Filter Circuit

Prepared by Engr. Lim

Introduction
• An electronic circuit called a filter circuit is made to either pass or
block specific frequencies from an electrical signal. It is an
essential part of many electrical systems and applications
because it shapes a circuit's frequency response by blocking out
undesired frequencies and letting in desired ones. Many electrical
devices, including power supply, signal processing applications,
audio systems, and communication systems, use filters.
Introduction
• Filters are circuits whose response is dependent on the input
voltage's frequency. Many crucial tasks in a system can be carried
out by filter circuits. While resistors, capacitors, and inductors
can also be used to create filters, op-amps, resistors, and
capacitors are the main components of most filter circuits.
What is a Filter Circuit?
• An electrical circuit that selectively permits some frequencies of
an electrical signal to flow through while blocking others is called
a filter circuit. It acts as a gatekeeper for frequencies, making sure
that only those that are wanted reach the output. A filter circuit is
used in a rectifier circuit to eliminate or filter out the AC
components. A filter circuit is a device that permits the D.C. For
successful implementation in a variety of electronic systems, a
thorough comprehension of their guiding principles and
meticulous evaluation of design parameters are essential. In a
variety of electronic applications, filter circuits are essential for
modifying and enhancing electrical signals.
The components of the rectified output to reach the load while removing the A.C.
components from it. An LC filter circuit is a type of filter circuit that typically
consists of an inductor (L) and a capacitor (C). An inductor only permits D.C. to
flow, while a capacitor only permits A.C. to do so. Thus, the A.C. component of the
rectified wave can be efficiently filtered out using an appropriate L and C network.
Why Do We Need Filters?
• In high-performance stereo systems, filter circuits are frequently
required because, in order to achieve the highest possible sound
quality and power efficiency, specific audio frequency ranges
must be increased or suppressed.
• Noise Reduction: To remove undesired noise or interference from
a signal, filters are frequently utilized. This is essential for
applications requiring a clean signal, such as audio processing
and communication systems.
• Signal smoothing: Filters are employed in many electrical
systems, particularly power supply, to reduce fluctuations in the
signal and produce an output that is more steady and continuous.
Components of a Filter Circuit
• Resistor
• Capacitor
• Inductor
 Resistor (R)
• Function: The circuit's current flow is managed by a resistor. It is frequently used in filter circuits to set the
time constants in conjunction with capacitors.
Symbol: The symbol of resistor is given below with its representations.
 Capacitor (C)
• Symbol: The symbol of Capacitor is given below with its representations.
• Function: Electrical energy is stored and released by capacitors. Capacitors are frequently employed in filter circuits to pass AC signals
while blocking DC signals.
 Inductor (L)
• Symbol: The symbol of Inductor is given below with its representations.
• Function: Inductors store energy in their magnetic fields and resist changes in current. They are frequently employed in filter circuits to
allow high-frequency signals to be blocked and low-frequency signals to be passed.
Filter design techniques
• Do a Component Value Calculation: Determine the values of the
resistor, capacitor, and inductor using the applicable formulas,
taking into account the desired cutoff frequencies, bandwidths,
and filter orders.
• Tools for Simulation: Before implementing filter designs, validate
and optimize them using circuit simulation tools such as SPICE.
• Tolerances for Components: Throughout the design process, take
into account practical constraints and component tolerances.
• Choose the Filter Order: In order to get the appropriate roll-off
characteristics, select the filter sequence while keeping
performance .
 Choose the Filter Order
• In order to get the appropriate roll-off characteristics, select the filter sequence while
keeping performance .
Types of Filter Circuits
• Low-Pass Filter (LPF)
• High- Pass Filter (HPF)
• Band-Pass Filter (BPF)
• Band -Stop Filter (BSF) or Notch filter
Low-Pass Filter (LPF)
• An electronic circuit known as a low-pass filter (LPF) attenuates
signals higher than the cutoff frequency while permitting signals
lower than the cutoff frequency to pass through. LPFs are
frequently employed in electrical systems to ensure that only the
intended low-frequency components reach the output by
removing or reducing high-frequency noise, undesired harmonics,
and interference.
Low-Pass Filter (LPF)
• Cutoff Frequency (fc): The cutoff frequency, often known as f c, is
an important parameter that indicates when the filter starts to
attenuate the input signal. While frequencies over the cutoff are
gradually muted, frequencies below it are permitted to pass
through with little attenuation. The cutoff frequency is measured
in hertz (Hz) and is commonly represented as f c.
• Filter Slope/Roll-off: The filter's roll-off, or how quickly it
attenuates frequencies above the cutoff, is measured. Decibels
per decade (dB/decade) or decibels per octave (dB/octave) are the
units of measurement. The rate at which higher frequencies lose
amplitude as they approach the cutoff frequency is determined by
the slope.
Low-Pass Filter (LPF)
High-Pass Filter (HPF)
• An electronic circuit known as a high-pass filter (HPF) attenuates
signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency while
permitting signals with frequencies greater than the cutoff
frequency to pass through. High-pass filters (HPFs) are used in
many electronic applications to emphasize a signal's high-
frequency content and to remove or decrease undesired DC
offsets and low-frequency components. The main elements and
features of a high-pass filter are as follows:
High-Pass Filter (HPF)
• Cutoff Frequency (fc): The frequency at which the filter starts to
attenuate the input signal in an HPF is known as the cutoff
frequency, just like in a Low-Pass Filter. While frequencies over the
cutoff frequency pass through with little attenuation, those below
it are gradually muted. The unit of measurement for the cutoff
frequency (f c) is commonly hertz (Hz).
• Filter Slope/Roll-off: The filter slope, sometimes referred to as roll-
off, is the speed at which frequencies below the cutoff are
attenuated. Decibels per decade (dB/decade) or decibels per
octave (dB/octave) are the units of measurement. The slope
