS STEEL
Stainless steel is essentially a low carbon steel which contains achromium
at 10%5 or more by weight.
It is this addition of chromium that gives the steel its unique stainless,
corrision resisting properties.
There are more than 60 grades of stainless steel for the purpose of
Architecture, buildings and construction application; three common
grades of stainless steel are used.
1. AISI 304 contains 18-20% chromium and 18-10.5% nickel: nickel is
added to enhance the corrosion resistance and impart excellent fabric
ability. It is most commonly used grade, readily available in many forms,
with good engineering properties for fabrication.
2. AISI 316 contains 16-18% chromium 10-14% nickel and 2-3%
molybdenum: it is a grade with even better corrosion resistance than 304,
especially for sea coast areas and marine conditions.
3. AISI 430 contains 16-18% chromium with negligible nickel and hence
And 316; it can be used only in dry indoor areas and is not suitable for
bathrooms or kitchens.

Benefits of Stainless Steel Availability

Corrision resistance Plates
Fire and heat resistance Sheets
Hygiene Strips
Aesthetic appearance Bars rods
Ease of fabrication Wires wire product
Impact resistance Tubes
Angles
Sections

USE
Facades, curtain walling
Roofing, false ceiling
Pillar cladding
Windows and door frames
Entrances, Canopies
Staircase, corridor handrails
Street furniture (Kiosks, Lamp posts, Benches, Dustbins etc)
Sign ages.

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Design concept chapter 5

Site and building form

After leaving the offset and giving the access road what we were
left was a rectangular land With very small width as compared
to the length.So the idea was to create a massive frontage for the
building to make it a landmark.

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Brise-soleil

South west light cutoff

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The site is accessed from the side of 45m. Approach for these structures is
been resolved by providing separate entrances for hotel, banquet, mall,
office and service for eating outlets and shopping.

The whole building is beaked up into three units connected by a open to

sky piazza with spaces of privacy and ambience (hotel and offices) in one
block and multiplex and shopping designed in another block. To catch the
attention of viewer the multiplex block has been designed in the front
block so as to lure more and more footfalls by the use of striking colors,

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eye catching finishes and facade treatment.
A visual axis also has been made as the height of the overall structure
increases with the eye line of the viewer.

Orientation of the towers of hotel and office is been done in such a way
that the south and west sunlight is restricted due to the vertical limit of
these towers and the spaces on north side such as banquet terrace and
central piazza remains in a shaded zone.

The person enters the mall in a double heighted atrium with ample of
natural light.
Tried to create a lavish entrance using a large staircase, massive flower
pots and a water fountain.
The shops surrounding the fountain are featured with open sitting and
tendril vegetation.
PLAZA

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DESIGN chapter 6

SITE PLAN

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SHOPPING MALL

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

BLOCK A

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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BLOCK A

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

BLOCK A

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

BLOCK A

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LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN BLOCK A

GROUND FLOOR PLAN BLOCK B

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN BLOCK B

SECOND FLOOR PLAN BLOCK B

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THIRD FLOOR PLAN BLOCK B

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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BLOCK B

Shopping Mall West Elevation

Shopping Mall Block A Elevation

Shopping Mall Block B West Elevation

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Shopping Mall Section

Shopping Mall Block A section

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OFFICE BUILDING

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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3rd ,4th, 5th FLOOR PLANS

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6th,7th and 8th FLOOR PLANS

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9th , 10th and 11th FLOOR PLANS

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12th,13th, and 14th FLOOR PLANS

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15th.16th and 17th FLOOR PLANS

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18th , 19th and 20th FLOOR PLANS

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OFFICE CORE

Lifts (10 persons) = 2.1m X 1.9m

(2 in numbers)
Staircase = 1
Service Lift = 2.5m X 2.8m
Mail toilets Female toilets
WC- 6 WC-8
UR- 8 WB-8
WB- 6

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VIEWS

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DETAILED DRAWINGS chapter 7

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AREA STATEMENT chapter 8

DESIGN BRIEF

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ADVANCED OBJECTIVE chapter 9

Theory of Landscape

Landscaping plays an important role in the design and creating a free

environment for the humans to live in. A combination of hard materials
like paving etc. and soft materials like trees, shrubs and grasses is used
for creating a serene and humane environment with lots of fresh air and
greenery all around. It imparts a sense of freedom, both mental and
physical, to a person that is essential for life.

Functions of Landscape Design

Microclimate: Vegetation plays an important role in changing the

microclimate of the site. Dense vegetation helps to cool the surroundings;
it prevents soil erosion, helps to block or channelize winds and cut off the
sun and provides shade to the buildings.

Circulation: Shrubs and plants may be used to control the circulation

around to building as visitors tend to walk along the line of least
resistance, towards their destination, which is not always conductive to
the functioning of the building.

Screening: A thick hedge or a lien of shrubs may be used to hide an

obnoxious part of the scheme or for providing an aura of privacy that
discourages non-residents from trespassing.

Partial enclosure: Instead of using a wall, space may be enclosed, using

vegetation, both physically and psychologically.

Contrasting spaces: Vegetation, with its tremendous variety, is useful in

creating spaces contrasting in various degrees. This is done in size, scale
and proportion, from space to space and from season to season, and thus
producing spaces contrasting in character and relieving the monotony.

Territory: Vegetation often helps to define territory. For example a tree

or a creeper may depict the beginning of one territory and the end of
another.

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Types of landscaping

 Suited to the personality of space. The challenge here is to compete

with natural beauty. Man can either extend the same or created
something showing character of that place.
 Suited to the personality of the user personalizing areas with
characteristics familiar and appropriate to the users creates a
powerful base of identification with pride in development. This in
turn can generate a caring attention essential to good maintenance to
the area and respect it.
 Suited to personality of function. It follows that meditation will be
enhanced it take place in peaceful environment, perhaps a static
space
 with cool colors, find textures, and placid waters, while playground
action will be heightened in a free space with bright colors and
active surroundings. The designer can enrich project with
unexpected variations, fascinating details, or exciting surprises.
 Suited to scale : Designers of outdoor facilities concern themselves
with two types of scales:- Human scale – if one has to be
comfortable, there must be things in a space that can be mentally
measured in terms of one's own height, arm length, etc. If these are
not provided people tend to be confused. Thus you need to be
surrounded by things of human scale. Elements that can be
measured in relation to your own self.
 Speed scale- it is also of design concern, for the swiftness with which
you move effects your ability to experiences.

Landscape Design Discipline

Landscape architecture is an art form in which planting design plays a
major role. The great challenge is to make effective use of such
ephemeral material within a disciplined design framework.

Design Principles

The importance of creating a structured skeleton for the design cannot be

overstressed. This provides a framework for the planting composition &
space definition, by means of open and closed hierarchical landscape
cells.
When composing a design one is essentially juxtaposing one or several
volumes against each other, creating positive & negative volumes, or solid

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& void spatial compartments of cells.
In landscape design terms one is working with a hierarchy of cells; the
cell enclosure can consist of shelterbelts, hedgerows, and edges of
woodland & so on. Building sited within these cells, a more obvious
segmentation is formed by the cell enclosing elements-hedges, borders &
enclosing elements which is more carefully maintained. Apart from the
visual containment of plant, the formation of cells seen as a
selfperpetuating
need for improved microclimatic conditions.

