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Your Success in Competitive Examinations ahead ! ! !

 SHORT FORMULA (GYAN SUTRA) · · · · · · · · · · ·

MATHEMATICS

1. Distance Formula:

2. Section Formula

3. Centroid, lncentre & Excentre:

. (x1+X2+X3 Y1+Y2+Y3] ax1 + bX2 +CX3 ay1 + byz +Cy3
Centroid G , ' lncentre I [ a+b+ c , a+b+c ]
l 3 3 )

4. Area of a Triangle:

5. Slope Formula:

(i)

6. Condition of collinearity of three points: =0

X3 Y3
7. Angle between two straight lines : tan 0 = m1 m2 .
1+m1 m2
I

8. Two Lines : ax+ by+ c = o and a'x+ b'y+ c' = o two lines
a b c
1. parallel if =b .
a ' ' -:f::. c'

. c1-c
2. D 1s tance between two paraIIeI 11·nes -- 2 .
,Ja2 +b2
3 Perpendicular: If aa'+ bb' = 0.
9. A point and line:

ax 1 + by 1 + c
1. Distance between point and line =
� 2 2
-va +b
x-x 1 - Y-Y 1 -- 2 ax 1 + by 1 + c
2. Reflection of a point about a line:
a b a 2
+b 2

x-x1 y- y1 ax1 +by1 +c

3. Foot of the perpendicular from a point on the line is - a-= -b-=
- a 2+b2

10.
•
Bisectors of the angles between two Imes: � = ±
• ax + b + c
✓
a'x+ b'y + c'
2 2
a +b a' 2+ b' 2

al h1 C1

11. Condition of Concurrency :of three straight lines a 1x+ b1 y + c = O, i = 1,2,3 is a2

1
b2 C2 = 0.
a3 b3 C3

12. A Pair of straight lines through origin: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = o

2�
If 0 is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines, then tan 0 = a+ b

1. Intercepts made by, Circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = o on the Axes:

✓ 2
(a) 2 g -c on x-axis
2. Parametric Equatio
3. Tangent :
(a) Slope form: y = mx ± a 1+m2 ✓
(b) Point form : xx1 + yy1 - a 2 or T = o -
n ATA
�J-\.IJ-\.R
(c) Parametric form : x cos a+ y si a.= a.
4. Pair of Tangents from a Pomt: ss 1 = P. atar.com
5. Length of a Tangent : Length of tangent is ,Js;
6. Director Circle: x 2 + y2 = 2a 2 for x2 + y2 = a2
7. Chord of Contact: T = o
2LR
1. Length of chord of contact = �
-vR 2+ L2

RL3
2. Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of contact=
R 2 +L2
 3. Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents from (x,, Y,) = (
L;��,]
4. Equation of the circle circumscri bing the triangle PT 1 T 2 is : (x - x 1 ) (x + g) + (y - y 1 ) (y + f) = 0.
8. Condition of orthogonality of Two Circles: 2 9 1 9 2 + 2 f 1 f2 = c 1 + c2 •
9. Radical Axis : s 1 - s 2 = o i.e. 2 (g 1 - 9 2) x + 2 (f 1 - f2) y + (c 1 - c2) = o.
10. Family of Circles: s 1 + K s 2 = o, s + KL = o.

PARABOLA
1. Equation of standard parabola :
y2 = 4ax, Vertex is (0, 0), focus is (a, 0), Directrix is x + a = 0 and Axis is y = 0
Length of the latus rectum = 4a, ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a) & L' (a, - 2a).
2. Parametric Representation: x = at2 & y = 2at
3. Tangents to the Parabola y2 = 4ax:
a
1. Slope form y = mx + - (m ct 0) 2. Parametric form ty = x + at2

3. Point form T = O
4. Normals to the parabola y2 = 4ax :

Y - y1 = _2'.i_ (x - x 1 ) at (x 1 y1 ) ; y = mx - 2am - am3 at (am2 , - 2am); y + tx = 2at + at 3 at (at 2, 2at).

2a
ELLIPSE
x2 y
2
1. Standard Equation : 2 + 2 1, where a> b & b2 a2 (1 e2).
a b
= =

Eccentricity: e = , (0<e<1) , Directrices: x = ± .

e
Focii : S (± a e, 0). Length of, major axes = 2a and minor axes = 2 b
Vertices : A' (- a, 0) & A (a, 0) .

2b 2
Latus Rectum : = =2a {1-e 2 )
a
2. Auxiliary Circle : x2 + y2 = a2
3. Parametric Representation : x = a cos e & y = b sin e
4. Position of a Point w.r.t. an Ellipse:
x1 2 y
T he point P(x 1 · y 1 ) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse according as; 2 + f2 1 ><or = 0.
a b

5. Line and an Ellipse: The line y = mx + c meets the ellipse�! �: = 1 in two points real, coincident
or imaginary according as c 2
is<= or> a m + b .
2 2 2

Y
Tangents: Slope form: y = mx ± 'I/ia 2m2 + b2 , Point form : � + �
1 1
6.
a b
xcose ysine
Parametric form: +
a b
 (a 2 - b 2 )m
7. b2 , ax. sec 0 by cosec 0 = (a2 b2), y = mx
,Ja 2 + b 2 m2
8. Director Circle: x2 + y2 = a2 + b2

HYPERBOLA
x2 y2
1. Standard Equation: Standard equation of the hyperbola is - = 1, where b2 == a2 (e2 1).
b2

Focii : S (± ae, 0) Directrices : x = ± �

e
Vertices : A (± a, 0)

2b 2
Latus Rectum ( £): e = = 2a (e2 1).
a

¼
2 2
Conjugate Hyperbola : x - � = 1 &
x2 2
2. + = 1 are conjugate hyperbolas of each.
b~ b
3. Auxiliary Circle : x + y = 2 2
a2 .
4. Parametric Representation : x = a sec o & y = b tan o
5. Position of A Point 'P' w.r.t. A Hyperbola :

s1 = 1 >,=or< 0 according as the point (x,, y1 ) lies inside, on or outside the curve.

6. Tangents :
(i) Slope Form : y = m x ±..ja 2 m2 - b2

(ii) Point Form : at the point (x 1, y,) is x�1 - Y�I = 1.

a� b
(iii) Parametric Form :

7. Normals :
a2x b2
(a) at the point P (x 1, y1 ) is - + _Y == a2 + b2 = a2 e2 .
X1 Y1

ax +
(b) at the point P (a sec 0, b tan 0) is = a 2 + b 2 = a 2 e2 •
sec0 tan0

+ b 2 )m
,J(a
2

(c) Equation of normals in terms of its slope 'm' are y= mx ±

a -b m
2 2 2

8. Asymptotes : � + 2'.. = O and � - 2'.. = O. Pair of asymptotes: = o.

a b a b a2 b2
9. Rectangular Or Equilateral Hyperbola : xy = c2 , eccentricity is Ji.
(±
Vertices:(± c, ±c); Focii: ../ic;t ..fie). Directrices:x + y = ±-Ji c
2
L atus Rectum (/):£ = 2 c= ✓ T.A. = C.A.
Parametric equation x = ct, y = cit, t E R - {O}

Equation of the tangent at P (x 1, y1) is � + = 2 & at P (t) is � + t y = 2 c.

X1 Y1 t
Equation of the norm al at P (t) is x t3 - yt = c (t4- 1 ).
Chord with a given middle point as (h, k) is kx + hy = 2hk.

