Visual Information and Media

Definition of Visual Media and Information:

 Visual media and information involve the use of visual materials (sometimes
accompanied by audio) such as photographs, motion pictures, video recordings,
graphic arts, visual aids, and other pictorial displays.
 These are used to formulate new information that aids in learning through
analysis, evaluation, and production of visual images.
Visual Media:
 May be formally or informally produced.
 Primary purposes:
1. Gain attention.
2. Create meaning.
3. Facilitate retention.

Visual Design Elements

1. Line:
o Describes a shape or outline.
o Can create texture and vary in thickness.
o Types: actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, contour lines.
2. Shape:
o Geometric area standing out due to differences in value, color, or texture.
o Shapes can also be organic.
3. Value:
o Refers to the degree of lightness and darkness.
o Provides contrast between black, white, and tones in between.
4. Texture:
o How a surface feels or is perceived to feel.
o Visual texture creates the illusion of peaks and valleys.
5. Color:
o Defined by:
 Hue: Name of the color.
 Intensity: Purity of the hue.
  Value: Lightness or darkness.
o Colors can be warm, cool, or neutral and evoke emotions or emphasize
elements.
6. Form:
o A figure with volume and thickness.
o 3D effects can be achieved through shading.

Visual Design Principles

1. Consistency:
o Ensures uniformity in margins, typeface, type style, and colors.
2. Center of Interest:
o The focal point that attracts attention.
o Achieved through value contrast, colors, or placement.
3. Balance:
o Symmetrical: Evenly distributed.
o Asymmetrical: Uneven distribution.
4. Harmony:
o Uses similar units to bring together a composition.
5. Contrast:
o Highlights differences between shapes and elements.
6. Directional Movement:
o Suggests motion or guides the eye through placement and position.
7. Rhythm:
o Recurrent elements creating a sense of movement.
8. Perspective:
o Arrangement in 2D space to create the appearance of real-life objects.

Common Visual Media File Types

1. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format):
o Flexible format (lossless or lossy).
2. PNG (Portable Network Graphics):
o Lossless compression format.
3. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format):
 o Uses up to 256 colors.
4. JPG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):
o Optimized for photographs with many colors.
5. BMP (Bitmap):
o Uncompressed proprietary format (rarely used).
6. PSD (Photoshop Document) or PSP (Paint Shop Pro):
o Proprietary formats for editing.

Power of Media and Information

Quote:
"People are no longer mere consumers of media and information; they are now
producers."

Citizen Journalism
 Definition:
o Active participation of citizens in collecting, reporting, and analyzing
news.
 Characteristics:
1. Empowers individuals through technology.
2. Enhances transparency and accountability.

Online Selling
 Shift from traditional shopping to e-commerce.
 Facilitates transactions and expands market reach.

Internet as a Popularizing Agent

1. Opportunities:
o Global connectivity.
o Rapid dissemination of ideas.
2. Challenges:
o Misinformation.
o Erosion of niche communities.

Text Media and Information

Definition:
 Text: A simple, flexible format for presenting information or ideas.

Types of Text Media

1. Print Texts:
o Books, magazines, newspapers, brochures, posters.
2. Digital Texts:
o E-books, web articles, social media posts, emails.
3. Multimedia Texts:
o Interactive websites, presentations, apps.

Text Media Principles

1. Emphasis:
o Highlights importance using bold/italic text.
2. Proximity:
o Arrangement of text elements near each other.
3. Alignment:
o Text positioning (left, right, center, justified).
4. Organization:
o Logical arrangement of text elements.
5. Repetition:
o Consistent design to unify content.
6. Contrast:
o Creates visual interest.

Typeface Types:
1. Serif
2. Sans Serif
3. Script
4. Decorative

Motion Media and Information

Objectives:
 1. Describe dimensions of motion information and media.
2. Comprehend how motion media is formally and informally produced, organized,
and disseminated.
Definition:
 Motion: Act or process of moving from one position to another.
 Motion Media: Visual media involving the spatial movement of texts and
images.
 Motion Information: Files or clips created using motion media to visually track
objects or events.

Characteristics of Motion Media

1. Transfers messages to many people simultaneously.
2. Represents temporary, multisensory messages.
3. Serves as formal, influential communication channels.
4. Influences behavior and attitudes.
5. Discusses significant issues, persons, or movements.

