Engineering Drawing Guide

issue 1
Contents
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................4
Section 1: GENERAL DRAWING STANDARDS................................................................................5
1.1 All drawings to be on TBS Engineering drawing boarders unless stated.......................................5
1.2 All drawings to be in Third Angle Projection.................................................................................5
1.3 All drawings should be appropriately scaled to ensure good clarity...............................................5
Section 2: DETAIL DRAWING STANDARDS....................................................................................6
2.1 General Drawing Information Drawing numbering........................................................................6
2.2 Required on the Drawing.................................................................................................................8
2.3 Detailing..........................................................................................................................................9
2.3.1 DETAILING HOLES........................................................................................................10
2.3.2 SCREW CLEARANCE HOLES.......................................................................................14
2.3.3 BSP THREAD TAPPING SIZES......................................................................................15
2.3.4 SCREW CLEARANCE FOR TORQUE WRENCH........................................................15
2.3.5 SPANNER CLEARANCES..............................................................................................16
2.3.6 RECOMMENDED SPACING OF HOLES IN COLUMNS, BEAMS AND TEES........17
2.3.7 RECOMMENDED BACK MARKS FOR HOLES IN CHANNELS AND ANGLES....18
2.3.9 DETAILING VEE’S AND DOVETAILS........................................................................21
2.3.10 DETAILING KEYWAYS.................................................................................................22
2.3.11 KEYWAYS LIMITS AND FITS......................................................................................23
2.3.12 DETAILING O’RING GROVES......................................................................................24
Rotating and Static Sealing of Shafts............................................................................24
BS 4518 sizes For Dynamic Pneumatic and Hydraulic Applications..........................25
BS 4518 sizes For Static Applications..........................................................................25
Static Face Sealing Applications..................................................................................25
BS 4518 sizes For Face Seal Static Applications.........................................................26
2.3.13 DETAILING TURNED PARTS.......................................................................................27
2.3.14 DETAILING CIRCLIP GROOVES..................................................................................28
2.3.15 DETAILING BENT BRACKETS.....................................................................................31
2.3.16 FLAME AND LASER CUT PROFILE............................................................................32
Flame Cut Profiles........................................................................................................32
Laser Cut Profiles.........................................................................................................32
Flat Ground Plates.......................................................................................................33
2.4 Drawing Tolerances.......................................................................................................................34
2.4.1 GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES.........................................................................................34
2.4.2 GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE TABLE.............................................................................35
2.5 Limits and Fits...............................................................................................................................36
2.5.1 GENERAL LIMIT AND FIT TABLE..............................................................................36
2.5.2 SELECTED FITS FOR ACCURATE TOOLWORK.......................................................37
2.5.3 BEARING LIMIT AND FITS...........................................................................................38
Fit Selection..................................................................................................................38
Radial Load and Bearing Fit........................................................................................38
Recommended Fits........................................................................................................39
General Standards for Radial Bearing Fits (JIS class 0, 6, 6X)..................................39
Needle Roller Bearing Fits...........................................................................................41
Thrust Bearing Fits.......................................................................................................41
2.6 Surface Textures on Detail Drawings............................................................................................42
2.7 Weld Symbols for Drawings.........................................................................................................43
2.8 Material Selection..........................................................................................................................45
2.8.1 TYPICAL STEELS AND THEIR USES..........................................................................45
2.8.2 TYPICAL ALUMINIUMS AND THEIR USES..............................................................46

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 2.8.3 TYPICAL BRONZE AND THEIR USES........................................................................46
2.9 Pre and Post Treatment on Detail Drawings.................................................................................47
2.9.1 GUIDANCE ON MACHINE PART FINISHES..............................................................47
 Hot Chemical Blacking (ISO / Din 11408).........................................................47
 Painting or Powder coating..................................................................................47
 Hard Black Anodising (BS 5599 – 50 µm).........................................................47
 Ferritic Nitrocarburising (“Tufftride” – QPQ) 10 – 20 µm.................................47
2.9.2 GUIDANCE ON HEAT TREATMENT...........................................................................48
2.9.3 EXAMPLE OF INFORMATION REQUIRED ON DRAWING.....................................49
2.10 Worked Examples..........................................................................................................................50
Turning.........................................................................................................................50
Milling...........................................................................................................................53
Plates............................................................................................................................55

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INTRODUCTION

This guide is constructed as an aid only and is not a definitive solution to design problems and issues.
The document is to be continuously updated.

BS 8888 gives much advice on how to dimension drawings. Designers should use the various methods
suggested as and when they feel they are appropriate.

The purpose of this guide is to clarify the content and quality of all drawings in the engineering
department.

