ETHICS FINAL EXAM (2020-2021)

ETHICS FINAL EXAM

09.12.2020
Answers are all official answers

1.Which of the three is an instance of advance directive?

voluntary euthanasia
organ donation
DNR order

2.According to Raanan Gillon and Daniel K. Sokol, the primary justification of medical
confidentiality is provided by

the international regulations which make confidentiality obligatory

production of medical benefits for the patient
the need for effective communication between doctor and patient

3.Therapeutic privilege

is the physician’s right to withhold information if he/she believes that such disclosure
is very likely to be seriously harmful to the patient

is the physician’s right to decide who of the patients who need treatment in a given facility
will receive it first

is the patient’s right of access to health care services independently of the resources
available to him or her

4.Deductive inference is inference in which

conclusions are self-evident

it is possible to arrive at false conclusions
truth of premises guarantees truth of conclusions

5.According to C.S. Peirce, the scientific method of establishing true beliefs is based on

an indisputable proof of those beliefs

a scientific authority that can prove it
the assumption that there is a real world

6.According to the sliding-scale model of decisional competency (F. Drane)

the standards of competency should be more demanding if there is high risk attached to a
treatment
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which is not obviously in the patient’s best interest and less demanding if the
treatment is safe and clearly in the patient’s best interest

patients should be given freedom to choose the decision criteria concerning their treatment,
depending on their ability to make informed decisions: the higher the ability, the more
demanding the criteria should be

the standards of competency must depend on how serious the patient’s disease is

7.The thesis that the predicate “it is true that” does not contribute to the meaning of
statements belongs to

redundancy theory of truth

B. Russell’s interpretation of the classical theory of truth
semantic theory of truth

8.What method of induction by elimination does this statement represent: “Every time he is
away, some valuables disappear from my house”?

method of agreement
method of difference
method of residues

9.Confidentiality covers the following types of patient information:

all medical information about the patient which the doctor acquired during provision of
medical services

all information about the patient which the doctor acquired in the health care institution in
which medical services were provided

all information relating to the patient which the doctor acquired in relation to
provision of medical services

10.According to utilitarianism, one should always choose actions which

are more likely to respect obligations than their alternatives

have higher probability of success
are more likely than their alternatives to produce happiness

11.According to Faden & Beauchamp, a patient’s consent to medical treatment or refusal of

it is voluntary if
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the patient is free from influences which have been undertaken in order to secure a
particular outcome of the patient’s decision

patient’s decision agrees with his/her moral and religious beliefs concerning his/her health

the process of decision making does not violate any of the legal requirements which
guarantee patient’s freedom

12.Who of the following can give proxy consent to medical procedures?

the physician who is a relative of an incompetent patient

a reasonable person legally authorized by the patient to make decisions in situations of the
patient’s incompetence

a person who has been authorized by the patient to make decisions for the patient in
situations of his/her incompetence

13.The doctrine of informed consent requires that

patient authorize a medical professional on the ground of full information about his/her
medical situation and without being subjected to controlling influences by others

patient be informed of his or her condition if he/she demands the information based on
his/her understanding of his/her situation

patient voluntarily authorize a medical professional to perform a procedure on the

ground of adequate information provided by the professional

14.The claim that individuals have the right to health care depending solely on their need for
health care is the foundation of

the decent minimum model of health care provision

the egalitarian model of health care provision
the market model of health care provision

15.Which of the following is an instance of justified medical paternalism?

physician helping an unconscious victim of a car accident

doctor providing assistance to a patient who signed a consent form
a father acting as a proxy decision maker for a twelve year old child
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16.Explicit consent to medical treatment differs from implied consent in that

implied consent can be known on the basis of the patient’s behaviour or statements which
do not express his or her preferences

explicit consent is always written

explicit consent is given unambiguously with reference to a particular procedure

17.A patient does not want to know her diagnosis. She wants to talk about it later. Is the
doctor obligated to inform the patient about her diagnosis in this situation?

Yes, because one of the purposes of the patient’s visit to the hospital is to diagnose her
Yes, because doctors are obliged to provide true information to patients
No, because the patient has the right not to know unwanted information

18.Professional ethics is required in professions in which

professional expertise is limited by the resources which are available to the society
the means of social control of the professional’s behavior are limited
the means of social control allow the society to criticize the results of the professional’s work

19.K.R. Popper’s claim that in science there are only false theories and those which have
not been falsified yet, means that

truth is a meaningless concept

scientists cannot produce reliable knowledge
the evidence which supports theories is never ultimately conclusive

20.The standard of best interest is most suitable in the case of proxy decision making for

adults who have made an advance directive

adolescents who have made an advance directive
infants

21.For a belief to be knowledge it is necessary that it be

confirmed by experience
self-evident
true

22.The information disclosed by the physician to the patient in seeking patient’s consent to a
medical intervention should usually include (cf. R. Young’s article)
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diagnosis, prognosis, expected benefits of the procedure, risks of the procedure, and
other information that will secure patient’s approval of the intervention which is
beneficial for him or her.

everything that is necessary for the patient to consent to the best available treatment,

diagnosis, description of the nature of the proposed procedure, expected benefits, risks of
the procedure, therapeutic alternatives,

23.A patient‘s autonomous decision

is intentional and has been made with understanding of adequate information, and
without controlling influences

has been approved by internal review board

reflects patient’s beliefs about appropriate treatment and appreciation of his or her religion