Unity
Most important quality/Aspect/characteristic expected of a garden or any
landscape is its appearance and reality of being unified. Every part should
be and should appear to be an integral part of the whole.
Unit is one quality that contributes more than anything else to the appeal
that landscape makes to the people. The primitive garden unity is
achieved by :
 Limitation of materials
 Strength of single purpose (shade, grow food, plan of seclusion,
refreshment)
 Execution of a dominant theme or design ideas (axial and radiating
pattern).
 Ground form (particularly undulating) site itself could impose
certain discipline in a unifying pattern. The more difficult and
unusual the site conditions are the stronger the unifying nature will
be land form gives basic unity to a garden.
 Climate unifying effect of exposure to climate elements (e.g. wind by
giving a consistent character to the whole garden.
 Other environmental factors desert conditions favoring similar
nature of plants thereby providing unity. Peculiar (unfavorable soil
conditions to provide a unifying effect indigenous plants.
 Congruity or uniformity of form: a persuasive continuous feature
actually linking various parts e.g. background of tree masses.
Flowing ground work of grass like sea, connecting serpentine path
unifying the whole garden.
 Unity by Repetition/Rhythm/Harmonious pattern. The repetitive
pattern could be bubbling functions or water bodies or ground
patterns.
 Vertical patterns provided by erect tree trunks.
 Continuous overhead canopy of trees brings together everything
under one ceiling.

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 Unity by dominance of lone feature where all others are
subordinate. E.g. the house could be dominant feature. Sometime it
could be the view outside. The finer the view the simpler the garden
should be.
 In a small garden a fine tree or a piece off sculpture may form the
focal point.

Variety
Surprise and hidden depths and hidden depths are part of the attribute of
variety. A garden without mystery is not one to five with. Lack of unity is
discord and lock of variety is boredom.

Effect of line, colour, texture and form

Straight lines are bold and dominating. On the other hand, horizontal
forms are peaceful, calm and restful. Vertical line possesses a dynamic
quality as they move the eye upwards. Diagonal and zigzagging lines are
active and spirited. Bright colors are gay and lively. Deep hues are somber
and mellow. Neutral colors recede to the background and therefore useful
in separating clashing colors.

Effect of Enclosure
Enclosure has a psychological influence on the confined person. Two
basic aspects of enclosure play on subconscious of the confined. The first
is volume, or the amount of emptiness that surrounds you.

Scale, Proportion and Balance

Scale & proportion together constitute perhaps the most abused & scale &
proportion together constitute perhaps the most abu8sed &
misunderstood aspects of planting design. The failure to assess the
proportion of one groundcover such as grass against other groundcovers
& shrubs often results in unbalanced planting. Equal proportions may be
acceptable in a formal design, but in informal schemes the normal rule of
thumb proportion of shrubs and ground over to grass would be between
1:5 and 1:7.

Juxta- positioning
Juxta- positioning is the essence of all planting design. The principles
already described relation to bridging and tension points, pivot points
and enframing are in effect a large-scale from of Juxta-positioning. Where
two or more kinds of the same planning material are used repetitively
across a footpath or road or diagonally across a viewpoint etc. a

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sequential rhythm is set, but the designer should be aware of overstating
and overbalancing volume relationships.
Different accents and emphasis can be created by the ways in which
shrub and trees are placed in relation to each other and the ground plane.

Design Dynamics
Paths in a carefully designed sequence, or applied on a large scale to the
movement of people in cars, such as the design of motorway planting for
viewing at high speeds. Unlike architecture, landscape design is
concerned with living material, which not only grows changes during the
season & over time, but also moves in response to wind or to the touch.
Thus the kinetic experience is enriched & made more intimate & varied.
The positioning of groups of planting relatives to the path can influence
the movement of the observer. Where a change of direction is desired,
groundcovers as well as tree & accent shrubs can be used to create pivots
point at which one is physically & visually forced to change direction.
Pivot points can be extended to form bridging points across paths &
roads. If the bridging points are sited close together, these in turn create
tension points in the design where the space is narrowed down or
constricted before opening up & expanding into another space. Using the
idea of line of line of movement, the design can be given a momentum of
its own which can be described as a “design speed”. This can be static,
slow, and moderate or fast; the inherent design force built into any line of
movement is self-expressive.
Certain misconception exists relating to design line movement. All too
often designers seek to create line movement by giving a way outline to
planting beds. Tree & shrub planting will itself create all the wavy line
movement at a higher level as it grows.
Plant material junction should not be too acute. Where the design line
movement abuts a building or two paved areas meets grass areas, the
acute point formed results in an awkward space for planting & should be
avoided where possible.

Access, Vistas and Arrangement

The point of entry into any given space is always of crucial importance in
the design. For instance, one may chose to make it discreet or emphasize
it by enframement. A drive or access road into a site may have
predominantly vists-like qualities, which can be reinforced with banks of
tall & medium shrub & ground cover. Planting flanking each side. The
long accepted tradition that when one entered a site, part of the building

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was first seen & then lost from view, to reemerge later, still remains an
effective design technique. The principle of enframement can be used
effectively to draw attention to specifically desirable views & possibly to
block out the less desirable elements. For instance massed foreground
planting may be used to screen the near view, larger framing plants
placing the emphasis on the distant view. Enframement of certain views in
connection with doorways of atrium courtyards can best be achieved by
the use of large vertical shrubs or small trees with a horizontal branches
structure, anchoring as a design techniques is akin to enframement in so
far as it has a similar design purpose, that is to control corners & portion
of the design which need reinforcement. The planting of dome-shape
shrubs at the base of small sculptural tree or shrub is another form of
anchoring.

Landscape Design Guidelines

The walls, ceiling and floor are the dimensions of the outdoor “room”. A
ceiling (the sky) and a floor (the ground) are always present, though they
might require modifications. The walls are created as part of the
landscape design.
The structure of anyone of the tree dimensions mentioned above may
affect the appearance of the other two as well as their functions.
 The landscape's walls are responsible for screening, wind protection,
framing of off property vies, enclosure, and so forth.
 The ceiling of the landscape provide shade, protection from weather
elements, passive solar heating, and so forth.
 Structural walls for the landscape include many types of walls and
fences. They offer the advantages of full height from the start,
limited ground-coverage, and variety of materials.
 The most satisfactory landscape walls often combine both structural
and planting material.
 The principle concern with ceiling structure in the landscape is for
shading purpose. Shade may be provided by structural
roods,awning, arbors, or the like or by shade and ornamental trees.
 Good shading units depends on accurate recognition of the time of
day when the shade is necessary, the path of the sun over a
property, and the angle at which the sun penetrates the area during
the time shade is needed. Further recognition of the density of shade
desired is also Ÿnecessary.
 Ÿ Tree placement must be based, in part on above and below
ground utility structures that might be affected by or affect- the
tree's branches or roots.