Production of Motion Media

1. Informal Production:
o Created by individuals for personal use.
2. Formal Production:
o Created by professionals adhering to industry standards.

Formats of Motion Media

1. Film:
o Series of still or moving images used in cinema or television.
2. Animation:
o Creation of photographic sequences integrated into multimedia or games.
3. Documentary Film:
o Nonfictional motion pictures documenting reality.
4. Short Film:
o Films shorter in duration than feature-length films.
5. Interactive Video:
 o Videos that combine interaction with linear film elements.

Principles and Elements of Motion Media

1. Speed:
o Fast motion conveys vigor and emotions, while slow motion conveys
lethargy or solemnity.
2. Direction:
o Indicates the movement of objects or the flow of visuals.
3. Timing:
o Clarifies or emphasizes events. Pauses and transitions manage the flow.
4. Transition:
o Used to switch between scenes smoothly.
5. Color:
o Adds meaning and emotional impact to visuals.
6. Blurring:
o Simulates fast motion or censors sensitive information.

Manipulative Media
Definition:
 Materials or applications that manage, influence, or manipulate information to
create new outputs.
Key Concepts:
 Manipulation can be beneficial (creating order) or deceptive (favoring one side).
 Covers diverse types, including data, knowledge, or symbols.

Types of Media Manipulation

1. Consumer Confusion:
o Overwhelms consumers with too many choices or promotions.
o Example: "Buy One, Get One Free" vs. "Buy One, Take One" promotions.
2. Crowd Manipulation:
o Influences consumers to believe in high product demand.
o Example: Hiring actors to fake testimonials.
3. Propaganda:
 o Highlights positive aspects of one side while exposing negatives of the
other.
o Example: Charity promotion vs. exposing opponent’s slush funds.
4. Gatekeeping:
o Filters and controls information released to the public.
o Example: Concealing casualties in accidents.
5. Celebrity Endorsements:
o Uses well-known figures to promote products.
o Example: Marian Rivera endorsing multiple brands.
6. Hoax:
o Spreading false information to deceive.
o Example: Misleading studies claiming chocolate aids weight loss.
7. Psychological Manipulation:
o Targets beliefs and emotions to influence consumer behavior.
o Example: Ads emphasizing slim body ideals.
8. Fearmongering:
o Instills exaggerated fears to manipulate behavior.
o Example: False rumors of widespread terror threats.

Advantages and Limitations of Manipulative Media

Advantages:
 Enhances images of individuals or products.
 Filters relevant information for public consumption.
 Provides control over content dissemination.
Limitations:
 Can mislead or conceal facts.
 May introduce bias to protect certain interests.

Multimedia Information and Media

Definition:
 Digital integration of text, graphics, animation, audio, and video for interactive
presentations.
Characteristics of Multimedia
1. Electronic or Digital:
o Delivered via various applications or online tools.
2. Interactive:
o Engages the audience through sensory inputs.
3. Dynamic:
o Combines visuals and sounds to enhance presentation impact.

Types of Multimedia Presentations

1. Slideshow Presentations:
o Created using software like PowerPoint, Google Slides, or Canva.
o Includes text, images, and audio-visual elements.
2. Audio-Visual Presentations:
o Combines sound and visuals for storytelling.
3. Overhead Projector (OHP):
o Projects transparent images on a surface.
4. Smart Board:
o Interactive whiteboard allowing touch or stylus inputs.

Uses of Multimedia
1. Education and training.
2. Marketing and advertising.
3. Entertainment and storytelling.

Advantages of Multimedia
 Makes information engaging and easier to understand.
 Facilitates dynamic and interactive lectures.
Limitations:
 Overloading with information can overwhelm audiences.
 Relies heavily on technology and power sources.

This section concludes the detailed study notes so far. Let me know if you would like
the remaining sections on MOOCs, Audio Media, and Text Exercises to be arranged
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Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)

Objectives:
1. Understand the concept and origins of MOOCs.
2. Analyze the impact of MOOCs on education and learning.
3. Discuss the benefits and challenges of MOOCs.