These notes give some preferred methods that designers should adopt whenever possible. Clarity of the
detail is almost as important as the dimensioning achieving the right result - both should be considered
carefully.

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Section 1: GENERAL DRAWING STANDARDS

1.1 All drawings to be on TBS Engineering drawing boarders unless stated

1.2 All drawings to be in Third Angle Projection
1.3 All drawings should be appropriately scaled to ensure good clarity

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Section 2: DETAIL DRAWING STANDARDS

2.1 General Drawing Information Drawing numbering

Click Drawing register.

Press NO as default to get the next TBS Drawing number page.

Pressing Yes takes you to the Tekmax drawing register

Click on NO

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Fill in the required fields by typing in or using the drop down menus, Blocks of numbers can be reserved
by pressing the Reserve Block button at the bottom of the screen.

Click on Reserve Block

If you are detailing a Mould / Tooling press Yes and follow the on screen prompts.

If you are taking out general drawing numbers press No and follow the on screen prompts.

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2.2 Required on the Drawing

 Title
 Material Specification (Inc. B.S. Spec)
 Heat Treatment Specification
 Finish Specification
 Designer’s Initials (include Lead Designer’s initials if sub-contract designer)
 Scale
 Date
 Drawing Number
 Issue Number

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2.3 Detailing
Geometric tolerances should be applied where necessary. - Ref BS ISO 1101;1983 & BS ISO2692;2006.

Limits & Fits to be applied where necessary. - Ref BS 4500.

Limits & Fits for keyways to BS 4235 Pt 1.

Use notes to clarify any fine alignments or adjustments that may be required on assembly.

Avoid dimensioning to hidden detail except where clarity is good.

Where mating parts are detailed, every effort should be made to use a common datum point.

When detailing, thought should be given as to the number of decimal places used on each dimension.
General tolerances are defined as shown. This data forms part of all standard drawing borders.

Remember, the tighter the tolerance the higher the cost. This must be considered and balanced against the
quality required for the application which should not be compromised.

GENERAL TOLERANCES ON THE DRAWINGS

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2.3.1 DETAILING HOLES

When detailing holes, select either a datum hole or two datum edges (providing these edges are machined
to a reasonable quality and are square to each other) and dimension from that datum to all other holes and
features. The dimensions should be adequately spaced and only overlap when absolutely necessary.

Dimensions to tapped and clearance holes should be tolerance to one decimal place giving them +/- 0.1
which is generally adequate and removes the need to give them a positional tolerance.
All holes to carry full information, and to be described in the format shown below.

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Do not use these type of written notations for critical bores. Always create a sectional view and
dimension directly to the features on it.
Position tolerances should be used where necessary such as between dowel hole centres and to important
registers etc.

Note: where there are mating parts the parts should be detailed from a common datum point to avoid
misalignment.

Adds a box around the dimension text. In geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, Basic indicates the
theoretically exact value of the dimension

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Where there are an excessive number of holes in a component, one of two methods could be adopted for
clarity.

A) the running/datum dimension technique from a common datum point see below

B) Hole table generated from the CAD System.

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Wherever possible the following two techniques should be avoided during machine design .

A) Equal/equal about centre line dimensioning

This form of tolerancing will be allowed for

mould tooling.
However care should be taken to consider
build-up of tolerances between mating parts
of the mould tooling.

B) Chain dimensioning

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2.3.2 SCREW CLEARANCE HOLES

SCREW
A B C D E
DIAMETER
M2.5 3 5.5 3 - 7
M3 3.5 6.5 4 7 8
M4 4.5 8 5 9 10
M5 5.5 10 6 11 12
M6 6.5 11 7 13.5 13
M8 9 15 9 18 18
M10 11 18 11 22.5 22
M12 13.5 20 13 27 25
M16 17.5 26 17 33 32
M20 22.5 33 21 40 38
M24 26.5 40 25 - 45
M30 33 50 31 - 58
M36 39.5 58 37 - 68

STANDARD SCREW LENGTHS

THREAD SCREW LENGTHS
SIZE 6 12 16 20 25 30 40 60
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10

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 M12

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2.3.3 BSP THREAD TAPPING SIZES

NOMINA 1/8 ¼ 3/8 ½ ¾ 7/8 1 1¼ 1 1/2 1¾ 2

L SIZE
BSP
TAPPING 805 11.5 15.0 19.0 24.25 28.0 30.5 39.0 45.0 51.0 57.0
SIZE mm

2.3.4 SCREW CLEARANCE FOR TORQUE WRENCH

METRIC
MINIMUM MINIMUM
SCREW SIZE
DIMENSION “A” DIMENSION “B”
M8 25.0 16.0
M10 25.0 17.0
M12 25.0 18.0
M16 25.0 20.0
M20 25.0 22.0
M24 25.0 24.0

NOTE: DIMENSIONS IN CHART ARE FOR SIDEWALL HEIGHTS NOT EXCEEDING 300mm.
FOR HEIGHTS EXCEEDING 300mm, SCREW MUST CLEAR RIBBING BY AT LEAST
25mm.