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 The light and shadow patterns created by the landscape's ceiling
structure are extremely importantly aesthetically.
 The characteristics of plants are form, texture and color.
 The giant forms in native vegetation tend to conform to the natural
landforms of that area.
 Trees may be used to obstruct awkward angles and lines in the
building without distorting other landscaping features.
 Berms can successfully make a flat building lot seem more a part of
the larger, rolling countryside, effectively making a property seem
larger.
 Textural coordination between plant materials, building materials
and other non-living landscape elements result in better
composition.
 Complementary colors in subtle combinations are usually better
than stark contrasts that command too much attention.
 The more elaborate the trim elements in the building or other
structural parts of the landscape, the simpler the design should be,
with less contrast in color, texture and form and vice versa. Plant
selection should always be based on specifications built during the
design process and without consideration of personal prejudices.
 Plant selection should begin with only those plants climatically
adapted to the area in which they are to be planed.
 The moisture retention capabilities, pH, and fertility of a soil
determine its capacity for growing healthy plants.
 Soil contains minerals, water, humus, living organisms, and air; it is
the combination of these elements that determines the soil's
suitability for plant growth.
 Optimum sun and shade combinations should always be known for
plants so that they can be combined with site features, preventing
sun related plant injuries and bringing out the best in plant growth,
form and color.
 That colors changes with seasons, alteration interview distance, and
amount of light available must be given thought as plants are chosen
for color contributions to the landscape.
 When it is possible to spread a sequence of blooms throughout the
seasons, color clashes are avoided and blooms have a longer lasting
effect on the landscape.
 The specific use being made of a plant and the landscape must be
considered during its selection. In many cases, the special uses
dictate the varieties.

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 Texture of plant range from fine through coarse. The stems, leaves,
bark create texture and buds and can be seen and felt.
 Simplicity, variety, emphasis, balance sequence, and scale are all
applied to the composition of a unified landscape planting.
 Whenever variable elements are used in a planting unit, emphasis is
created. The designer's job is to place greater emphasis where it is
warranted.
 Good balance may be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Balance
must Ÿexist not only from side to side also from foreground to
background of view.
 As planting units are designed, all possible viewing angles should
be considered. The principles of composition must apply form
typical viewing points as well as when moving through the
landscape.
 A point of emphasis in a planting units is often called a focal point.
It may be created by means of an accent plant, a specimen plant
serving as accent plant, a hard element, or landscape embellishment.
 To control a landscape design, each unit must be designed within
itself, since the viewer is incapable of viewing the whole, but units
must also related favorably to one another to tie the landscape
together.
 Trying design ideas simultaneously in elevation view and plant
view is a good way for the designer to form accurate mental images.
Plants should be represented at mature size.
 Individual plants may have qualities that make them suitable for
accenting, massing or as specimen plants standing alone.
 Designing in elevation and plan simultaneously without considering
individual plant varieties result in the building of a set of plant
specifications without prejudice for favorite varieties.
 Though buildings can be designed to match their surrounding
better,often the landscape designer must work with mismatched
architecture.
 Elevation drawings are helpful, as the designer can use them to
overlay building features with projected landscape concepts.
 A focal point may be created at an entryway by a sequence of color
or texture or both. Embellishments may be used for accent, or
ground pattern liens may direct attention appropriately.

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Planting design

Shape : First the shape of the plant. Trees with a strong characteristics
shape have been considered and given key positions in the skeleton
planting of the garden. The weeping form is well known, but there are
other forms which trees take in maturity: the umbrella shape, for
example, or flat top and contrasted with these, the fastigiated for upright)
forms, ranging from the narrow column to the pyramid. Such extreme
shapes are only for occasional use as a special point of emphasis.
Pattern: Akin to the overall form of a plant is its leaf form or pattern.
Quite a range of subjects from trees to herbaceous material, while not
having a particularly interesting general shape, have leaves, seed heads,
or barks which are their main features.
Texture : The texture of the leaf of the leaf of a plant is not only a
tactile quality but also a visual one, which can add to the textural quality
of the whole garden.
Colour: The best and most important factor with which one works in
building up a satisfactorily plant arrangement is colour –flower colour.
The rules for plant selection work in the same way for any types of
vegetation in any climate. In a hot climate color can be used to cool:
brilliant splashes in full summer sunshine, pale color in shadow. Cacti in a
desert garden should however be grouped according to their one variety
contrasting with other.
Shade: There are many, including the elderly, who cannot sit in full
sun, and welcome shade. It is not always an adverse characteristic in a
garden and should be considered with planting design. In hotter climates
shade is a basic necessity and should be provided for.

LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

Drainage Channels:
Good drainage in the landscape is as important as proper irrigation. Too
much water in landscaped areas can result in numerous plant diseases
and can even kill sensitive plants like expensive evergreens. Overly wet
turf areas are prone to soil compaction and scarring from footprints and
mowing equipment.
In addition, drainage around buildings is important to prevent leaks and
moisture intrusion into building foundations and walls.
Tree surrounds
If trees are incorporated in paved areas, a soil pocket is required around
each trunk, and an adequate surface water supply must be able to pass

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through the soil to the tree roots.
If the earth around the tree area is sealed, the tree ma dry up and die due
to lack of water and air. Another important point is that sufficient space
be left to allow for the tree's natural growth, including expansion of
trunk.
Choice of surrounds
There are several methods of detailing the tree surrounds:
A radial – paving pattern of precut concrete units with drainage holes can
be used; or bricks can be laid around the tree to a radius of
approximately 1.5-2.0m. Tree grids or grills in concrete or cast iron can
be obtained from various manufacturers; or one of the edgings described
can be used to retain the paving outside the tree surround, in filled with
granular material such as cobblestones or gravel. A kerb is sometimes
misguidedly fitted around a tree to protect it and to edge the paving. This
should not be done. It breaks up the horizontal surface and forma a
useless miniature flowerbed for creating litter, while offering only
negligible protection to the tree trunk. It could also cause accidents in a
heavily used pedestrian area.
Mixed shrub planting
The technique of background skeleton planting extends also to more
decorative foreground shrubs. The number of varieties involved might be
ess, but they should still be planted in-groups of one variety rather than
as single specimens. The effect to aim at when planning a plant group is
one of the fullness, with shrubs almost bursting out of their containing
beds; ideally one should see no beds at all. In addition to its aesthetic
appeal, this arrangement has the more practical advantage of helping to
keep down weeds. As with trees, shrub groups will interweave with one
another. Contrasting in overall shape, leaf texture and flower color to
produce a considered scheme providing interest throughout the year. The
effect should look very simple when established and provide interest
throughout the year-strong plant forms, splashes, of color blending with
the foliage and specimens on the edge of the border flopping out on the
surrounding surfacing. The plants should not be graded in rows of
increasing heights to form a bank, but should vary in size as much as in
color and texture. Large background shrubs should occasionally come to
the fore to break up the run of the border and create definite areas.
Edging
When working around existing trees care should be taken to choose an
edging that will not damage any roots close to the surface. Edgings are
usually flush with the surrounding paving to enable the surface run-off to
drain into the tree surround.

