Mathematics Notes for Class 9% KPK All Boards Mathematics Chapter #1 Join Us for More Notes, Quizzes and Videos EE httos://web facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/ https'//tehkals.com/FE] bttos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom, https://tehkals.com/ Chapter # 1 Matrices Exercise# 1.1 Matri A matrix is a rectangular array (arrangements) of real numbers enclosed in square brackets. Each number ina matrix is called an element or entry of the matrix. Matrices are mostly denoted by capital letters. Examples 2 00 as] 20 oO or Rows and Columns of a Matrix The rows of a matrix run horizontally, and the columns of a matrix run vertically. Order or Dimension of a Matrix The number of rows and columns that a matrix has is called order of a matrix, Order of a matrix is represented by: Order of matrix =m xn oR Order of matrix = m-by-n Here "m” represents number of Rows And "n" represents number of columns Order of a matrix is also called dimension or size of a matrix. iy i) Examples D- [; 1 13 In this example 2,5,1,3 all are the elements of a matrix D. 2,5and 1,3 are the rows of a matrix D. 2,1and 5,3 are the columns of matrix D. AS No. of Rows= 2 ‘And No. of Columns= 2 So order is 2—by ~ 2 (OR) 2x2 Equal Matri When two matrices of the same order and the corresponding elements are same. Exercise # 1.1 Page #6 Which of the following are square and which are rectangular matrices? ae A= 05 As Noy ef Rows = No. of Columns So it is Square matrix. 6 3 B= 15 2] As No, of Rows # No, of Columns So it is Rectangular matrix. 100 c=|0 20 001 As No. of Rows = No. of Columns So it is Square matrix,& ( w (vi) a2: a (i) (ii) tiv) https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom, https://tehkals.com/ D=[-5] AS No. of Rows = No. of Columns So it is Square matrix. E=[3 4] ‘As No. of Rows # No, of Columns So it is Rectangular matrix, -l 7 ] ‘As No. of Rows # No. of Columns So it is Rectangular matrix. P= List the order of the following matrices. 12 -1 34 ql As No, of Rows= 2 ‘And No. of Columns= 3 So order is 2—by ~ 3 (OR) 2x3 B-[-4] As No. of Rows= 1 And No. of Columns= 1 So order is 1—by — 1 (OR) 1x 1 23 -1 125 As No. of Rows= 2 ‘And No, of Columns= 3 So order is 2— by — 3 (OR) 2x3 c= 21 F=|3 2 4-1 As No, of Rows= 3 And No, of Columns= 2 So order is 3—by — 2(OR) 3x2 wy) (vi) f) (ii) (i) {ivy (v) (vi) E=[3 2] ‘AS No. of Rows= 1 And No. of Columns= 2 So order is 1—by ~ 2 (OR) 1x 2 1 2 3) p=|6 5 9 0 0 0} As No. of Rows= ‘And No. of Columns= 3 So order is 3—by ~ 3 (OR) 3x 3 . give the following fl bean = 0 5 6 Ashttos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ & 4: Which of the following matrices are equal? 25 2 5] A= : B i 13 4 3) 1+1 342 2 441 ce D= 4 241 13 Solution: asc=|~ >land D=|> > ta 3} OTL 3 So A and Dare equal ie. A =D ‘And B and C are equal ie. B = C 23 v 3 Let A and B » for u 0 5 ow what values of u,v,andw are when A ‘and B equal. Solution A= 2-3 [uo] As A and B are equal. So 2-3 ¥ 3 uv 0} [5 w Now compare elements the corresponding 2=v Or wa za oce = 1 ° a6: Tf x+3 c+4 2y-7 0 6 3y-2 -6 a-l 0 |=| -6 -3 2c+2 b-3 210 2b+4 21 0 find the values of a, b, ¢, x, y and z. Solution: AS x43 244 Qy-7] [ 0 6 3y-2 -6 a-l oO |=) +6 -3 242 b-3 21 0 | |2+4 21 0 Now compare the corresponding elements x+3=0 Answers: =2b-b& Q7: httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ Solve the following equation for da. ath b+2e] [1 4 an He al Solution a+b b+2c -1 4 ( ll 4 Now compare the corresponding elements a+b equ(i) b42c - equ(ii) 2e+d qu( iii) 2a-d= equ(iv) Subtract equ(ii) from equ(i) (a+b) -(b4+20) =-1-4 at+b—b—2 a-2c=-5 equ(v) Now Add equ(iii) and equ(v) 2c+d+(a—2e=8+(-5) 2e+d+a—2c=8-5 d+a=3 ------- equ(vi) Now add equ(iv) and equ(vi) 2a-d+d+a=0+3 2ata=3 3a=3 3 erg a=1 Put a = 1 in equ(i) 1+b b=-1-1 b=-2 Put b = ~2 in equl(ii) —242c=4 42 Put c = 3 in equ(iii) 2@)+d=8 6+d=8 d=8-6 d=2 Answers: Ex 1.1 End Exercise # 1.2 Types of matrices Row matrix A matrix having just one row is called row matrix, A=[1 3 5jB=f[5] Column matrix: ‘A matrix having just one column is called column matrix. 1 A=|3), B=[5] 5 re matrix A matrix in which number of rows and columns are equal is called square matrix. 132 Rectar ‘A matrix in which number of rows and columns are not equal is called rectangular matrix, 1 2 as}, D-[> § 5] 5& httos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotComy https://tehkals.com/ x12 Zero matrix or Null matrix ‘A matrix in which all the elements are zero is called Zero or Null matrix. A null matrix is generally denoted by O. 0 0 0 e-file“ Diagonal matrix A square matrix on which all elements are zero except diagonal elements is known « diagonal matrix. 0 i 10 A= , 03 ‘Scalar matrix A matrix in which diagonal elements are same is called scalar matrix, o=[0 0 0] 1 10 on [io T=] | 4=]0 20) =)75, 007 poms Note Every scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix but every diagonal matrix is not necessarily a scalar matrix Identity or Unit matri ‘A matrix in which the diagonal elements are equal to “I is called identity matrix, It is generally denoted by “I’. 100 10 rj th 010 loo1 ‘A matrix obtained by interchanging all rows and columns with each other is called transpose of a matrix, The transpose of a matrix B is written as B°, Az ab “le d . [; ‘| A bd ‘Symmetric matrix In a square matrix, when A‘ =A, then A is said to be symmetric matrix. 123 Th a square matrix, when a = then A is said to be skew-symmetric matrix. [i] A= 40 ae? 4) 40}& @ Page # 12 Ql: Write the transpose of the following matrices. Pal; i] 31 Solution: Gi) ii) https://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ Exercise # 1.2 Taking transpose on both sides ae cll oe Solution: o-|! "| nop Taking transpose on both sides 1 omy eft np R=[6] Solution R=[6] Taking transpose on both sides R [6] R =[6] FH 12 5 1 (iv) S=|2.1 44 Solution 5 1 S=|-2 4 44 Taking transpose on both sides 5 17 sia) 44 24 [; 1 ‘] 678 @ T=|13, L.3 2,45 Solution 678 T=|13 13 245 Taking transpose on both sides 6 7 87 T=|13 1 3 245 6 13 2 r=|7 14 835https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom, https://tehkals.com/ ex#12 2: Which of the following matrices are transpose of the each other? Thus A and B are the transpose of each other. 