Phiếu thực hành

Sử dụng thư viện (Module)

A module allows you to logically organize your Python code. Grouping related code into a module makes the code
easier to understand and use. A module is a Python object with arbitrarily named attributes that you can bind and
reference.
Simply, a module is a file consisting of Python code. A module can define functions, classes and variables. A module
can also include runnable code.

Example
The Python code for a module named aname normally resides in a file named aname.py. Here's an example of a
simple module, support.py
def print_func( par ):
print "Hello : ", par
return

The import Statement

You can use any Python source file as a module by executing an import statement in some other Python source file.
The import has the following syntax −
import module1[, module2[,... moduleN]
When the interpreter encounters an import statement, it imports the module if the module is present in the search
path. A search path is a list of directories that the interpreter searches before importing a module. For example, to
import the module support.py, you need to put the following command at the top of the script −
#!/usr/bin/python
# Import module support
import support

# Now you can call defined function that module as follows

support.print_func("Zara")
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
Hello : Zara
A module is loaded only once, regardless of the number of times it is imported. This prevents the module execution
from happening over and over again if multiple imports occur.

The from...import Statement

Python's from statement lets you import specific attributes from a module into the current namespace.
The from...import has the following syntax −
from modname import name1[, name2[, ... nameN]]
For example, to import the function fibonacci from the module fib, use the following statement −
from fib import fibonacci
This statement does not import the entire module fib into the current namespace; it just introduces the item
fibonacci from the module fib into the global symbol table of the importing module.

The from...import * Statement

It is also possible to import all names from a module into the current namespace by using the following import
statement −
from modname import *
This provides an easy way to import all the items from a module into the current namespace; however, this
statement should be used sparingly.

Locating Modules
When you import a module, the Python interpreter searches for the module in the following sequences −
 The current directory.
 If the module isn't found, Python then searches each directory in the shell variable PYTHONPATH.
 If all else fails, Python checks the default path. On UNIX, this default path is normally
/usr/local/lib/python/.
The module search path is stored in the system module sys as the sys.path variable. The sys.path variable contains
the current directory, PYTHONPATH, and the installation-dependent default.

The PYTHONPATH Variable

The PYTHONPATH is an environment variable, consisting of a list of directories. The syntax of PYTHONPATH is the
same as that of the shell variable PATH.
Here is a typical PYTHONPATH from a Windows system −
set PYTHONPATH = c:\python20\lib;
And here is a typical PYTHONPATH from a UNIX system −
set PYTHONPATH = /usr/local/lib/python

Namespaces and Scoping

Variables are names (identifiers) that map to objects. A namespace is a dictionary of variable names (keys) and
their corresponding objects (values).
A Python statement can access variables in a local namespace and in the global namespace. If a local and a global
variable have the same name, the local variable shadows the global variable.
Each function has its own local namespace. Class methods follow the same scoping rule as ordinary functions.
Python makes educated guesses on whether variables are local or global. It assumes that any variable assigned a
value in a function is local.
Therefore, in order to assign a value to a global variable within a function, you must first use the global statement.
The statement global VarName tells Python that VarName is a global variable. Python stops searching the local
namespace for the variable.
For example, we define a variable Money in the global namespace. Within the function Money, we assign Money a
value, therefore Python assumes Money as a local variable. However, we accessed the value of the local
variable Money before setting it, so an UnboundLocalError is the result. Uncommenting the global statement fixes
the problem.
#!/usr/bin/python

Money = 2000
def AddMoney():
# Uncomment the following line to fix the code:
# global Money
Money = Money + 1

print Money
AddMoney()
print Money

The dir( ) Function

The dir() built-in function returns a sorted list of strings containing the names defined by a module.
The list contains the names of all the modules, variables and functions that are defined in a module. Following is a
simple example −
Live Demo
#!/usr/bin/python

# Import built-in module math

import math

content = dir(math)
print content
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
['__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', 'acos', 'asin', 'atan',
'atan2', 'ceil', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'exp',
'fabs', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'hypot', 'ldexp', 'log',
'log10', 'modf', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin', 'sinh',
'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh']
Here, the special string variable __name__ is the module's name, and __file__ is the filename from which the module
was loaded.

