Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
___________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (CEEM222)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Norheliena Binti Aziz
Group : EMD4M7D
___________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : PHYSICAL PENDULUM – WOODEN PENDULUM

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1 ALYA BINTI AMENUDDEN 2023800672
2. AMERUL AIEZAD BIN AZHARI 2023898656
3. MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN MUHAMAD NAZAR 2023473658
4. MUHAMMAD AMIR BIN ROSLAN 2023817498
5. AMIR REDZUAN BIN MUHAMMED 2023247958
HAKIMAN

LABORATORY SESSION : 7/5/2024

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 4/6/2024

(DATE)
*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
msconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

ABSTRACT

This experiment's objective was to calculate the mass moment of inertia at the center of gravity
(IG) and the suspension points (IO) through oscillation. The experiment results indicate
inconsistencies between experimental and theoretical values for IG and Io. The experiment
revealed that the values of IG and IO at both sites are significantly different, even though the
mass of the wooden pendulum is the same. The experiment involved determining the time for
ten oscillations with independent supports on each side, one on each side (left and right). The
average time for 10 oscillations is calculated by multiplying the time spent on each side by
four. Environmental conditions and mechanical error may have influenced the results.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 THEORY 2

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 3

4.0 RESULTS 5

5.0 DISCUSSION 8

6.0 CONCLUSION 12

7.0 REFERENCE 14

8.0 APPENDIX 15

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Title Page

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Title Page

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The definition of mass moment of inertia is resistance to rotational motion. The body's
mass distribution and the axis of choice with bigger moments demand different amounts of
torque to alter the body's rotational speed.

Both rotational kinetics and linear kinetics are characterised by a body's resistance to
changes in motion, and moment of inertia plays a part in both.The application of moment of
inertia is demonstrated by a figure skater who uses conservation of momentum to spin faster by
pulling in their arms and reducing their moment of inertia.This experiment's goal is to use
oscillation to calculate the mass moment of inertia at the suspension point (Io) and the centre of
gravity (Ig).

Moments of inertia can theoretically be calculated using a formula based on their shape.
Ig=mr2 is the moment of inertia for a pendulum at the centre of gravity, where m is mass and r
is a vector from the force to the rotational axis that is perpendicular to it. The parallel axis
theorem is used to find the mass moment of inertia at the suspension point, or Io. Io = Ig+md2
is the parallel axis theorem, where d is the length of time between the part's centre and the
profile's center.

The mass moment of inertia can be calculated using a formula using an experimental
technique. This experiment involves oscillating a wooden pendulum at a specific angle. T =
2π 𝐼𝑂𝑚𝑔𝐺. Due of its unfettered rotation, this pendulum is a physical pendulum.

Period, t, is the amount of time it takes the pendulum to complete ten full oscillations.
To determine the experimental value of the mass moment of inertia, the time, t, is entered into
the formula. After that, the percentage error is computed by comparing the theoretical and
experimental values.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

2.0 THEORY

A basic pendulum consists of a heavy item hung from a fixed support. When a pendulum is
freed from its equilibrium position, it swings forth and backward with a consistent amplitude.
Periodic motion refers to regular, repeated motion. Pendulum motion analysis reveals dynamic
changes in many values throughout time. Changes also occur. Several forces can be
represented by numbers such as velocity, potential energy, and kinetic energy.

I Is a moment of inertia, also referred to as the angular mass or rotational inertia of a pendulum
about its rotation axis. g is the acceleration of gravitational force. While m denotes the
pendulum's total mass and r denotes the distance from the rotation. Additionally, the parallel
axis theorem formula is used to calculate moment inertia.

In this case, a rigid body is turned to oscillate rather than a point mass, as seen in the image.
There are no string requirements. As a result, there is no suspense in this case. A compound
pendulum operates similarly to a single pendulum, with two key differences.

Gravity works on the rigid body's centre of mass. The length of the pendulum utilised in the
equation equals the linear distance between the pivot and the mass centre ("h"). The rigid
body's moment of inertia about a point suspension is not equal to "𝑚𝐿 " as it is in the case of a
simple pendulum. Thus, the time of a compound pendulum is given by:

𝑇=2𝜋√𝐼mgh

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Using this formula, we can compute the time of the physical pendulum for a rigid body with
known MI. Consider this image of a uniform stiff rod pivoting from a frame. The centre of
mass is positioned "L/2" from the suspension point.