3 4 AsC=|1 2)=D -1 7 and v=] 2} lec 427 Thus € and D are the transpose of each other. Q3: Which of the following are symmetric? @ ‘Solution: A | By taking transpose, we get 5 -l A= 3] AA Thus A is not symmetric matrix iil) (iv) Ex#12 Solution: are By taking transpose, we get Bo=B Thus B is symmetric matrix [4 Solution [4 By taking transpose, we get etd cee Thus C is not symmetric matrix 123 D= 45 6 Solution 123 D= 456 By taking transpose, we get 14 D'=|2 5 3 6 D'+D Thus D is not symmetric matrix/web facebor https: https://tehkals.com/ x12 Q4: Which of the following matrices are skew-symmetric? @ a-|? 4 40 Solution [* ol A= +4 0 By taking transpose, we get o-4 A= [io] o 4 40 A‘=-A Thus A is a skew-symmetric matrix w po > “(5 0 Solution [| B= 50 By taking transpose, we get os B= [3 a! 0-5 5 0 B'=-B Thus B is a skew-symmetric matrix cfd Solution cd By taking transpose, we get oe A B Ex#1.2 [a cee Thus C is not a skew-symmetric matrix (w D= 2-1 Solution 0 3 2) 301 -2 -1 0} By taking transpose, we get 3 2 Oo -l Thus D is a skew-symmetric matrix& (a) (b) ittos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/ https://tehkals.com/ Exercise # 1.3 Conformability for Addition or Subtraction When two matrices have the same order, then they are conformability for Addition and Subtraction. ‘Adding and Subtracting of matrices Addition can be obtained by adding the corresponding elements of the matrices. Subtraction can be obtained by subtracting the corresponding elements of the matrices. Example 38 40 Az| ,Bs la 6 1-9 3 8] [4 0 + 4 6} [1 -9 344 3] A+B= 441 6-9, Multiplication of a matrix by a real number The real number is multiplying to each element of the matrix. The real number is called the scalar multiplication of that matrix i.e. 3 is scalar multiplication in the following matrix. 6 2 wan a=[% jrs 6 2 3 Hl 0} ) (iii) liv) Commutative Property w.rt Addition If two matrices of same order then A+ B= B+ A is called the Commutative law under addition. Associative Property w.r.t Addition If three matrices of same order, then A+@+C)=(A+B)+C is called ‘Associative law under addition. ‘Additive Identity of matrices Normally zero (0)is called additive identity. Thus Zero or Null matrixis additive identity matrix. Additive Inverse of a matrix When the sum of two matrices is zero (0), then these matrices are called inverse of each other. A= -BorB=-A Exercise # 1.3 Page # 19, 20 Let A & B be 2 — by — 3 matrices and let C & D be 2 —square matrices. Which of the following, matrix operation are defined? For those which are defined, give the dimension of the resulting matrix. the A+B As the order of Ais 2 — by — 3 ‘And the order of Bis 2 — by — 3 SoA + Bare conformable B+D AAs the order of B is 2 — by — And the order of Dis 2 — by — 2 So B + D are not conformable 34-2 As the order of Ais 2 — by — 3 ‘And the order of Cis 2 — by — 2 So 3A — 2C are not conformable 70-20 As the order of Cis 2— by — 2 And the order of Dis 2— by — 2 So 7€ ~ 2D are conformablehttos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ #13 Q2: Multiply the following matrices by real numbers as indicated. 1 (i) Multiply A=|2| by2 3 Solution: 1 A=|2 3 Multiply B.S by 2 1 2A=2/2 3 2a=|4 6 b w mon B-[' . ‘Joven Solution: abe B= def. Multiply &.S by p wept? © re Plae f 1b pe ve[ pl “| pd pe pf. 1 Q3: Find a matrix X such that 4X =) 4 -1 ern Solution: 1 4x=| 4 -1 enn awe Mutiny aby 1 1 4 Ex#13 21 23 97 ant xt 4 2] [3 2 4-1-5 6| [4 3 6] [-3 -2 12}-| 1-5 is} [4 3& httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ 343 6+2 3A-B=] 9-1 12+5 15-4 18-3 6 8 3A-B=|8 17 1 15 12 3-12 Given A=|5 0 1-11 2\and B=|4 2 5], 230 find the matrix C such that A +2B = C Solution: 12 -3 3-12 A=|5 0 2],B=|4 2 5 t-1 23 0 As A¥2B=C Orc =A+2B 2 -3) fa 2 C=|5 0 2|+2)4 255 “ll 2 310 12 -3] [6 2 4 c=|5 0 2|+/8 4 10 1-1] [4 6 0 146 2-2 344 C=|5+8 0+4 2410 144 -1+6 140 701 C=|13 4 12 55 1 2 2 8 0 if A=|4 2 Jand B=|4 —2|, then find sl 3 6 the matrix X such that 2A + 3X = 5B 4 4 400 8 4 |43xX=|20 -10 -10 2 15 30 400 4 4 3xX=|20 -10|-| 8 4 15 30] |-10 2 40-4 044 3X =|.20-8 -10-4 15410, 3042 36 4 3X =|12 -14 25 28 mnaipyasiy 1 weet 3 x-[4 =4 3 me 3.3httos://web.facebo https://tehkals.com/ e#13 Q7: Find x,y,z and wif if + A 4 7] zw Qw] [3+w 3 Solution: 3x 3y x+4 6+xt+y 32 3w] |-1+3+w 2w+3 By comparing their corresponding elements Bxroxt4 Bx-x=4 ax=4 NN xs Now 3y=6tx4y 3y—y=6+2 Puttingx =2 2y=8 _8 eZ, ye4 Now 3w = 2w +3 3w—2w =3 w=3 Now -14+3+w +3 Puttingw =3 a=2 Answers xa2ya4,Z= 5 andw=3 32 Q8: Find Xand Vif X +¥ = . 09 [ ‘i X-¥= 0-1 ‘Add equ (i) and equ (i) [; | [: ‘ = + o 9|"[o 5+3 246 0+0 9-1 X+¥+X- roxeyrel ox-|8 8 “[0 8 44 X= oa Put the values of X in equ (i) 44 3 2 4+¥ = o4 09 [° | [: q Y=| - 0 9} lo 4 _[s-4 2-4] “lo-0 9-4) fi 2 05 Thus x-[ 04 y n = as a R u a wt& 9: a (ii) httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ walt ah x13 fc = 2 and d = ~4 then verify that: 2-3 25 3-1 A= B and C 45 -1 3 o 4 c=2,d=4 cA+dA (c+ da Solution: LHS: (c+ aa (c+d)A = (+aa=0-4)7 ~ (eA =(2-4)) | RHS. cA+dA [i 3 (: 3 cA+dA=2 +(-4) 45 45 4-6) [-3 12 cA+dA= + 8 10, -16 -20, 4-8 6412 8-16 10-20 A+da =| § “ “|-8 -10 Hence (c+ d)A=cA+dA (A+B) =cA+cB cA+dA | Solution: LHS. (A+B) A+ B)=2(|? ee =I sh 4) 25 3 1 - cl [2 Se [ i (ii) RHS oven =a]? se | 45 -1 3 4-6] [4 10 cA+cB= eS 8 10} [2 6 444 6410 8-2 1046 8 4 cA+cB =| 6 16 Hence c(A +B) = eA cB tse] Proved ed(A) =c(dA) us ed(A) a(a=ay-9|> > ed(A) = (2)- Masquo (i) (ii) -123 3-12 let A=|4 2 0], B=|-5 3 4 325 3 0 236 andC=| 0 4 Compute the 5s 1 following if possible. A+2B Solution: 3) f3 32 A+2B= o|+2)-5 3 4 s} [3 40 3} [6 24 A+2B=| O|+/-10 6 8 5] | -8 0 2-2 3+4 A+2B= 246 048 2-8 5+0 07 A+2B=|-6 8 8 6 5 34-48 Solution: -12 3) [3 2 3A-4B=3| 4 2 0/-4/-5 3 4 325| |3 40 3.6 9] [12 4 8 3A-4B=|12 6 0|-|-20 12 16 -9 6 15] |-12 -16 0 3-12 6+4 9-8 3A-4B=|12+20 6-12 0-16 -9+12 6+16 15-0 -15 10 1 3A-4B=| 32 -6 -16 3 22 15 (ii) (iv) (A+B)-¢ Solution: (A+B)-C=| (A+B)-C (A+B)-C (A+B)-C (A+B)-C A+(B+C) Solution: AV(B+O) A+(B+O)= A+(B+O)= A+(BHC A+(B+C)= e138 12 3) [3 -1 2}) [2 42 o+]-5 3 4ll-fo 4 4 325)[|3 40 Si §. -1+3 2-1 342] [2 3 6 4-5 2+3 044|-]0 4 -1 3-3 2-4 540] |-5 1 3 2 1 5s) [2 3 6 15 4/-|}0 4 4 6 2 5} [5 1 3 2-2 143 5-6 “1-0 5-4 441 $45 2-1 5-3 oO 4 3 6 “1 sd oS 32 =Iex#13 11 Prove that the following matrices commutative law of addition holds. 