LIMIT OF FUNCTION
1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as x ➔ a when,
Limit
+ f (a - h) = Limit
+ f (a + h) = some finite value M
h➔O h➔O

(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)

2. lndeterminant Forms:
0, 00
, 0X oo, 00 - oo, 00° , 0 ° , and 1 = .
0 00

3. Standard Limits:

Limit sin x _ tanx _ Limit tan-1 x _ sin-1 x _ Limit � en(1+x) = 1

x➔O
- Limit
x➔O
-- - x➔O - - - Limit x➔O -
- - x➔O = Limit
x➔O
X X X X X X

x
x

Limit (1 + x) 11x
X➔O
= Limit (1+_!_ )
X➔
_ e Limit a -1
x➔o
= log.a, a > 0, Limit
X➔a
l X - , X x- a
4. Limits Using Expansion
x xln a x2 In2 a x3 In3 a x x2 x3
(i) a = 1+-- +--+--+.........a>O (ii) e x = 1 + + + +......
1! 2! 3! 1 ! 2! 3!

x2 x3 x4 x3 x5 x7
(iii) In (1 +x) = x + +.........for -1 < x s 1 (iv) sin x =X- + +.....
2 3 4 3! 5! 7!

x2 x4 x6 x3 2x5
(v) cosx =1 + +..... (vi) tan x = x + + +......
2! 4! 6! 3 15
x3 5
x7
(vii) tan- 1 x = x +x + .... (viii)
3 5 7
n(n 1) n(n 1)(n 2)
(x) for lxl < 1, n E R (1 + x) n = 1 + nx + � x2 + x3 + ............ 00
1. 2. 3
5. Limits of form 1 "", o 0 , 00°
Also for (1)" type of problems we can use following rules.
lim ( 1 + x)1Ix= e lim [f(x)]g(xJ where f(x) ➔ 1 . g(x) ➔00 as x lim =
➔a= X➔a lim[f(x)-11 g(x)
X➔O ' X➔8 ' ' 0 x4a

6. Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem:

If f(x) � g(x) � h(x) V x & LJ�!t f(x)= e = LJ�!t h(x) then �i�!t g(x)= e .

METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. Differentiation of some elementary functions

d 1 d 1
3. -dX (en lx l) = X 4. dx
(log x) =
a x ,en a

d d d
(sin x)= cos 6 (cos x)=- sin x 7. (sec x)= sec tan x
5. dx . dx
x x
dx

d d d
8. (tan x) = sec2 x 10.
9. dx
(cosec x) = - cosec x cot x (cot x) = - cosec2 x
dx dx

2. Basic Theorems
d d d

l-
1.
dx
(f ± g)= f'(x) ± g'(x) 2. dx (k f(x))= k dx f(x) 3. dx
(f(x) . g(x ))= f(x) g'(x) + g(x) f'(x)

� ( f(x) g(x) f'(x)-f(x)g'(x) d

4
· dx l, g( x) - g2 (x) 5. dx
(f(g(x)))= f'(g( x)) g'( x)

Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions.

d sin- 1 x 1 dcos- 1 x 1
--- = - �= , for - 1 <
dx
= �
-v1-x2
'
dx 1 -x 2 ✓ x < 1.

d tan-1x d cot-1x
(x E R)
dx dx 1+

d sec-1x
r-;,---:, for XE (- oo, 1) U (1, oo)
dx I x I -v x� -1

3. Differentiation using substitution

Following substitutions are normally used to sumplify these expression.
1t 1t
(i) by substituting x= a tan 0, where - < 0<
2 2
1t 1t
(ii) by substituting x= a sin 0, where - :s; 0 :s;
2 2
 TC
(iii) by substituting x = a sec 0, where O E [O, re], 0
# 2

Ov) /§ by substituting x = a cos 0, where 0 E (0, re].

4. Parametric Differentiation
dy dy/d0
If y = f(0) & x = g(0) where 0 is a parameter, then dx dx/dO .
5. Derivative of one function with respect to another
dy / dx
Let y = f(x); z = g(x) then .
dz= dz/ dx g'(x)
f(x) g(x) h(x)
6. If F(x) = l(x) m(x) n(x) , where f, g, h, I, m, n, u, v, w are d ifferentiable functions of x then
u(x) v(x) w(x)
f'(x) g'(x) h'(x) f(x) g(x) h(x) f(x) g(x) h(x)
F' (x) = l(x) m(x) n(x) + l'(x) m'(x) n'(x) + l(x) m(x) n(x)
u(x) v(x) w(x) u(x) v(x) w(x) u'(x) v'(x) w'(x)

APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1. Equation of tangent and normal

Tangent at (x 1 , y 1 ) is given by (y-y1 ) = f'(x 1 ) (x- x1 ); when, f'(x 1 ) is real.

1
And normal at (x 1 , y 1 ) is (y-y 1 ) = - -- (x-x 1 ), when f'(x 1 ) is nonzero real.
f'(x 1 )
2. Tangent from an external point
Given a point P(a, b) which does not lie on the curve y= f(x), then the equation of possible tangents to the
curve y= f(x), passing through (a, b) can be found by solving for the point of contact Q.
f(h)-b
f'(h)= --
h-a

P(a,b)

y = f(x)
Figure

-b
And equation of tangent is y-b = (x -a)
h -a
3. Length of tangent, normal, subtangent, subnormal

(i) PT= I k I )1 + �2 = Length of Tangent

(ii) PN = I k I ✓ 1 + m2 = Length of Normal

 (iii) TM = 1:1 = Length of subtangent

Ov) MN = lkml = Length of subnormal.

4. Angle between the curves

Angle between two intersecting curves is defined as the acute angle between their tangents (or normals) at the
point of intersection of two curves (as shown in figure).
l m1 -m2
tan 0=
1+m 1m 2
5. Shortest distance between two curves
Shortest distance between two non-intersecting differentiable curves is always along their common normal.
(Wherever defined)
6. Rolle's Theorem :
If a function f defined on [a, b] is
(i) continuous on [a, b] (ii) derivable on (a, b) and
(iii) f(a)= f(b),
then there exists at least one real number c between a and b (a< c< b) such that f'(c)= 0
7. Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem (LMVT) :
If a function f defined on [a, b] is
(i) continuous on [a, b] and (ii) derivable on (a, b)
f(b) f(a)
then there exists at least one real numbers between a and b (a< c< b) such that = f'(c)
b -a
8. Useful Formulae of Mensuration to Remember:
1. Volume of a cuboid= tbh.
2. Surface area of cuboid= 2(Cb+ bh + hf).
3. Volume of cube = a3
4. Surface area of cube= 6a2

1
5. Volume of a cone= n r2 h.
3
6. Curved surface area of cone= rcre (e= slant height)
7. Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2rcrh.
8. Total surface area of a cylinder= 2rcrh + 2nr2 •

4 3
9. Volume of a sphere = rcr •
3
10. Surface area of a sphere= 4rcr2 .
1
11. Area of a circular sector = r2 0, when 0 is in radians.
2
12. Volume of a prism = (area of the base) x (height).
13. Lateral surface area of a prism = (perimeter of the base) x (height).
14. Total surface area of a prism = (lateral surface area)+ 2 (area of the base)
(Note that lateral surfaces of a prism are all rectangle).
 1
Volume of a pyramid= (area of the base) x (height).
3
15.

1
16. Curved surface area of a pyramid=
2 (perimeter of the base) x (slant height).
(Note that slant surfaces of a pyramid are triangles).