The globals() and locals() Functions

The globals() and locals() functions can be used to return the names in the global and local namespaces depending
on the location from where they are called.
If locals() is called from within a function, it will return all the names that can be accessed locally from that function.
If globals() is called from within a function, it will return all the names that can be accessed globally from that
function.
The return type of both these functions is dictionary. Therefore, names can be extracted using the keys() function.
The reload() Function
When the module is imported into a script, the code in the top-level portion of a module is executed only once.
Therefore, if you want to reexecute the top-level code in a module, you can use the reload() function. The reload()
function imports a previously imported module again. The syntax of the reload() function is this −
reload(module_name)
Here, module_name is the name of the module you want to reload and not the string containing the module name.
For example, to reload hello module, do the following −
reload(hello)

Packages in Python
A package is a hierarchical file directory structure that defines a single Python application environment that consists
of modules and subpackages and sub-subpackages, and so on.
Consider a file Pots.py available in Phone directory. This file has following line of source code −
#!/usr/bin/python

def Pots():
print "I'm Pots Phone"
Similar way, we have another two files having different functions with the same name as above −
 Phone/Isdn.py file having function Isdn()
 Phone/G3.py file having function G3()
Now, create one more file __init__.py in Phone directory −

 Phone/__init__.py
To make all of your functions available when you've imported Phone, you need to put explicit import statements in
__init__.py as follows −
from Pots import Pots
from Isdn import Isdn
from G3 import G3
After you add these lines to __init__.py, you have all of these classes available when you import the Phone package.
#!/usr/bin/python

# Now import your Phone Package.

import Phone

Phone.Pots()
Phone.Isdn()
Phone.G3()
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
I'm Pots Phone
I'm 3G Phone
I'm ISDN Phone
In the above example, we have taken example of a single functions in each file, but you can keep multiple functions
in your files. You can also define different Python classes in those files and then you can create your packages out of
those classes.
 Thư viện time

Python - Date & Time

A Python program can handle date and time in several ways. Converting between date formats is a common chore
for computers. Python's time and calendar modules help track dates and times.

What is Tick?
Time intervals are floating-point numbers in units of seconds. Particular instants in time are expressed in seconds
since 00:00:00 hrs January 1, 1970(epoch).
There is a popular time module available in Python which provides functions for working with times, and for
converting between representations. The function time.time() returns the current system time in ticks since
00:00:00 hrs January 1, 1970(epoch).

Example
Live Demo
#!/usr/bin/python
import time; # This is required to include time module.

ticks = time.time()
print "Number of ticks since 12:00am, January 1, 1970:", ticks
This would produce a result something as follows −
Number of ticks since 12:00am, January 1, 1970: 7186862.73399
Date arithmetic is easy to do with ticks. However, dates before the epoch cannot be represented in this form. Dates
in the far future also cannot be represented this way - the cutoff point is sometime in 2038 for UNIX and Windows.
What is TimeTuple?
Many of Python's time functions handle time as a tuple of 9 numbers, as shown below −

Index Field Values

0 4-digit year 2008

1 Month 1 to 12

2 Day 1 to 31

3 Hour 0 to 23

4 Minute 0 to 59

5 Second 0 to 61 (60 or 61 are leap-seconds)

6 Day of Week 0 to 6 (0 is Monday)

7 Day of year 1 to 366 (Julian day)

8 Daylight savings -1, 0, 1, -1 means library determines

DST

The above tuple is equivalent to struct_time structure. This structure has following attributes −

Index Attributes Values

0 tm_year 2008

1 tm_mon 1 to 12
 2 tm_mday 1 to 31

3 tm_hour 0 to 23

4 tm_min 0 to 59

5 tm_sec 0 to 61 (60 or 61 are leap-seconds)

6 tm_wday 0 to 6 (0 is Monday)

7 tm_yday 1 to 366 (Julian day)

8 tm_isdst -1, 0, 1, -1 means library determines

DST

Getting current time

To translate a time instant from a seconds since the epoch floating-point value into a time-tuple, pass the floating-
point value to a function (e.g., localtime) that returns a time-tuple with all nine items valid.
Live Demo
#!/usr/bin/python
import time;

localtime = time.localtime(time.time())
print "Local current time :", localtime
This would produce the following result, which could be formatted in any other presentable form −
Local current time : time.struct_time(tm_year=2013, tm_mon=7,
tm_mday=17, tm_hour=21, tm_min=26, tm_sec=3, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=198, tm_isdst=0)
Getting formatted time
You can format any time as per your requirement, but simple method to get time in readable format is asctime() −
Live Demo
#!/usr/bin/python
import time;

localtime = time.asctime( time.localtime(time.time()) )

print "Local current time :", localtime
This would produce the following result −
Local current time : Tue Jan 13 10:17:09 2009

Getting calendar for a month

The calendar module gives a wide range of methods to play with yearly and monthly calendars. Here, we print a
calendar for a given month ( Jan 2008 ) −
Live Demo
#!/usr/bin/python
import calendar

cal = calendar.month(2008, 1)
print "Here is the calendar:"
print cal
This would produce the following result −
Here is the calendar:
January 2008
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31

The time Module

There is a popular time module available in Python which provides functions for working with times and for
converting between representations. Here is the list of all available methods −

Sr.N Function with Description

o.