Definition of MOOCs
 MOOC: Stands for Massive Open Online Course.
o Coined by David Cormier in 2008.
o A system of distance learning that provides free online courses to an
unlimited number of participants worldwide.
Key Characteristics:
1. Massive: Accommodates a large number of participants.
2. Open: Accessible to everyone.
3. Online: Delivered via the internet.
4. Course: Follows a structured path from start to end.

Types of MOOCs
1. xMOOCs (Extended MOOCs):
o Follows traditional university course structures.
o Features a syllabus, deadlines, and assessments.
Advantages:
o Structured learning with clear goals.
o Scalable, serving thousands of learners.
o Offers diverse multimedia resources.
o Credentials or certificates often available.
Disadvantages:
 o Limited interaction between students and instructors.
o High dropout rates due to lack of engagement.
o Standardized content may not cater to individual needs.
2. cMOOCs (Connectivist MOOCs):
o Based on collaborative and active learning models.
Advantages:
o Encourages community engagement and shared knowledge.
o Promotes personalized learning and exploration of interests.
o Provides real-world relevance and diverse perspectives.
Disadvantages:
o Open-ended structure may overwhelm learners.
o Content quality depends on participant contributions.
o Requires significant time and effort for discussions.

MOOC Platforms
1. Coursera:
o Features courses from Stanford, Princeton, Yale, and others.
2. EdX:
o Includes content from Harvard, MIT, and Oxford.
3. Udacity:
o Focuses on programming and tech skills in partnership with companies
like Google.
4. FutureLearn:
o UK-based platform offering shorter courses.

Characteristics of Ubiquitous Learning

1. Accessibility:
o Resources available across multiple devices.
2. Flexibility:
o Learners can study on their own schedules.
3. Integration with Daily Life:
o Blends learning with real-world experiences.
4. Use of Technology:
 o Leverages digital tools for content delivery.
5. Collaborative Learning:
o Encourages interaction across geographic boundaries.
6. Lifelong Learning:
o Facilitates continuous education.

Audio Media and Information

Objectives:
1. Identify different types of audio content.
2. Describe the purposes of audio media.
3. Analyze design principles and elements used in audio media.

Definition of Audio Media

 Audio: Refers to anything connected to sound.
 Audio Media: Communication using sound equipment to document, deliver,
and share information.
 Audio Information: Files or sounds created and transferred using audio tools.

Types of Audio Media

1. Radio Broadcast:
o Live or recorded audio sent via radio waves.
2. Music:
o Structured auditory communication using instrumental or vocal tones.
3. Sound Recording:
o Encoded sounds from the environment.
4. Sound Effects:
o Artificially created sounds for films, plays, or broadcasts.
5. Audio Podcasts:
o Digital series of audio or video files for download and listening.

Ways of Storing Audio Files

1. Magnetic Tape: Analog sound recording format.
2. Compact Disc (CD): Circular device for digital audio storage.
3. USB Flash Drive: Portable storage device for audio files.
 4. Memory Card: Small device for saving audio, videos, and other data.
5. Computer Hard Drive: Digital storage for audio files.
6. Internet/Cloud: Remote servers for online storage and retrieval.

Audio File Formats

1. MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3): Compressed format for music and sound.
2. M4A/AAC (Advanced Audio Coding): Lossy compression format.
3. WAV (Waveform Audio File): Microsoft standard format for digital audio
storage.
4. WMA (Windows Media Audio): Format developed for Windows Media Player.

Elements of Sound Design

1. Dialogue: Conversations between individuals.
2. Sound Effects: Artificial sounds to enhance storytelling.
3. Volume: Intensity of sound.
4. Tone: Quality or character of sound.
5. Pitch: Highness or lowness of sound.
6. Loudness: Degree of auditory sensation.
7. Music: Melodic and rhythmic sounds conveying emotions.
8. Silence: Absence of sound for dramatic effect.

Principles of Sound Design

1. Mixing: Balancing and combining sound elements.
2. Pace: Timing control in sound editing.
3. Transition: Smooth shift between sound elements.
4. Stereo Imaging: Spatial perception of sound sources.

Formal vs. Informal Media Production and Dissemination

Formal Production:
 Professional methods used to ensure accuracy and quality.
 Example: Local news reports, published articles.
Informal Production:
 Non-professional methods like social media posts.
 Example: Viral videos, personal stories shared online.
Dissemination:
 Formal: News broadcast, official channels.
 Informal: Social media or word-of-mouth spread.