71 1. A= . B= 24 22 Solution: axl? 1 B £ t O Aly al Fo A+B=B+A Las 71) p11 A+B= + 2 4)'|2 2 w 45 23 45 23 4-4 342 ‘ -5+5 143 a2: @ #13 RHS peee| 4 }2 4 7 12 3 231 444 5 243 1 600 35 | Hence C+D=D+C Proved Verify A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C for the following matrices. clef el Solution: a-l? )8-[ 2], ¢ 4 3 6 A+(B+0)=(+B)+C LHS: A+ (BEC) 50% we HE] ‘S41 33] 3-6 6-3 pic-|° > [3 3 2-3) [6 s A+(BLC)= + 4 1}"|-3 3 2+6 345 4-3 143 8 2 wav} RHS: (A+B)+C well Thb a pees] asursoy-|(ii) T+1 -5+7 (A+B)+C= 7-6 7-3 A+By+c=|* 2 +B)+C= A+B) 14 Hence A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C Proved aft b js [: 2 }: 34s!" [24 4 e-[} 1 a 31-2 Solution abe Tay as 4 fe-[5 1 i e-[} 1 a 312 A+(B4+O)=(A+B)+ LHS: A+(B+C) [| 2 A [; 1 a B+C=| E 21 a4)"|3 1 2 142 241 3-1 4-2 nec] 1? 141 bla a2 A+(B40)= 34s)'l1 22 asc=[> 3 2 “Lb 2 2. a+3 b+3 c+2 A+(B+ =| 4 +1 442 542 pe b+3 7] A+(B+C)= ais: i) (i) qua: ty) RHS: (A+B) +C abel fi 23 A+B=| + 34 sf [214 a+] b+2 c43 ALB= 3-2 441 544 atl b+2 c43 A+B= 1 5 9 (A+B)+C a+l b+2 c43 |? 1 -r +C= * s 9 | ls (A+B)+0= pete b+2+1 er] S+1 9-2 armsee[S b+3 9] 4°96 7 Hence A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C Proved Find the additive inverse of the following matrices. “3 Additive inverse: 73<4) 24 = +62 a -a b B=|-c a -b lomon al -m -c. ‘Show that the following matrices are additive inverse of the each other. A=[1 -2 3],B A+B=[1 -2 3]+[-1 A+B=[I-1 -2+2 3-3] A+B=[0 0 0] 2 -3] =& https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom, hittps://tehkals.com/ i) (ii) Exercise # 1.4 Conformability for multiplication of matrices Two matrices are conformable for ‘multiplication, when number of columns of first matrix is equal to number of rows of second matrix. For multiplication, multiply each element of a row of first matrix by the corresponding element of column of second matrix and then add these products. oR Multiply first row of the matrix A with each corresponding elements of the first column of the matrix B and then add these products. ‘Commutative Law of Multiplication Commutative law of multiplication of matrices may or may not be holds. AB + BA (Mostly AB = BA Associative Law uider Multiplication ‘A(BC) = (AB) Cis called Associative law of matrices under multiplication Distributive Las of Multiplication over Addition ‘A(B + C) = AB + AC (A+B)C = AC + BC ‘Multiplicative Identity of a Matrix ‘Any matrix multiplied with Identity matrix will be the same matrix.eg. A. =A =A ‘Transpose of a Matrix ‘A matrix obtained by interchanging all rows and column with each other is called transpose of a matrix. The transpose of a matrix Bis written as BY Note: (ABY' = Brat& Qu: “ ) iv) (wi) (vii) (viii) ittos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/ https://tehkals.com/ Exercise # 1.4 Page #29, 30 Show that which of the following matrices are conformable for multiplication. aj) [p alec [: 1 AB As number of Columns in matrix A =1 ‘And number of Rows in matrix B ‘Thus AB is conformable for multiplic Joe ac ‘As number of Columns in matrix A =1 ‘And number of Rows in matrix C= ‘Thus ACis not conformable for multiplication. AD As number of Columns in matrix A =1 ‘And number of Rows in matrix D = 1 Thus AD is conformable for multiplication. BA ‘As number of Columns in matrix B= 2 ‘And number of Rows in matrix A = 2 ‘Thus BA is conformable for multiplication. Bc ‘As number of Columns in matrix B = 2 And number of Rows in matrix © = 2 ‘Thus BCis conformable for multiplication. BD As number of Columns in matrix B = 2 ‘And number of Rows in matrix D= 1 ‘Thus BD is not conformable for multiplication. cA ‘As number of Columns in matrix © = 2 And number of Rows in matrix A = 2 ‘Thus CA is conformable for multiplication. (ix) Co) (x) xiii) 0 i) cB ‘As number of Columns in matrix C =2 ‘And number of Rows in matrix B = 1 ‘Thus CB is not conformable for multipli co ‘As number of Columns in matrix ‘And number of Rows in matrix D = 1 ‘Thus CD is not conformable for multiplication. DA As number of Columns in matrix D = 3 ‘And number of Rows in matrix A = 2 ‘Thus DA is not conformable for multip| DB ‘As number of Columns in matrix D = 3 ‘And number of Rows in matrix B= 1 ‘Thus DB is not conformable for multiplication. oc As number of Columns in matrix D = 3 ‘And numberof Rows in matrix C = 2 ‘Thus DCis not conformable for mutt we Is it possible to find AB? Is it possible to find BA? Find the possible product/ products. Solution: -1 0 217 AB As number of Columns in matrix A ‘And number of Rows in matrix B ‘Thus AB is possible for multiplication. BA ‘As number of Columns in matrix B ‘And number of Rows in matrix A = 2 ‘Thus BA is not possible for multiplication. 1a https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom, https://tehkals.com/ wie (i) Now w o- [ Li 2] 1 i2 = AB=| a P| ;] 2) 1 (0)(-2) 2 os = AB=| (103) + (O(-2) xn ‘) GB a+o(2) (2)3) +2) 1) 2 -3+0 ora — } acara(Z) AB= a 3 6+(-2). 3+(2-1) ~6r8 AB a AB= [3 mofo thet ae 4 1D 245 = “pe std 0 D=| 1 2 |Find (i) AB and (ii) cD “23 Solution: _apelt 3 il3 4 zi A 0 Fema 3) (ay) saya) Qa: GiventhatA=|3 0 e-[) "ora “L@M+MC-3)_ BX-D+ 4) vid fata +4 (i) Does BA exist? [a [Eo 3 AB=| ) AB=|3 0 3-3 21 -1 4 10 ABH [: "e (M+MQ_— 20) + (A) AB=| 3)(1)+()(2)_ BNO) +O) (DW +AQ) EDO +40, 24+2 O+1 41 AB=| 3+0 04+0 > AB=/3 0 -148 044 74& (i) Qs: httos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotComy hittps://tehkals.com/ Does BA exists? BA ‘As number of Columns in matrix ‘And number of Rows in matrix A = 3 Thus BA is not possible for multiplication. 