Both the cylinder and diamond shape metal pins are assumed to be frictionless, moment of
inertia of the rigid rod about its centre is:

𝐼𝐶= 𝑚𝐿212

However, we must calculate the rod's moment of inertia around the point of suspension,
denoted as "O". Applying the parallel axes theorem,

𝐼𝑜= 𝑚𝐿212+ 𝑚𝑑2

Putting in the equation of time, we have:

𝑇=2𝜋√I𝑚𝑔ℎ= 𝑇=2𝜋√2𝑚𝐿23𝑚𝑔𝐿= 2𝜋√2L3𝑔

It's important to remember that the stiff body's mass doesn't affect the time. However, the rigid
body's mass distribution affects the time. Changing the rigid body's form, size, or mass
distribution affects its MI at the point of suspension. This changes the time. A real pendulum
can effectively measure "g." This gadget is commonly used globally for gravity surveys. To
calculate the value of "g," simply provide the time or frequency.
Think of the physical pendulum as a basic pendulum. To do this, we can imagine the rigid
body's mass as concentrated at a single point, like a basic pendulum, where the time periods are
identical. Assume a linear distance of "Lo" from the suspension point.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Apparatus
1. Stopwatch
2. Protractor
3. Steel ruler
4. Frame
5. Supports (Diamond support / Rod support)
6. Wooden pendulum

Procedure
1. The thickness of wooden pendulum, length from point A (diamond support) until point
B (end of hollow part), diameter or circular part, length and width of hollow part are
measured using the steel ruler.
2. The wooden pendulum is suspended from the one end on the frame which is by using
the diamond support (point A).
3. The wooden pendulum at 10 degrees is angled by looking at the protractor to the left as
the starting position.
4. The wooden pendulum is released and the stopwatch is started alongside with the time
taken for 10 complete oscillations is measured.
5. Step 3 and 4 are repeated to tilting the pendulum to the right.
6. Each side is repeated four times with the time taken for each set is recorded for 10
oscillations.
7. The same steps are repeated when the wooden pendulum is suspended on the rod
support (point B).
8. The average time taken for 10 oscillations is calculated at each suspension point.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

4.0 RESULT

ALYA BINTI AMENUDDEN (2023800672)

Table 4.1 Data Results
Suspensio Release Angle Number of Time taken (s)
n point Point oscillations t1 t2 t3 t4
A 1 (left) 10˚ 10 14.19 14.3 13.46 14.35
2 (right) 14.34 14.47 13.47 14.19
B 1 (left) 10˚ 10 13.41 14.35 13.3 13.16
2 (right) 13.41 14.84 13.47 13.78

Experimental Calculation

1) Average time taken, tavg

tavg =
∑t
4

From suspension point A

Point 1;

14.19+14.3+13.46+14.35
tavg =
4
tavg = 14.08 s
Point 2;
14.34+14.47+13.47 +14.19
tavg =
4
tavg = 14.12 s

From suspension point B

Point 1;

13.41+ 14.35+13.3+13.16
tavg =
4
tavg = 13.56 s
Point 2;
13.41+ 14.84+13.47+13.78
Point 2; tavg =
4
tavg = 13.88 s

2) Time period of oscillation. T

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

t avg
T=
number of oscillations

From suspension point A

Point 1;

14.08
T=
10
T=1.41 s
Point 2;
14.12
T=
10
T=1.41 s

From suspension point B

Point 1;

13.56
T=
10
T=1.36 s
Point 2;

13.88
T=
10
T=1.39 s

3) Length, L

From suspension point A

T =2 π
√ L
g

Point 1;
1.41=2 π
LA1 = 0.49 m
√ L
9.81

Point 2;
1.41=2 π
LA2 = 0.49 m
√ L
9.81

From suspension point B

Point 1;
1.36=2 π
LB1 = 0.46 m
√ L
9.81

Point 2;
1.39=2 π
LB2 = 0.48 m
√ L
9.81

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

4) Distance between center of mass and point, R

x (LB −x)
rA=
L A + LB −2 x

x=70.2 cm

x=0.7 m
From suspension point A

Point 1;
0.7 ( 0.46−0.7 )
rA1=
0.49+0.46−2 ( 0.7 )

rA=0.37 m
Point 2;
0.7 ( 0.48−0.7 )
rA2=
0.49+0.46−2 ( 0.7 )

rA=0.36 m

From suspension point B

rB= x - rA

Point 1;
rB1=0.7-0.37

rA=0.33 m
Point 2;
rB2=0.7-0.36

rA=0.34 m
5) Mass moment of inertia, Io

From suspension point A

T =2 π
√ Io
mgr

Point 1;

1.41=2 π
√ Io
( 0.6)(9.81)(0.37)
Io= 1.097 × 10-1 kgm2

Point 2;

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

1.41=2 π
√ Io
( 0.6)(9.81)(0.36)
Io= 1.067 × 10-1 kgm2

From suspension point B

Point 1;

1.36=2 π
√ Io
(0.6)(9.81)(0.33)
Io= 9.1 × 10-2 kgm2

Point 2;

1.39=2 π
√ Io
(0.6)(9.81)(0.34)
Io= 9.794 × 10-2 kgm2

6) Mass moment of inertia of center of gravity, IG

IG=mrG(L-rG)
From suspension point A
Point 1;
IG=(0.6)(0.37)(0.49-0.37)
IG=2.664×10-2 kgm2

Point 2;
IG=(0.6)(0.36)(0.49-0.36)
IG=2.808×10-2 kgm2
From suspension point B
Point 1;
IG=(0.6)(0.33)(0.46-0.33)
IG=2.664×10-2 kgm2