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Infill material
This should be porous so that the surface run-off can water the trees. The
material should be lightly compacted by hand. With the existing trees, the
ground should not be excavated all around the tree, and the in fill
material should be placed on the hand-compacted topsoil.
Pergolas
This partial variation is brought about by having pergolas overhead with
various creepers to have a feeling of semi-enclosed spaces. Screens have
been used to breakup spaces further. Jalies are used as screens to create
vertical patterns.
Fountains and water bodies
Fountains and water bodies are an essential component of landscaping.
They have a soothing effect on the psychology of a person. Also, when
added to the landscape they increase the aesthetic value. Water through
its property of reflection may be used to create rhythm.
In this particular scheme a strip of water is used to connect all areas of
the site. And thus it aims to provide a sense of direction. Water as an
element has been used for deference and to create segregation as well as
a connection of the old and the new.
Along the water body, there arises a necessity to provide circulation of
water throughout which can be achieved by complete linking of the water
body (in most parts with a depth of 1 foot. A submersible horizontal
centrifugal pump of Kirloskar, Silverstar make is fitted in a deeper part of
the pool. A gradient of 1 : 200 is provided. Fountains are also provided.
Through the length of the strip bell nozzles are provided.
Smooth and silent in working Bell nozzles produce a transparent,
attractive, perfectly formed water bell that delights children an invites,
playful finger interaction. Ideally suited in this case, in areas of light
breezes, the Bell nozzle continually undulates in a fascinating manner. It
is augmented with an underwater light.
Crown type of fountain has been provided in the deeper pool to create the
effect of the culmination of the water body. The level of water achieved is
adjustable.
At places in front of the mural and in the sunken court the water bodies
are more like ponds with water lilies and lotuses. Regular cleaning of the
pond is required.

Pavement
The base plane surface is often the natural surface of the earth. With its
topsoil strata, ranging from thin to deep, its soil moisture & fertility, & its
cover of plants, this plane is veritably the base of all life.

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The general composition of the earth plane is mineral – its component
ranging in hardness from diamond though solid granite, limestone, &
shales of clay, sand, & loam. The supporting strength & stability of the
soil & mineral strata depends not only on the nature of each stratum but
also on its angle of inclination, the presence of water, & its relation to the
other strata & to the surface.The base plane is closely related to the site
structure or site projectdiagram, with its Studied arrangement of use
areas; for this is the plane on which we are
most concern with use. The treatment of the base plan is important to the
accomplishment of proper transitions. The shape and pattern of the base if
will and did may subtly for powerfully relate a structure aliment to the
site and thought the treatment of the ground surfaces we may relate our
structure element to the other and thought the treatment of their of their
design we may (we contrast or harmony) accentuate articulate and
coordinate all element placed on base surfaces.
In other cases the paved area may be neither a background nor a path but
rather a pattern sufficient in itself or at least which play the role of a
beautiful carpet to the surrounding wall of the buildings or hedges.
Ramps
These should have a maximum gradient of 1: 10. For wheelchairs the
maximum should be 1:12 The surface should be non-slip and surface
water should be shed across the ramp, preferably into a drainage channel.
Ramp lengths should not exceed 10m, level landings should be provided
at intervals. Ramps that are parallel to a street are safer than at right
angles to it.
Garden Furniture
Visually bench type seating fits into the garden area very well, and seating
built into the side, either in a. warm comer or on top of a low retaining
wall, should be used more often. It can also be used to strengthen the
fines of the garden design.

Lighting

Lighting can be used to illuminate and dramatize plant material, or by the

use of good looking fittings on a terrace to provide a source of interest in
itself. The level of illuminations required in the garden is often
overestimated when lighting fitment are being selected-the end result
being a blaze of light more suitable for the seafront, lighting outside
should generally be subtle and underplayed and should be varied by the
use of the occasional colored lamp. The right source should always be set
low so that the tree or shrub is silhouetted against the sky, and

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positioned so that the viewer never looks into it or walks through its
beam. Light should be arranged on the spot; moving them around until
the right effect is achieved and all cables and wires should either be
buried (run in a piece or polythene hose or hidden. On a large scale,
fluorescent tubes are more successful sources of colored right than
incandescent lamps with color filters, and they also use less electricity.
Green can be used for lighting shrubs and tree foliage, pink to make a
feature or copper foliage or deep red floral color, and gold for
highlighting tree trunks. Stationary or structural features should not need
colored lighting. Outdoor righting increases visibility for safe vehicular
and pedestrian travel, highlights various site features such as plazas or
courtyards, and expands the period of use for outdoor spaces. Outdoor
lighting should support the design concept for the area, provided
orientation, and be comfortable.
The following guiding principles apply to all outdoor lighting:
 Outdoor lighting should be designed to achieve desired levels of
lighting based on manufacturer's photometric diagrams and the lighting
designer's input. The ratio of the average horizontal illumination to the
minimum horizontal illumination (uniformity) should be low. Maintain
good coverage (the percentage of any secure area whose illumination is at
least one-tenth of the average illumination) in all secure areas. Utilize
light sources that render color effectively and provide a high degree of
peripheral vision per unit of energy.
 The number of fixtures should be increased in potentially hazardous
locations such as exterior stairs, sidewalk intersections, and remote
parking areas. Lights used for emergency purposes should reach their full
candlepower within 10 seconds of the time that the emergency power
source is activated. Ÿ Plant materials should be selected, placed and
pruned to avoid blocking Light.
 All fixtures should use energy-efficient lamps photocells and timers
conserve energy and preserve the life of lamps.
 Outdoor specialty fighting should be used, when appropriate, to
plant material building facades, building entrances, or signs. Ensure that
lamp color and any visible fixtures are compatible with righting standards
for the campus.
 Light sources with a high color-rendering index (CRI) are to be
for outdoor lighting including parking areas. A void condition where
there is an obvious color contrast in light sources/coloration.
 Ground level fixtures are to be vandal proof unobtrusive and
to damage from mowing and other normal maintenance operations.
coordinate the placement of ground level fixtures and plant materials to

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assure the intended function.
 Exterior lighting should define the circulation pattern emphasize
aesthetic features and contribute to the attractiveness of the space and
surroundings. Sensors should be attached to the lighting, which
automatically switch lights on and off depending upon the luminance
available due to natural light.
 Various lighting techniques such as cross lighting or spotlighting
be added visual interest. Aim should be to conceal the light source behind
bushes, shrubs, trees or flowers so that at daytime righting fixtures are
inconspicuous. Don't over light an object. A subtle lighting effect is
usually more desirable. Strive for a natural look. Night lighting should
imitate moonlight without glare. Illumination of any potential obstacles
such as steps, paths or changes in sidewalk level is necessary. Keep in
mind the servicing of the lights. Will they be easy to reach when bulbs
need replacing or cleaning. The most important element of landscape
lighting is the lighting effect not the right fixture.

Roadway Lighting
 Vehicular fights are generally those fixtures with a mounting height
25+/- feet or greater. To prevent damage to poles or vehicles that come
in contact with them, locate light standards a minimum of 3 feet behind
the curb along roadways. In parking areas provide a concrete base to
protect the light standard or locate the fixture within a planting island.
Use only fixtures having adjustable glare control and cut-off features.

Pedestrian Lighting
 Pedestrian lights are generally those fixtures with a mounting height
10 to 14 feet. Place standards on a concrete base. Follow the general
criteria above for placement. For additional safety and comfort, increase
lighting levels along main walkways and routes connecting parking areas
to primary campus destinations.

Various types of lights used on the site

One can choose from several different fixtures. Tier or accent lights
define paths.
Walkways, or steps as well as provide warmth and illumination without
an
upward glare.
Light is projected downward around the base of the fixture in a soft ring.
Mushroom and walk lights highlight areas of low foliage borders,
walkways, paths and groundcovers. The Lights' large shade conceals the

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right source. Floodlights allow areas to come alive at night. They are
aimed up and down fences of walls to highlight texture differences or to
shadow the movement of bushes and trees. Step and surface amount
lights provide subtle accent righting for increased safety along sidewalls,
buildings, pools and paths. They direct light in a controlled
patterneliminating
glare. Well lights conceal the light source at ground level.
They direct the light upward to create special effects.