2 if A= B= oa |then show that plo 0. 1 io. AB=l0 0 [° A ap=| 0+ OO) eae (0)(0) + OKO) (OVA) + OO). 0+0 140 AB= 0+0 0+0 oO. 0 0. ayfioi ollo dl 0+0 0+0 0 vol a6: a7: extLe 1 WA= then find A x A 00 “ 4 anacls ake o| y+) O20) (OC) + OVO) (O)A) + (O)O)_ AxA= 140 140 “A040 040 AxA [ Jit “ [0 0. AxA= 23 1 A )B= Is AB= BA Pa a] Solution: S23 fi AB= Le ale] ‘ap -|2O*OR x-)+GA) QO+-D2) 2-)+ DA) 246 2412 AB= [a ot VE tes 2)+ (12) ()(3)+ 1 al = = QVD+AQ QB+A4CV 2-2 341 448 6-4 wf Hence AB is not equal to BA. =httos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotComy hittps://tehkals.com/ aet 2) aol? ea|- Now ~{3 -1]" [o 2]’ [o 2 (AB)C = [} ‘le | A(B+C)=AB+ AC } = LHS: A(B + C) CD@+QEY)_ C)O+@2) Now ABYC = ae ome YD) OO+e Pal wee} oF a “3-2 -144 0 2}"|0 2 B4C= +3 0-1 Fel O40 242 [ ma a] B+C= 04 le 4] A(B+C)= BC=[(YB)+(2-D_ + (-202)] 3-1 (4) + (20) (1) +214) BC=([3+2 1-4) A(B+C) eon [oer =O) GX-D+-4 ol Bee[s 3] aan a ace] fs 3] +0 3-4 el 1 aaeoy-|t 4] Agee) =| ODO CDE GE) 3) awoy=| > 3 432& (ii httos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotComy hittps://tehkals.com/ exe RHS: AB + AC Now 1 271 0 AB= (20 3] AB (0) + (20) (0) + (2)(2) BQ) +(-DO) 3)(0)+(-N2), ‘ap-|[!t9 OF4 340 0-2. 1 (273 -1 AC= [5 ale 2] MGB)+QOQ— OC ng au “182)+EDO GX-D+-DE) 14) [3 3 AB+AC= 4 3 2)'|9 + 143 443 AB+AC= 349 2-5 [2 Hence A(B+C)=AB+AC fleet Solution pleted AB+AC Proved: A(B +0) = AB + AC LHS: A(B + C) Now veh] veel. vel amo-[ 2] GO +E A(B+C} e)= ono | aa+c)=|°" 4 0+6 ante | “L6 RHS:AB + AC SLY AB= hee _[@o+C-dey (OMY +22) [i | AB > el ely alr es [a +1 ue (O-1)+(2)0) velo ve? >a https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom, hittps://tehkals.com/ ex La aa: tet A=[3 2 1],B=[-3 4 2], then Now prove that 1 4 AB+AC = alte () (A+B) =A + Bt LHS: (A + B)! anvace[ 3] A+B=[3 2 I]+[3 4 2] 442 4 A+B=[3-3 244 142] ansac-[3] A+B=[0 6 3] Hence A(B+C)=AB+AC Proved: Now 0 10) Js 3], [73 Ate =|6 Let = )A= B= cae: mt F 1 [; 2 i ‘] 3 ar RHS: A‘ + Bt Solution: 3 5 31 0 As A’ =|2. Al, silo 1 _[OO+A9O O+-HO) 3 AD+OO AO +O, wp val Z Al= 4+0 046 53 3) [3 a 6 {74 Aap-l2lel 4 1) [2 (i) Br 3-3 Solution: AGB =/2+4 ? 3yf1 ‘| 142 Bl= 2 silo 1 0 |] PO+@OQ CMO)+ GO AGB =16 (2)0) +O) (2)(0) +8) 3 740 043 Hence (4+B)'= ‘+B Proved: “e al (a-B)t = at—Bt as: (4 ~ B)* BI= [73 =B A-B=[3 2 1]-[-3 4 2] A-B=[3+3 2-4 1-2] A-B=[6 -2 -1]& (i) httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ exa1a Now 5) (A~By =| -2) RHS: A‘ — Bt 3 as A'=|2 Hence (A -B)* we-[) S}o-[! (C+D) =Ch+ DF Solution: LHS: (C + D)* 7 cv=[) {5 3 2 -f"|2 2 741 c+=| 341 242 -142 c+p-|* ? +D=| 41 AB Proved: 1 then prove that 2 Now (C+D) = a [21 RHS: C+ DE acl? 2 3 -1 pe! 2 and D'=|, 5 Now 72 ‘apis oe a T+1 242 C4D'= 341 -1+2 cv-{§ Hence (C + D) (c-pDy Solute tpt [° c-D= oO Now c-py-|% © « “|-4 -3 RHS: Ct + DE 3 | F As C =| 3 -1 12 ‘And D' =| 12 Now 72 C-D'= 3-1 HI c+Dt 2 2 ]& a wa] https: hittps://tehkals.com/ Bea 7-1 2-2 -3-1 -1-2 6 0 -D'= ewe | Hence (CD)! = 25 -11 B= show that 34 24 Bra’ c-v-| (aby Solution: els dete a] (AB)! = Btat LHS: (AB)* ot ‘Seal aa] Oe D+6)2) rRIS3 3X-D+AHQ)_ 3+). bo or] AB= 348-3412 AB= why 4 [8 1) (AB) a2 9] Rus: BtAt ’ [; 7 As A= 54 aoa | 1] 13 Now [: aL 7 BA =| 1 3i[5 4 [30 +S) 1N-3)+ VA) (2)+ BMS) (3) + 3)(4) (web facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom iy (a vas [ee a] BA 2415 -3+12. ga-|o Ul 179 Hence (AB)‘= B'A' Proved: ab . C= show that (C’) = cd Solution: ab c= cd By taking transpose, we get c=|7 ¢ bad Now again take transpose, so we get er-[t 4] 17 na; ° ale -8 4 |, show that 2.06 M1 (AB)! = A‘Bt Solution: a) ° ae ‘ 206 ou (ABy = AB uns: (AB)! T 1 ane) ; z| 8 4 “[o 1 XD +OK-8) +O) (7) +(4)+(-D) Q2)A)+OV-8)+(610)_2)(7) + OVA) +6 [ni revel [24040 144046httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ exaLa Now apy =|)? k 6 20 RHS: AtB 12 as A'=|0 0 -1 6 [! -8 Hl And B' =| 741 Now 12 AB =|0 0 of; = ‘| 741 MOO+A7 OB+QEY OO) +. mle (CON-8)+ (OVA) 00) +). (DA) +(OT) CDI-B) +64) 10) + (60). 1414 848 042 AB =| 040 040 040 1442 8424 0+6 15 0 2 AB = 2 6 Hence (AB)' + A'BY Exercise # 1.5 rminant of Matrix Determinant of A denoted by [Al or det A. ab let A= cd lao lal= d |Al=ad -eb ExHLS (i) Singular If [Al = 0 then A is Singular Matrix. (ii) Non-Singular Matrix If [A] # 0 then A is Non-Singular Matrix. Adioint of Square Matrix ab Cd ‘As change the places of a and d with each other and change the size of b and c. So ad + sine | -c a Multiplicative Inverse If AB = BA = I then Ais the multiplicative inverse of B let A ree ees 8 > & i AB+@C4) 4-249) 6+ ‘I oe 12-12 -8+9, wl] Since AB = I = BA ‘Therefore, A is the inverse of B.https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/ hittps://tehkals.com/ HLS Verification of AA~! = T= A“1A - ee el 35 3 2 a E: ise #1.5 (. ) = XErCcise a ofS} oC} ]] | mma AA" =| 4 7 i 3 Qi: Find the determinant of the following matrices Aha =) ig/2 and evaluate them. of2}4(3)_..ofZ)}-0(3) nee 33 22 wf] aj 55 55 Qska “22 3,8 cs 55 5 29 ar [5 03 5 fio AAT = | |a]=5424 or Now |al=29 4 ~ 5 2 -1 0} [3 | |B\=(403)-G)-2) was 5 13 3 34 Solution: [B)=52-10) 5 fs a | 5 ath enh] Ce wade, \3 wf 47 2\a4(2]@ +2} GeaGo (Foe)Solution: c-[t ‘ ju “|-6 an nH BT tiv) =3 2p w &f D| | D|=-45-(-48) | iD = ADS) - (67) =55—(-42) = 55442 =~45+48 | -s 34 os 34] (wi (wi) Ets 100 F=|0 1 0 oo1 Solution: 100 F=|0 10 oo1 1 0 | \Fl=/0 1 O| 001 Expand by Row 1: 0 0 01 -o| +0 1 Ca 0 d |F|=10-0)-0+0 \Fl=10), Se Ao a + |G|=18-(-9)) - 202-6) + 2-9-4) |G]=1(8+9)-202+6) +2(-9+4) |G|=107)-208)+2(-5) |G|=17-36-10 |cl=-29& 2: 10] (ii) httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ Ext s = " ercosrso ote os poe noose ln|=¢ 0 o| lo 0 0 -0 loc} 0 | \H\=albe-0)-0+0 |A|=albe) |H|=abe +0 im Find which of the following matrices are singular ad which are non-singular. wf] sone Ea] ‘a 21 [5 3 wf |A|=5-6 |Al=-140 ‘Thus Ais a non-singular matrix. rad Solution: rad (iii) (wy a chs [a|=12-12 [B|=0 Thus B is a singular matrix. c-[% al 2a b Solution: c-[m 7 2a b e-ft |C\=3ab—(-4ab) |C|=3ab+4ab |C|=Tab #0 Thus is anon:singular matrix. 