NOTE: AVOID DESIGNING HOLE PATTERNS OVER TUBING WALLS, RIBS AND WELDS.
THIS CAN RESULT IN BROKEN DRILLS AND TAPS.

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2.3.5 SPANNER CLEARANCES

Bolts Holes, Min Spacing’s, and Spanner Clearances Precision Hexagon Bolts and Screws

Clearance Nom.
Size Hole D Min P G Size M N H
a b c Spanner
M3 3.5 12 10 8 10 - 5.5 8 8 -
M4 4.5 15 10 8 12 14 7 10 10 19
M5 5.5 20 10 8 12 14 8 10 10 19
M6 6.5 25 14 8 16 17 10 10 12 25
M8 9.0 30 18 12 20 22 13 12 15 25
M10 11.0 40 28 16 25 27 17 16 18 32
M12 13.5 50 30 16 30 30 19 18 20 32
M16 17.5 50 30 22 35 38 24 25 28 50
M20 22.5 60 32 25 40 46 30 30 35 50
M24 26.5 75 48 28 45 55 36 35 45 -
M30 33.0 100 60 40 60 71 46 45 55 -
M36 39.5 100 60 45 70 83 55 55 65 -

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2.3.6 RECOMMENDED SPACING OF HOLES IN COLUMNS, BEAMS AND TEES

NOMINAL SPACING OF HOLES MAX DIA “B” MIN

FLANGE S1 S2 S3 S4 OF RIVET
WIDTH OR BOLT
419 to 368 140 140 75 290 24 362
365 and 330 140 120 20 240 24 312
330 and 305 140 120 60 240 20 300
292 to 203 140 24 202
190 to 165 90 24 162
152 90 20 150
146 to 127 70 20 130
102 54 12 98
89 50 12
76 40 12
64 34 12
51 30

Note that the actual flange wodth for a universal section may be less than the nominal size and that the
difference maybe significant in determining the maximum diameter.
The dimensions S1 and S2 have been selected for normal conditions but adjustments may be necessary
for relatively large diameter fastenings or particularly heavy masses of serial size
“B” min this is the minimum width of flange to comply with table 21 of BS EN 1993: 2005

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2.3.7 RECOMMENDED BACK MARKS FOR HOLES IN CHANNELS AND ANGLES

NOMINAL S1 MAXIMUM
FLANGE mm DIA OF RIVET
WIDTH mm OR BOLT mm
102 55 20
80 50 20
76 45 30
64 35 16
51 30 10
38 22

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NOMINAL SPACING FOR HOLES MAX DIAMETER FOR
LEG HOLE FOR RIVET OR BOLT
LENGTH S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S1 S2+S3 S4 S5 S6
200 75 75 55 55 55 30 20
150 55 55 20
125 45 50 20
120 45 50 16
100 55 24 12
90 50 24
80 45 20
75 45 20
70 40 20
65 35 20
60 35 16
50 28 12
45 25
40 23
30 20
25 15

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2.3.8 STD WASHER SIZES

FOR CLEARANCE HOLE d1 DIAMETER OF WASHER d2 THICKNESS

THREAD BRIGHT BLACK OF
DIAMETERS WASHERS WASHERS NORMAL SMALL LARGE WASHERS
1.6 0.7 - 4 0.3
2 2.2 - 5 0.3
2.5 2.7 - 6.5 0.5
3 3.2 - 7 0.5
4 4.3 - 9 0.8
5 5.3 5.5 10 1
6 6.4 6.6 12.5 1.5
7 7.4 7.6 14 1.5
8 8.4 9 17 15.5 21 1.5
10 10.5 11 21 18 24 2
12 13 14 24 21 28 2.5
14 15 16 28 24 30 2.5
16 17 18 30 28 34 3
18 19 20 34 30 37 3
20 21 22 37 34 39 3
22 23 24 39 37 44 3
24 25 26 44 39 50 4
27 28 30 50 44 56 4
30 31 33 56 50 60 4
33 34 36 60 56 66 5
36 37 39 66 60 72 5
39 40 42 72 66 77 6

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2.3.9 DETAILING VEE’S AND DOVETAILS

Where Vee’s or dovetails are required, use the ball or roller technique to dimension them (unless they are
not important or mating features).