Point 2;
IG=(0.6)(0.33)(0.48-0.33)
IG=2.97×10-2 kgm2

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Theoretical Calculation

Mass of wooden pendulum = 0.6 kg

g= 9.81 m/s2
x=0.7 m
Width of wooden pendulum, w= 0.01 m

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

0.08 m 0.011 m

0.025 m
0.45 m
0.8 m

1) y from each component by suspension point A and B

From suspension point A

Component y A(m2) y A (m3)

1 0.4 (0.8)(0.08) 2.56 × 10-2
= 6.4 × 10-2
2 0.23 (0.45)(0.011) 1.139 × 10-3
=4.95 × 10-3
3 0.0125 π(0.0125)2 6.136 × 10-6
=4.909 × 10-2
∑A ∑ yA
=6.944 × 10-2 =2.675 × 10-2

y=
∑yA
∑A
−1
y A =3.852× 10 m

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

From suspension point B

Component y A(m2) y A (m3)

1 0.35 (0.8)(0.08) 2.24 × 10-2
= 6.4 × 10-2
2 0.225 (0.45)(0.011) 1.11 × 10-3
=4.95 × 10-3
3 0.715 π(0.0125)2 3.51 × 10-4
=4.909 × 10-2
∑A ∑ yA
=6.944 × 10-2 =2.39 × 10-2

y=
∑yA
∑A
−1
y B =3.44 ×10 m

2) Volume of each component

Component Volume (m3) ∑ V (m )3

1 V1=length×width×height VT= V1- V2- V3

= 0.08×0.01×0.8 =5.86 × 10-4
= 6.4×10-4
2 V2=length×width×height
= 0.011×0.01×0.45
= 4.95×10-5
3 V3=πr2h
=π(0.0125)2(0.01)
=4.91×10-6

3) Density of wooden pendulum

m pendulum
ρ pendulum=
V total

600 ÷ 1000
ρ pendulum= −4
5.86 ×10

3
ρ pendulum=1024.61 kg /m

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

4) Mass of each component

m
ρ pendulum=
V

Component Mass (kg) Total mass of wooden

pendulum (kg)
1 m1 mT=m1-m2-m3
1024.61= −4 =0.604
6.4 ×10
m1= 0.66

2 m2
1024.61= −5
4.95 ×10
m2= 0.051

3 m3
1024.61= −6
4.91 ×10
m1= 0.005

5) Moment of inertia for each component

Mass moment of inertia for rectangular

2 2
m(h +b )
I=
12
Mass moment of inertia for circular
2
mr
I=
2

Componen I (kgm2)
t
2 2
1 0.66(0.8 + 0.08 )
I=
12
−2
I =3.56 ×10
2 2
2 0.051(0.45 +0.011 )
I=
12
−4
I =8.61 ×10
3 I =(0.005)¿ ¿
−7
I =3.91 ×10

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

6) Find I at each suspension point

From suspension point A

2
I adj =I + md

Component Mass (kg) I (kgm2) D (m) I adj (kgm2)

−2 −1
1 0.66 3.56 ×10 0.4 1.41 ×10
−4 −3
2 0.051 8.61 ×10 0.23 3.56 ×10
−7 −6
3 0.005 3.91 ×10 0.005 1.17 ×10

∑ I GA =¿ ( 1.41× 10−1 ) −¿ ¿(3.56 ×10−3) – (1.17 ×10−6)

∑ I GA =¿ 1.37 ×10−1 kg m2 ¿
I OA=( 1.37 × 10−1 ) +(0.6)(3.852 ×10−1)2

−1 2
I OA=2.26 × 10 kg m

From suspension point B

2
I adj =I + md

Component Mass (kg) I (kgm2) D (m) I adj (kgm2)

−2 −1
1 0.66 3.56 ×10 0.35 1.16 ×10
−4 −3
2 0.051 8.61 ×10 0.225 3.44 × 10
−7 −3
3 0.005 3.91 ×10 0.715 2.56 ×10

∑ I GB=¿ ( 1.16 ×10−1 ) −¿ ¿(3.44 × 10−3) – (2.56 ×10−3)

∑ I GA =¿ 1.1× 10−1 kg m2 ¿
I OB=( 1.1 ×10−1 )+(0.6)(3.44 ×10−1 )2

−1 2
I OB=1.81 ×10 kg m

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

7) Compare percentage error

Percentage error (%)= | experimental−theoretical

theoretical |
Moment of Theoretical Experimental Percentage error (%)
inertia 1 (Left) 2 (Right) 1 (Left) 2 (Right)
(kgm2)
I OA 2.26 ×10
−1
1.097 × 10-1 1.067×10-1 51.5 52.8

I GA 1.37 ×10
−1
2.664×10-2 2.808×10-2 33.6 28.5

I OB 1.81 ×10
−1
9.1 × 10-2 9.794×10-2 85.3 84.5

I GB 1.1 ×10
−1
2.664×10-2 2.97×10-2 76.6 73

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN MUHAMAD NAZAR (2023473658)