Bollards
A brass and bronze bollard landscape lighting fixture for illuminating
walkways, pathways and for general area lighting. The fixture uses a
metal halide. Compact fluorescent or incandescent source.
Construction: Cast bronze outer components, 110" thick or greater.
Brass 4" OD tubing, 090" thick.
Shaft Height: 12" and 28" heights are available. Other heights can be
specified.
Lens: Industry-standard vapor proof, prismatic, tempered glass.
Mounting: Concrete mounted fixture uses 3/8" stainless steel lag Balts
through bollard's internal bronze mounting collar. Stainless hex nuts
below collar allow for leveling.
Finish: Unfinished, Fixture will weather to a natural patina finish.
Lamp (120V): 27-watt f1uorescent (standard)
50MH 50 watt metal halide
70MH 70 watt metal halide
100MH 100 watt metal halide

Step lights and wall mounted lights

A bronze flush-mounted step light ideal for landscape lighting
applications and retrofits. The fixture uses a bipin halogen or a xenon
lamp.
Constructions. All brass components 1/8" thick brass housing.
Lens: Heat-resistive borosilicate domed glass, frosted.
Mounting: Flush mounted to wall.
Wiring: Splicing is done in either existing round recessed junction box
(for retrofits), OR within minimum 1" diameter conduit flush with outside
of wall.
Finish: Unfinished red brass. Fixture will weather to a natural patina
finish.
Voltage: 12 volts, remote transformer required.
Lamp: G-4 type bipin halogen or xenon 35 watt max.

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In ground fixture
Bronze and brass in-ground well-light, uses lamp of 50 watt max.
Optional shield.
Constructions: All brass components, schedule 40 housing.
Lense: Tempered glass stopped to prevent “pooling” of water on lense.
Mounting: in ground fixture.
Wiring: Sillicon filled wire nuts are provided for in ground splicing
outside of fixture.
Finish: Unfinished. Fixture will weather to a natural patina finish.
Accessory: Blass glare shield.
Voltage: 12 volts.
Lamp: bi-pinhalogen, 50 watt maximum.

Directional lighting
A brass directional landscape lighting fixture ideal as an up-light. The
fixture can be ground mounted or tree mounted.
Construction: all brass components, 1/8” thick brass housing.
Lense: Tempered glass stepped to prevent “pooling” of water on lens.
Mounting: ½” male thread. Mounts into standard J-box or: Standard
ground spike Heavy duty ground spike Tree/Deck mount : Tree mount
with strap (specify length)
Finish: Unfinished, Fixture will weather to a natural patina finish.
Accessory: Brass glare shield. Honeycomb louver.
Voltage: 12 Volts.
Lamp: bi-pin halogen,

Factors Influencing Plant Selection

Certain factors outside the site will affect the skeleton of planting in it.
 Wind
One of the major hazards of the new garden is wind, particularly in a
newly developed area where natural vegetation has been removed, and
the only protection round the garden is a chain link fence. The answer to
this problem is to plant a dense windbreak of trees or shrubs to shelter the
garden and those who use it. Evergreen shrubs provide excellent shelter.
 Shade
Neighboring trees or buildings may cause shade. The amount of sunlight
excluded from the garden will vary not only to the size of the neighbor,
but also less obviously, according to the time of the year. Plants that will

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grow, therefore, will depend on the other factors besides their ability to
withstand shade.
 Atmosphere
In some urban areas smoke pollution or the heavy chemical content of the
atmosphere are injurious to many plants. Generally evergreen and
conifers suffer most under these conditions since the atmosphere deposits
prevent them from breathing through their leaves. Deciduous trees that
lose their leaves regularly are therefore more reliable in such cases
 Noise
This is a fairly new hazard of modern living, which one needs increasingly
to hold at bay. A thick planting of evergreen shrubs and trees combined
with ground shaping provides on excellent baffle and cuts down noise
considerably.
 Seasons
The seasons as a whole divided into six seasons, each season consisting of
two months & having its own importance in landscape. The different
colours of flowering, trees in the different seasons give its own impression
to the environment & also in the human life.
 Soil
The type of soil also affected the growth of the paint. Some plants can
grow easily in sandy soils while others cannot. Similarly some plants can
grow in acidic soil or clayey soil while others cannot.
 Water requirement
Certain plants require more water and thus should not be planted in a hot
dry climate where water is already scarce.
 Size, color, form and texture of the plant.
The above stated criteria in connection with the plant to be considered and
the suitability of the plan for the desired function shall be seen.

Selection of Species:

Copper Pod (Peltophorum ferrugineum)

It is fairly a fast growing tall tree with a

straight trunk and smooth grey bark. It
has a strong bark and can live in most
conditions without difficulty. From the
trunk many branches rise and spread,
giving a great deal of shade. It is a semi
deciduous tree. The leaves shed during
winter and new leaves appear in early

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spring. The large leaves are made up of
small smooth leathery leaflets (smaller
leaves) which have delicate fur on the underside.
The main flowering season are from the end of February to April and then
from September to December. Red shoots appear first which open into
bright yellow five petalled, slightly scented flowers with wavy edges.
They last for a short time and the falling flowers leave a carpet
underneath.

Gulmohar (Delonix or Poinciana regia)

It has been selected because of its shape and
beauty of flowers. It is a medium size
deciduous tree, very fast growing with a
straight slender trunk and smooth ash grey
bark. Its roots spread around the plants not
letting weeds to grow. They shed usually in
the autumn season and have feathery
looking leaves like many other ornamental
trees.
They bloom in the hot season from April. At
first, a few flowers bloom and then they
cover the whole tree in orange, bright red
and maroon. Four of the petals are orange
red and the fifth is larger with several
shades of white and yellow and bands of
red.

Queen’s Flower (Lagerstroemia speciosa flosreinae)

It is a fast growing deciduous tree. It gives flowers
two years after planting and has a smooth grey
bark which peels in patches. The leaves turn
reddish brown before falling but the tree is
seldom bare. The leaves are large, oval shaped
and rough with veins clearly showing. The upper
side is a dull green color and the new leaves grow
in pairs.
The flowers appear in April and remain till June,
often flowering again in July and August. They
grow on spike sat the end of the branches and

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are very showy, six or seven petalled purple
flowers turning paler as they fade.
Some of the other species that would be used
for landscaping are:

Trees:
 Indian Laburnum, Amaltas (Cassia fistula)
 Nili GulMohar (Jacaranda mimosaefolia)
 Frangipani, Gul-e-chin (Plumeria alba)

Shrubs:
 Yellow Bell (Tecoma gaudichaudi)
 Christmas Flower (Poinsettia pulcherrima)
 Ashanti Blood (Mussaenda erythrophylla)

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Climbers:
Flaming Trumpet (Pyrostegia venusta)
Bougainvillea (Bouganvillea sp)
Morning Glory (Ipomea pupurea)

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS chapter 10

STRUCURAL DESIGN - FLAT SLAB AND COLUMN

Size of panel is 8m x 8m.