NOTE: THE DIAMETER OF THE BALL OR ROLLER IS CRITICAL IN THIS OPERATION AS

THE TOLERANCE OF THE BALL / ROLLER HAS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT AT
BOTH THE DESIGN STAGE AND DURING MACHINING / CHECKING. IT IS
ADVISABLE TO EITHER HAVE A ROLLER MADE TO A TIGHT TOLERANCE IF
NONE ARE READILY AVAILABLE.

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2.3.10 DETAILING KEYWAYS

Key seats and ways should be dimensioned as below with the appropriate tolerances, this method allows
the parts to be measured

NOTE:

NORMAL FIT FOR SHAFT AND HUB SHOULD BE USED AS THE LOOSE FIT CAN CAUSE
KEYS TO WEAR EXCESSIVELY AND CAUSE THE MACHINE TO LOOSE ACCURACY.

CLOSE FITS SHOULD BE USED FOR MOTOR COUPLINGS AND HIGH LOAD APPLICATIONS

DON’T NOT USE FREE FIT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.

SEE TABLE BELOW FOR SIZES AND LIMITS.

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2.3.11 KEYWAYS LIMITS AND FITS

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2.3.12 DETAILING O’RING GROVES

Rotating and Static Sealing of Shafts

Lead-In dia = Shaft dia (nom) - 2x C

Groove Dia max = Shaft Dia min + 2 x Fmax
Groove Dia min = Shaft Dia max + 2 x Fmin
Hole(Cyl) Dia max = Shaft Dia min + G

Lead-In dia = Hole Dia (nom) + 2x C

Groove Dia Max = Hole dia min - 2 x Fmin
Groove Dia Min = Hole dia max - 2 x Fmax

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 Shaft Dia min = Hole Dia max - G

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BS 4518 sizes For Dynamic Pneumatic and Hydraulic Applications

O-Ring Size 2.4mm 3.0mm 5.7mm 8.4mm

Width E 3.2/3.4 4.0/4.2 7.5/7.7 11/11.2
Radial Depth F
1.97/2.09 2.5/2.65 4.95/5.18 7.5/7.75
Hydraulic
Radial Depth F
2.13/2.2 2.7/2.77 5.22/5.38 7.75/7.96
Pneumatic
Max Clearance G 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.2
Lead-in C 0.6 0.7 1 1.2
Max Rad R 0.5 1 1 1

BS 4518 sizes For Static Applications

O-Ring Size 1.6mm 2.4mm 3.0mm 5.7mm 8.4mm

Width E 2.3/2.5 3.1/3.3 3.7/3.9 6.4/6.8 9.0/9.2
Radial Depth F 1.18/1.25 1.84/1.97 2.35/2.5 4.7/4.95 7.2/7.5
Max Clearance G 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.2
Lead-in C 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.5
Max Rad R 0.5 0.5 1 1 1

Static Face Sealing Applications

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BS 4518 sizes For Face Seal Static Applications

O-Ring Size 1.6mm 2.4mm 3.0mm 5.7mm 8.4mm

Depth H 1.2/1.3 1.7/1.8 2.2/2.3 4.4/4.5 6.6/6.7
Max Rad R 0.2 0.5 1 1 1
Max Rad T 0.8 1.3 2 3 4
Chamfer- M 2.2/2.32 3.3/3.42 4.2/4.32 7.8/7.92 11.5/11.62
Min Length L 4 5 6 10 14

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2.3.13 DETAILING TURNED PARTS

Turned parts should be dimensioned from ‘each end’ as shown below whenever possible as long as this
does not compromise any length tolerances required.
When detailing turned parts the part should be shown in the orientation it is turned.

It should also be indicated on the drawing if the component can be turned between centres or not. Care
should be to use the correct centre drill size and also not take it in too far as the centre would not run on
the taper but on the edge of the part.

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2.3.14 DETAILING CIRCLIP GROOVES

There are two basic types of Circlip, External or Internal.

External Circlip – 1400 Type and variants requiring Groove.

Type: External axially applied, i.e. are expanded (with the aid of circlip pliers to pass over a shaft and
then released to spring back into the groove. Tapered section ensures even pressure when fitted.

Nominal size: The nominal size refers to the shaft over which the circlip is designed to pass,
e.g. D1400-0400 is for a 40mm shaft.

NOTE:-

THIS IS NOT TBS PREFERED

METHOD OF FIXING AND SHOULD
ONLY BE USED WHERE SPACE IS
LIMITED AND OTHER FIXING
OPTIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE.

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Engineering Drawing Guide - Issue 1 Page 32 of 64
 SYMBOL TOLERANCE COMMENTS
t From catalogue Circlip thickness from the suppliers catalogue

N Min size Minimum size stated in catalogue but may be greater if required.
Max size stated in catalogue but maybe greater if minimum ‘N’
d Max size
value not used
G From catalogue Groove depth for Circlip in catalogue

W From catalogue Shaft groove width from catalogue

From Layout This should be to the furthest point of the Circlip groove from
XX
drawing shoulder or other datum.