Table : Experiment Data

Suspension Reference Angle No. of Time taken, s
point point oscillatio t1 t2 t3 t4 tavg
n
A 1 10° 10 14.19 14.30 13.46 14.35 14.08
2 14.34 14.47 13.47 14.19 14.12
B 1 10° 10 13.41 14.35 13.30 13.16 13.56
2 13.41 14.84 13.47 13.78 13.88

 Reference point 1: (left to right)

 Reference point 2: (Left to right)

Experiment Calculation
Wooden pendulum mass = 0.6 kg
Gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2
Distance from point A to B, x = 0.702 m
Distance from point B to A, x = 0.723 m

1. Time period of oscillation, t

t avg
t=
No. of Oscillation
Suspension Point A
Point 1 Point 2
14.08 14.12
t= t=
10 10
t=1.408 t=1.412

Suspension Point B
Point 1 Point 2
13.56 13.88
t= t=
10 10

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

t=1.356 t=1.388
2. Length, L

t=2 π
√ L
g
Suspension Point A
Point 1 Point 2

1.408=2 π
√
L A 1=0.493 m
LA1
9.81
1.412=2 π
√
L A 2=0.495 m
LA 2
9.81

Suspension Point B
Point 1 Point 2

1.356=2 π
√
LB 1=0.457 m
LB1
9.81
1.388=2 π
√
LB 2 =0.479 m
LB 2
9.81

3. Value of radius, r

x (LB− x)
r A=
LA + LB −2 x

Suspension Point A
Point 1 Point 2
0.702(0.457−0.702) 0.702(0.479−0.702)
r A 1= r A 2=
0.493+ 0.457−2(0.702) 0.495+0.479−2 (0.702)
r A 1=0.379 m r A 2=0.364 m

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

r B=x−r A
Suspension Point B
Point 1 Point 2
r B 1=0.723−0.379 r B 2=0.723−0.364
r B 1=0.344 m r B 2=0.359 m

4. Mass Moment of Inertia, I

t=2 π
√ I
mgr
Suspension Point A
Point 1 Point 2

1.408=2 π
√ IA1
(0.6)(9.81)(0.379)
2
1.412=2 π
√ IA2
(0.6)(9.81)(0.364)
2
I A 1=0.112 kg m I A 2=0.108 kg m

Suspension Point B
Point 1 Point 2

1.356=2 π
√ I B1
(0.6)(9.81)(0.344)
2
1.388=2 π
√ I B2
(0.6)(9.81)(0.359)
2
I B 1=0.094 kg m I B 2=0.103 kg m

5. Mass Moment of Inertia at Center of Gravity, IG

I G=m r G (L−r G )
Reference
A B
Point
1 I G , A 1=mr A 1 (L A 1−r A 1) I G , B 1=m r B 1 (LB 1 −r B 1 )
I G , A 1=(0.6)(0.379)(0.493−0.379) I G , B 1=( 0.6 )( 0.344 ) ( 0.457−0.344 )
2 2
I G , A 1=0.0259 kgm I G , B 1=0.0233 k kgm
2 I G , A 2=mr A 2 (L A 2−r A 2) I G , B 2=m r B 2 (LB 2−r B 2 )

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

I G , A 2=( 0.6 )( 0.364 )( 0.495−0.364 ) I G , B 2=(0.6)(0.359)(0.479−0.359)

2 2
I G , A 2=0.0286 kgm I G , B 2=0.0258 kgm

Theoretical Calculation:
Wooden pendulum = 0.6 kg
Gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2
Distance from point A to B, x = 0.702 m
Distance from point B to A, x = 0.723 m
Width of wooden pendulum, w = 0.1 m

0.8 m

0.05 m 0.035 m 0.02 m

0.08 m 0.241 m

0.034 m 0.025 m

L (0.8m)
1
2 3 L (0.45m)

D (0.025m)

W (0.08m) H (0.011m)
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D (0.08m)
H (0.011m)
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Componen Volume (m3) Total Volume (m3)

t
1 V 1=Lengt h× Heig h t ×Widt h
V 1=(0.08)×(0.8)×(0.1) V T =V 1−V 2−V 3
V 1=6.4 ×10
−3 V T =¿ (

2 V 2=πr h
2
6.4 × 10−3 ¿−( 4.909 ×10−6 )−(5.045× 10−
2 −3
V 2=π ( 0.0125 ) ( 0.01 ) V T =6.345 ×10
−6
V 2=4.909 ×10
2
3 V 3= ( Lengt h × Heig h t ×Widt h ) + πr h
2
V 3= ( 0.011×0.45 ×0.01 )+ π ( 0.0055 ) ( 0.01 )
−5
V 3=5.045 × 10

b) Total density of the pendulum:

mT
ρT =
VT
0.6
ρT = −3
6.345× 10
3
ρT =94.563 kg /m
c) Mass of each component:

Component Mass (kg) Total mass of Wooden Pendulum (kg)

1 m1 mT =m1−m2−m3
94.563= −3
6.4 ×10 −4
mT =0.605−4.642 ×10 −4.771× 10
−3

m1=0.605 mT =0.600

2 m2
94.563= −6
4.909 ×10
−4
m2=4.642× 10

3 m3
94.563= −5
5.045 × 10

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424
−3
m3=4.771× 10

d) Centroid of Wooden pendulum:

Ӯ=
∑Ӯ A
∑A
Suspension Point A:
Component Ӯ (m) A(m2) ӮA(m2)
1 0.4 (0.8)(0.08)=0.064 0.0256
2 0.7605 2
π ( 0.0125 ) =4.909× 10
−4
3.733 ×10
−4

3 0.275 ( 0.011× 0.45 ) + π ¿ 1.388 ×10

−3

Σ A=0.0696 Σ ӯ A=0.0274

0.0274
Ӯ A=
0.0696
Ӯ A =0.394 m

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Suspension Point B:
Component Ӯ (m) A(m2) ӮA(m2)
1 0.4 (0.8)(0.08)=0.064 0.0256
2 −4 −5
2 0.0395 π ( 0.0125 ) =4.909× 10 1.939 ×10
3 0.525 ( 0.011× 0.45 ) + π ¿ 2.649 ×10
−3

Σ A=0.0695 Σ ӯ A=0.0283
0.0283
Ӯ B=
0.0695
Ӯ B=0.407 m

e) Moment of Inertia for each component:

Suspension Point A:

Ӯ A =0.394 m
Component
Moment of Inertia, Ī ( mkg ) 2 Total Moment of Inertia, Σ Ī ( mkg )2

1 2 2
Ī A 1= mh + md
12
1 1
Ī A 1= ( 0.605 ) ( 0.8 )2 + ( 0.605 ) ( 0.394−0.4 )2
12
Ī A 1=0.0323
Ī G , A =Ī A 1−Ī A 2−Ī A 3
1 2 2
Ī A 2= mr + md
12 Ī G , A =0.0323−( 6.476 ×10−5) −(1.481×10−4 )
1 −4 2 −4 Ī G , A2=0.0321
2 Ī A 2= (4.642× 10 )(0.0125) +(4.642 ×10 )(0.394−0.7675)
12
−5
Ī A 2=6.476 ×10 2
Ī O , A =Ī G , A +md
2
Ī O , A =0.0321+ ( 0.6 )( 0.394 )
1 2 2
Ī A 3= mh + md Ī O , A =0.1252
12
1 −3 2 −3 2
3 Ī A 3= (4.771× 10 )(0.45) +(4.771× 10 )(0.394−0.275)
12
−4
Ī A 3=1.481 ×10

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Suspension Point B:
Ӯ B=0.407 m
Component Moment of Inertia, Total Moment of Inertia
1 2 2
Ī B 1= mh + md
12
1 2 2
Ī B 1= (0.605)(0.8) +(0.605)(0.407−0.4)
12
1
Ī B 1=0.0323

Ī G ,B =Ī B 1−Ī B 2−Ī B 3
Ī G ,B =0.0323−( 6.511×10−5 )−(1.469× 10− 4)
1 2 2
Ī B 2= mr + md
12 Ī G ,B =0.0321
1 −4 2 −4 2
Ī B 2= (4.642× 10 )(0.0125) +(4.642 ×10 )(0.407−0.0325)
12 2
2 Ī O ,B =Ī G , B +md
−5
Ī B 2=6.511×10 2
Ī O ,B =0.0321+ ( 0.6 )( 0.407 )
Ī O ,B =0.1315

1 2 2
Ī B 3= m h + md
12
1 −3 2 −3 2
3 Ī B 3= (4.771× 10 )(0.45) +(4.771× 10 )(0.407−0.525)
12
−4
Ī B 3=1.469 ×10

Table for Suspension Point A

Component Mass, m (kg) Ī(kgm2) d (m) Īadj (kgm2)
1 0.605 0.0323 0.373 0.1165
−4 −5 −5
2 4.642 ×10 6.476 ×10 0 6.476 ×10
−3 −4 −3
3 4.771 ×10 1.481 ×10 0.486 1.275 ×10

Component 1:
2
Ī Adj =Ī + md
2
Ī Adj =0.0323+(0.605)(0.373)
2
Ī Adj =0.1165 kgm

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Component 2:
2
Ī Adj =Ī + md
−5 −4 2
Ī Adj =6.476 × 10 +( 4.642 ×10 )(0)
−5 2
Ī Adj =6.476 × 10 kgm

Component 3
2
Ī Adj =Ī + md
−4 −3 2
Ī Adj =1.481 ×10 +(4.771 ×10 )(0.486)
−3 2
Ī Adj =1.275 ×10 kgm

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Table for Suspension Point B

Component Mass, m (kg) Ī(kgm2) d (m) Īadj (kgm2)
1 0.605 0.0323 0.35 0.106
−4 −5 −4
2 4.642 ×10 6.511×10 0.711 3.884 × 10
−3 −4 −4
3 4.771 ×10 1.469 ×10 0.225 3.0 ×10

