Internet of Things

Introduction to
Arduino Programming

Thanks to Dr.. Manas Khatu

 Introduction
• The Arduino Software (IDE) allows you to write programs (i.e. sketches)
and upload them to your board.

• A sketch is consists of two mandatory functions:

 Setup( ) -- it is executed once
 Loop( ) -- it is executed repeatedly

• Setup( ) is used for

 initialization of serial communication
 defining pinMode
 declaring variables

• Loop( ) is used for

 writing the main code which has to execute continuously.
 e.g. reading inputs from the sensors, triggering outputs to the external
device, etc.

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 Cont…
• Sketches are compiled by
avr-gcc / avr-g++
– It is based on C/C++
programming language

• So, the program syntax is

almost similar to C/C++
– Supported data types
– Variables
– Constants
– Control structure
– Looping structure
– Arrays
– Strings
– Function

• One important extension is : Arduino Libraries

– Libraries are a collection of code that makes it easy for you to
connect to a sensor, display, module, etc.

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Variables

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Operators & Structures

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 Few Built-in Functions
https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/

• pinMode (pin, mode)

– It configures the specified pin to behave either as input or as output pinMode(9,OUTPUT);
– By default the digital pins in Arduino function as input.

– pin: is the number of the pin whose mode needs to be set

– mode: can be INPUT, OUTPUT, INPUT_PULLUP.

• digitalReadPin(pin) val = digitalRead(inPin);

– Reads the value from a specified digital pin, either HIGH or LOW.

• digitalWrite(pin, value)
– Used for output by using the LOW/HIGH logic level (i.e. 0V / 5V) digitalWrite(10,HIGH);
– value: LOW / HIGH

• analogRead(pin)
– Access and gets value from a particular Analog pin having 10-bit resolution (i.e. 10- val = analogRead(A3);
bit ADC)
– Returns: 0-1023 (integer)
– Arduino UNO yields a resolution between readings of: 5 volts / 1024 units. It will
map input voltages between 0 and the operating voltage(5V or 3.3V) into integer
values between 0 and 1023.
– The input range can be changed using analogReference()

• analogWrite(pin, value)
– Write the analog value (PWM wave) to a pin analogWrite(9, val / 4);
– value: it is the duty cycle value between 0 and 255 (as 6 pins).
– Note: analogRead values go from 0 to 1023, analogWrite values from 0 to 255

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 Cont…
• delay(ms)
– Pause the program for the amount of time (in millisecond) delay(1000); // wait for a second
specified by ms

• Serial.begin( speed )
– It sets the speed in bps (baud rate) for serial data transmission Serial.begin(9600);
from computer to Arduino board

• Serial.available ()
– Returns: the number of bytes (characters) available to read
if (Serial.available() > 0) { }

• Serial.print( value )
– Print data to the serial port as human-readable ASCII text
Serial.print("I received: ");
– Numbers are printed using ASCII character for each digit
– Floats are printed as ASCII digits (upto 2 decimal places)
– Bytes are send as a single character
– Characters and Strings are sent as is.

• Serial.print( value, format)

Serial.print(i,DEC);
– The optional 2nd argument specifies the base (format) to use
– format: BIN / OCT / DEC / HEX // Print Decimal value of number i

• Serial.println( value) , Serial.println( value, format)

– Additionally it returns the number of bytes written

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 Cont…
• Serial.read() incomingByte = Serial.read();
– Reads incoming serial data.
Serial.write(45); // send a byte with the value 45
• Serial.write(val) or .write(str) or .write(buf, len)
– Writes binary data to the serial port.
– This data is sent as a byte or series of bytes; to send the int bytesSent = Serial.write("hello"); //send the
characters representing the digits of a number use string "hello" and return the length of the string.
the print() function instead.

• Trigonometry:
– cos()
– sin()
– tan()

• Math:
– abs()
– max()
– min()
– pow()
– sq()
– sqrt()
– random()
– randomSeed()

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Example 1: Digital Read-Write
• Objective:
– Turns on and off a LED connected to digital pin 13, when pressing a
pushbutton attached to pin 2.