NOTE: Care should be taken to ensure that the tolerance on XX and W do not create too large a gap
between the Circlip and the part it is holding as this can cause the circlip to break if lateral force
is applied. As a general rule the groove width ‘W’ goes back towards the datum to reduce play in
the system, as can be seen from the drawing above.

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2.3.15 DETAILING BENT BRACKETS

The picture below shows an example of a simple bracket.

Note: the dimensions for the bent profile are for the overall size of the part, this is acceptable for simple
bent profiles.

The picture below shows an example of a bracket with angles not at 90 degrees.
Note: the dimensions for the bent profile are given to the intersections of the bends and the required
angle shown. Dimensions should give the true length of the parts. Auxiliary views should be
projected to give true dimensions as can be seen.

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Note: laser cut blank drawings are not required as standard and should only be produced at the
supplier’s request.

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2.3.16 FLAME AND LASER CUT PROFILE

To reduce both material and machining cost, it may be necessary to produce a flame or laser cut drawing;
this should be as a second sheet to the detail drawing and only give the minimum detail to be able to
manufacture. Along with this, a dxf of the drawing is also to be produced so that the supplies can cut
direct from our drawings.

Flame Cut Profiles

TBS Engineering preferred method for Flame cut profiles is to cut to size with no machining along any
flame cut edges.

If it is necessary to have a machined finished, datum edges etc. this should be agreed at the design review
if machining is required the following apples:
The profile should be a minimum of 5mm larger all round for plates up to 25mm thick so that the flame
cut faces can be cleaned off by machining. This is dependent upon the thickness of material being cut, in
general the thicker the material the larger the allowance needed. This is due to the squareness that can be
achieved at the edges during cutting. Plates 25 to 50mm thick, the plates can vary +\ - 2mm in squareness.
Above this, dimensions should be checked with the supplier.

Laser Cut Profiles

As a general rule for laser cuts, the profile can be the same as the required part dimensions for thicknesses
up to 8mm. Positional accuracy is normally 0.1mm with laser cutting. This however will be dependent
upon the surface finish required on the edges of the part; the surface finish of laser cutting is quite good
depending upon the speed of the cut.

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Flat Ground Plates

Plates should be manufactured from mild steel plate, flame cut and flash ground to thickness. The
following points should be considered when designing machine top plates :

Weight :

Maximum weight allowed is 1 tonne.

Thickness :

Metric plates from 5mm thick upwards in increments of 5mm are available. Always specify a minimum
finished thickness.

NOTE:-
NEVER QUOTE A PLATE SIZE TO MACHINE FROM.

With plates up to 1500mm long, approximately 3mm of material will be removed during flash grinding.
For plates above 1500mm long, approximately 5mm of material will be removed.

Sizes:

The maximum size for a plate is 2500mm x 1500mm (this is the capacity for both grinding and zincing).

Detail Drawing Notes :

A flame cut drawing showing an allowance of between 3-5mm on all machined edges if machining is
required should be produced along with a seperate machining drawing. The following notes should be
included on all flame cut detail drawings :

MATERIAL NOTE:
MAKE FROM MILD STEEL PLATE TO BS4360-43A.
FLAME CUT PROFILE AND FLASH GRIND TOP AND
BOTTOM SURFACES UNTIL CLEANED UP.
MINIMUM THICKNESS TO BE XXmm
NO SCRATCHES ARE PERMISSIBLE ON THE TOP SURFACE.

When more than one top plate is to be used on a machine base then all drawings should contain a note
similar to that shown below. This is to ensure that the thickness of the top plates remains constant.
THICKNESS SHOULD BE CONSTANT WITH TOP PLATE XXXXMB-X.

The following notes should be included on all top plate machining details :

REMOVE ALL SHARP EDGES

MACHINE ALL AROUND EDGES TO 3.2 SURFACE FINISH (if machining is required).

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2.4 Drawing Tolerances
The technique shown below should be used when toleranced dimensions are required. This is to reduce
calculation errors during the manufacturing process. The largest tolerance should always be the top one
even when both figures are negative.

2.4.1 GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES

Geometric tolerances should be applied where necessary. This is a quick reference guide only. For further
details see the Geometrical tolerance guide.

NOTE:

GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES ONLY TO BE

APPLIED WHERE ABSOLUTLY NECESSARY

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2.4.2 GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE TABLE

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Engineering Drawing Guide - Issue 1 Page 40 of 64
2.5 Limits and Fits
2.5.1 GENERAL LIMIT AND FIT TABLE
Limits and fits to be applied where necessary.