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
1. If f & g are functions of x such that g'(x) = f(x) then,

J f(x) dx= g(x) + c <==> ct {g(x)+c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of integration.
dx

2. Standard Formula:

J (ax + b)n dx = (
ax + b) '
1 +1

+ c, n -:f. -1 (ii)
J -- = -
dx 1
en (ax + b) + c
ax+b a
(i)
a(n+l)

(iii) J e•x+b dx = .!_ e•x+b+

J apx+q dx =
1 apx+
q
+ c; a > 0
p
C (iv)
a .ena
1 1
(v) J sin (ax+ b) dx =
a
cos (ax+ b) + c (vi) J cos (ax+ b) dx =
a
sin (ax+ b) + c

(vii) J tan(ax+ b) dx = ..!_ en sec (ax+ b) + c

a
(viii) J cot(ax+ b) dx = ..!_ en sin(ax + b)+ c
a

(ix) J sec2 (ax+ b) dx = 1 tan(ax + b) + c

a
(x) J cosec2(ax + b) dx = _ _!_ cot(ax + b)+ c

(xiii) J secx dx = en (secx + tanx) + c OR en tan (: + i) +c

(xiv) J cosec x dx = en (cosecx - cotx) + c OR .en tan� + c OR - en (cosecx + cotx) + c

2

(xv) I dx
,Ja2 -x 2
= sin-1- + c
a
(xvi)

dx
(xvii) I Ix I .Jx
2- 2
a
=
I
a
sec-1 +
X

a
C (xviii) J dx
.Jx 2 +a 2
= en [ x + ,Jx +a ] + c
2 2

J dx
= .en [ x + ,Jx 2 -a 2 ]+c
J dx a+ x
= _l .en I a-x I + c
,Jx -a2 a -x
(xix) (xx)
2a
2 2 2

x
(xxi) J dx = 1 en I
x -a 2 2a
2 ::: I + c (xxii) J 2 2
,Ja -x dx =
2
,Ja2 -x2 +- sin-1
2
a2 X

a
+c
 en l. ✓
x+ x
2 - a2

a
l + c
2
3. Integration by Subsitutions
If we subsitute f(x) = t, then f'(x) dx = dt

Jl
4. Integration by Part:

J ( f( x) g(x)) dx = f(x) J (g(x))dx - d

J
� (f(x)) (g(x)) dx) dx

5. Integration of type J dx
ax2 +bx+c ,
J dx
,Jax2+bx+c ,
J
,Jax2 +b x+c dx

Make the substitution x + � = t

2a
6. Integration of type

J axpx+q
+bx+c
2 dx
' J ,Jaxpx+q
-;========
2
dx,
+bx+c
J (px + q)\I/ax 2 +bx+c dx

b
Make the substitution x + = t , then split the integral as some of two integrals one containing the linear
2a
term and the other containing constant term.

7. Integration of trigonometric functions

(i) J dx
a + bsin x 2
OR J
dx
a+ bcos 2 x OR J dx
asin 2 x + bsinxcosx + ccos 2 x put tan x = t.

J J f
dx dx x
(ii) OR OR put tan; = t
a + bsinx a+ bcosx a + bsin� + ccos x
d
(iii) J a. cosx+b s
. inx+c
£.cosx+m.sinx+n
dx. Express Nr = A(Dr) + B d x (Dr) + c & proceed.

8. Integration of type

f x2 ± 1
+ KX 2 + 1
dx where K is any constant.
4
X

1
Divide Nr & Dr by x2 & put x + - = t.
X

9. Integration of type
 f ----
( ax +b) ,,Jpx +q
J
dx -- OR -,...--- dx -
---,- -; put px + q = t
(ax +bx+ c ){px+q 2
2•

10. Integration of type

dx dx 1
f '
putax+b= _! ·
t '
f put X =­
2
( ax +b) .Jpx +qx +r
2
( ax + b) -Jpx +q '
2 t

DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Properties of definite integral

J J f f(x) dx = - J f(x)dx
b b a b

f f(x) dx = f f(x)dx + f f(x) dx

b c b
1. f(x) dx = f(t)dt 2. 3.
a a a b a a C

a a
f
4. J f(x) dx = (f(x)+ f(-x)) dx
. f21 f(x)dx , f (-x) • f(x)
-a 0
l O , f(-x) = -f(x)

5. f
b
f(x) dx = f f(a+ b
b

a
x) dx 6. J
a

0
f(x) dx =
a
f f(a
0
x) dx
a

2a a 2 f f(x)dx f(2a - x) = f(x)

7. J J
f(x) dx = (f(x)+ f(2a- x)) dx = { 0
O , f(2a- x) -f(x)
o o

8. If f(x) is a period ic function with period T, then

J
nT

0
f(x) dx = n J
T

0
f(x)dx, n E z, J
a+nT

a
f(x) dx = n J
T

0
f(x)dx, n E z, a E R

J
nT

mT
f(x) dx =(n - m) f(x)dx, m, n J
T

0
E z,
a+nT

nT
jf(x) dx = jf(x)dx, n
a

0
E z, a ER

J
b+nT

a+nT
Ja
f(x) dx = f(x)dx, n
a
E z, a, b E R

J f f(x) dxs J
b b b

9. If \Jf(X)s f(x)s <)> (x) for as xs b, then \j/(X) dx s <)>(x) dx

a a a

10. If m s f(x) s M for a s x s b, then m(b - a) s Jb

a
f(x)dx s M (b - a)

11. J
b

a
f( x) dx 5 JI I
a
b
f(x) dx 12. If f(x) ;;:, O on [a, b] then Jb
f(x) dx ;;:, O
a

Leibnitz Theorem If F(x)= J

h(x)
dF(x)
f(t) dt , then dx = h'(x)f( h(x))- g'(x)f(g(x))
g(x)
 BASICS
Intervals :
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving inequalities or in finding domains.
If there are two numbers a, b E R such that a < b, we can define four types of intervals as follows:
Symbols Used
(i) Open interval: (a, b) = {x: a< x< b} i.e. end points are not included. ( ) or ] [
(ii) Closed interval : [a, b] = {x: a :s; x :s; b} i.e. end points are also included. [l
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
(iii) Open-closed interval: (a, b] = {x: a < x::;; b} ( ] or 11
(iv) Closed - open interval : [a, b) = x : a::;; x < b} [ ) or [[
The infinite intervals are defined as follows:
(i) (a, oo) = {X: X > a} (ii) [a, oo) = {X : X > a}
(iii) (- oo, b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (oo, b] = {x: X::;; b}
(v) (- 00, 00) = {x : XE R}

Properties of Modulus
For any a, be R

1a1 > 0, lal = I-a l, la l > a, la l > -a, labl = lal lbl,
la + bl :s; lal + lbl, la - bl> lla l - lbll

Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles:

(a) sin (A± B) = sinA cosB± cosA sinB .-. 2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B) and
and 2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B) - sin(A-B)
(b) cos (A± B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
:. 2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A-B) and s
2 inA sinB = cos(A-B) - cos(A+B)
(c) sin2A sin2B = cos2B cos2A = sin (A+B). sin (A-B)
(d) cos2A - sin2B = cos2B - sin2A = cos (A+B). cos (A - B)
cot A cotB +1
(e) cot (A± B) = cotB ± cot A

tan A + tan B + tanC-tan A tan B tan C

(f) tan (A + B + C) = 1-tanA tanB-tanB tanC-tanC tan A ·

Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines:

. . . C+D C-D C+D C-D
(a) sm C + sm D = 2 sm -- cos-- (b) sinC - sinD = 2 cos-- sin--
2 2 2 2
C+D C-D C+D C-D
(c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos -- cos -- (d) cosC -cosD = - 2 sin-- sin--
2 2 2 2
Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles
0 . 0
(a) 2 = cos2A - sin2A = 2cos2A -1 = 1 - 2 sin2A"'
cos A 2 cos2 = 1 + cos0 ' 2 sm 2 = 1 - cos0.
2 2
 2 tan A 1-tan 2 A
(c ) sin 2A = , cos 2A = (d) sin 3A = 3 sinA-4 sin3A
1 + tan 2 A 1+tan2 A

