LESSON 1: FLUID MECHANICS STREAMLINES

• Particle’s path takes in steady flow.

LESSON 1.1: FLUID DYNAMICS
• Velocity of the particle is tangent to
TYPES OF FLUID FLOW the streamline.
LAMINAR FLOW TURBULENT FLOW • Set of streamlines is called a tube of
flow.
1. Steady Flow
1. An irregular
2. Each particle of
flow NOTE: Fluid particles cannot flow into or out
the fluid follows a
characterized of the sides of this tube. Otherwise the
smooth path.
by small streamlines would cross each other.
3. The paths of the
whirlpool like
different particles
regions.
never cross each DISCHARGE OR VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q
2. Turbulent flow
other. The amount of fluid passing through a
occurs when
4. The velocity of section per unit of time:
the particles
the fluid particles
go above a
passing any point 𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽
certain critical
remains constant
speed.
in time Q = Discharge in m 3/s
A = Cross-Sectional Area of Flow in m2
VISCOSITY V = Mean Velocity of Flow in m/s
Description
• Characterizes the degree of internal EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
friction in the fluid. The product of the area and the fluid
Internal Friction or Viscous Force speed at all points along a pipe is constant
• Is associated with the resistance that for an incompressible fluid.
two adjacent layers of fluid have to 1. Particles in the fluid move along
moving relative to each other. streamlines in steady flow.
Kinetic → Internal 2. Density of the ideal fluid is unchanging.
• Causes part of the kinetic energy of a 3. The fluid is incompressible, therefore the
fluid to be converted to internal mass that crosses A1 in the time interval
energy. Δt must be equal the mass that crosses
A2.
IDEAL FLUID FLOW
Because the motion of real fluids is very 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
complex and not fully understood, we 𝝆𝑨𝟏 ∆𝒙𝟏 = 𝝆𝑨𝟐 ∆𝒙𝟐
make some simplifying assumptions in our 𝑨 𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
approach. 𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐
• NON-VISCOUS
• STEADY NOTE:
• INCOMPRESSIBLE 1. Speed is high where the tube is
• IRROTATIONAL constricted (small A) while speed is low
where the tube is wide (large A).
2. Volume flux or the flow rate = Av (unit:
volume/time)
3. Av = constant; the volume of fluid that reservoir to the height of the fluid above the
enters one end in given time interval hole”
equals the volume leaving the other
end in the same if no leaks are present. CONDITION:
1. If tank is open, then P2 = P1 = atm
LESSON 1.2: BERNOULLI’S EQUATION 2. A2 >>> A1, then the liquid is at rest at the
top of the tank, v2 = 0.
As a fluid moves through a region where its
speed and/or elevation above the Earth’s
1 1
surface changes, the pressure in the fluid 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
2 2
varies with these changes. 1 1
𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌(0)2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
2 2
𝟏 𝟏 1
𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆𝒗𝟏 𝟐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒚𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐 𝟐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒚𝟐 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
𝟐 𝟐 2 1
𝟏 𝟐
𝒗 + 𝒈𝒚𝟏 = 𝒈𝒚𝟐
where, 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏
𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆𝒗𝟏 𝟐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒚𝟏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟐 Velocity at one Height or Depth of
point (v1) Water (h = y2 – y1)
It means that fluid’s pressure decreases as
the fluid’s speed increases and as the 𝒗𝟏 = √𝟐𝒈(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 ) 𝒗𝟏 𝟐
𝒉 = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 𝟏 =
elevation increases. 𝟐𝒈

Alternative Equation: AIRPLANE WING

Streamline flow around a moving airplane
𝟏 wing
(𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 ) + 𝝆(𝒗𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 ) = 𝝆𝒈(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )
𝟐
where: *the airstream exerts a force F on the wing
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = ℎ (height/elevation/depth that is equal in magnitude and opposite in
between two flow points) direction.

fluid at rest (v 1 = v2 = 0): Components of the F:

1 1 1. Drag is the resistance
𝑃1 + 𝜌(0)2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌(0)2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
2 2 2. Lift is the upward force on the wing from
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2 the air.
(𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 ) = 𝒑𝒈(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 ) = 𝒑𝒈𝒉 • Depends on the speed of airplane
area of the wing its curvature, and
since: y2 – y1 = height/elevation/depth the angle between the wing and the
between two flow points. horizontal.
• Curvature of the wing surface
LESSON 1.3: APPLICATION OF causes the pressure above the wing
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION to be lower than that below the
TORRICELLI’S THEOREM wing due to BERNOULLI EFFECT, and
Discovered by Evangelista Torricelli stating assists with the lift on the wing.
• As the angle between the wing and
that “A theorem about the relation between
the exit velocity of a fluid from a hole in a the horizontal increases, turbulent
 flow can set in above the wing to All object has mass; so, if an object is
reduce the lift. moving, then it has momentum –it has its
LIFT mass in motion. The amount of momentum
An object moving through a fluid which an object has is dependent upon
experiences a lift. Factors affecting lift are: two variables:
1. Shape of the object. • How much matter is moving?
2. Orientation with respect to the fluid • How fast matter is moving?
flow. In simple words, momentum is a mass
3. Any spinning motion. in motion.
4. Texture of the surface. • Great momentum when small object
moves fast (ex. bullet).
GOLF BALL • Great momentum when large object
The ball is given a rapid backspin due to the moves slow (ex. bus).
slant of the club
INERTIA MOMENTUM
The dimples increase the friction force so
that air adheres to the ball’s surface Object resistance How much motion
• Increase in lift, increases the range to change in motion an object has and
and dependent dependent to its
only to its mass mass and velocity
Because of the deflection of air, a spinning
(scalar quantity). (vector quantity).
golf ball experiences a lifting force that
allows it to travel much farther than it would
if it were not spinning. IMPULSE
Impulse is the product of the average force
ATOMIZER (F) and the time interval (Δt) during which
A stream of air passes over one end of an the force acts:
open tube, the other end is immersed in a
liquid. 𝑰 = 𝑭∆𝒕
• The moving air reduces the pressure
above the tube. SI Unit: N-s or kg-m/s
• The fluid rises into the air stream.
• The liquid is dispersed into a fine Impulse is a vector quantity, with
spray of droplets. magnitude and has the same direction with
the force applied on the object.
LESSON 2: IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM Impulse is also a way to measure a
change in momentum because it is not
MOMENTUM (P)
always possible to calculate force and time
Linear momentum or simply momentum is
individually since collision happens so fast.
the product of mass (m) and velocity (v)of
This is under the Impulse-momentum
an object, a vector quantity, possessing a
Theorem.
magnitude as well as direction:
• There’s a change in momentum in a
short time requiring large force.
𝑷 = 𝒎𝒗
• There a change in momentum in a
long time requiring small force.
SI Unit: kg-m/s
 Newton's second law of motion states magnitude but opposite in direction, so F12
that the net external force acting on the = - F21. These two are internal forces.
object is directly proportional to the product
of its mass and acceleration. We can use it The force of gravity also acts on the objects,
to reveal the relationship between impulse their weights being W1 and W2. These are
and momentum. considered as external forces, because
they are applied by earth, which is outside
𝑰 = ∆𝑷 the system. Friction and air resistance are
𝑭∆𝒕 = ∆𝑷 also considered as external forces although
𝑭∆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊 these forces are ignored for the sake of
simplicity.
CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
By applying the impulse-momentum
theorem to midair collision between two
objects. The two object having masses are
approaching each other with initial
velocities as shown in the figure. The Knowing that F12 and F21 are action-reaction
collection of these objects being studied is forces, same magnitude but opposite in
referred as the “system”. In this case, the direction, they will just be cancelled out.
system contains only the two objects. They Suppose that we take the system as an
interact during the collision and depart with “isolated system”. Therefore, the sum of the
final velocities. Due to collision, the initial external forces is zero. Then we have:
and final velocities are not the same.
𝑷𝒇 = 𝑷𝒐
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝒇𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝒇𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝒐𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝒐𝟐

COLLISIONS IN ONE DIMENSION

The total linear momentum is conserved
when two objects collide, provided they
constitute an isolated system. The same
with objects such as atoms and subatomic
particles, the total kinetic energy of the
system is often conserved also. In other
words, the total kinetic energy of the
particles before the collision are equal to
INTERNAL FORCES EXTERNAL FORCES the total kinetic energy of the particles after
the collision.
Exerted by the object Exerted on the
on each other. system 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝒇𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝒇𝟐 𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝒐𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝒐𝟐𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
During the collision, F12, is the force exerted
on object 1 by object 2, while F21 is the force Kinetic energy is lost mainly in two ways:
exerted on object 2 by object 1. These are • It can be converted into heat due to
action-reaction forces that are equal in friction.
 • It is spent in creating permanent times-velocity initial and final terms must be
distortion or damage, as in an added on the equation.
automobile collision.
With very hard objects, such as a solid steel
ball and a marble floor, the permanent
distortion suffered upon collision is much
smaller than with softer objects and,
consequently, less kinetic energy is lost.

Collisions are often classified according to

whether the total kinetic energy changes
during collision:
1. Elastic collision – the total kinetic CENTER OF MASS
energy of the system is equal before
and after the collision.
2. Inelastic collision – the total kinetic
energy of the system is not the same
before and after the collision; if the
object sticks together after colliding,
the collision is said to be completely The center-of-mass is a point that represents
inelastic. the average location for the total mass of a
system.

𝒎 𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝒄𝒎 =
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐

COLLISIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS: Each term in the numerator of this equation

In collisions of two dimensions, he external is the product of a particle’s mass and
forces include the weights is just balanced position, while the denominator is the total
by its respective normal forces. Therefore, mass of the system. So, for instance that
the sum of the external forces, and the total three particles are present, the numerator
momentum is conserved. However, the two would contain a third term m3x3, and the
dimensions x and y components of the total total mass in the denominator would be m1
momentum is conserved separately: m2 + m3.

𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕: VELOCITY OF THE CENTER OF MASS

𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝒇𝟏𝒙 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝒇𝟐𝒙 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝒐𝟏𝒙 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝒐𝟐𝒙
𝑥1 𝑥2
∆𝑥𝑐𝑚 𝑚1 (∆𝑡) + 𝑚2 (∆𝑡)
𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕: =
∆𝑡 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝒇𝟏𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝒇𝟐𝒚 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝒐𝟏𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝒐𝟐𝒚
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝒄𝒎 =
These equations are written for a system 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
that contains two objects. If the system
contains more than two objects, a mass-