Span of slab L1=12m, L2=12m
This is a very large span and hence we design for flat slab with column
head and
drops.
Let us use M - 30 grade of concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Let us assume,
Thickness of slab = 230 mm
Thus, Diameter of column head = D = L/4 = 12/4 = 3 m
Also, Size of drop = L/2 x L/2 = 12/2 m x 12/2 m = 6 m x 6 m
And, Size of columns = 1 m x 1 m

FLAT SLAB SECTION

PANEL LOADING
Dead Load of slab = 0.230 x 25 = 5.75 kN/m2
Finish Load = 2.0 kN/m2
Live Load = 5.0 kN/m2
Thus, total load on panels = 12.75kN/m2
Thus we have, (WLL./WDL) = 5.0/7.75 = 0.645 < 3 OK
Total Design Load in panels = w x L2 x Ln = 12.75 x 12 x 12 kN
= 1836 kN
Absolute +ve and -ve BM in panels is
M = W x Ln/ 12 = 81 6x12/12 = 816 kNm

DESIGN OF AN INTERIOR PANEL

(For all supports other than the first interior support)

Panel moments
-ve BM at interior supports = 0.65 x M

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= 0.65 x 1836 kNm = 530.4 kNm
+ve BM at interior supports = 0.35 x M
= 0.35 x 1836 kNm = 285.6 kNm
Column strip (Half width = 0.25 x 12 = 3 m)
-ve BM in panel = 0.75 x negative BM at interior supports
= 0.75 x 530.4 kNm
= 397.8 kNm
+ve BM in panel = 0.6 x positive BM at interior supports
= 0.6 x 285.6 kNm
= 171.36 kNm
Middle Strip (Width = 4 m)
-ve BM in panel = 0.25 x negative BM at interior supports
= 0.25 x 530.4 kNm
= 132.6 kNm
+ve BM in panel = 0.40 x positive BM at interior panels
= 0.40 x 285.6 kNm
= 114.24 kNm
Slab depth
Thus, depth of slab is determined for a BM of 171.36 kN
Thus, Mu = 1.5x171.36
= 257.04 kNm
Thus, 257.04 x 106= 0.138 x fck x bd2
or, d = 125 mm
Let us use 12 mm dia bars and clear cover of 15 mm to lower layer of bars
Thus, we have,
Effective cover to c/c of upper layer of bars
=15 + 12 + 6 = 33 mm
Thus, Thickness of slab = 125 + 33 =158 mm (< 230 mm)
We can provide a slab thickness of 230 mm as assumed
Slab thickness = 230 mm OK
Drop depth
M = 1.5 x 397.8 x 106 = 0.138 x fck x bd2
or, d = 190 mm
Let us use 12 mm dia bars and clear cover of 15 mm to lower layer of bars
Thickness required for drop = 190 + 33 = 223 mm
Hence we can provide a drop depth of 300 mm
Drop depth = 300 mm OK
Reinforcement provided in column strip
Steel for-ve BM = (1.5 x 397.8 x 106)/ (0.87 x 415 x 267)
= 6189.8115 mm2
Steel provided above is for entire 4 m width

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Hence we have, steel / metre width = 6189.8115/4
= 1547,453 mm2
Spacing -(11 3.09 x 1000) / 1547.453 = 73 mm Thus,
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 70 mm c/c at the top
Steel for +ve BM = (1.5 x 171.36 x 106) / (0.87 x 415 x 197)
= 3613.825 mm2
Steel /metre width = 3613.825 / 4
= 903.456 mm2
Spacing = (113.09 x 1000) / 903.456 = 126 mm
Thus,
Provide 12 mm dia bars @120 mm c/c at the bottomReinforcement
provided in
middle strip
Steel for-ve BM = (1.5 x 132.6 x 106) / (0.87 x 415 x197)
= 2796.412 mm2
Steel /metre width = 2796.412 / 4
= 699.163 mm2
Spacing = (113.09 x 1000) / 699.163 = 160 mm
Thus,
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 160 mm c/c
Steel for +ve BM = (1.5 x 114.24 x 106)/ (0.87 x 415 x 197)
= 2409.216 mm2
Steel /metre width = 2409.216/4
= 602.304 mm2
Spacing = (113.09 x 1000) /602.304
= 180 mm
Thus,
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 180 mm c/c
Reinforcement provided in column strip
Thus,
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 70 mm c/c at the top
Provide 12 mm dia bars @120 mm c/c at the bottom
Reinforcement provided in middle strip
Thus,
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 160 mm c/c
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 180 mm c/c

DESIGN OF AN EXTERIOR PANEL

Ht of floor = 3.5 + 0.750 + 0.230
= 4.48m
Clear ht of columns = floor ht - slab depth - drop depth - head depth

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= 4.48 - 0.230 - 0.300 - 0.300 = 3.7 m
Effective ht of column = 0.8 x 3.7 = 2.96 m (assuming one end to be fixed
and
other hinged)
Column stiffness = Kc = I / L = bd3/12
= (100 xlOO3)/ (12x296) = 28153
Slab thickness = Ks = I / L = bd3 /12
= (800 x233)/(12x800)
=1014
ac=ΣKc/Ks=(2x28153)/1014
= 55.32 >amin OK
And, 1 + 1 / ac = 1 +1 /55.52 = 1.02

Panel moments
-ve BM at exterior supports = 0.65 x M / (1 + I/ ac)
= (0.65x816)/1.02 = 520 kNm
+ve BM = {0.63 - 0.28 / (1 + I/ ac)} x M
= {0.63 - 0.28 / 1.02} x 816 = 290 kNm
-ve BM at first interior support = {(0.75 - 0.10 / (1 + I/ ac)} x M
= {0.75 - 0.10 / 1.02} x 816
= 536 kNm
(> 230 kNm at other interior supports)

Column strip
-ve BM at support = 520 kNm
+ve BM at midspan = 0.6 x 290 = 174 kNm
-ve BM at first interior support = 0.75 x 536 = 402 kNm

Middle strip
+ve BM at support = 0.4 x 290 = 116 kNm
- ve BM at midspan = 0.25 x 536 = 134 kNm
Slab depth
Thus, we determine depth of slab for a BM of 174 kNm
Thus, MU= 1.5x174x106
= 0.138 x 30 x bd2
Or, d = 126 mm
Let us use 12 mm dia bars and clear cover of 15 mm to lower layer of bars
Thus, we have,
Effective cover to c/c of upper layer of bars
= 15+ 12 + 6 = 33mm
Thus, Thickness of slab = 126 + 33 =159 mm (< 230 mm)

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We can provide a slab thickness of 230 mm as assumed
Slab thickness = 230 mm OK

Drop depth
M= 1.5x520xl06 = 0.138xfckxbd2
or, d = 217mm
Let us use 12 mm dia bars and clear cover of 15 mm to lower layer of bars
Thickness required for drop = 217 + 33 = 250 mm
Hence we can provide a drop depth of 300 mm
Drop depth = 300 mm OK
Reinforcement provided in column strip
Thus,
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 50 mm c/c at the top
Provide 12 mm dia bars @160 mm c/c at the bottom
Reinforcement provided in middle strip
Thus,
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 160 mm c/c at the top
Provide 12 mm dia bars @180 mm c/c at the bottom