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 Spigot Light Precisi Heavy
Precisio Do not and press on press
Normal use
n push Fit. press Fit.
Non running
critical running Fit. Fit.
fit
fit

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Page 42 of 64
2.5.2 SELECTED FITS FOR ACCURATE TOOLWORK

SELECTED I.S.O. FITS

TYPE OF FIT REMARKS HOLE FIT SHAFT FIT

Perminant assembly of s6 up to Ø50
PRESS FIT PERMANANT H7
parts.Soft hole and shaft r6 over Ø50
Perminant assembly of
r6 up to Ø50
PRESS FIT PERMANANT parts Soft hole and hard H7
INTERFERENCE

p6 over Ø50
shaft
Keyed gears,
PRESS FIT-PRECISION H6 P6
hubscouplings etc.
Soft hole and shaft r6 up to Ø50
LIGHT PRESS H7
Thin wall section p6 over Ø50
Soft hole and hard shaft
LIGHT PRESS H7 p6
Thin wall section
Hard hole and hard shaft
LIGHT PRESS-PRECISION H6 n5
Thin wall section
keyed or pinned sprokets,
TRANSITION

gears, couplingsetc, on
TIGHT FIT H7 k6
shafte or hubs for light
drive
For dowel pins, Keyed
TIGHT FIT H7 m6
couplings and shafts
Special application for
SLIDE FIT slide fit without H7 h6
interferance
Special application for
SLIDE FIT-PRECISION slide fit without H6 h5
interferance
CLEARANCE

SLIDE FIT-SPECIAL For pivot pins H7 m6

Precision running fit in
lightley loaded and well
RUNNING FIT-CLOSE H7 g6
lubrcated conditiions, plain
bushes
Stationary cam locations,
plain bushes, normal
RUNNING FIT H7 f7
running, slide fit , good
location.

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2.5.3 BEARING LIMIT AND FITS
NOTE:-
ALWAYS CHECK THE BEARING MANUFACTURES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
FIT AND LOADING AS THEY CAN VARY BETWEEN MANUFACTURES, THIS
SECTION IS A GUIDE ONLY
Fit Selection
Selection of the proper fit is generally based on the following factors:
1) The direction and nature of the bearing load,
2) Whether the inner ring or outer ring rotates,
3) Whether the load on the inner or outer ring rotates or not,
4) Whether there is static load or direction indeterminate load or not.

for bearings under rotating loads or direction indeterminate loads, a tight fit is recommended; but for
static loads, a transition fit or loose fit should be sufficient see Table below.
The interference should be tighter for heavy bearing loads or vibration and shock load conditions. Also, a
tighter than normal fit should be given when the bearing is installed on hollow shafts or in housings with
thin walls, or housings made of light alloys or plastic.

In applications where high rotational accuracy must be maintained, high precision bearings and high
tolerance shafts and housings should be employed instead of a tighter interference fit to ensure bearing
stability. High interference fits should be avoided if possible as they cause shaft or housing deformities to
be induced into the bearing rings, and thus reduce bearing rotational accuracy.
Because mounting and dismounting become very difficult when both the inner ring and outer ring of a
non-separable bearing (for example a deep groove ball bearing) are given tight interference fits, one or the
other rings should be given a loose fit.

Radial Load and Bearing Fit

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Recommended Fits
Metric size standard dimension tolerances for bearing shaft diameters and housing bore diameters are
governed by ISO 286 and JIS B 0401 (dimension tolerances and fits). Accordingly, bearing fits are
determined by the precision (dimensional tolerance) of the shaft diameter and housing bore diameter.
Widely used fits for various shaft and housing bore diameter tolerances, and bearing bore and outside
diameters are shown in Figure below:

General Standards for Radial Bearing Fits (JIS class 0, 6, 6X)

Housing Fits

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Shaft Fits

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Needle Roller Bearing Fits

Shaft Fits Housing Fits

Thrust Bearing Fits

Shaft Fits

Housing Fits

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2.6 Surface Textures on Detail Drawings
On most components all faces and features other than those marked up as stock will be machined. We
must therefore specify the surface texture requirements for these features, not leave it to the discretion of
the machinist. When specifying these we should consider the quality and the cost involved.

Consider carefully the use of 3.2 and restrict it to the cleaning up of outer edges and non-contact surfaces.
1.6 is our standard general surface texture.

A general surface texture note in the corner of the detail in some cases is enough to cover all machining,
but by adding ‘EXCEPT AS STATED’ next to it and then indicating any variations to the general surface
texture on the required features everything can be covered.