Component 1:
2
Ī Adj =Ī + md
2
Ī Adj =0.0323+(0.605)(0.35)
2
Ī Adj =0.1 06 kgm
Component 2:
2
Ī Adj =Ī + md
−5 −4 2
Ī Adj =6.511× 10 +(4.642 ×10 )(0.711)
−4 2
Ī Adj =3.0 ×10 kgm

Component 3
2
Ī Adj =Ī + md
−4 −3 2
Ī Adj =1.469 ×10 +(4.771 ×10 )(0.225)
−4 2
Ī Adj =3.884 × 10 kgm

Moment Theoretical Experiment (kgm2) Percentage Error (%)

of Inertia (kgm2) Left Right Left Right
ĪO,A 0.1252 0.112 0.108 -10.543 -13.738
Ī O ,B 0.1315 0.094 0.103 -28.517 -21.673
ĪG,A 0.0321 0.0259 0.0286 -19.315 -10.903
Ī G ,B 0.0321 0.0233 0.0258 -27.414 -19.626
AMIR REDZUAN BIN MUHAMMED HAKIMAN (2023247958)

Table: Experiment Data

Suspension Reference Angle No. of Time taken, s
point point oscillatio t1 t2 t3 t4 tavg
n
A 1 10° 10 14.19 14.30 13.46 14.35 14.08

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2 14.34 14.47 13.47 14.19 14.12

B 1 10° 10 13.41 14.35 13.30 13.16 13.56
2 13.41 14.84 13.47 13.78 13.88

Experiment Sample Calculation

Wooden pendulum mass = 0.6 kg

Gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2
Distance from point A to B, x = 0.702 m
Distance from point B to A, x = 0.723 m

Time period of oscillation, 𝑡

𝑡 𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑡=
𝑁𝑜 . 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

T1 (from point A),

14.08
𝑡=
10
𝑡=1.408 𝑠
T2 (from point A),
14.12
𝑡=
10
𝑡 =1.412 𝑠
T1 (from point B),
13.56
𝑡=
10
𝑡 =1.356 𝑠
T2 (from point B),
13.88
𝑡=
10
𝑡=1.388 𝑠
Length, L

𝑡 =2 𝜋
√ 𝐿
𝑔

At point A,
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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

T1:

1.408=2 𝜋
√
𝐿 𝐴 1=0.494 𝑚
𝐿𝐴1
9.81

T2:

1.412=2 𝜋
√
𝐿 𝐴 2=0.495 𝑚
𝐿𝐴2
9.81

At point B,
T1:

1.356=2 𝜋

𝐿𝐵1=0.457 𝑚
√ 𝐿 𝐵1
9.81

T2:

1.388=2 𝜋

𝐿𝐵2=0.479𝑚
√ 𝐿𝐵 2
9.81

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Value of Radius, 𝑟
𝑥 ( 𝐿 𝐵− 𝑥 )
𝑟 𝐴=
𝐿 𝐴 + 𝐿𝐵 −2 𝑥
𝑟 𝐵=𝑥 − 𝑟 𝐴

At point A,
T1:
0.702 ( 0.457 −0.702 )
𝑟 𝐴 1=
0.494 +0.457 −2 ( 0.702 )
𝑟 𝐴 1=0.38𝑚
T2:
0.702 ( 0.479− 0.702 )
𝑟 𝐴 2=
0.495+ 0.479− 2 ( 0.702 )
𝑟 𝐴 2=0.36 𝑚

At point B,
T1:
𝑟 𝐵1=0.723 − 0.38
𝑟 𝐵1=0.34 𝑚
T2:
𝑟 𝐵2=0.723 − 0.36
𝑟 𝐵2=0.36 𝑚

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Moment of Inertia, I

𝑡 =2 𝜋 (√ 𝑚𝑔𝑟𝐼 )
At point A,
T1:

1.408=2 𝜋
√ 𝐼 𝐴1
( 0.6 ) ( 9.81 ) ( 0.38 )
2
𝐼 𝐴1 =0.112𝑘𝑔 𝑚
T2:

1.412=2 𝜋
√ 𝐼 𝐴2
( 0.6 ) ( 9.81 ) ( 0.36 )
2
𝐼 𝐴2 =0.108 𝑘𝑔𝑚
At point B,
T1:

1.356=2 𝜋
√ 𝐼 𝐵1
( 0.6 )( 9.81 ) ( 0.34 )
2
𝐼 𝐵 1=0.094 𝑘𝑔𝑚
T2:

1.356=2 𝜋
√ 𝐼 𝐵2
( 0.6 )( 9.81 ) ( 0.36 )
2
𝐼 𝐵 2=0.103 𝑘𝑔 𝑚

Mass Moment of Inertia at Center Gravity, 𝐼 𝐺

𝐼 𝐺=𝑚𝑟 𝐺 ( 𝐿 −𝑟 𝐺)

At point A,
T1:
𝐼 𝐺𝐴1=( 0.6 ) ( 0.38 ) ( 0.494 −0.38 )
2
𝐼 𝐺𝐴1=0.0259 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
T2:
𝐼 𝐺𝐴2=𝑚 𝑟 𝐴2 ( 𝐿 𝐴 2 −𝑟 𝐴 2 )