3 tan A tan3 A
(e) cos 3A = 4 cos3A 3 cosA (f) tan 3A =
1-3 tan 2 A
Important Trigonometric Ratios:
(a) sin n TC = 0 cos n TC = (-1) ; tan n TC = 0, where n E I
3
n ✓ -1 Sn
(b) sin 15 ° or sin
12
=
2 ✓2
= cos 75 ° or cos
3
12
✓ +1 Sre
✓2
TC
cos 15 or cos
°
= sin 75 ° or sin
12 12
=
2
3 3
✓ -1 ✓ +1
tan 15 = r;:; = 2 - ✓ = cot 75 ° '· tan 75 ° = r;:; = 2 +✓ = cot 15 °
3 3
°
�3� �3�
5 5
(c)
re -1 ✓ re
sin - or sin 18 ° = -- & cos 36 ° or cos - = --
+1 ✓
10 4 5 4

Range of Trigonometric Expression:

- .ja 2 +b 2 � a sine+b cose � .ja 2 +b 2

l
Sine and Cosine Series:
_ sin n! n_
sin a+ sin (a+P) +sin (a+ 2P ) +...... + sin {\a+ n- 1B ) =-. -�- sin a + 2
sm2
. n�
sm2 n -1
cos a+cos (a+P) +cos (a+ 2P ) +...... +cos (a+ n - 1 B ) =-. -�- cos a+-2 -13 j
sm2
l
Trigonometric Equations
Principal Solutions: Solutions which lie in the interval [O , 2re) are called Principal solutions.
General Solution :

(i) sin 0 = sin a=> 0 = n re+ (-1)" awhere aE [-�, �], n E I.

(ii) cos 0 = cos a => 0 = 2 n re± a where a E [O,re],
n E I.

tan 0 = tan a=> 0 = n re +awhere aE , , n E I.

TC TC
(iii)
2 2
(iv) sin 0 = sin a, cos
2 2 20 = cos a, tan 0 = tan2 a => 0 = n re± a.
2 2

QU.ADRATIC•EQUATIONS
1. Quadratic Equation : a x2 +b x +c = o, a * o

✓
b± b 2 -4ac
x = ----'-----, The expression b2 4 a c Dis called discriminant of quadratic equation.
2a
 b c
If a, p are the roots, then (a) a+ p= - (b) a p=
a a
A quadratic equation whose roots are a & p, is (x - a) (x - P) =O i.e. x 2 - (a+ p) x+ a p =O
2. Nature of Roots:
Consider the quadratic equation, a x 2+ b x+ c=O having a, p as its roots; D b2 - 4 a c

D=O D ;t: 0
Roots are equala= p= - b/2a Roots are unequal

l
a, b, c E R & D > 0
l
a, b, c R & D < 0
Roots are real Roots are imaginary a= p + i q, � = p - i q

a, b, c E Q & a, b, c E Q &
D is a perfect square D is not a perfect square
⇒ Roots are rational ⇒ Roots are irrational
j, i.e. a= p +jg, p= p jg
a= 1, b, c E I & D is a perfect square
⇒ Roots are integral.
3. Common Roots:
Consider two quadratic equations a 1 x 2+ b 1 x+ c 1 = 0 & a2 x 2+ b2 x+ c2= 0.

(i) If two quadratic equations have both roots common, then = =

C a -c2 a 1 b C - b2 C 1
(ii) If only one root a is common, then a= 1 2 = 1 2
a1 b2 - a2 b1 c1 a 2 -c2 a1
4. Range of Quadratic Expression f (x) = a x2 + bx + c.

Range in restricted domain: Given x E [x 1 , x2]

(a)
5. Location of Roots:
Let f (x)=ax2+ bx+ c, where a> 0 & a, b, c E R.

(i) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = O to be greater than a specified number'x0 ' are
b2 - 4ac 2 O; f (x0) > 0 & (- b/2a) > x0 .
(ii) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = O to be smaller than a specified number 'x0 ' are
b2 - 4ac 2 O; f (x0) > 0 & (- b/2a) < x0 .
(iii) Conditions for both roots of f (x)=Oto lie on either side of the number 'x0 ' (in other words the
number 'x0 ' lies between the roots of f (x)=0), is f (x0) < 0.

0v) Conditions that both roots of f (x) = O to be confined between the numbers x 1 and
x2 , (x1 < x) are b2 - 4ac 2 O; f (x1 ) > O ; f (x)> O & x 1 < (- b/2a) < x2 .
(v) Conditions for exactly one root of f (x)=Oto lie in the interval (x1 , x) i.e.
x 1 < x < x2 is f (xJ f (x2) < 0.

An arithmetic progression (A.P.) : a, a+d, a+2 d, ....... a+ (n-1) d is an A.P.

Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of an A.P., then nth term =tn=a+ (n -1) d
The sum of first n terms of are A.P.
n n
[2a+ (n - 1) d] =
Sn=
2 2 [a+£]
rth term of an A.P. when sum of first r terms is given is t, = S, - S,_ 1•
Properties of A.P.
(i) If a, b, c are in A.P. ⇒ 2 b=a+ c & if a, b, C, d are in A.P. ⇒ a+ d =b + C.
(ii) Three numbers in A.P. can be taken as a d, a, a+ d; four numbers in A.P. can be taken as
a- 3d, a- d, a+d, a+ 3d; five numbers in A.P. are a- 2d, a- d, a, a+d, a+2d & six terms in A.P. are a
Sd, a 3d, a d, a+ d, a+ 3d, a+ Sd etc.
(iii) Sum of the terms of an A.P. equidistant from the beginning & end=sum of first & last term.

Arithmetic Mean (Mean or Average) (A.M.):

If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is called the A.M. between the other two, so if a, b, c are in
A.P., b is A.M. of a & C.
n -Arithmetic Means Between Two Numbers:
If a, b are any two given numbers & a, A 1 , A2 , .... , A n , b are in A.P. then A 1 , A2 , ... A n are the
, b a 2 (b a) n (b - a)
n A.M. s between a & b. A1 =a+--, A2 =a+---, ......, An =a+
n+l n+l n+ 1

I, A,=nA where A is the single A.M. between a & b.

r=I

{u
Geometric P rogression: a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, ...... is a G.P. with a as the first term & r as common ratio.

(i) nth term=a r n- 1 (ii) Sum of the first n terms i.e. S n = r*1
r-1
na r 1

(iii) Sum of an infinite G.P. when Ir I < 1 is given by S= =� (lrl < 1).
1-r
G eometric Means(Mean Proportional) (G.M.):
Ifa, b, c > 0 are i n G.P., bis the G.M. between a & c, then b2 = ac
n-Geometric Means Between positive number a, b: Ifa, bare two giv en numbers & a, G 1 , G 2 , ....., Gn,
barei n G.P.. Then G 1, G 2 , G 3 , ...., Gn are n G.M.sbetween a & b.
G 1 = a(b/a) 1 1n+ 1 , Gz = a(b/a) 21n+ 1 , ...... , Gn = a(b/a)nin+ 1

Harmonic Mean (H.M.):

2ac
Ifa, b, care i n H.P., bis the H.M. between a & c, then b =
a+c

1 1 1
_!f f+ +.......+
H.M. H ofa1 , a2 , ........ anis giv en by - =
H n l 1 a2 an

Relation between means:

G 2 = AH, A.M. :2: G.M. :2: H.M. and A.M. = G.M. = H.M.

Important Results
n n n n n
(i) I, (ar ± br) = I, ar ± I, br . (ii) I, kar = k I, ar . (iii) I, k = nk; where kis a constan t.
r=l r=l r=l r= 1 r= 1 r 1

f
(iv) L...i r = 1 + 2 + 3 +...........+ n =
n (n+l)
(v) f
L...i r2 = 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 +...........+ n 2 =
n (n+l) (2n+l)
r 1 2 r 1
6

n
3 3 3 3
n2 (n+l)2
I, r = p + 2 + 3 +...........+ n = - -
4
r 1
n
(vii) 2 I,aiai = (a1 +a2 + ........+an ) 2 -(a/+a/+ ......+a/)
i<j=1

BINOMIAL THEOREM
1. Statement of Binomial theorem : Ifa, b E Rand n E N, then

2. Propertiesof Binomial Theorem :

n
(i) General term : T,+1 = c, an-r b'

l
(ii) Middle term (s):
n 2
(a) If n is ev en, thereis only on e middle term, whi chis ; }h term .