controls the rate at which lower frequencies lose amplitude as
they approach the cutoff frequency.
High-Pass Filter (HPF)
Band-Pass Filter (BPF)
• A Band-Pass Filter (BPF) is an electrical circuit that attenuates
signals outside of the passband while permitting signals inside the
passband to pass through. Two cutoff frequencies define the
band-pass filter: a lower cutoff frequency (low f low ) as well as a
higher cutoff frequency (high f high). The passband is formed by
the frequencies that are passed with the least amount of
attenuation between these two cutoff points. The main elements
and features of a band-pass filter are as follows:
Band-Pass Filter (BPF)
• Center frequency: The geometric mean of the lower and higher
cutoff frequencies determines the center frequency, which is the
midway of the passband. Determining the core frequency at which
the filter responds best is a critical parameter.
• The bandwidth : The band-pass filter's bandwidth is the width of
the frequency range within which signals can flow through with the
least amount of attenuation. The difference between the upper
and lower cutoff frequencies is how it is defined.
Band-Pass Filter (BPF)
Band -Stop Filter (BSF) or Notch filter
• Let some frequencies pass through while blocking others. It's
helpful in removing interference from a particular frequency. Since
power is the primary quantity of concern, the transfer function of a
circuit is typically stated on a logarithmic scale in dB. A filter is
characterized by :
• Center frequency (f c): The midpoint of the lower and upper notch
frequencies is the center frequency of a notch filter, just like in a
band-pass filter. Determining the core frequency at which the filter
responds best is a critical parameter.
Band -Stop Filter (BSF) or Notch filter
• andwidth (BW): The width of the frequency range in which signals
are rejected or muted is the band-stop filter's bandwidth. It is
described as the difference between the frequencies of the upper
and lower notch:
Band -Stop Filter (BSF) or Notch filter
Digital Signal Processing Filter
• A digital processor is used by a digital filter to compute numerical
values based on the signal's sampled values. A specialized DSP (Digital
Signal Processor) chip or a general-purpose computer like a PC could
be the processor. An ADC (analog to digital converter) must first be
used to sample and digitize the analog input signal. The processor
receives the generated binary numbers, which are successively
sampled values of the input signal, and uses them to perform
numerical calculations. Usually, the input numbers are multiplied by
constants in these computations, and the products are then added.
The filtered signal's sampled values, which are now the result of these
calculations, are output through a DAC (digital to analog converter) if
necessary to return the signal to analog form.
Digital Signal Processing Filter
Digital Signal Processing Filter
Characteristics of Filter Circuit
• Diminishment : This describes how much the signal amplitude is
reduced at particular frequencies. Attenuation slopes within the
stopband vary throughout filter types and orders. Sharper transitions
between the passband and stopband are produced by steeper slopes,
although the transient response may also exhibit ringing, or
oscillations.
• Phase Transition: The output signal experiences a phase shift as a
result of the filter circuits, which causes the output wave to appear
slightly later than the input. In some situations, this frequency-
dependent shift may compromise the integrity of the signal.
• Arrangement: This is a reference to how many reactive parts (inductors
and capacitors) are employed in the filter design. Although higher-order
filters require more components and result in larger phase shifts, they
feature quicker transitions and steeper attenuation slopes.
Advantages of Filter Circuit
• Accurate Signal Control: By selectively passing or blocking particular frequencies,
filter circuits enable us to produce a signal that is clearer and more defined. This is
important for applications such as audio processing, where we wish to highlight
specific frequency ranges or eliminate undesirable noise.
• Enhanced Performance: Filters can improve the performance of a variety of systems
by eliminating undesirable frequencies. For instance, removing AC ripple from
power supply guarantees smoother DC output, which improves linked devices'
performance.
• Enhancement of Signal: Certain frequency components can be enhanced via filters,
enhancing the signals' overall quality.
• Personalization: Filters provide versatility in signal processing by being able to be
created and altered to fit individual application requirements.
• Broad Range of Uses: Filter circuits are used in many different industries, such as
digital signal processing, audio, radio, telecommunications, and power electronics.
Because of their adaptability, they are essential components of contemporary
electronics.
Disadvantages of Filter Circuit
• Component Tolerance: Owing to manufacturing tolerances, component
values may differ slightly, which could have an effect on the filter's
performance and necessitate calibration.
• complicated Circuitry and Careful Design are Needed for Advanced Filters:
Filters with numerous bands or abrupt cut-off frequencies require more
complicated circuitry and careful design, which raises the implementation's
cost and difficulty.
• Active Filters' Nonlinearities: Performance may be impacted by the
introduction of nonlinearities by active filters, particularly those that employ
operational amplifiers.
• The amount of power used in active filters: Because they use op-amps, active
filters may use more power than passive filters.
• Loss of Signal: Since filters naturally suppress undesirable frequencies, there
is some loss of signal in the desired band. For some applications, it is
essential to minimize loss in exchange for better signal clarity.
Applications of Filter Circuits
• Anti-Alias Filtering : Because digital systems may only represent a
signal at specific points in time, aliasing is a phenomenon that
occurs.
• Noise Rejection : All of the frequencies present in a circuit's
components contribute to noise generation. This implies that the
output of a circuit that responds to a smaller frequency range will
be less noisy. Thus, filters that restrict the frequency range in their
output can be helpful in reducing the quantity of noise.
• Interference Rejection : It is feasible to minimize interference by a
factor of 400 without weakening the signal at 500 Hz by using a
band-pass filter with a characteristic frequency of 500 Hz.
Difference Between Active Filter and Passive
Filter
Basis for Comparison Active Filter Passive Filter