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

𝐼 𝐺𝐴2=( 0.6 ) ( 0.36 ) ( 0.495 −0.36 )

At point B,
T1:
𝐼 𝐺𝐵1=𝑚 𝑟 𝐵1 ( 𝐿𝐵 1 − 𝑟 𝐵1 )
𝐼 𝐺𝐵1= ( 0.6 ) ( 0.34 )( 0.457 − 0.34 )
2
𝐼 𝐺𝐵1=0.0233 𝑘𝑔𝑚
T2:
𝐼 𝐺𝐵2=𝑚𝑟 𝐵2 ( 𝐿𝐵 2 − 𝑟 𝐵2 )
𝐼 𝐺𝐵2= ( 0.6 ) ( 0.36 ) ( 0.479 −0.36 )
2
𝐼 𝐺𝐵2=0.0258 𝑘𝑔𝑚

Theoretical Sample Calculation

Wooden pendulum = 0.6 kg
Gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2
Distance from point A to B, x = 0.702 m
Distance from point B to A, x = 0.723 m
Width of wooden pendulum, w = 0.1 m

Figure: Dimension

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Volume Each Component

Component 1:
𝑉 1=( 0.08 ) × ( 0.8 ) × ( 0.1 )
−4
𝑉 1=6.4 × 10
Component 2:
𝑉 2=( 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 × 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡h )
𝑉 2=0.11× 0.01× 0.45
−5
𝑉 2=4.95 × 10
Component 3:
2
𝑉 3=𝜋 𝑟 h
2
𝑉 3=𝜋 ( 0.0125 ) ( 0.01 )
−6
𝑉 3=4.909× 10

Total Volume:
𝑉 𝑇 =𝑉 1 −𝑉 2 − 𝑉 3
𝑉 𝑇 =( 6.4 ×10 −4 ) − ( 4.909 ×10 −6 ) − ( 4.95 ×10−5 )
−4
𝑉 𝑇 =5.856× 10

Density of Pendulum
𝑚𝑇
𝜌𝑇 =
𝑉𝑇
0.6
𝜌𝑇 = −4
5.856 × 10
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 𝑇 =1024.6 3
𝑚

Mass of Each Pendulum

Component 1:
𝑚1
1024.6= −4
6.4 ×10
𝑚1=0.66 𝑘𝑔
Component 2:
𝑚2
1024.6= −5
4.95 ×10
𝑚2=0.051𝑘𝑔
Component 3:

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

𝑚3
1024.6= −6
4.909 ×10
𝑚3=0.005 𝑘𝑔

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Mass Moment of Inertia Each Component

Component 1:
0 . 66 ( 0 . 82 +0 . 082 )
𝐼 ❑=
12
−2 2
𝐼 ❑=3 .56 × 10 𝑘𝑔𝑚
Component 2:
0.051 ( 0.8 2+ 0.082 )
𝐼 ❑=
12
−4
𝐼 ¿ 8.61 ×10
Component 3:
2
0.005 ( 0.0125 )
𝐼¿
12
−7
𝐼 ¿ 3.91 ×10

𝑦 From each component

Table: Calculation for Point A

Component 𝑦 A ( 𝑚2 ) 𝑦 A (m3)
1 0.4 (0.8)(0.08) 0.256
=0.064
−3
2 0.275 (0.45)(0.011) 1.2375 ×10
=0.0045
3 0.761 π(0.0125)2 3.736 ×10
−4

=4.909 × 10-4
=0.069 =0.258

Σ𝑦 𝐴
𝑦=
Σ𝐴
𝑦 𝐴=3.74 𝑚

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

Table: Calculation for Point B

Component 𝑦 A(m2) 𝑦 A (m3)
1 0.4 (0.8)(0.08) 0.0256
= 0.064
2 0.525 (0.45)(0.011) 2.3625 × 10-3
=0.0045
3 0.76 π(0.0125)2 3.73× 10-4
=4.909 × 10-4
=0.069 =0.0283

Σ𝑦 𝐴
𝑦=
Σ𝐴
𝑦 𝐵=3.74 𝑚

5.0 DISCUSSIONS

ALYA BINTI AMENUDDEN (2023800672)

Based on the experiment conducted, the values of mass moment of inertia at the center of
gravity, IG, and at the suspension point at point A and point B, I O are determined based on the
formulae in experimental calculation and theoretical calculation. After calculating for
experimental and theoretical, there are huge differences between the values. This could lead to
a very high percentage of error. The range of percentage error is between 28% until 85%.

From the experiment, it has been shown that there are a few errors that occurred affecting the
result of the experiment which are environmental error and parallax error. Firstly,
environmental error could play a part in this experiment where it is held in a laboratory room
where there could be a blowing wind when the wooden pendulum is swinged. Secondly,
parallax error could also occur when conducting the experiment because the placement of
protractor is so high up. When the wooden pendulum has to be subjected to 10˚ angle, it is hard
to correctly place the wooden pendulum at 10˚ angle because the eyes are supposed to be

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perpendicular to the reading scale. Moreover, parallax error can occur when taking the
dimensions of the wooden pendulum using a steel ruler.