(b) If n is odd, thereare two middle terms, whi chare l n 1

; }hand l n 1
; + 1 }h terms.

n!
3. Multinomial Theorem : (X 1 + X2 + X3 + ........... Xk) n : r1 +r2
I - - -x;1 • xi ...x�
r !
+...+r =n 1 2
k
r ! ... �k!

Here total number of termsi n the expansi on = n +k-1C _1

k
4. Application of Binomial Theorem :

If ( ✓A+ st = I + f where I and n are positive integers, n being odd and o < f < 1 then
(I+ f) f = k" where A - B = k > 0 and
2
- B < 1. ✓A
If n is an even integer, then (I+ f) (1 - f) = k"
5. Properties of Binomial Coefficients :
(i) "Co+ "C 1 + "C2 + ........ + "Cn = 2"
(ii) "C0 - "C 1 + "C2 - "C3+.............+ (-1)" "C n =0
(iii) "Co+ "C2 + "C4 + .... ="C 1 + "C3 + "Cs+ .... =2n- 1

n- r+1
Qv) nc r+ nc r-1 : n+1c r (v) =
r
6. Binomial Theorem For Negative Integer Or Fractional Indices
n(n-1) n(n-1)(n-2) 3 n(n 1)(n 2)....... (n r+1)
(1+ X)n =1+ nx+ - - -
21
X2 +
3!
x + ....+ X' + ...., I X I < 1.
r!
n(n 1)(n 2).........(n r+1)
T,+1 = xr
r!

PERMUTATION & COMBINNATlON

1. Arrangement : number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time=
n!
"P r =n (n 1) (n 2)... (n r+1)=--
(n- r)!
2. Circular Permutation :
The number of circular permutations of n different things taken all at a time is; (n - 1)!
nI np
3. Selection : Number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time = "C, = 1 • '
r. (n r ).
= _r
r!
4. The number of permutations of 'n' things, taken all at a time, when 'p' of them are similar & of one type, q
of them are similar & of another type, 'r' of them are similar & of a third type & the remaining
n!
n (p+q+ r) are all different is
p.1 q.1 r .1 •
5. Selection of one or more objects
(a) Number of ways in which atleast one object be selected out of 'n' distinct objects is
"C 1 + "C2+ "C3+...............+ "Cn = 2"-1
(b) Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected out of 'p' alike objects of one type
'q' alike objects of second type and 'r' alike of third type is
(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) - 1
(c) Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected from 'n' objects where 'p' alike of
one type 'q' alike of second type and 'r' alike of third type and rest
n-(p+ q+r) are different, is
(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) 2" (p + q + r) - 1
6. Multinomial Theorem :
Coefficient of x' in expansion of (1 x) "= n +r 1 C, (n e N)

7. Let N = pa qb re..... where p, q, r...... are distinct primes & a, b, c..... are natural numbers then :
(a) The total numbers of di v isors of N including 1 & N is= (a + 1) (b + 1) (c + 1)........
 (b) The sum of these divisors is =
(p O + p 1 + p2+.... + p•) (q O + q 1 + q2+.... + qb) (rO + r 1 + r2 +.... + re)........

(c) Number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two factors is

_ ½<a+1 )(b+1 )(c+1 ).... if N is not a perfect square
- ½[(a+1 )(b+1 )(c+1 )....+1 ] if N is a perfect square
(d) Number of ways in which a composite number N can be resolved into two factors which are
relatively prime (or coprime) to each other is equal to 2n-1 where n is the number of different
prime factors in N.
8. Dearrangement :
Number of ways in which 'n' letters can be put in 'n' corresponding envelopes such that no letter goes to
.
+ ............ +( 1 )n ]
1 1 1 1 1
correct envelope1s n! (1 +
- 11 21 -31 41 - n!

PROBABILITY
1. Classical (A priori) Definition of Probability:
If an experiment results in a total of (m + n) outcomes which are equally likely and mutually exclusive
with one another and if 'm' outcomes are favorable to an event 'A' while 'n' are unfavorable, then the
.. m n(A)
probability of occurrence of the event 'A' = P(A) = =
m+n n(S ) .
We say that odds in favour of 'A' are m : n, while odds against 'A' are n : m.
- n
P(A) = = 1 - P(A)
m+n
2. Addition theorem of probability: P(AuB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AnB)
De Morgan's Laws : (a) (Au 8) 0 = A°n B0 (b) (An 8) 0 = A0u B0
Distributive Laws :(a) Au (B n C) = (Au B) n (Au C) (b) An (Bu C) = (An B) u (An C)

(i) P(A or B or C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A n B) - P(B n C) - P(C n A) + P(A n B n C)

(ii) P (at least two of A, B, C occur) = P(B n C) + P(C n A) + P(A n B) - 2P(A n B n C)
(iii)P(exactly two of A, B, C occur) = P(B n C) + P(C n A) + P(A n B) - 3P(A n B n C)
Qv) P(exactly one of A, B, C occur) =
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) 2P(B n C) - 2P(C n A) 2P(An B) + 3P(An B n C)
P(AnB)
3. Conditional Probability : P(A/B) = P(B) .

4. Binomial Probability Theorem

If an experiment is such that the probability of success or failure does not change with trials, then the
probability of getting exactly r success in n trials of an experiment is "C, p' q n -r, where 'p' is the probability
of a success and q is the probability of a failure. Note that p + q = 1 .

5. Expectation :
If a value M, is associated with a probability of P, , then the expectation is given by I. p M 1 1
•

6. Total Probability Theorem : P(A) = .2,P(Bi). P(A /Bi)

i=1
7. Bayes' Theorem :
If an event A can occur with one of the n mutually exclusive and e xhaustive events B1 , B
2
, ..... , B" and

P(B i ). P(A /B i )
the probabil ities P(A/B1 ), P(A/B2 ) .... P(A/B n) are known, then P(B J A) =

_LP(B i ). P(A /Bi )

B , B , B3, ........ , B" i=1
A (A n B 1 ) u (A n B 2) u (A n B) u ........ u (A n Bn)
1 2
=

P(A) P(A n B1 ) + P(A n B) + ....... + P(A n Bn)

P(A n Bi )
�
= =

8. Binomial Probability Distribution :

L i xi
(i) Mean of any probability distribution of a random variable is g iven by: µ P L p i xi
Lp i
= =

(ii) Variance of a random variable is given by, cr2 =

L (xi - µ)2 • p i = L p i xi2 - µ2

COMPLEX NUMBER
1. The complex number system
z = a + ib, then a - ib is called congugate of z and is denoted by 2.