3 6 D= ea Solution: 3 6 D= 24 3 6 [> 4 |p|=12-12 |p|=0 Thus Disa singular matrix. Find the adjoint of the following mat ae Solution: i]& cy tiv) wy httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ Ex# 15 Solution: 3 6 “2-4 aajp=| * UP-l 3 Find the multiplicative inverse of the following matrices if they exist. (ii) (ii) Beis |al=4-3 |4|=-140 Ls 4] Adj A= 34 Put the values in equ (i) sip -t Ata ij3 4 fi “[3 4 3 4 B= 12 Solution: eli 4 — i A Adj B sme Equ (i)& (wv) Ww) httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ Ex# 15 |c|=8-3 \c|=s#0 2 aaic-[} ‘] 14 Put the values in equ (i) oi 5[1 0 3 D= 24 Solution: 0 3 D= 24 1 = adj D nn. Equ (i) Ip) [D|=0-(-6) |D|=0+6 |\D|=6+0 43 Adj D= 20 Put the values in equ (i) ipa 3 p=} 6-2 0 oh tl Solution: Ets |J=140 agt=|! ° 101 Put the values in equ (i) ry as: A= fi) AB Solution: 2 a 3 AB= 3 ij 3 (Q+OK-)— 2X-D+()G) CIO+O-D -3-D+ HG), 240 2+0 “3-1 343 iy& (ii) httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ ExH Ls a= oe] (-D2)+ GX-3) (D0) + G0), Aland Bot Solution: at 1 lal adj A cue EqU (I) \a|=2-0 |al=240 aga! ‘| 3.2 Put the values in equ (i) Ets Put the values in equ (i) ei ‘Show that (AB)~“' = B-'a™* Solution: (aBy! = BA uns: (AB)* |AB|=12-8 |AB|=4 40 6/2 Agj(aB)=|) Put the values in equ (i) apy'=4/6 > OPN ~al4 2 RHS: B-1A-t sip o As A'=—| 213 2. ab 3 2 ils 3] ~dfis ova als a] Hence (AB)“! = B-1A~! Proved:& httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ Ex#15 ‘Show that (BA)~1 = A~tBo* Solution: (BA)-! = A~1B- \Bal=15-11 |BA|=420 Ws Put the values in equ (i) cay =1]3 1 4{l1 5. RHS: A~1B-1 wed wrt] Bee y Ti ipa 1f3+0 140 A'B 4[9+2 342 ali al Hence (BA)! = A“"B™! Proved: 3.1 aj cay-[ | A'B" Bees 8 tl a=|? 3 lanen show that 1) B=], g {then show tha Bat (4B) = Bat LHS: (AB)-? Now C i | AB= 2 1i11 0 10 | QQ+OW QE)+HO) 0-1 040) AB= 441 640 1 -. ata) So solution exists agian] ‘] “5-1 Put the values in equ (i) (aBy" us ‘| -6|-5 -1 RHS; B-1A~* First we find A~* wal? elo Ahttos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ exes As we have 1 AN AG) A se Equ (i) lal |4|=0-(-2) |A)=0+2 |Al=2#0 aga-|1 | 112 0 Put the values in equ (i) id Ata iL. dl Now we find B-+ 23 As B= 10 ‘As we have: 1 | Adj B...... Equ (i) (3 2 3 rh a \B|=0-3 \B|=-340 2 | Adj B= -1 2 Put the values in equ (i) a6: (i) Beis 1[0+6 0+0 “6{-1-4 -140, yi tf 6 0 Biatet =6{-5 -1 Hence (AB)! = B-'A™" Proved: 0-1 23 ; Ba then show that 21 10 AB us: (BA)* [; alc 7] BA= 1 ojj2 1 34 {O89 fee) MO)+ OH) A) + OV). 046-243 BA> 040-150 BA aK | As we have oe BA| = jo 41 |BA|=-6-0 |BA|=-6 #0 So solution exists Adj ea-[y z Put the values in equ (i) -1 1 0 6 (Bay" Adj (BA) ..... Equ (i) [Bal& httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ Ex# 15 Rus: A“1B-! First we find A~* Eo As A= 21 1 {al | “At Adj A un Equ (i) |4|=0-(-2) |a|=0+2 |al=240 tt Adj A= 2 0 Put the values in equ (i) a {1 i Ata 22 0 Now we find B® Put the values in equ (i) i_1fo -3 Bia) 2] Ets 1fl io = 2°-3|-2 of[-1 2 ipa 1 [0-1 -3+2 A'B 0+0 6+0 api tf-l -T Atgt =—| 610 6 Hence (BA)! = A-'B™! Proved: Exercise # 1.6 Page #45, Q1: Solve the following system of linear equation using Inversion Method. 2x+3y=-1, x-y=2 (0 sotutic 2x43y x-y=2 In matrix form: Put the values in equ (i) [aba]a EeH1.6 DA) +-3)(2) (1-1) +(2)(2) Thus Solution Set= {(1, —1)} x+2y=-13, 3x+6y=11 Solution: First we find |] 12 l=], \A|=6-6 \4l=0 As |Al=0 So Solution is not possible. First Method In matrix form: [t TY 2 lary |a|=3-4 |4|=-140 rial 3-2 Adj A=| —2 1 Put the values in equ (i) x) oa 3+(-1)5) ee 2& (iii) httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ Ex# 1.6 ‘Thus Solution Set= fe : x+2y=1, Solution: x+2y=l 5 Qx+3y Multiply B.S by 2 22x+3y) = 2x8 ‘So write in matrix form: Pe 2xt3y Riv we ) ‘Second Method Be#16 |Al=6-8, |al=-220 Thus solution exists 7] Adj A= 41 Put the values in equ (i) if6 2) [1 aia 1|"[5 1fOM+C2n5) —2| (4) + 5). 1 [6-10 =2|-4+5 {ivy In matrix form: ELI& httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ [ 7] Let A= re 21 As AX =B X=A"B L X= adj AxB lAl First we find || 1-2] 24 || =1-(-4) lA) =1+5 Equ (i) l4j=520 ‘Thus solution exists rita] * * TAT 1 Put the values in equ () sla iPlal 4 A sl2 if 1 nH) 5120+), Thus Solution Set= {(-1, —1)} Ex#16 Q2: Solve the following system of linear equations using Cramer's Rule ti) |Al=-1-C4y |Al=-1+4 |Al=340 Thus solution exists. To find the value of x, Replace the coefficient of xin. Aby Matrix B. lag To find the value ofy, Replace the coefficient of yin A by Matrix B.& (ii) httos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotComy hittps://tehkals.com/ Ex#16 6-10 rnsettens((?, =] 4x+3y= Solution: Thus solution exists. To find the value of x, Replace the coefficient of xin A by Matrix B. x Ex#16 To find the value ofy, Replace the coefficient of yin A by Matrix B. lal Thus Solution Set= {(1, —2)} ii) Sx47y=3, 3x4y Solution: SxtTy=3 Bx+y=5 In matrix form lal= |4|=-1640 Thus solution exists. To find the value of x, Replace the coeffi nt of, xin Aby Matrix. lad ll& a3: httos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotComy hittps://tehkals.com/ Ex# 1.6 To find the value ofy, Replace the coefficient of yin A by Matrix B. [4 Thus Solution Set= {(2, —1)} ‘Amjad thought of two numbers whose sum is 12 and whose difference is 4. Find the numbers. Solution: Let the one number= ‘And second number ‘According to given condition: x-y=4 In matrix form \ Ex#16 By Cramer's Method: First we find [4] So one number= ‘And second numbe'httos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom, https://tehkals.com/ #16 Q4: The length of a rectangular playground is twice its width, The perimeter is 30. Find its dimensions. Solution: Let the width = x ‘And length = y According to first