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Chapter 1

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19 views7 pages

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

vahaneaniket
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NUMBER SYSTEMS

​Decimal Number System:-


The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal
number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the
successive positions to the left of the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands
and so on.
Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). For example, the decimal number
1234 consists of the digit 4 in the units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position,
and 1 in the thousands position, and its value can be written as,

Binary Number System


Characteristics of binary number system are as follows:
● Binary number system uses two digits 0 and 1.
● Also called base 2 number system.
● Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the base (2).

1. Last position in a binary number represents a x power of the base (2).

Example 2x where x represents the last position - 1.


Example:-
Binary Number : 101012

Calculating Decimal Equivalent:-


Note : 101012 is normally written as 10101.

Octal Number System


Characteristics of octal number system are as follows:

1. Uses eight digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.


2. Also called base 8 number system.
3. Each position in an octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example 80
4. Last position in an octal number represents a x power of the base (8). Example 8x where
x represents the last position - 1.

Example:-
Octal Number : 125708

Calculating Decimal Equivalent:-


Note : 125708 is normally written as 12570.

Hexadecimal Number System


Characteristics of hexadecimal number system are as follows:

1. Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.


2. Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10. B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F =
15.
3. Also called base 16 number system
4. Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0 power of the base (16). Example
160
5. Last position in a hexadecimal number represents a x power of the base (16). Example
16x where x represents the last position - 1.

Example:-
Hexadecimal Number : 19FDE16

Calculating Decimal Equivalent :-

Representation of a Binary Number


We saw above that in the decimal number system, the weight of each digit to the left
increases by a factor of 10. In the binary number system, the weight of each digit increases by a
factor of 2 as shown. Then the first digit has a weight of 1 ( 2^(0 )), the second digit has a
weight of 2 ( 2^(1) ), the third a weight of 4 ( 2^(2) ), the fourth a weight of 8 ( 2^(3) ) and so
on.So for example, converting a Binary to Decimal number would be:-

By adding together ALL the decimal number values from right to left at the positions that are
represented by a “1” gives us: (256) + (64) + (32) + (4) + (1) = 35710 or three hundred
and fifty seven as a decimal number.Then, we can convert binary to decimal by finding the
decimal equivalent of the binary array of digits 1011001012 and expanding the binary digits
into a series with a base of 2 giving an equivalent of 35710 in decimal .

Repeated Division-by-2 Method


Another name of this method is Double-Dabble method. We have seen above how to convert
binary to decimal numbers, but how do we convert a decimal number into a binary number. An
easy method of converting decimal to binary number equivalents is to write down the decimal
number and to continually divide-by-2 (two) to give a result and a remainder of either a “1” or a
“0” until the final result equals zero.
​
So for example :- Convert the decimal number 29410 into its binary number equivalent.
So, the binary equivalent of 29410 :- 1001001102

Another example :- Convert the decimal number 67510 into its binary number equivalent.

So, the binary equivalent of 67510 :- 10101000112

Another method to represent a decimal number into a binary form Each decimal
digit is converted into a four bit binary.
( 325 )10 =( 0011 0010 0101 )
3 2 5

( 739 )10 =( 0111 0011 1001 )


7 3 5

BCD ADDITION
1. add bcd.
2. if sum is invalid bcd or if carry is generated in the addition , add ( 0110 ) equivalent
to ( 6 ) to the sum.
1 1
329 - 0011 0010 100
1
+1 8 2 - 0001 1000 0010
511 0101 1 0 1 1- invalid bcd 1 0 1 1 -
invalid bcd
+ 0110
+0 1 1 0
0101 0001
0001
5 1
1

VALID AND INVALID BCD

Binary system complements


​
As the binary system has base r = 2. So the two types of complements for the binary system are
2's complement and 1's complement.

1's complement
The 1's complement of a number is found by changing all 1's to 0's and all 0's to 1's. This is
called as taking complement or 1's complement. Example of 1's Complement is as follows.

2's complement
The 2's complement of binary number is obtained by adding 1 to the Least Significant Bit (LSB)
of 1's complement of the number.
​
2's complement = 1's complement + 1
Example of 2's Complement is as follows.

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