2. Equality In Complex Number: z 1 = z2 ⇒ Re(z 1 ) = Re(z2) and I m (z 1 ) = I m (z2).

3. Representation Of A Complex Number:

4. Properties of arguments
(i) arg(z1 z2) = arg(z1 ) + arg(z2) + 2mn for some integer m.
(ii) arg(z/z2) = arg (z 1 ) - arg(z2) + 2mn for some integer m.
(iii) arg (z2 ) = 2arg(z) + 2mn for some integer m.
(iv) arg(z) = 0 ¢::} z is a positive real number
(v) arg(z) = ± n/2 ¢::} z is purely imaginary and z # O
5. Properties of conjugate
(i) lzl = 121 (ii) z2 = lzl2 (iii) Z 1 +Z 2
=
21 + 22

�
(iv) Z 1 -Z 2 = Z 1 - (v) Z 1Z 2 Z1 (vi) =
Z2
(z2 # 0)
=

(viii) (21 ) = z (ix) lf w = f(z), then w = f(2 )

(x) arg(z) + arg(2)

l
6. Rotation theorem

Z 3 -Z 2 Z 3 -Z 2
If P(z1 ), Q(z2 ) and R(z3 ) are three complex numbers and LPQR = 0, then [ � = I 2 2 I e i0
1 2
7. Demoivre's Theorem :
Case I : If n is any integer then
(i) (cos 0 + i sin 0? = cos n0 + i sin n0
(ii) (cos 0 1 + i sin 0 1 ) (cos 02 + i sin 02) (cos03 + i sin 02) (cos 03 + i sin 03) .....(cos e n + i sin 0n )
= cos (01 + 02 + 03 + ......... 0n ) + i sin (0 1 + 02 + 03 + ....... + 0n )
2krc+p0 · . . 2krc+p0 ·
Case II : If p, q E z and q # o then (cos 0 + i sin 0)P1q = cos (
q J + 1 sin (
q J
where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...... , q - 1
8. Cube Root Of Unity :

(i) The cube roots of unity are 1, -l+i.J3, -l i./3

2 2
(ii) If co is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 +co+co2 = 0. In general 1 +cor+co2r = 0; where
r E I but is not the multiple of 3.

9. Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity :

(i) Loge (a + i �) = � Loge (a2 + �2) + {211rc + tan- where n EI.

1
�)

10. Geometrical Properties:

Distance formula: lz 1 - z2 1.

. mz 2 +nz 1 . . . . mz 2 -nz 1 . . .
Section formula: z = --- (internal d1v1s1on), z = --- (external d1v1s1on)
m+n m -n
(1) amp(z) = 0 is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle 0 to the x-axis.

(2) Iz aI = Iz b I is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.

(3) The equation of a line joining z 1 & z2 is given by, z = z 1 + t (z 1 - z2) where t is a real parameter.

(4) The equation of circle having centre z0 & radius p is :

I z - z0 I = p or z z - z0 z - z0 z + z0 z 0 - p2 = 0 which is of the form
zz + az + az + k = 0, k is real. Centre is - a & radius =,.jaa -k.
Circle will be real if aa k � 0.. -
(5) If lz 1 - z 1 + lz - z2 = K > lz 1 - z2 then locus of z is an ellipse whose focii are z 1 & z2
I 1 1

(6) If I I =k 1, 0, then locus of z is circle.

; _ 22
#

(7) If I I z - z 1 I - I z - z2 I I = K < I z 1 - z2 I then locus of z is a hyperbola, whose focii are

Z 1 & Z2 .

VECTORS
1. Position Vector Of A Point:
let O be a fixed origin, then the position vector of a point P is the vector OP. If a and b are position

vectors of two points A and B, then, AB = b-a = pv of B - pv of A.

 DISTANCE FORMULA: Distance between the two pointsA(a) and B(b) isAB= I a-b I

SECTION FORMULA: r = na+mb

m+n
.
. . a+ b
Mid point ofAB=--.
2

2. Scalar Product Of Two Vectors: a. b =Ia 11 6 I cos e, where Ia I, I 61 are magnitude of a and b
respectively and 0 is angle between a and b.
- -
i.i = j.j k.k 1; i.j j.k k.i projection of a on b = a. b
1. = = = = = 0 I I
2. If 8. =a 1i + a2j + a3k&5 = b 1i + b2j + b3k thena.b =a 1 b 1+ a2 b2+ a3 b 3

a.6
The angle <p betweena & b is given by cos
= I a I I bI , 0 � <p � re
3.
<I>

4.

3. Vector Product Of Two Vectors:

1. If & b are two vectors& 0 is the angle between them thenax 5

a = l l 151 sin 0 ii, where ii is the unit vector
a
perpendicular to both & b such thata , b & ii forms a right handed screw system.
a
2. Geometrically la x 51 =area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are represented bya & b.
3. i Xi =} X} = kx k = 6 ; i X} = k,} X k =i, kx i =}

i j 1<
4. lfa=a 1 j +a
2}
+ a3 1< &b= b 1 j + b2 } + b3 1<then axb 81 82 83
b1 b2 b3

5. ax 6=6 ¢:::> a and b are parallel (collinear) (a =ft. O , b =ft. O) i.e. a Kb , where K is a scalar.

6. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a& bis n ± �axx�b

I I
lfa, 5 & care the pv's of 3 pointsA, B& c then the vector area of triangleABC=

� [axb + bxc + cxa]. The pointsA, B& care collinear if a x 6 + 6 x c + c x a 6

- - 1
Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are d 1 & d 2 is given by d1 xd2 I
2 1-
aa. a.b
- - 2_J-
Lagrange's Identity: (axb) -- 2 , ___ _ l
7al2l-bl -{a.b)
2

a.bb.b
4. Scalar Triple Product:
The scalar triple product of three vectors a ' b & C is defined as: a X b. C = lal 161 lei sine cos <j>.
Volume of tetrahydron V=[abc]
In a scalar triple product the position of dot & cross can be interchanged i.e.

a. (bxc)=(axb).c OR [abc] = [b Ca] = [cab]

a. b
( xc) = -a.(cxb) i.e.[a jj c] = -[a c bl

a1 a 2 a 3
b
If 3= a1 i+a2J·+a3 k·' = b1 i+b2J'+b3 k & C = C1 i+c2J·+c3 k then[ab c] = b l b 2 b 3
C1 C 2 C 3
In general, ifa = aJ + a 2 ITI+ a 3 n; b = bJ +b 2 lll.+b 3 n & C = cJ+ C 2 ITI+ C 3 n
a1 a2 a3
then [ab c] b1 b 2 b 3 [Tm n]; where 7 , 111 & n are non coplanar vectors.
C1 C 2 C 3

lfa, b , c are coplanar¢:::? [a b c] = 0.

Volume of tetrahedron OABC with O as origin & A( a), B( b) and C( c) be the vertices = I J [a 6 c] I

The positon vector of the centroid of a tetrahedron if the pv's of its vertices area , b , c & d are given by

I - -
[a+b+c +ctl.
4

5. Vector Triple Product: ax ( b x c ) = (a.c)b - (a.b)c , (ax b)x c = (a.c)b (b.c)a

a
( X b) X C -::j:. a X (b X c) , in general

6. Reciprocal System Of Vectors:

If a, b, C & a' 'b' 'c' are two sets of non coplanar vectors such that a. a' b. b' I then the two

systems are called Reciprocal S ystem of vectors, where a' =

b
:
c , b' c x a , c'= a: b
[abcl
=
[abcl [aticl

3�DlMENSlON
1. Vector representation of a point : Position vector of point P (x, y, 2) is xi + y J + 2 k.