conditior 2x=y 2x-y=0. ‘As perimeter ‘As we have 2a+y) =P 2x +y) = 30 KEY = 1S cose Equi) qu (i) and Equ (i) in Matrix form CEH First we find || 2 =I in \4/=2-Cl |al=241 Equ (i) 30 \4| |aj=30 lal Qs: Ex#16 So the width = 5 ‘And length = 10 3 bags and 4 pens together cost 257 rupees whereas 4 bags and 3 pens together cost 324 rupees. Find the cost of a bag and 10 pens. Solution: ‘According to conditior Let the cost of bag = x And the cost of pen= y 3xt4F%257 4x43y=324 3/4 ]pa)f257 [; it [Fl 34 x 257 wl bee By Cramer's Rule First we find |A] 3 { _ 771-1296httos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotComy hittps://tehkals.com/ Ex#16 y=8 So the cost of bag = Rs. 75 ‘And the cost of 10 pens= 10x 8 = Rs.80 Q6: If twice the son’s age in yearsis added to the father’s age, the sum is 70. But if the father’s ‘age is added to the son’s age, the sum is 95. Find the ages of father and son. Solution: Let the age of Son= x ‘And the age of father= y ‘According to condition: 2x+y=70 ee wack tp By Cramer's Rule First we find [A] Ex#16 120 3 y=40 The age of Son= 15, ‘And the age of father= 40& a2: a3: httos://web.facebor hittps://tehkals.com/ REVIEW EXERSICE 1 Page # 47 Find x and y x-1 4] fo 4 [fa SHS 5] Solution: rl 4] fo 4 y+3 -7| [2 7 Compare the corresponding elements x-1=0 x=l y+3=-2 y=-2-3 ys-5 Find the product if possible ' 65 8 “lo «ff 3 ‘As number of Columns in first matrix: ‘Thus these are not conformable for multiplication. Find the inverse of the matrix 3 Solution: a-[s 5 Equ (i) 1 lal ‘And number of Rows in second matrix = 2 Put the values in equ (i) 2 3 ated 3|5 6 QB: Solve the sytem: 2x+5y=9, Sx—2y=8 Sx-2y=8 1 X = Ad Ax BOL Egu (i a? qu (i) Put the values in equ (i) als abh| 1 [(-20) +6 oe | —29| (-5)(9) + (2)(8) 1 [-18-40 -29| 45 +16 [- la]& httos://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotComy hittps://tehkals.com/ 58x. Eh aot Hl ‘Thus Solution Set= {(2, 1)} ‘Qasim and Farzana are selling fruit fora school fundraiser. Customers can buy small boxes of ‘oranges and large boxes of oranges. Qasim sold 3 small boxes of oranges and 14 large boxes of ‘oranges for a total of Rs. 203. Farzana sold 12 ‘small boxes of oranges ad 11 large boxes of oranges for a total of Rs. 220. Find the cost of ‘one small box of oranges and one large box of oranges. Solution: Let small box of orange: ‘And large box of oranges = y ‘According to given condition 3x4 14y=203, Txt y= 220 In matrix form Pes we ees AX =B X=A"B 1 X= Ag AX Bo Equ (i ial iy qu (i) First find [4] x] 1 ful -14]_ [203 ‘| sal a 1_[any(203) +(-14)(220) Fal (-11(203) + (3220) B (sal [ 847 =121| -1573 Thus small box of oranges = Rs.7 ‘And large box of oranges = Rs. 13 ]ialteles.com Learn & Teach MATHEMATICS Class 9th (KPK) NAME: F.NAME: CLASS: SECTION: ROLL #:___ SUBJECT: ADDRESS: ‘SCHOOL: 6 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/ Bh https://tehkals.com/g https, /web facebook com/TehkalsDotCom) https://tehkals.com/ Ex #21 Set of Natural Numbers (1.2.34, Set of Whole Numbers w = (0,1,2, Set of Integers Z = {0,41,42,43,..} t 34,0} oR -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3} Rational Numbers ‘The word Rational means “Ratio”. A rational number is a number that ean PB be expressed in the form of where pand qare imegers and q #0. Rational numbers. is denoted by Q et of Rational Numbers = {Pipa e240} Irrational Numbers ‘The word Irrational means “Not Ratio”. Irrational number consists, of all those, numbers which are not tational. [rational numbers is denoted by Q/ Real numbers ‘The set of rational and irrational numbers is called Real Numbers. Real numbers is denoted byR Thus QUQ/=R Note: All the numbers on the number line are real numbers ‘Terminating Decimal Fraction: ‘A decimal number that contains a finite number of digits after the decimal point. Non-Terminating Decimal Fraction: A decimal number that has no end after the decimal point, Chapter #2 (iy (i) Non-Terminating Repeating Decimal Fraction In non-terminating decimal fraction, some digits are repeated in same order after decimal point. ‘Non-Terminati Fraction, Non-Repeating Decimal In_non-terminating decimal fraction, the digits are not repeated in same order after decimal point. Decimal Representation of Rational and Irrational Numbers. Alll terminating and repeating decimals are rational numbers, Non-terminating recurring decimals are rational numbers. (repeating) Never terminating or repeating decimals are irrational numbers. Non-terminating and fon-recurring (repeating) decimals are irrational numbers Note: Repeating decimals are. éalled recurring decimals. Non-repeating decimals are called non- recurring decimals.1tps://web facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/, https://tehkals.com/ Ans: rr In Questions 1 - 10, consider the numbers. —1.96,0, 36° Which are whole numbers? 3, 0, V8, 1 Which are integers? 3 0, VB, 3 1 Which are irrational numbers? ¥3, V7,-VT4, ot Which are natural numbers? 3, V36, 1 Which are rational numbers? 5 2 25,33 .-196,0,156 »-% 4. 0.333 Write the decimal representation of each of the following numbers. Chapter #2 6. Ans: % Ans: Ans: 9. Ans 10. Ans: 0) i) (i) (iv) Ex #21 Page #54 7 fa 2 G5. 9.17, VIF 143 0.333 Which are real numbers? 25.85 +196, 0,V36. 10.333, Which are rational numbers but not integers? 5 7 42 25, 77196, -Z, 43, Which are integers but not whole numbers? -9 Which are integers but not natural numbers? 0-9 Which are real numbers but not integers? 