active parts like as transistors and op- passive parts, such as capacitors,
Material
amps resistors, and inductors, etc.

Cost Expensive cheap

Circuit intricacy More complex Less complex

Weight Low Weight comparatively bulkier since inductors are present.

Q factor high very low

Power Supply required not required

Conclusion
• In summary, filter circuits are essential for modifying the frequency
response of electronic systems, giving engineers the ability to regulate
and work with signals according to their frequency composition. There
are four different types of filters: band-pass (BPF), high-pass (HPF),
low-pass (LPF), and band-stop (BSF). Each kind has a specific use in a
range of applications. Filter circuits are essential components of
electronics that improve the effectiveness and caliber of signal
processing for a variety of uses. For successful implementation in a
variety of electronic systems, a thorough comprehension of their
guiding principles and meticulous evaluation of design parameters are
essential. In a variety of electronic applications, filter circuits are
essential for modifying and enhancing electrical signals.
FAQs on Filter Circuit
What is a filter circuit?
An electronic circuit that attenuates or blocks certain frequencies
while permitting others to flow through is called a filter circuit. By
either permitting just particular frequencies (bandpass filter) or
blocking certain frequencies (low-pass or high-pass filters), it is
used to alter the frequency response of a signal.
FAQs on Filter Circuit
How can I select the best filter circuit for the purpose I'm using?
The desired result and the frequency characteristics of your signal
must be taken into account while selecting the appropriate filter
circuit. Assess if you need to provide a bandpass effect, block
particular frequencies, or pass others. To ensure compatibility with
the entire system, take into account additional aspects such as roll-
off rate, impedance matching, and filter order (degree of filtering).
FAQs on Filter Circuit
What constitutes a filter circuit's essential parts?

Resistors: They alter voltage levels by resisting the flow of current.

Capacitors: Modify signal frequencies by storing and releasing
electrical charge.
Coils of wire that store energy in a magnetic field and modify signal
frequencies are called inductors.
Operational amplifiers, often known as op-amps, are used to shape
and enhance signals in active filters.
FAQs on Filter Circuit
What distinguishes active filter circuits from passive filter circuits?

Passive filters: These filter signals by using passive parts such as

inductors, capacitors, and resistors. They are typically simpler and
don't need an external power supply, but their selectivity and gain
may be limited.
Active filters: To accomplish more intricate filtering tasks, these use
active parts such operational amplifiers. Better selectivity, gain, and
flexibility can be obtained with active filters, but they need an
external power supply.
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