Distance formula : ✓<x1 -x2) + (Y1 -Y2) + (21 -22) , AB= I OB - OA I

2 2 2
2.
3. Distance of P from coordinate axes : PA = , PB= , PC = .Jx 2 +y 2
4. Section Formula : x =
mx2 +nx1
y-
my2 +ny 1
2 = m22 +n21
m+n ' m+n ' m+n

x 1; x 2, y Y 1; Y 2, 2
Mid point : x
2

5. Direction Cosines And Direction Ratios

(i) B,
Direction cosines: Let a, y be the angles which a directed line
makes with the positive directions of the axes of x, y and 2 respectively,
then cos a, cosB, cosy are called the direction cosines of the line. The
direction cosines are usually denoted by (J!, m, n). Thus f = cos a, m =
cos B,
n = cosy.
(ii) If£, m, n be the direction cosines of a line, then£2 + m2 + n2 = 1
(iii) Direction ratios: Let a, b, c be proportional to the direction cosines e, m, n then a, b, c are called
the direction ratios.
(iv) If e, m, n be the direction cosines and a, b, c be the direction ratios of a vector, then
a b c
e +---,======,m +-----.===== ,n +-----.=====
,Ja 2 +b2 +c 2 ,Ja2 +b2 +c 2 ,Ja 2 +b2 +c 2

(vi) If the coordinates P and Qare (x 1 , y 1 , 2 1 ) and (x2 , y 2 , 2) then the direction ratios of line PQare, a

= x2 - x 1 , b = y 2 y 1 & c = 22 - 2 1 and the direction cosines of line PQ are e = P m

I QI
-

= I PQ I and n = I PQ I

6. Angle Between Two Line Segments:

The line will be perpendicular if a 1 a2 + b 1 b2 + c 1 c2 = 0, parallel if

a2

7. Projection of a line segment on a line

If P(x 1 , y 1 , 2 1 ) and Q(x2 , y 2 , 22) then the projection of PQ on a line having direction cosines e, m, n is
1e(x 2 X 1 )+m(y 2 Y 1 )+n(z 2 z 1 )I

8. Equation Of A Plane : General form: ax + by + cz + d = 0, where a, b, c are not all zero,

a, b, c, d E R.
(i) Normal form : fx + my + nz = p
(ii) Plane through the point (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) : a (x - x 1 ) + b( y - y 1 ) + c (z - z 1 ) = 0

X y Z
(iii) Intercept Form: -+-+- 1
a b c
 (iv) Vector form: (r a ). ii = 0 or r. ii =a. ii
(v) Any plane parallel to the given plane ax+ by+ cz + d = 0 is ax+ by+ cz + A= 0.

Id1-d 2 I
Distance between ax + by + cz + d 1 = O and ax + by+ cz + d2 = O is =
✓a 2
+b 2 +c 2

(vi) Equation of a plane passing through a given point & parallel to the given vectors:

r = a+ Ab + µ C (parametric form) where A& µ are sc alars.

or r . (b X c) = a . (b X c) (non parametric form)
9. A Plane & A Point
ax'+by'+cz'+d
(i) Distance of the point (x', y', z') from the pl ane ax+ by+ cz+ d = 0 is given by
✓. 2 2
a + b +c
2

(ii) Length of the perpendicular from a point (a) to plane r. ii = d is given by p =

I a. n-d I .
I iii
(iii) Foot (x', y', z') of perpendicul a r dr a wn from the point (x 1 , y 1 , 2 1 ) to the pl a ne
x'-X1 y'-Y1 z'-21 --- (ax1+by +CZ +d)
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by -- - - -
a b c a 2 +b\ +c1
(iv) To find image of a point w.r.t. a plane:
Let P (x 1 , y 1 , 2 1 ) is a given point and ax+ by+ cz + d = 0 is given pl ane Let (x', y', z') is the
- (ax1+b Y1+CZ1+d)
image point. then = 2
a b C a 2 +b 2 +c 2
10. Angle Between Two Planes:

aa'+bb'+cc'
cos 0 =
✓a 2 +b 2 +c 2 ✓a· 2 + b' 2 + c · 2

, , , a b c
Planes are perpendicular if aa + bb + cc = 0 and planes are parallel if�= - = �
a b' C

-- --
The angle e between the planes r . n1 = d 1 and r . n 2 = d 2 is given by, cos
e = _n1. n2_
I ll1 I. I ll2 I
Planes are perpendicular ifn1. n2 = O & planes are parallel if n1 = "An2, "A is a scalar

11. Angle Bisectors

(i) The equations of the planes bisecting the angle between two given planes
a 1 x + b 1 y+ c 1 z + d 1 = 0 a nd a2x + b2y+ c2z + d2 = 0 are

a1x+b1y+c1z+ d1 a x+ b2 y+c2 z+ d2
= ± 2
,JaT + bT +cT ,Ja� + b� +c�
 (ii) Bisector of acute/obtuse angle: First make both the constant terms positive. Then
a 1 a 2 + b 1 b2 + c 1 c2 > o ⇒ origin lies on obtuse angle
a 1 a 2 + b 1 b2 + c 1 c2 < 0 ⇒ origin lies in acute angle

12. Family of Planes

(i) Any plane through the intersection of a 1 x + b 1 y + c 1 z + d 1= O &a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = O is
a 1 x + b 1y + c 1 z + d 1 + A (a2x + b 2y + c2z + d2) = 0

(ii) The equation of plane passing through the intersection of the planes r. n1 = d 1 &
r. n 2 = d is r. (n +A n 2 )= d
2 1 1 +Ad 2 where A is arbitrary scalar
➔ 1 ➔
➔ ➔
13. Area of triangle : From two vector AB and AC. Then area is given by I AB x AC I
2
14. Vo I um e Of A Tetrah ed ro n: Volume of a tetrahedron with vertices A (x 1 , y 1 , z), B( x2 , y2, 22), C (X3, Y3 ,

X1 Y1 Z1 1
1
1 Y2
z3) and D (x4 , y4 , z4) is given by V=
6 Y3 Z3 1
X4 Y4 Z4 1
A LINE
1. Equation Of A Line
(i) A straight line is intersection of two planes.
it is reprsented by two planes a 1 x + b 1 y + c 1 z + d 1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + +c2z + d2=O.
z-
(ii) Symmetric form : = = = r.
a

(iii) Vector equation: r = a +Ab

(vi) Reduction of cartesion form of equation of a line to vector form & vice versa
X Z
= =
a b c

2. Angle Between A Plane And A Line:

x-x1 y-y1 z-z1
(i) If 0 is the angle between line-- =-- = -- and the plane ax+ by+ cz+ d= 0, then sin
.e 111 11

a.e + bm + en
0=
,J(a2 +b 2 +c 2 ) .J.e 2 +m 2 + n2

(ii) Vector form: If 0 is the angle between a liner = ( a + /\,

"l -
b) andr . ii = d then sin =
e [ _6.n ] .
lbl I iii
/J, 111 11
(iii) Condition for perpendicularity = = 6 xii = o
b C

(iv) Condition for parallel a.e + bm +en= o 5.n = o

3. Condition For A Line To Lie In A Plane

Cartesian form: Line would lie in a plane

x- z-
(i) = =

ax+ by+ cz + d = 0, if ax1 + b y1 + cz 1 + d 0 & ae + bm + en 0.

e m n

Vector form: Liner a +Ab would lie in the planer.ii d if 0& a. ri d

= =

(ii) = = b. n = =

4. Skew Lines:
(i) The straight lines which are not parallel and non-coplanar i.e. non-intersecting are called

skew lines. If�= e m n * O, then lines are skew.

a'-a W-� y'-y

£' m' n'

(iii) Vector Form: For lines f = a l + Ab1 and f = a 2 + Ab 2 to be skew (b1 X bz)- (a 2 a,) cf:; 0
( 6
Shortest distance between lines' = + ,. b & r = a, + µ b is d= .