5 7 25, 5-196, — V3, V7.4, N3-9,1.F,-VTI na 0.333. Zr (0333 Depict each number on a number line. 0.333...g 1tps://web facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/, httpsi//tehkals.com/ Ex #22 Eronerties of Real Number The set R of real number is the union of two disjoint sets. Thus R = QU Q/ Note: Qng =o Real Number System Closure Property w.r.t Addition The sum of real number is also a real number. Ifa, b ERthenatb ER Example: 7+9=16 Where 16 is a real number. Closure Property w.r.t Multiplication ‘The Product of real number is also a real number. Ifa, b €Rthena.b ER Example: 7x9=63 Where 63 is a real number. Commutative Property w.r.t Addition Ifa, b ERthenat+b= Commutative w.r.t Multiplication Ifa, b €Rthena.b=b.a Example: 7x9=9x7 63 13 Associative Property w.r.t Addition Ifa, b,c © R then at(b+o=(atb)+e Example: 24+(3+5) 2+8 10 24+3)+5 +5 10 Chapter #2 Associative Property w.r.t Multiplication Ifa, b,c ER then a(be) = (ab)e Additive Identity Zero (0) is called Additive identity because adding “0” to a number does not change that ‘number. 1 is called Multiplicative identity because multiplying “I” to @ number does not change that number. Ifa € R therWexist)1 © R thet a1sles0 Example: BxL=1x3 Additive Inverse When the sum of two numbers is zero (0) Ifa € R there exists an element a/ then atal=al+ inverse of a O then a’ is called additiveg https, /web facebook com/TehkalsDotCom) https://tehkals.com/ Ex #22 Multiplicative Inverse When the Product of two numbers is “1” Ia €R and a ¥0 there exists an element a™ € Rthen aa -@=1 then avis called multiplicative inverse of a Or over Addi Ifa, b,c ER then a(b + ¢) +oa ‘Example: 2G +5) =2x3+2x5 2(8) = 6 +10 16 = 16 Properties of Equality of Real Numbers Reflexive Property of equality Every number is equal t itself a= Example: 3=3 Symmetric Property of Equality Ifa= bthenalsob=a Examples: ‘Transitive Property of Equality Ia=bandb=cthena=c Example: ifx+y=zandz=atb Thenx +y=atb Chapter #2 Ex#2.2 Additive Property of Equality Ia=bthenalsoa+c=b+c Examples: x-3=5 Add 3 on BS x-34+3=543 x=8 x+3=5 Subtract 3 from B.S x4+3-3 3 Divide BS by2 xsl Cancellation Property w.r.t Addition atc=b+cthena=b Examples: Qx+S=y45 aay 2x-S=y-5 ax=yg https//wveb facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom, https://tehkals.com/ Chapter #2 Ex #22 Ex#2.2 Cancellation Property w.t.t Multiplication | (ji) Ifa >bthena+c>b+e “ (ii) i) b WS = Sthena=b ¢ Example WxS=yx5 dx=y 2x_y 35 2x=y Properties of Inequality of Real Numbers ‘Trichotomy Property, Trichotomy property means when comparing two numbers, one of the following must be true: a=b ab Examples: ‘Transitive Property, Ifa>bandb>cthen a> Example: If7 > 5 and § > 3 then7 >3 Ifa5 Add 3 on B.S. x-34+3=543 x=8 (a) (b) () } (ii) (a) (b) w (ii) (a) (b) Example: 5>3then5-2>3-2 5 >3then 5-7 >3-7S0-2>-4 X+3>5 Subtract 3 from B.S x4+3-3= x Multiplicative Property When c > 0: Ifa b then ac > be Examph -3 5 > 3 then 5x2>3x2 eS5 3 Muliply B.S by 3 x Xx3>5x3 3 x>15 2e> 24 Divide B.S by 2 2x 24 ATG x> 12 Whence <0; Ifa be Ifa > b then ac < be Example: 5 > 3 then 5x ~2 <3 x -2S0-10 <~6 = s5x-3 x>-15g 1tps://web facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/, httpsi//tehkals.com/ Example: 4 Page #58 2x = 3x49 Bx49= 2x Bx +9~2; 2x -2x 3x-2x+9=0 G-2)x+9=0 Lxt Ex #22 Page #59 Qi: Name the properties uséd~in| following equations. () 14+@+3)=(14+4)43 Ans: Associative law of addition 5(a +b) =Sa+5b Ans: Distributive law of multiplication over addition (i) (i) (i sxtatxs= wy) SxE=Ex5= Ans: Multiplicative inverse Write the missing number. 24+(_+4)=(2+6)+4 Answer: 6 (ii) 7+ (442) =13,80(744) +2 Answer: 13 Chapter #2 () ™ a3: 0) (a) 3) (ii) (a) (b) ¢) (a) Ex#2.2 a=bthena+c=b+e Closure Property w.r.t Additon -5&5 are additive inverse Ois the additive identity Symmetric Property a=bthena-~c=b-c 2x & — 2x are additive inverse Distributive Property Lis Multiplicative Identity a=bthena-c=b-c Ois the Additive Identity 9&-9 are additive inverse Ois the Additive Identity 9 x (34) = 108, s0 (9 x3) x4-= Answer: 108 Chose the correct option 8 x (6 x7) is equal to: 8x6-7 8x12 Answer: d. (8 x 6) x7 {b) 8-(6~7) (4) (8x6) x7 Which one of the following illustrates the Associative Law of Addition? G+4yt1 @+2)+4 (2+6)+1 34244) = 34244g 1tps://web facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/, httpsi//tehkals.com/ (iii) (a) (b) to () (i) (ii) (iv) Ex #22 Which one of the following illustrates the Associative Law of Multiplication? 4x (3x6) 4x (3x6) 4x 3x6) 4x 3x6) Answer: €. 4X (3 X 6) = (4X3) x6 Do this without using distributive property. 39 x 63 +39 x 37 Solution: 39X63 +39 x37 = 2457 + 1443 = 3900 81 x 450 +81 x 550 Solut 81x 450 +81 x 550 = 36450444550 = 81000 50 x 161-50 x 81 ‘Solution: 50x 161 —50 x 81 = 8050 — 4050 = 4000 827 x 60 — 327 x 60 Solutio 827 x 60 327 x 60 = 49620 — 19620 = 30000 a (i) (ii) Chapter #2 Ex#2.3 RADICALS AND RADICANDS qo \ Radicand index —+ "Va is the radical form of the nth root of a. a” is the exponential form of the nth root of a. If n = 2 then it becomes square root and write VG instead of Ve If n = 3 then it is called cube root like Ya Ifn = 5 thenitis called Sth root ike V6Z5 Important Notes If a is positive, then the nth root of a is also tive. Example: aRN@es Ifa is negative, then n must be odd for the nth root of a to be-a realnumber, Exampl Vea VC = 4 Ifa is zero, then VO = Properties of Radicals: Product Rule of Radicals: Vab = Va. Vb Example: Vox Joy? (6x\(6y") = /36y2x = V36/y2VE = oye Vox ox? xx) = V36x2x = VIET x = oyeB= Live techoskcon/Tentastares! Chapter 42 httpsi//tehkals.com/ Radical form of an Expression: ‘The number or quantity that is written under a radical sign (J or 4 ) is called radical form of an expression Example: Example: V9 is the radical form of 3. Simplify: 2 Exnonential form of an Expression: pays OT 3x ‘The number or quantity that ig written in the Solu form of exponent is called exponential form of ‘an expression, 150: : 2 [A = 2 /s0y = 2/5x5xy Exomple: \ 3x 3? is the exponential form of 9. = WBF = 2G) = 10H Radical Form Exponential Form a Va or (Va)™ im a Some frequently used radicals are given in the fo table Square Root ‘Cube Root ‘ourth Root vi=1 Vi=2 V9 =3 vi6 v25 Vi25 = 5 V36 ‘216 = 6 Example 5 Page #61 ‘What is the difference between (i) x? = 16 (i) x = V6? @ x 6 Gi) x=vI6 Solution: xt = 16 _ x=vI6 Here x is the principal square root of 16, which thas always a positive value such is x = 4. ‘This means what numbers squared becomes 16. Thus x can be 4 or ~4 like (4)? = 16 and also (—4)? = 16. Hence the value of x = 44.g 1tps://web facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/, httpsi//tehkals.com/ aa: i «wo iv) “ (vi) Ex #23 Page # 64 Write down the index and radi of the following expressions. ha y index = 2,radicand 3/13 Bx index = 3,radicand = +3 3x Vab? index = 5,radicand = ab? Transform the following radical forms into exponential forms. Do not simplify. 