AMERUL AIEZAD BIN AZHARI (2023898656)

From the experiment conducted, the time taken from 2 different suspension point was
taken. From each point, there are 2 release point. The wooden pendulum is place at 10˚ angle
for both of the suspension point. From the first suspension point (left), the time taken for 10
complete oscillation is average 14 s and for the other point (right), the average time taken to
complete 10 oscillation is 14.1 s. For the second suspension point (left), the average time taken
to complete 10 oscillations is 13.5 s and for the other point (right), the average time taken to
complete 10 oscillations is 13.9 s.

For the mass moment of inertia at the center of the gravity and at the suspension point,
formula calculation is needed to find it. Both of these value is calculated using mathematical
formula. From the calculations, the value for moment of inertia at point A is higher than the
value at point B. The percentage of error for this experiment is calculated and the value of the
percentage of error is high. This maybe cause by the error while conducting the experiment.

MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN MUHAMAD NAZAR (2023473658)

In this experiment, the mass moment of inertia at the center of gravity (Ī G) and the
suspension point (ĪO) of a hardwood block were measured empirically and theoretically. The
block included two suspension points: A and B. .The experiment used oscillation to show the
mass moment of inertia of an inhomogeneous pendulum. Measurements were taken at the
pendulum's center of gravity (ĪG) and suspension point (ĪO) on opposite ends. The experiment
involved suspending a non-homogeneous wooden pendulum at 10° for both left and right
suspension points and recording the time for 10 oscillations. Three sets of tests were
undertaken to assess suspension point differences.

From the results gotten, there are the data from theoretical and experimental are vary
due to the different point which is point A and point B. Point A showing a higher moment of
inertia due to its greater mass compared to point B. The error percentage is quite high due to

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

many factors such as environmental factors such as wind causing air resistance and apparatus
errors from pendulum collisions impacted the data.

To avoid this error in the future, experiments can be conducted in controlled conditions
with low air movement to reduce wind and air resistance. To reduce friction and mistakes,
experimenters should swing the pendulum in a straight path and avoid contact with the
equipment.

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6.0 CONCLUSIONS

ALYA BINTI AMENUDDEN (2023800672)

In conclusion, the mass moment of inertia at respective suspension point A and point B
and the mass moment of inertia at center of gravity are successfully calculated from the
conducted experiment. The experimental value has also been compared with the theoretical
value that is also found by calculating using formulae. The fact that there are differences
between the experimental and theoretical values which could lead to having percentage error.
The errors that have occurred during the experiment, it could be prevented by placing the
protractor lower than its original place so that the eyes can be perpendicular to the reading
scale of protractor. Next, the experiment is suggested to be held in a vacuum room, so it is
guaranteed that there is no wind present during the experiment which could affect the swinging
of wooden pendulum.

AMERUL AIEZAD BIN AZHARI (2023898656)

As a conclusion, the experiment conducted can be concluded as a success as the

objective of the experiment which is to calculate the mass moment of inertia was achieved. The
value for the mass moment of inertia was calculated by manual calculations using the data
gained from the experiment. The value that were collected from the calculations then will be
compared to the theoretical value to find the percentage of error. The percentage of error means
that when the experiment is conducted, there are several disturbance such as time taken for the
oscillation is not accurate.

MUHAMMAD AMIR BIN ROSLAN (2023817498)

In conclusion, our experiment effectively derived the mass moment of inertia at
suspension points A and B, as well as at the center of gravity. We compared these
experimentally obtained values with theoretical calculations, revealing disparities that suggest
a possibility of percentage error. To mitigate such discrepancies in future experiments, we
propose lowering the position of the protractor to ensure perpendicularity of the eyes to the
reading scale. Additionally, conducting the experiment within a vacuum room is recommended
to eliminate external factors such as wind that could influence the pendulum's swinging

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424

motion. These adjustments aim to improve the accuracy and reliability of our experimental
outcomes

MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN MUHAMAD NAZAR (2023473658)

As a result of achieving the objective of identifying and calculating the mass moment of
inertia, the experiment was considered successful. By using oscillation and manual
calculations, the mass moment of inertia (I G and IO) was determined. The experiment started by
figuring out the theoretical mass moment of inertia for the wooden pendulum using the parallel
axis theorem. The time it took the pendulum to complete ten oscillations was then noted and
used as an input into a formula to calculate the experimental mass moment of inertia.

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7.0 REFERENCES

[1]“Mass Moment Of Inertia - Definition, Equations And Calculation,” BYJUS.

https://byjus.com/jee/mass-moment-of-inertia/
‌[2] “Moment Engineering: Meaning & Applications | StudySmarter,” StudySmarter UK, 2019.
https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/engineering/solid-mechanics/moment-
engineering/#:~:text=In%20case%20of%20Mechanical%20Engineering
‌[3]Isaac Physics, “Isaac Physics,” Isaac Physics.
https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_moment_inertia?stage=all

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8.0 APPENDIX

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