5.
(iv)

Sphere
a, I ii, I �'i' 1

General equation of a sphere is x2 + y2 + 22 + 2ux + 2v y + w

2 z+ d 0. (-u, - v, -w) is the centre
and -Ju 2 +v 2 +w 2-d is the radius of the sphere.
=

SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE
a b c
sinA sinB sinC
1. Sine Rule:

+c -a b2 c2 +a2-b2 a2 +b2-c2
2. Cosine Formula: (i) cos A=---- (ii) cos B ---- (iii) cos C = ----
2bc 2ca 2ab
2 2
=

3. Projection Formula: (i) a = b cosc + c cosB (ii) b = c cosA + a cosc (iii) c = a cosB + b cosA

4. Napier's Analogy - tangent rule:

B C b c A C A c-a B A B a b C
(i) tan --=-- cot - (ii) tan -- = cot- (iii) tan --=-- cot-
2 b
+c 2 2 c +a 2 2 a+b 2
5. Trigonometric Functions of Half Angles:

.A (s-b)(s-c) (s-c)(s-a) C (s-a) (s-b)

sin- ,· sin- sin-
2 be 2 ca 2 ab
. B
(i) = = =

A s (s-a) s (s-b) .
. cos B = -- C s (s-c)
cos cos =
✓-- ✓ ✓
2 be ' 2 ca ' 2 ab
(ii) =

A (s-b)(s-c) A a+b+c
tan- where s = is semi perimetre of triangle.
2 s(s-a) s(s-a) 2
(iii) = =

2Li
(iv) sin A .2_ ,Js(s - a)(s - b)(s - e)
be be
=
 1 1 1
6.Area of Triangle (Ll) : = ab sin C = be sin A = ca sin B = ,Js(s-a) (s-b) (s-c)
A 2 2 2
7.m-nRule: A
If BD: DC = m: n, then
(m + n) cot0 m cota n cot�
= n cot B - m cot C
8.Radius of Circumcirlce :
-a-=_b_=_c_ abc
R= =
2sinA 2sinB 2sinC 4Li

9.Radius of The lncircle :

A A B C
(i) r = -
s
(ii) r =(s-a) tan
2 =(s-b) tan 2 =(s-c) tan 2
a srn2 srn2 . . A . B . C
· B· C
(iii) r & so on ( IV ) r = 4R sm sm sm
2 2 2
=
cost

10. Radius of The Ex-Circles :

(i) r 1 = A ;r = A ,r = A
s -a 2 s -b 3 s -c

a cos½ cos% A B C
(iii) r, -�-� & so on (iv) r, 4 R sin
2. cos 2. cos 2
= =
cost
11. Length of Angle Bisectors, Medians & Altitudes :
2bc cos-½
(i) Length of an angle bisector from the angle A = �. =
b+c

(ii) Length of median from the angle A = m = _!_ .J2b 2 + 2c 2 - a2

a 2
Li
2-
& (iii) Length of altitude from the angle A = Aa =
a

12. The Distances of The Special Points from Vertices and Sides of Triangle:

(i) Circumcentre (0): OA=R & Oa=R cos A (ii) lncentre (I): IA=r cosec & 1. = r
2
A
(iii) Excentre (1 1 ) : 1 1 A = r, cosec (iv) Orthocentre : HA = 2R cos A & H.=2R cos B cos C
2

(v) Centroid (G)

13. Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle:

The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is called the Pedal Triangle.
(i) Its angles are TC - 2A, TC - 2B and TC - 2C.
 (ii) Its sides are a cosA = R sin 2A,
b cosB = R sin 2B and
c cosC = R sin 2C
(iii) Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are equal.
14. Excentral Triangle:
The triangle formed byjoining the three excentres 1 1 , 1 2 and T3 of fl ABC is called
the excentral or excentric triangle.
(i) fl ABC is the pedal triangle of the fl 1 1 12 13 .
TC A TC B TC C
(ii) Its angles are &---.
2 2 '2 2 2 2
A B C
(iii) Its sides are 4 R cos
2 , 4 R cos
2 & 4 R cos 2.
A B C
(iv) I 1 1 = 4 R sin
2; I 1 2 = 4 R sin
2; I 1 3 = 4 R sin
2.
(v) In centre I of fl ABC is the orthocentre of the excentral fl 1 1 1)3 .

15. Distance Between Special Points :

(i) Distance between circumcentre and orthocentre OH 2 = R2 (1- 8 cosA cos B cos C)

(ii) Distance between circumcentre and incentre OF = R2 (1- 8 sin ; sin � sin � ) = R2 - 2Rr

1 2
(iii) Distance between circumcentre and centroid OG 2 = R2 - (a + b2 + c2)
9
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. Principal Values & Domains of Inverse Trigonometric/Circular Functions:

Function Domain Range

1t 1t
(i) y = sin- 1 x where - 1:::; X:::; 1 --::=;y::=;-
2 2
(ii) y = cos- 1 x where - 1:::; X:::; 1 0:::; y:::; 1t

1t 1t
(iii) y = tan- 1 x where XE R --< y<-
2 2
1t 1t
Qv) y = cosec- 1 x where x:::; - 1or x ::> 1 --::=;y::=;-, y;t:O
2 2
1t
(v) y = sec- 1 x where x ::=;-1or x::>1 0:::; y:::; n; y;t:-
2
(v 0 y = cot- 1 x where XE R O<y<n
1t 1t
P-2 (i) sin- 1 (sin x) = x, :::; X:::; (ii) cos- 1 (cos x) = x; Osxsn
2 2
 (iii) tan- 1 (tan x) = x; <x< Qv) cot- 1 (cot x) = x; O< x<n
1C 1C

2 2

(v) sec- 1 (sec x) = x·, 0 <x < - - , x ;t 2TI ( v i) cosec- 1 (cosec x) = x; x ;t 0, _

2
sx s
2
P-3 (i) sin- 1 (-x) = - sin- 1 x, -1 s x s 1 (ii) tan- 1 (-x) = - tan- 1 x, XE R
_11'._ _11'._
1r

(iii) cos- 1 (-x) = n - cos- 1 x, -1 s x s 1 Qv) cot- 1 (-x) = n - cot- 1 x, XE R

P-5 (i) sin- 1 x+cos- 1 x = -1 s x s 1 (ii) tan- 1 x+cot- 1 x = x R

2 2'
1r , 1r E

(iii) cosec- 1 x+sec- 1 x= Ix I ::::: 1

2
_11'._ ,

2. Identities of Addition and Substraction:

I- 1 (i) sin- 1 x+sin- 1 y = sin- 1 [x .J1 - y2 + y�] , x::::: 0, y 2 0 & (x2+y2) s 1

=n sin 1 [x � + Y .J1 - x ] , x 2 0, y 2 0 & x 2+y2 > 1

2

(ii) cos- 1 x+cos- 1 y=cos- 1 [xy-� �], x20,y20

x+
(iii) tan- 1 x+tan- 1 y = tan- 1 , x > 0, y > 0 & xy < 1
1 xy
x+ TI
=n+tan , x > 0, y > 0 & xy > 1 = , x > 0, y > 0 & xy= 1
1 xy 2
1

I- 2 (i) sin- 1 x -sin- 1 y = sin- 1 [ x� Y RJ, x 2 0, y 2 O

(ii) cos- 1 x cos- 1 y = cos- 1 [ x Y + R �], x 2 0, y 2 0, x s y

(iii) tan- 1 x tan- 1 y = tan- 1 1+ xy , x 2 0, y 2 0

x-

2 sin-1 x if lx ls b

(i) = n - 2sin- x if 1
X>--
\12
1
I-3
(n + 2sin-1 x) if X < 1
J2
J2

2cos-1 x if 0 s XS 1
(ii) cos- 1 (2 x 2 - 1) = [
2n - 2cos-1 x if -1 s X<0

2tan-1x if lxl<1
2x
(iii) tan- 1 = l n+ 2tan- x if X< 1
1-
-(1r-2tan-1 x) if X>1
1
 2tan-1x if IX I ::;1
= l TC 2tan-1 x if X>1
2x
(iv) sin-
-(TC+ 2tan-1 x) if X<-1
1

I+

1-x 2 2tan-1 xifx:-2:0

(v) cos- 1- - = [

l
1+x2 -2tan- x ifx<0
1

I x+ y +z xyz
If tan- 1 x + tan- 1 y + tan- 1 z = tan- 1 l 1 _ xy - yz-zx if, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & (xy + yz + zx) < 1

NOTE:
(i) If tan 1 x + tan 1 y + tan 1 z = TC then x + y + z = xyz
TC
(ii) If tan- 1 x + tan- 1 y + tan- 1 z = - then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
1 1 TC
(iii) tan 1 1 + tan 1 2 + tan 1 3 = TC tan 1 1 + tan 1
+ tan 1 - =
2 3 2