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Evolution Mdcat Notes

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161 views3 pages

Evolution Mdcat Notes

Uploaded by

daudiqbal123456789
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Evolution (2)

Tuesday, 19 November 2024 1:45 AM

Evolution of prokaryotes

• Vent hypothesis
• First life was developed in hydrothermal vents
• First organism —— Archeobacteria
• Thermus aquaticus
• Tolerate temperature up to 120 degrees C

Absorptive heterotrophs ————> Ingestive heterotrophs ———> Chemosynthetic autotrophs


———> Photosynthetic autotrophs (H2S) ———> Photosynthetic autotrophs (H2O)

Evolution of eukaryotes

Endosymbiosis’ hypothesis Membrane invagination hypothesis

• Proposed by Lynn • DNA replicated


Margulis • Plasma membrane then
• Large amoeboid invaginates to form double
prokaryote engulfed an membrane bound organelles
aerobic bacteria aka • Individual genome separates
purple sulphur bacteria from each other
—— mitochondria • Nuclear genome eventually
• Spirochete bacteria —— enlarges, while other organisms
flagella genome loses many of its
• Cyanobacteria—— genes, resulting in a eukaryotic
chloroplast cell
• Does not give any idea • It formed
about evolution of a 1. Nucleus
nucleus 2. Mitochondria
3. Chloroplast
4. ER
• Tells about evolution of nucleus
too

Evidences of evolution

Biogeography
• First evidence
• Pro/prime evidence
• Study of distribution of living organisms in different regions of Earth
Example
• Armadillos ( armored mammals)
• Found only in America
• Descendants of glyptdonts

• South America lacked rabbits


• Although the environment was suitable to them
Reason
Barriers

Physical Environmental Ecological


• Ocean • Climate • Organisms
• Dessert that compete
• Mountain for food and
shelter
Fossil record
• Strong evidence
• Study of fossils called palaeontology
• Dead remains of extinct organisms
• Oldest known fossils —— prokaryotes (3.5 billion years ago)
• Found in sedimentary rocks
• Petrified by minerals
• Provide visual record of evolution
• But it is incomplete
• Because soft bodied invertebrates have no fossils

Chronological order of vetebrate fossils

Fishes. Amphibians. Reptiles. Birds


Mammals

Comparative anatomy

Homology Analogy
Study of homologous organs Study of analogous organ
Same structure Same function
Different functions Diffferent structure
Adaptation to same ancestors Same environments
Different environments Adaptation to different ancestors
Shows divergent evolution Shows convergent evolution
Example Example
• Pentadactyl limbs of mammals • Wings. Birds
Insects
Man. Bats. Whale. Cats.

Comparative embryology
• Study of development of embryo

Early embryos As development proceeds


• More similarities • More differences
• Less differences • Less similarities

Molecular biology
• Study of different structu of living organism , cells and their organelles at molecular
levels
• Examples
• Some codes are common among all organism
• Same 20 amino acids in proteins
• Same basic molecules like ATP, DNA
• Same type of interons ( DNA codes that encode no protein)
• Cytochrome c is present in all aerobic species

Evolution of Horse

Years Digits
Euhippus 50M 4 digits
Mesohippus 35M 3 digits
Meryhippus 10M 3 digits
Pliohippus 5M 3 digits
Eqqus Present day horse 1 hoof
Lamarcism Darwinism
Modification in Modification in germ
somatic cells can be cells can be inherited
inherited
Later studied Only those
showed that modifications are
modifications cannot involved in evolution
be inherited which are heritable

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