1. Check in the slab critical section

Critical section of the slab is taken at a distance of one half the
effective depth of the slab from the edge of the drop.
Total length of the critical section
` = 4 x (4 + 0.197)
= 16.788m
Total shear force on critical section
= load acting on area of (82- 4.1972)
= 46.385 m2
Shear force on the critical section
= 12.75 x l000 x 46.385 kN
= 591.408 kN

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Nominal shear stress
= Qv= S/ bd
= (591.408 x 1000)/(I97x I6788)
=0.1788N/mm2
Permissible shear stress
= Qc = 0.25√fck = 0.25√30 = 1.37 N/mm2
Thus, Qv < Qc OK

2. Check in the drop critical section

Here we have,
ac = ΣKc / ΣKS = 55.52 /2 = 27.76 > a OK
1 + 1/ac = 1.036
Unbalanced BM in the supports
M = 0.08[{(wd + 0.5wL1) x L2 x Ln2} - {wd' x L2- x Ln'}] / (1 + 1/ac)
= 0.08 x 1280 / 1.036 = 100 kNm
Thus, each column above and below joint has to be designed for an
additional BM
equal to 100 / 2 = 50 kNm
Drop depth = 300 mm
Effective depth of drop = 300- 33 = 267 mm
Diameter of column head = 2 m
Diameter of critical section for shear
= 2 +0.267 = 2.267m
Load from the slab = 12.75 x 1000 x 8 x 8 kN
= 816 kN
Additional load due to 100 mm thickness
= 100 x 25 x 3 x 3kN
= 22.5 kN
Thus, total load = 838.5 kN
Total shear force on the critical section = total load on one column - total
load
within critical circle = 838.5 - 50.4548 kN
= 788.04 kN
Total shear force on the critical section = 788.045 kN
Nominal shear stress = Qv = S/ bd
= (788.045 x 1000) / (7.12 x 1000 x 267) N/mm2
= 0.415 n/mm2
Permissible shear stress = Qc = 0.25√fck
= 0.25√30 = 1.37 N/mm2
Thus, Qv<Qc OK

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DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Floor No. 3, 2, 1
Let column size be 850 x 850 mm
Grade of concrete be M - 30
Steel be Fe 415
Effective length of column = Lff = 3700
For short column condition to be satisfied we have
Leff/ D = 3700 / 850 = 4.352 < 12 OK
Hence we design as a short column
Total load P = 3196 + 5 x 12.75 x 82 + 0.852 x 5 x 4.48 x 25
= 7680.6 kN
For short column we have
Pu = 0.4 x fck x Ac + 0.67 x fy x Asc
1.5 x 7680.6 x 1000 = 0.4 x 30 x 722500 + 0.67 x 415 x Asc
Asc= 10253mm2
Provide 12 - 32 mm dia bars as longitudinal steel
Let us provide 6 mm dia bars as ties
Pitch p < 850 mm
< 12 mm
< 300 mm
Thus let us provide 6 mm dia bars @ 280 mm c/c s ties
Let size of the column be 1000 x 1000 m
Floor ht = 873 m
Effective length of column = Leff= 6320 mm
For short column condition to be satisfied we have
Leff/D = 6320 / 1000 = 6.32 < 12 OK
Hence we design as a short column
Total load P = 7680.6 + 3 x 1275 x 82 + 1 x 3 x 8.73 x 25
= 10783.35 kN
For short column we have Pu = 0.4 x fck X AC + 0.67 x fy x Asc
1.5 x 10783.35 x 1000 = 0.4 x 30 x 1000000 + 0.67 x 415 x Asc
Asc= 15015.38mm2
Provide 16 - 40 mm dia bars as longitudinal steel
Let us provide 6 mm dia bars as ties
Pitch p < 1000mm
< 640 mm
< 300 mm
Thus let us provide 6 mm dia bars @ 280 mm c/c s ties.

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COSTING chapter 11

DESCRIPTION OF WORK QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

1.0 EARTHWORK

1.1 Earth work in excavation over 22546.6 cu.m. 14.85 334818

7
areas (exceeding 30 cm in depth
1.5m in width) including disposal
of excavated earth lead up to
1.5m disposed earth to be
leveled and neatly dressed
(1:1.1) soft / loose soil

1.2 Earth work in filling in trenches, 395 cu.m. 10.20

4029
plinth, sides of foundations etc.
in layers not exceeding 20 cm. in
depth, consolidating each
deposited layer by ramming and
water lead up to 50m and lift up
to 1.5m

1.3 Filling in plinth with jamuna sand 20483.3 cu.m. 132.40 2711993
under floors including watering, 3

ramming consolidating and

dressing complete

2.0 CEMENT CONCRETE

101271.5
2.1 Providing and laying cement 110 cu.m. 920.65
concrete in footings under floors
and bases for columns, excluding
the cost of centering and
shuttering 1:5:10 (1 cement : 5
coarse aggregate : 10 graded

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stone aggregate 40 mm nominal
size)

2526.66 2084879
2.2 Providing and laying damp proof 7 cu.m. 825.15
course 40mm thick with cement
concrete 1:2:4 (1 cement :
2coarse sand : 4 graded stone
aggregate 12.5 mm nominal
size) mixed with water proofing
compound @ 1 lt. per bag of
cement
31457
2526.66
2.3 Applying a coat of residual cu.m. 12.45
7
petroleum bitumen of
penetration 80/100 of approved
quality using 1.7 kg per sq.m.
damp proof course after
cleaning the surface with brushes
and finally with a piece of cloth
soaked in kerosene oil
25850.58

298.333
2.4 Making plinth protection 50 mm 3 cu.m. 86.65
thick of cement concrete 1:3:6
(1 cement : 3 concrete : 6
graded stone aggregate 20 mm
nominal size) over 75 mm bed of
dry brick ballast 40 mm nominal
size well rammed and
consolidated and grouted with
fine sand including finishing the
top smooth

3.0 REINFORCED CEMENT

CONCRETE
885948
618.333
3.1 R.C.C. work in rafts, footings, 3 cu.m. 1432.8

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bases, columns etc. and mass
concrete excluding the cost of
centering, shuttering, finishing
and reinforcement with 1:2:4 (1
cement : 2 coarse sand : 4
graded stone aggregate 20 mm
nominal size
1354438
923.333
3.2 R.C.C. work in columns, pillars, 3 cu.m. 1466.9
piers, abutments, posts and
struts excluding the cost of
centering, shuttering, finishing
and reinforcement with 1:2:4 (1
cement : 2 coarse sand : 4
graded stone aggregate 20 mm
nominal size

14175
20414835
3.3 R.C.C. work in suspended floors, cu.m. 1440.2
roofs, landings and balconies
excluding cost of centering,
shuttering, finishing and
reinforcement with 1:2:4( 1
cement : 2 coarse sand : 4
graded stone aggregate 20 mm
nominal size

62408.67
3.4 R.C.C. work in lintel, beams, 43.3333 cu.m. 1440.2
3
plinth beams excluding the cost
of centering, shuttering, finishing
and reinforcement with 1:2:4 (1
cement : 2 coarse sand: 4
graded stone aggregate 20 mm
nominal size
358.333 535493.3
3
3.5 R.C.C. work in vertical and cu.m. 1494.4
horizontal fins individually or