NOTE:
ONLY CALL UP WHERE
SPECIFICALLY REQUIRED

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2.7 Weld Symbols for Drawings

TRIANGLE ABOVE TRIANGLE BELOW

LINE INDICATES LINE INDICATES
WELD ON THE WELD ON THE TOP OF
BOTTOM OF THE THE HORIZONTAL
HORIZONTAL PLATE PLATE

SYMBOL INTENTION DESCRIPTION

6.3mm FILLET WELD ON THE

ARROW SIDE OF THE JOINT

6.3mm FILLET WELD

BOTH SIDES OF THE JOINT

8mm FILLET WELD ALL ROUND.

THE SYMBOL CAN ALSO BE
APPLIED TO ANGLE, CHANNEL
ETC.

8mm FILLET WELD ALL ROUND

BOTH SIDES

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 BUTT WELD ON OTHER SIDE OF
JOINT, EDGES CHAMFERED AS
SHOWN BEFORE WELDING

BUTT WELD WITH U EDGE

PREPARATION AND WITH A
SEALING RUN.
U IS MORE ECONOMICAL THAN
Vee>25mm THICK

5 - 6.3 DIA SPOT WELDS

AT 70mm PITCH

INTERMITTENT 8mm
FILLET WELDS 25mm LONG,
STARTING WITH
A SPACE OF 50mm

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2.8 Material Selection
2.8.1 TYPICAL STEELS AND THEIR USES
STEEL Notes
Carbon Steel
A mild steel used for general purposes. Suitable for lightly stressed fasteners, shafts etc. Can be
DBMS easily machined and welded. Available hot rolled, normalised, cold drawn or turned. Supplied in
Black round or square, bright round square, flat and hexagon.
A medium strength steel. Suitable for stressed pins, shafts studs, keys etc. Available as rolled or
BS 970 080M40
normalised. Supplied as square bar, or round bar or flat. Typical applications include shafts, studs,
(EN8)
bolts, connecting rods, screws, roller, racks.
A case hardening mild steel suitable for general engineering applications. When case hardened
results in a hard surface with a tough core. Used for making gears cams and rollers etc. Supplied as
BS 970 080M15
black round bar and sections.. Commonly used for general engineering lightly stressed
(EN32)
applications that are subject to wear, EN32 is suitable for applications such as collets, cams,
rollers, bushes, spindles, and gears
Alloy Steel
A nickel chromium molybdenum steel with high strength and toughness. Used for gears axles and
BS 970 817M40 high strength studs. Supplied as rolled, annealed and hardened and tempered. Supplied as black
(EN24) round or square bar and bright round or square, and hexagons. EN24 is commonly used for gears,
racks, pinions, shafts, spindles and the like
A high quality nickel chromium case hardening steel. Can be hardened to provide hard surface
with a strong tough core. Used for high duty gears and shafts. Supplied in as-rolled condition in
BS 970 655M13 black square and round bar and bright round. As a carburising steel grade it is suitable for roller
(EN36) and ball bearings of extra light section, aeroplane and motor crankshafts requiring hard surfaces
for roller paths, connecting rods with case-hardened ends, as well as highly stressed gudgeon pins,
gears and certain types of collets
Stainless Steel
Austenitic (Non-Magnetic) cannot be heat treated but work hardens. Readily formed and welded,
used mainly in domestic, dairy and decorative appliances general purpose grade for corrosion
BS 970 Grade 304S15
resistant applications. This grade is the most widely used of all stainless steels. Its chemical
(EN58-)
composition, provide the best all-round performance S.S. at relatively low cost. It has excellent
low temperature properties. Lower Carbon grades (S15 and less) have improved weldability.
Austenitic (Non-Magnetic) cannot be heat treated but work hardens. It offers high resistance to
BS 970 Grade 316S16 corrosion. Generally machined components and pipe fittings. This grade is almost as popular as
(EN58J) the 304 grade the increased Mo content makes the steel more suitable for resisting pitting and
crevice then 304 Grade. Lower Carbon grades (S15 and less) have improved weldability.

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2.8.2 TYPICAL ALUMINIUMS AND THEIR USES
ALUMINIUM Notes
This is referred to as a free machining alloy due to excellent machining
properties. 2011 has poor corrosion resistance; if better corrosion
ALLOY 2011 and ALLOY resistance is required 6262 should be used. Both Alloys can be
6262 decorative anodised to help with corrosion and on occasion hard
anodised to help with wear resistance. Typical Applications packers,
mounting blocks, general machines parts,
Tight tolerances and high strength combined with excellent dimensional
stability during extreme machining make this a choice for tooling,
Cast Tooling Plate
stressed parts and mould tools in challenging applications. Can be
ACP 5080R and ACP 6000
decorative anodised to help with corrosion and hard anodised to help
with wear resistance.