36 Exponential form= (36)? vi000 Exponential form= we Exponential form= va Exponential form= VG 6a) 1 (G - 6a2)*)2 Exponential forms (5 — 602) (1000) eat Exponential form= (—64)* a3: 64 (ii) w o (wi) Chapter #2 Ex #23 ‘Transform the following exponential form of ‘an expression into radical form. 1 -73 NT ws pe es (3x)4 Bx Simplify: Vins Solution: Vi2sx = (2508 = (12syi@e = (5x5 x 5)HH)S ton =68@)F 3 edhttps,//web facebook com/TehkalsDotCom/, httpsi//tehkals.com/ Ex #23 (ii) Solution: le25xiy* 25xy" = V2 = (25x2y2)? Neen! = @5)20202)8 =5yy () (@ya5F Solution: vVGy- 5? 1 3y — 5) Chapter #2 w (vi) Ex#2.3 6vI8 Solution: 6vI8 = 6(18)? =6(3x3x28 = 6(3? x 2) =6)2@)? = 6(3)v2 = 1evz sand y3z2 Solution: {saxty se? = Gatx*y822)8 = GNEVIONUT 2G x 3x 3x28 NEDE = 3? x BIWON2)F = GOMOD = DWONIEDE = say(az?yt = 3xy 22?g p5://web facebook. com/TehkalsDotCom/, httos://web facebook ADO, Chapter 4 2 httpsi//tebikals.com/ Ex#24 tL Base etn power glut Exponent /Power inderl aE power se re Ave rgd ae Co-efficient tL Corefficiemete tar 2 5+ Let £Base (22 Muliply £47 Covelicent Base at sy? 28 Base: x Base: y | Base: y Power: 2 Power: -3 | Power: 3 Co-efficient: 4 | Co-efficient: 5 | Co-efficient: -2 x 32 Bue x [Bae x | Bae 2 Power: | Power 3 | Power: 1 Coveticient 1 | Coveficien 1 | Co-tficient: 5 aa = 27 =f u at b = a3(-2b)? base =, Exponent =p, value = = a3 (—2)2(b)? (iy) (49? = 16 =a x 4b? base = ~4, Exponent = 2, value = 16 = 4a°b? Q2: If a, b denote the real numbers then 67 simplify the following. (i) (a2b)(a?b) axa? Solution: Solution: (a?b)(a7b) a xa’ 2iapita = ats att i) (wil) (uit) (_ga262)? Solution: 3a)? (-3)a?2pe2 9atb*1tps://web facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/, httpsi//tehkals.com/ Ex#24 Oo 1gi i Solution: a a\t (=) at ot as =p “pe Simplify the following. 76 m Solution: 6 =7e4 =n ii ats " 107 Solution: ae To ey “Gxsy ahs? “2B = 274.59.2-2.5% = 2ha gee = 22,51 =4x5 =20 Chapter #2 (ii) iv) “ Ex#24 (a+ b)?.(c+d)*)* tarnera} Solution: {e +b (e+ oy (a+ d).(e+ a) +b). +a)3 GF BPS (ee ds _ (a+ byictay? “(a+b (e+ a = (a+b). (+ a).(at by (c +d) = G+). +a)ré =(@+b).+0) 1 (vay? Solution: (va? a = (a) a =as V8. Ut Solution: Ve8. xt =o FODT =O)". a)"t a =xE 1tps://web facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/, httpsi//tehkals.com/ i Ex #24 ‘Simplify the following in such a way that no answers should contain fractional or negative exponent. ey Solution: a “a © (ab) aoyt T (ab)-2 = (aby8. (ab) = (anita asp = (ab) ba = (ab asd ab =a par Chapter #2 Ex#2.4 (iii) 2°*1, 32-4, 5P+4, 67 6.1002 157 Solution: +1, 320-4, 5944.60 6? 10942, 15? 2041, 329-4, 5044, (2x 3)" ~ OxBPOXSPz GK SP gt, g2P-9, 5744, 29,39 prise, 27-004, 5p+4 2peisa, 32, spa = pa ge ge aD = 2pt14a, 32, spta, 2-P-a-2, 3-2, 5-a-2-D = 2p+tq-p-a-2, 320-20, spa ga2*-?, 39,5"? =2 39 1 z 1 xIKE (w) er ogre ) G) PPP ga 4 yr F4P (a) G) Ge) = (xP. xP PT gh PD = (xP Ha (g-ryaer(gr-pyrep = (x) P- O04), (ZA-NGE), (gy r-PIErD = PP Qe arr? ptabeqtrtsrtpt 0Chapter #2 https, /web facebook com/TehkalsDotCom) httpsi//tehkals.com/ Ex#25 Equality of Two Complex Numbers Let Z)= a+ bi and Z,=c +di then Z, = Z if veal parts are equal ie, a=c and imaginary parts are equal ie. b = d ‘Operation on Complex Numbers ‘Addition of Complex Numbers Lis Let Z = a+ bi and Z2 = ¢ + di then 2+ Zz = (at bi) + (c+di) (2298. (28)3.29 2+ %,=atbitctdi =Canan, 2+ Z,=atcrbitdi 1 2,42, = (ato (b+ ai 280.248.2807 Subtraction of Complex Numbers orld Let Z =a + biand Z = c+ di then 1 2, — 2, = (a+ bi) ~(c+di) _ (zigeseene Z,- 2, =a+bi-c~di 2st 2,- Z,=a-c+bi-di fa Z,- 2, =(a-c) + (b- ai () Multiplication of Complex Numt Let Z, =a + biand 2, = c+ di then (7-2 2. Ba = (a bbil(c + di) 1 2,.Z, =.ac + adi + bei + bdi* = (2 Zr Za = 0c ¥(ad BCE ¥bAC=AYas ? = 1 ad Bil, = ac+ (abt bo)imbd as 21.22 = (ac — bd) + (ad + be)i =2 ails ivision of Complex Numbers a Let Z, = a+ biand Z, = ¢+ di then or Z_atbi Complex Number Za thal ‘Anumber of the form a + bi where a and b Multiply and Divide by ¢ ~ di are real numbers is called complex number Z,_atbi_c-di where "a" is called real part and “b" is called Zn c4di “end imaginary part. Z,_(a+bid(c-di) 2, (c+ di(c—di Conjugate of a Complex Numbers a ranted) ‘A conjugate of a complex number is obtained 4%, _ ac —adi + bei ~ bai? by changing the sign of imaginary part. The Z, (di conjugate of a + bi is a — bi or the conjugate of a + bi is denoted by @ bi = a — bi.hits: httpsi//tehkals.com/ aa: 0 a (ii) {eb facebook.com/TenkalsDotCom/ Ex #28 ac + (be — ad)i + bd (ac + bd) + (be — ad)i (ac+bd) (be — adi Ex #2.5 Page #71 ‘Add the following complex number 8491/5421 Solution: 8495425 Let 2, = 8491 And Zp = 542i Now 2, +2, = (8 +91) + (542i) Zi 42-84 9145421 Zi 422 = 84549421 Z4+2,= 134116 6+ 31,3—-Si Solution: 643,358 let 2, = 6-431 And Z, = 3 ~5i Now 2,42, = (6+3i) +(3-5i) 2,42, =643143-Si 2,42, =643+3i-5i 2, 42,=9-2i 2143,8-5V Solutio 2143,0- SVT let Z, = 2043 and Z; = 8 - 5V=T 8-8) «\-T=i Chapter #2 tiv) i) Ex#2.5 Now 2,42, = (2143) + (8-51) Z,42,=2143+8-St 2,42, =348+42i-5i 2,42, = 11-31 V3 + VEi,3V3- 22 Solution: V3 + V2i,av3 - v2 let Z = V3+V2i nd Z; = 3V3 ~ 2V2t Now 2y + Ly = (vB + Vi) + (3V3— 2V2i) 2,42, = V3+ VBi+ 3y3 — 2V2i 2, +2, =V34 N54 V2i- V2 Zy 42, = 3 - V2 Subtract: =243i from 6 ~ 34 Solution: =2+ 3 fom —3F Let 2% =-2-+ 34 and 22 = 6=3i Now 2, -2, = 623) C243) 2-2, + 6-31-2431 2-2, =6+2—3i-3i 9+ 4ifrom 9-81 Solution: 9-+Al rom 9-8 Let 2, = 9-44 nd Z; = 9 ~ 8 Now Z,-2,= (9-8) -(9+4i) 2, ~Z,=9-B1-9-41 Zy-Z, =9-9-81-41 2,—2, = 0-121 2y~Z, = -121