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forming box louvers and faces
excluding the cost of centering,
shuttering, finishing and
reinforcement with 1:2:4 (1
cement : 2 coarse sand : 2
graded stone aggregate 20 mm
nominal size
242050
156.666
3.6 Reinforcement of R.C.C. work in 7 cu.m. 1545
staircases (excluding landings),
preparing of the top surface and
finishing, nosing excluding the
cost of centering, shuttering,
finishing and reinforcement with
1:2:4 (1 cement : 2 coarse sand
: 2 graded stone aggregate 20
mm nominal size
3.05E+08
179438
3.7 Reinforcement of R.C.C. work kg 17.00
80
including straightening bending,
binding and placing in position
complete cold twisted bars

3.8 Centering and shuttering

including strutting, propping etc.
and removal of form for:

1166.66 47716.67
Foundations, footings, bases of 7 sq.m. 40.90
columns etc. 30888240
429600
Columns, pillars, struts etc 309986. sq.m. 71.90
7 28286283
Suspended floors roofs, landings sq.m. 91.25
and balconies
4025612
Lintels, beams, plinth beams, 76026.6 sq.m. 52.95
7
and cantilevers 413.333 24944.67
Staircase (excluding landing) 3 sq.m. 60.35

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4.0 BRICK WORK
3898350
4.1 First class brickwork in 4500 cu.m. 866.30
foundation and plinth with
cement mortar 1:6 (1 cement : 6
27461843
coarse sand)
cu.m. 899.70
30523.3
4.2 First class brickwork in 3
superstructure with cement
mortar 1:6 (1 cement : 6 coarse
sand)

5.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS

3142088
5.1 P/F flush door shutters non sq.m. 546.45
5750
decorative type, core of black
board construction with frame of
first class hardwood sand, well
matched commercial ply
veneering with vertical grains or
cross bands and face veneers on
both faces of shutters
90985
5.2 P/F pressed steel door frames sq.m. 88.05
1033.33
manufactured for, commercial 3
mild steel sheet of 1.25 mm
thickness including hinges, jams,
lock jamb, bead & of required
angle thresh hold of mild steel
angle of section 50X25 mm or
base ties of 1.25 mm pressed
m.s. welded or rigidly fixed
together by mechanical means ,
adjustable latch with split and
tail to each jamb including steel
butt hinges, 2.5 mm thick with

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mortar guards, lock strike plate
and shock absorbers as specified
and applying a coat of approved
steel primer after pre treatment
of the surface directed by
Engineer –in charge

6.0 ANODISED ALUMINIUM

FITTINGS

6.1 P/F aluminum sliding door bolts 150 each 29.05 4357.5
anodized transparent or dyed to
required color or shade with nuts
and screws etc.

71223.17
6.2 P/F aluminum tower bolts 2443.33 each 29.15
anodized transparent or dyed to 3
required color or shade with nuts
and screws etc. complete

6.3 P/F aluminum handles anodized 2443.33 each 34.70

84783.67
transparent or dyed to required 3
color or shade with nuts and
screws etc. complete

7.0 FLOORING

7.1 Kota stone slabs 25mm thick in 500 sq.m. 399.20 199600
risers of steps, skirting, dado and
pillars laid on 12 mm (average)
thick cement mortar 1:3 (1
cement : 3 coarse sand) and
joined with gray cement slurry
mixed with pigment to match the
shade of the slabs, including

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rubbing and polishing complete

7.2 7.3mm thick ceramic tiles (as per 1666.66 sq.m. 252.80 421333.3
manufacturers specifications) 7

work in skirting, risers of steps

and dado (up to 2m height over
12 mm thick bed of cement
mortar 1:3 (1 cement : 3 coarse
sand ) joined with gray cement
slurry @ 3.3 kg/sq.m. including
pointing in white cement
complete

61157500
7.3 25mm thick kota stone flooring 141666. sq.m. 431.70
over 20 mm (average) thick base 7

of cement mortar 1:4 (1 cement

: 4 coarse sand) laid over and
pointed with gray cement slurry
mix with pigment to match the
shade of slab including rubbing
and polishing complete

8.0 ROOFING

8.1 Painting top of roofs with 10766.6 sq.m. 13.95

150195
bitumen of approved quality at 7

1.7 kg/10sq.m. impregnated with

a coat of coarse sand at 60 cm3
per 10.00 m2 including cleaning
the slab with residual type
petroleum bitumen of
penetration 80:100

8.2 10 mm thick (average) mud 5683.33 sq.m. 95.20 541053.3

3
phuska of damped brick earth on
roofs laid to slope consolidated

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and plastered with 25 mm thick
mud mortar mixed with bhusa at
35 kg per cum of earth and
gobar leaping with mix 1:1 (1
clay : 1 cow dung) and covered
with flat tile bricks of class
designation 100 grouted with
cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement : 3
fine sand) mixed with 5% crude
oil by wt. of cement and finished
neat with FPS brick tiles.

350
8.3 Providing pergola 75X75 mm in mtr. 27.20 9520
cement concrete 1:2:4 (1
cement : 2coarse sand : 4 sand)
as per standard given

4836.667
8.4 Making khurras 45X45 cm with each 72.55
66.66667
average minimum thickness of
5cm cement concrete 1:2:4 (1
cement : 2 coarse sand : 4 stone
aggregate 20 mm nominal size)
over PVC sheets 1X40 micron,
finished with 12 mm cement
plaster 1:3 (1 cement : 3 fine
sand) and a coat of neat cement
rounding the edges and making
finishing the outlet complete.

9.0 FINISHING

9.1 12 mm cement plaster of mix 1:6 45000 sq.m. 72.55

3264750
(1 cement : 6 fine sand)

9.2 6mm cement plaster to ceiling of 141666.7 sq.m. 22.65 3208750

mix 1:3(1 cement:3 fine sand)

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9.3 Distempering with oil bound 21666.67 sq.m. 16.80 364000

washable distemper of approved
brand and manufacture to give
an even shade

9.4 New work (two or more coats) sq.m. 16.80

21666.67 364000
over and including a priming coat
with distemper primer

9.5 Finishing wall with water proofing sq.m. 15.30

23333.33 357000
paint of approved brand and
manufacture and of required
shade to give an even shade

TOTAL Rs. 501904396

50190439.6
Add cost index 10%
TOTAL
552094835.6

Contingencies 3% 16562845.068
Work established charge 2% 11041896.712
Water supply, sanitary and
electrical 8% 44167586.848
Interiors 20% 110418967
Contractor’s profit 12% 66251380.272
Architect & landscape +
structural designer 25% 138023708.9
938561220.4
GRAND TOTAL

The analysis of the rates has been prepared by taking into account the following:

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 Type of footing (pile foundation)
 Type of reinforced concrete (M-25 & TMT Bars)
 Plastering of rich mortar
 Type of flooring (Mosaic in combination with kota stone)
 Type of interior finishes (Distempering in combination with oil bound paints)
 Composite panel partitions
 Heavy electrical wiring
 Water Supply & sanitary installation
 Different type of woodwork, M.S. flat steel sections, & glass work
 Landscaping
 Contingencies & Architect’s fee

Taking all these into account the total cost of the Hospital building has been
calculated as:
Rs. 938561220.4 only

TOTAL ESTIMATED COST OF THE BUILDING = Rs. 93.85 Crores

(approximately)

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THANK YOU !!!

RAHUL BATHLA(12110033) B.ARCH THESIS -2016