Internet of Things

IoT Ecosystem
Different components of IoT

Thanks to Dr. Manas Khatua for slides

“Strength is Life, Weakness is Death. ” – Swami Vivekananda

 IoT Ecosystem
IoT is not just a technology; it is an ecosystem!

• Community components:
 IoT Frameworks
• Tools needed to design and implement IoT-based solutions and products

 IoT Architectures
• Graphical structure of the designed IoT-based solutions and products

 IoT Core
• Sensors & Actuators, microcontrollers, internet connectivity, service platform including security

 IoT Gateway
• It carries the responsibility to ensure bidirectional communication between IoT protocols and other networks

 Cloud
• Accepts, accumulates, maintains, stores, and process data in real time

 Analytics
• It indulges in conversion and analysis of data which results in recommendations and future decision making

 User Interface / Visualization

• Design sleek, visually appealing, interactive, and ease-of-use graphical user interface

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IoT Framework
• Framework provides a development environment.

– It provides appropriate infrastructure to design and implement the architecture

• IoT framework comprises of large number of components

– sensors, sensor systems, gateways, mobile app, embedded controller, data management
platform, analytical platform, and so on.

– support interoperability among all devices, provides secure connectivity, reliability in data
transfer, interface to 3rd party application to built on it, and so on.

Few IoT Framework Few IoT Framework

RTI (Real-Time Innovations) Connext DDS Cisco Ultra IoT
Salesforce IoT cloud Microsoft Azure IoT
Eclipse IoT PTC ThingWorx
GE (General Electronic) Predix Amazon AWS IoT
IBM Watson IoT Kaa

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 IoT Network Architecture
 Network and its application should never be built without careful planning

 Architecture is how you design (i.e. graphical structure) your application or solution.

• The practice of building single-purpose and “vertical” domain applications leads to isolated silos.

• Using the smart building use case, a security application can detect when nobody is in the building.
• It could then trigger lights to be switched off and for the air conditioning system to operate on a reduced setting.
Source: https://onem2m.org/using-onem2m/developers/basics

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Core Components of IoT

• Sensors - to gather data and events

• Actuators – responsible for moving and

controlling a mechanism or system
Sensors & Internet • Microcontrollers - automatically controls
Actuators Connectivity sensors and actuators; makes them smart

• Internet connectivity – responsible for

sharing information and control command
Micro Service
controllers Platform
• Service Platform – ability to deploy and
manage the IoT devices and applications
including data management, data analytics
and all aspects of security

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 “Things” in IoT – Sensors

MQ135 - Air Quality Sound Detection DHT11 - Temperature PIR Motion Detector
Gas Sensor Sensor and Humidity Sensor Sensor

Pulse Sensor Ultrasonic Distance IR Sensor

LDR Light Sensor
Sensor

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 “Things” in IoT – Actuators

4 Channel 5V Relay Servo Motor DC Motor Solenoid valve

LED LCD Diplay

Linear Actuators

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 Access Technologies in IoT
Communication Criteria IoT Access Technologies
 Range
 Frequency Bands
 Power Consumption
 Topology
 Constrained Devices
 Constrained-Node
Networks

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 Comparison of Key Attributes
WiFi BLE Thread Sub-GHz: TI Sigfox Zigbee LoRa
Max. Data 72 Mbps 2 250 200 100 250 50
throughput Mbps Kbps Kbps bps Kbps Kbps
Range 100 m 750 m 100 m 4 km 25 km 130 m 10 km
Topology Star P2P/ Mesh/ Star Star Mesh/ Star of Star
Mesh Star Star
Frequency 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz Sub-GHz Sub-GHz 2.4 GHz Sub-1GHz
Power 1 Year (AA Up to years on a coin-cell battery for limited range Few Years
consumption battery) (AA battery)
IP at the Yes No Yes No No No No
device node
Deployed AP smart No No No No No
Devices phones

Source: Nick Lethaby “Wireless Connectivity for the IoT: one size does not fit all”, Texas Instruments, 2017

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 Use of Internet
Key Advantages of IP
 Open and standard-based
 Versatile
 Ubiquitous
 Scalable
 Manageable
 Highly secure
Stable and resilient

• IPv6 packets require a minimum MTU/PDU size of 1280 bytes.

