Here’s a detailed theoretical explanation for the topics without including Java programs:

Screenshot 1 Questions:

1. How to implement a Java program?

 A Java program is implemented by following these steps:

o Write the source code: Create a .java file where you define the logic of the program.

o Compile the code: Use the javac (Java compiler) to convert the human-readable .java
file into bytecode (a .class file).

o Execute the bytecode: Use the java command to run the compiled .class file. This
bytecode is platform-independent and can run on any system with the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).

2. What is a class? How to declare a class?

 A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines properties (fields) and behaviors
(methods) that the objects of the class will have.

 A class is declared using the class keyword, followed by the class name and a pair of curly
braces {}. Inside the braces, you define fields, methods, and constructors that belong to the
class.

3. Explain in detail command-line arguments.

 Command-line arguments are inputs provided to a program during its execution through the
command line. These inputs are passed as an array of String values to the main() method of
a Java program.

 For example, if you run the program with java Example arg1 arg2, the arguments arg1 and
arg2 will be stored in the args array, and you can access them within the program.

4. What is if-else statement?

 The if-else statement is a decision-making construct used to execute a block of code based
on a condition.

 If the condition evaluates to true, the if block is executed. Otherwise, the else block is
executed. It allows the program to perform different actions based on different inputs or
conditions.

5. What is abstraction?

 Abstraction is a process of hiding implementation details from the user and showing only the
essential features of an object.
  It focuses on "what" an object does rather than "how" it does it.

 In Java, abstraction is achieved using abstract classes and interfaces.

6. What is method overriding?

 Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method

already defined in its parent class.

 The overridden method must have the same name, return type, and parameters as the
parent class method.

 Overriding allows the subclass to modify or extend the behavior of a method.

Screenshot 2 Questions:

1. What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?

 OOP is a programming paradigm that revolves around the concept of "objects" that
represent real-world entities.

 The key principles of OOP are:

o Encapsulation: Wrapping data and methods into a single unit (class) and restricting
access using access modifiers.

o Inheritance: Reusing properties and methods of a parent class in a child class.

o Polymorphism: The ability of a method or object to behave differently based on the

context.

o Abstraction: Hiding internal details and exposing only the functionality.

2. What is the structure of a Java program?

 The basic structure of a Java program includes:

o Package Declaration: (Optional) Used to organize classes.

o Import Statements: (Optional) Used to include Java libraries.

o Class Definition: Defines the blueprint of the program.

o Main Method: The entry point of the program, defined as public static void
main(String[] args).

3. What is an operator?

 An operator is a symbol used to perform operations on variables or values.

 Types of Operators:
 o Arithmetic: Perform mathematical operations (+, -, *, /).

o Relational: Compare values (==, !=, <, >).

o Logical: Combine conditions (&&, ||, !).

o Bitwise: Perform bit-level operations (&, |, ^).

o Assignment: Assign values to variables (=, +=, -=).

4. What are control structures in Java?

 Control structures manage the flow of execution in a program.

 Types:

o Conditional Statements: (if, if-else, switch) Used for decision-making.

o Loops: (for, while, do-while) Used for repetitive execution.

o Jump Statements: (break, continue) Used to alter the normal flow.

5. What is the concept of constructors?

 A constructor is a special method used to initialize an object.

 It has the same name as the class and no return type.

 Types of constructors:

o Default Constructor: No arguments.

o Parameterized Constructor: Accepts parameters.

6. What is an array?

 An array is a collection of elements of the same data type stored in contiguous memory
locations.

 It allows random access to its elements using an index.

 Arrays in Java are fixed in size and can hold either primitive types or objects.

7. What is method overloading?

 Method overloading is a feature in which multiple methods in the same class have the same
name but different parameter lists (number, type, or order of parameters).

 It is a form of compile-time polymorphism.

8. What is inheritance?
  Inheritance allows a class (child class) to acquire the properties and methods of another class
(parent class).

 Types:

o Single Inheritance: One parent, one child.

o Multilevel Inheritance: A chain of inheritance (parent → child → grandchild).

o Hierarchical Inheritance: One parent, multiple children.

9. What is the concept of an interface?

 An interface is a blueprint for a class that contains only abstract methods (methods without
bodies) and constants.

 It is used to achieve complete abstraction in Java.

 A class implements an interface to inherit its abstract methods.

10. What is the applet lifecycle?

 An applet is a small Java program that runs in a browser.

 Applet Lifecycle Methods:

o init(): Initializes the applet.

o start(): Starts or resumes execution.

o stop(): Stops execution temporarily.

o destroy(): Cleans up resources before the applet is terminated.

11. What is a package?

 A package is a namespace in Java used to group related classes and interfaces together.

 It helps in organizing the code and avoiding name conflicts.

 Example: java.util contains utility classes like ArrayList.

12. What is a thread?

 A thread is a lightweight process that allows a program to perform multiple tasks

concurrently.

 Thread Lifecycle:

o New: Thread is created but not started.

o Runnable: Thread is ready to run but waiting for CPU time.

 o Running: Thread is actively executing.

o Blocked/Waiting: Thread is waiting for a resource or signal.

o Terminated: Thread execution is complete.

This covers the detailed theoretical explanations. Let me know if you want more insights into any
specific topic!