• The circuit:
– LED attached from pin 13 to ground through 220 ohm resistor
– One leg of the Pushbutton attached to pin 2
– That same leg of the button connects through a pull-down resistor (here
10K ohm) to ground.
– The other leg of the button connects to the 5 volt supply.
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Cont…

• When the pushbutton is

open (unpressed)
– there is no connection
between the two legs of the
pushbutton, so the pin is
connected to ground
(through the pull-down
resistor) and we read a LOW.

• When the button is closed

(pressed)
– it makes a connection
between its two legs,
connecting the pin to 5 volts,
so that we read a HIGH.

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 Example 2: Binary Counter in LED
• Requirements:
– Arduino UNO
– USB connector
– Breadboard
– 4 piece LEDs
– 4 piece 1K ohm resistor
– Arduino IDE

• Connection:
– Place the LED and resistor on breadboard
– Connect the bradboard power with Arduino
– Connect the LED with Arduino
– Connect the Arduino board with PC/Laptop

• Arduino Programming
– Install IDE in PC/Laptop
– Run the IDE
– Select the Arduino board in IDE
– Select the connected COM port
– Start writing new sketch

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Sketch of Binary Counter

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Demo on Binary Counter in LED

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 Read Analog Voltage
• ADC provide digital output which is proportional to analog value.

• To know what is input analog value, we need to convert the received digital value
back to analog value through program.

Aout = digital value * (Vref/2^n – 1)

• Example:
 digital value = 512 and ADC is 10-bit with 5V Vref.
 What analog voltage is giving the respective digital value?

Aout = 512 * (5 V / 1023) = 2.5 V

digitalValue = analogRead (pin)

pin - number of analog pin which we want to read

digitalValue: 0 – 1023

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 Example: Read Analog Voltage
// select the input pin for the potentiometer
int sensorPin = A0;
// variable to store the value coming from the sensor
int digitalValue = 0;
float analogVoltage = 0.00;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// read the value from the analog channel
digitalValue = analogRead(sensorPin); Pin 1 & 3 of Potentiometer:
Serial.print("digital value = "); connect them to Vcc and GND of
//print digital value on serial monitor Arduino
Serial.print(digitalValue);
//convert digital value to analog voltage Pin 2 of Potentiometer: Connect
analogVoltage = (digitalValue * 5.00)/1023.00; with A0 pin of Arduino
Serial.print(" analog voltage = ");
Serial.println(analogVoltage);
delay(1000);
}

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 Example: Read Analog Voltage
// select the input pin for the potentiometer
int sensorPin = A0;
// variable to store the value coming from the sensor
int digitalValue = 0;
float analogVoltage = 0.00;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// read the value from the analog channel
digitalValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
Serial.print("digital value = ");
//print digital value on serial monitor
Serial.print(digitalValue);
//convert digital value to analog voltage
analogVoltage = (digitalValue * 5.00)/1023.00;
Serial.print(" analog voltage = ");
Serial.println(analogVoltage);
delay(1000);
}

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 Write Analog Value
• Digital control is used to create a
square wave, a signal switched
between ON and OFF.

• This on-off pattern can simulate

voltages in between Vcc and GND.
 by changing the portion of the time
the signal spends ON versus the
time that the signal spends OFF

• The analogWrite(value) is on a scale

of 0 – 255.
 Zero value means 0% duty cycle,
255 value means 100% duty cycle.

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Example: Write Analog Value

Pin 1 & 3 of Potentiometer:

connect them to Vcc and GND of
Arduino

Pin 2 of Potentiometer: Connect

with A0 pin of Arduino
OUTPUT: LED Dimming by Potentiometer
One LED connected with digital
pin 9 and grounded through 220
ohm or 1 Kohm resistor
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Lessons Learned

 What is Arduino Programming

 Syntax of Arduino Programming

 Supporting variable, structures, operators

 In-Built Arduino Function Library

 Programming example - LED blink

 Program and Demo on binary counter in LED

 Analog Read and Write

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