2.8.3 TYPICAL BRONZE AND THEIR USES.

BRONZE Notes
Tight tolerances combined with excellent dimensional stability during
extreme machining make this an excellent choice for bearings and nuts
Dyn Bronze GZ14
as the material has very good wear resistance. For use sliding surfaces
subject to high loads and /or impact loads.

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2.9 Pre and Post Treatment on Detail Drawings
On detail drawings of parts that are likely to change during development, such as gripper jaws,
datum tooling, etc should have a note added to instruct manufacturing not to heat treat or surface
treat until development is completed.

Scratches and marks on large visible surfaces are unacceptable especially as certain treatments
make them appear worse. It should be clearly stated on details that such marks etc. are
unacceptable.

When through hardening or surface hardening and grinding is required, clearly state ‘Grind After
Hardening’ on the drawing.

2.9.1 GUIDANCE ON MACHINE PART FINISHES

 Hot Chemical Blacking (ISO / Din 11408)

Unlike other metal finishing’s such as Zinc Plating where the coating is applied to the surface
of the steel Black Oxide Coating is the result of a chemical reaction between the ferrous metal
and the oxidizing salts used in the black oxide solution. This means that where other finishes
add to the surface of the metal and increase the dimensions causing for allowances to be made
during manufacture, black oxide coating has a negligible effect on the dimensional tolerances
of the parts. This is of great benefit where tolerances are quite critical such as screw threads,
bearing fits, threaded holes or simply just internal machine parts. Black Oxide Coating offers
a small corrosion resistance which is enhanced by the post treatment layer of dewatering oil
that we apply. The main benefits of this finish are anti-galling and enhanced lubricity for
internal machine parts that contact. Should be used for all small steel components such as
spacers, small mount plates, small fabrications, sensor brackets, packers, etc and especially
for items with toleranced features such as register blocks and pins as the dimension are not
affected.

 Painting or Powder coating

This should be used for base fabrications, and panel work, including electrical boxes, etc.
This finish, in some cases may be more suitable than zinc plating for very larger fabrications.
This should be discussed in the design meetings. Remember that machined surfaces should
left uncoated and this should be indicated on the detail drawings.

 Hard Black Anodising (BS 5599 – 50 µm)

This should be used for all small aluminium components that require a hard protective
coating. This finish does add thickness and any toleranced features must be masked during the
process.
 Ferritic Nitrocarburising (“Tufftride” – QPQ) 10 – 20 µm
This should be used as a replacement for “Sursulf”. The process creates a medium range case
hardness, it produces minimal distortion to the finished products. This process should be used
on parts, such as: Gripper Fingers and medium duty tooling, to give a 10 – 20µm surface
hardness.

If you are in any doubt ask your Lead Designer or the Design Office Manager.

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2.9.2 GUIDANCE ON HEAT TREATMENT

HARDNESS DEPTH
MATERIAL HEAT TREATMENT
(RC)
EN8 0.3-0.5 mm
INDUCTION HARDEN 55
(080M40)
EN24 0.3-0.5 mm
INDUCTION HARDEN 58
(817M40)
EN32 0.3-0.5 mm
(655M13)
EN36 CARBURISE AND CASE 0.3-0.5 mm
60
(655M13) HARDEN
FLAT GROUND
STOCK THROUGH HARDEN 64
(B01)
EN40B NITRIDE HARDEN 0.3-0.5 mm
62-68
(see chart below)

NITRIDE HARDENING CHART

MATERIAL
EN19 TYPES EN40B TYPE EN41 TYPES H13
Nitride soak time
(708M40, 708M37, (722M24) (905M31, (5% CHROME)
(Hours)
708A42, 709M40) 905M39)
Depth of Hardness
12 0.15/0.25 0.125/0.15 0.15/0.2 0.1
24 0.25/0.35 0.2/0.25 0.25/0.3 0.15
45 0.45/0.6 0.3/0.35 0.4/0.45 0.25
70 0.6/0.7 0.3/0.4 0.5/0.55 0.3
90 0.7/0.9 0.4/0.5 0.55/0.65 0.4
Hardness (RC) 52-58 62-68 68-71 69-72

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2.9.3 EXAMPLE OF INFORMATION REQUIRED ON DRAWING

A) CARBORISE AND CASE HARDEN 60RC MIN.

CASE DEPTH 0.75mm

B) NITRIDE HARDEN FOR 70 HOURS

TO A DEPTH OF 0.4mm, HARDNESS OF 64RC.

C) INDUCTION HARDEN
WHEN THIS PROCESS IS USED THE LENGTH TO BE HARDENED MUST BE STATED ON
THE DRAWING.
HARDENING CAN ONLY BE DONE TO WITHIN APPROX. 12mm OF A SHOULDER.

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2.10 Worked Examples
Turning

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Milling

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Plates

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