1 time.altzone
The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of UTC, if one is
defined. This is negative if the local DST timezone is east of UTC (as in
Western Europe, including the UK). Only use this if daylight is nonzero.

2 time.asctime([tupletime])
Accepts a time-tuple and returns a readable 24-character string such as
'Tue Dec 11 18:07:14 2008'.

3 time.clock( )
Returns the current CPU time as a floating-point number of seconds. To
measure computational costs of different approaches, the value of
time.clock is more useful than that of time.time().

4 time.ctime([secs])
 Like asctime(localtime(secs)) and without arguments is like asctime( )

5 time.gmtime([secs])
Accepts an instant expressed in seconds since the epoch and returns a
time-tuple t with the UTC time. Note : t.tm_isdst is always 0

6 time.localtime([secs])
Accepts an instant expressed in seconds since the epoch and returns a
time-tuple t with the local time (t.tm_isdst is 0 or 1, depending on
whether DST applies to instant secs by local rules).

7 time.mktime(tupletime)
Accepts an instant expressed as a time-tuple in local time and returns a
floating-point value with the instant expressed in seconds since the
epoch.

8 time.sleep(secs)
Suspends the calling thread for secs seconds.

9 time.strftime(fmt[,tupletime])
Accepts an instant expressed as a time-tuple in local time and returns a
string representing the instant as specified by string fmt.

10 time.strptime(str,fmt='%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y')

Parses str according to format string fmt and returns the instant in time-
 tuple format.

11 time.time( )
Returns the current time instant, a floating-point number of seconds
since the epoch.

12 time.tzset()
Resets the time conversion rules used by the library routines. The
environment variable TZ specifies how this is done.

Let us go through the functions briefly −

There are following two important attributes available with time module −

Sr.N Attribute with Description

o.

1
time.timezone
Attribute time.timezone is the offset in seconds of the local time zone
(without DST) from UTC (>0 in the Americas; <=0 in most of Europe,
Asia, Africa).

2
time.tzname
Attribute time.tzname is a pair of locale-dependent strings, which are
the names of the local time zone without and with DST, respectively.
The calendar Module
The calendar module supplies calendar-related functions, including functions to print a text calendar for a given
month or year.
By default, calendar takes Monday as the first day of the week and Sunday as the last one. To change this, call
calendar.setfirstweekday() function.
Here is a list of functions available with the calendar module −

Sr.N Function with Description

o.

1
calendar.calendar(year,w=2,l=1,c=6)
Returns a multiline string with a calendar for year year formatted into
three columns separated by c spaces. w is the width in characters of
each date; each line has length 21*w+18+2*c. l is the number of lines
for each week.

2
calendar.firstweekday( )
Returns the current setting for the weekday that starts each week. By
default, when calendar is first imported, this is 0, meaning Monday.

3
calendar.isleap(year)
Returns True if year is a leap year; otherwise, False.

4
calendar.leapdays(y1,y2)
 Returns the total number of leap days in the years within range(y1,y2).

5
calendar.month(year,month,w=2,l=1)
Returns a multiline string with a calendar for month month of year year,
one line per week plus two header lines. w is the width in characters of
each date; each line has length 7*w+6. l is the number of lines for each
week.

6
calendar.monthcalendar(year,month)
Returns a list of lists of ints. Each sublist denotes a week. Days outside
month month of year year are set to 0; days within the month are set to
their day-of-month, 1 and up.

7
calendar.monthrange(year,month)
Returns two integers. The first one is the code of the weekday for the
first day of the month month in year year; the second one is the number
of days in the month. Weekday codes are 0 (Monday) to 6 (Sunday);
month numbers are 1 to 12.

8
calendar.prcal(year,w=2,l=1,c=6)
Like print calendar.calendar(year,w,l,c).

9
calendar.prmonth(year,month,w=2,l=1)
 Like print calendar.month(year,month,w,l).

10
calendar.setfirstweekday(weekday)
Sets the first day of each week to weekday code weekday. Weekday
codes are 0 (Monday) to 6 (Sunday).

11
Calend
ar.timegm(tupletime)
The inverse of time.gmtime: accepts a time instant in time-tuple form
and returns the same instant as a floating-point number of seconds
since the epoch.

12
calendar.weekday(year,month,day)
Returns the weekday code for the given date. Weekday codes are 0
(Monday) to 6 (Sunday); month numbers are 1 (January) to 12
(December).

Other Modules & Functions

If you are interested, then here you would find a list of other important modules and functions to play with date &
time in Python −
 The datetime Module
 The pytz Module
 The dateutil Module