• The maximum size of a MAC layer frame in IEEE 802.15.4 is 127 bytes.
– It gives just 102 bytes for an IPv6 packet !!

Need of packet/frame size optimization due to

 Constrained Nodes
 Constrained Networks

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 Modification in TCP/IP Stack

IEEE 802.15.4e -
2011 Amendment

• WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Networks

• IEEE 802.15.4: Low-rate WPAN In 6TiSCH IoT Network

• LoWPAN: Low-Power WPAN

• 6LoWPAN: IPv6 over LoWPAN
• TSCH: Time Synchronized Channel Hopping
• 6TiSCH: IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e
• 6top: 6TiSCH Operation Sublayer
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Application Layer

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 IoT Gateway
• It is a physical device or software
program that serves as the connection
point between the two different types
of networks

• Provide bidirectional communication

 Between IoT protocols and other
networks
• e.g. Zigbee <--> Ethernet

• Sometimes programmed to execute

some processing operations
 Edge computing

• It is necessary to maintain security to a

certain extent
 Can shield the entire IoT systems from
any cyberattack

Source: B. Kang, D. Kim, H. Choo, “Internet of Everything: A Large-Scale Autonomic IoT Gateway”,
IEEE Transactions on Multi-scale Computing Systems, vol. 3, no. 3, 2017, pp. 206-214.

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Use of Cloud
• IoT generates vast amount of Big Data;
• this in turn puts a huge strain on
Internet Infrastructure.

• Cloud can facilitate to

– Provide different services
– Store huge amount of data
– Process the data efficiently

• Benefits of Cloud Platform in IoT

– Network Scalability
– Data Mobility
– Time to market
– Security
– Cost-effectiveness

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AI for IoT
• AI focuses on putting human intelligence in machine
• It gives the ability to a machine/program to think and learn by itself

Use of AI in IoT:
• Smart Home
– Automated HVAC control

• Industrial IoT
– Predictive maintenance
– Optimized supply chain

• Farming
– Smart farming
– Interruption warning

• Self-driving Car
– Mimic human driving on road

• Health
– Auto-diagnosing any disease
– Assistive healthcare

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 Data Analytics in IoT
“Data Analytics + IoT => Smart Business Solutions”

 The business value of IoT is not just in the ability to connect devices, but it
comes from understanding the data these devices create.
Challenges:
Huge Volume
Real-time data flow
Variety of data types
e.g. XML, video, SMS
 Unstructured data
 Variable data model and
meaning / value

 IoT analytics is the application of data analysis tools and procedures to realize
value from the huge volumes of data generated by connected IoT devices

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Securing IoT
• Both the IoT manufacturers and their customers didn’t care about the security !

Unauthorized access to IoT devices Unauthorized access to IoT network

Source:https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/26/ddos-
attack-dyn-mirai-botnet Source:http://metropolitan.fi/entry/ddos-attack-halts-heating-in-
finland-amidst-winter

Major cyber attack disrupts internet DDoS attack halts heating in

service across Europe and US; Finland amidst winter;
October 26, 2016 November 7, 2016

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User Interface
• Information made available to the end-users

• Users can actively check and act in for their IOT system

Important
Characteristics:

 Sleek design

 Visually appealing

 Interactive UI

 Ease-of-use

 Handy

Source: https://www.daikin.com/about/design/2017/05/entry-15

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Lessons Learned

 What is IoT Ecosystem  IoT Gateway

 Different components of IoT  Use of Cloud in IoT

 IoT Framework  Data Analytics in IoT

 IoT Architecture
 AI for IoT
 IoT Core
 Security in IoT
 Sensors & Actuators
 User Interface for IoT
 IoT Access Technologies

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 Figures and slide materials are taken from the following Books:

1. David Hanes et al., “IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols,

and Use Cases for the Internet of Things”, 1st Edition, 2018, Pearson India.

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 Security in IoT
• US Military’s Defense
Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA) demonstrates
hacking smart “Things”

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E1WsdODxu0

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oONdV5RYp8

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