Azerbaijan University of Languages

Faculty-English-French

Profession-English teacher

Group - 112a

Course-1

Subject-English grammar

Teacher-dos. Mahmudova Şəfaqət

Student-Agayeva Ulkar
 Numerals in the compared languages

İn both compared languages the Numeral is a part of speech denoting exact number or
order of persons and things. So it is a symbol or name that stands for a number.

İn contemporary English the chief classes of numerals are cardinal numerals and ordinal
numerals.

Cardinal numerals (one, two, three etc.) are used in counting.

They answer the question How many in English, neçə , nəqədər in Azerbaijani :

Examples:

İ have three dogs in my house.

Dərsə on uşaq gəlmişdi.

Cardinal numerals are those which express the number of things. This numerals can be
simple or root, such as one, two, four,(up to twelve) hundred, thousand and million. İn
both compared languages, cardinal numerals are only used for counting, and denoting
quantity.

As their structure the cardinal numerals are divided into:

1)simple

2derrivative cardinal numerals formed with the help of suffixes-teen(from thirteen to

nineteen, - ty( (two hundred and sixteen).In Azerbaijani derivative numerals are also
formed with the use of suffixes, such as:altıncı uşaq, on yeddinci tələbə.

3)Compound numerals are form twenty – one to ninety-nine in contemporary English. But
in Azerbaijani the compound numerals are formed with the help of two or more numerals
written separately.

Examples:

İyirmi uşaq, əlli altı çanta, yüz on iki otaq, etc.

4)Composite numerals in contemporary English, such as: four hundred and sixteen, two
hundred and eleven, etc.

As it is seen, the conjunction and is places before the last word while writing or reading a
composite numeral:
2.812 – two thousand eight hundred and twelve, 247-two hundred and forty-seven.

The words pair(2),dozen(12),score(20)don’t take s when they are used with a numeral: five
pair, two dozen, three score. They are used with the plural suffix s and followed by the
preposition of, when they denote indefinite number: pairs of gloves, dozen of eggs, score
of students.

The word gross(144)has no plural form and is always followed by off: a gross of paper
clips.

Ordinal numerals

Definition:

Numerals denoting the order of persons and things in succession are called ordinal
numerals.

With the exception of the first three (first, second, third), ordinal numerals are formed from
cardinals by means of the suffix -th, such as fourth, seventh, twenn-sixth, etc.

Points to notice

1) notice the irregular spelling of fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth 2) when ordinal numerals are
expressed in figures, the last two letters of the written word must be added first- 1, second-
2 third-34, fourth-", eightieth-80

3) in composite ordinal numerals the rule about the conjunction and is the same as for
composite cardinal numerals: 101-a hundred and first. The article of definiteness normally
precedes ordinal numerals. The fortieth day, the sixtieth visitor.

Titles of kings, queens, etc. are written in Roman figures, but in spoken English we use the
ordinal numerals preceded by the article of definiteness.

Examples:

King Henry VIII-King Henry

the Eighth Shah Ismail l-Shah Ismail

the First Elizabeth II-Elizabeth the Second

Syntactic functions of ordinal numerals

İn both compared languages the main function of the ordinal numerals is an attribute, but
sometimes they may also be used as a subject, predicative and object in a sentence.
Examples:

1)The first Russian academician M.V.Lomonosov was born in 1717.(attribute)

2)The forth was a tall lady with dark hair. (subject)

3) Jack was the first to come. (predicative)

4)I couldn’t see the second. (object)

Fractional numerals

Definition:

Numerals consisting of a numerator and denominator are called fractional numerals.

Fractions may be common (vulgar) and decimal, In common (vulgar) fractions the
numerator is a cardinal and the denominator is sanitized ordinal The numerator is read first
-one-third, -two-fifths

If the numerator is a numeral higher than one, the ordinal in the denominator takes the
plural “S” The numerator and denominator may be joined by means of a hyphen: -two
sevenths (two-sevenths)

In mixed numbers the numerals denoting fractions are joined to the numerals denoting
integers (whole numbers) by means of the con-junction and, such as 3 – three and one-
fifth, 20 -twenty and three eighths

Notice the reading of the following fractions – a half, -a quarter In decimal fractions the
numerals denoting fractions are joined to those denoting whole numbers by means of the
words “point”or”dec-imal” “0”is read as nought or zero, such as 0.5-nought point (decimal)
five, 2.3-two point (decimal) three, 32.305 -three two point three nought five, etc.

Points to notice

Numerals have a wide range of usage, Let’s consider some of them

D)the symbol “0” generally has different spoken forms according to the sphere of usage, It
is often called:

a) nought (naught) in mathematics: Examples:

05-point nought five 0.05=nought point nought five.

Examples:
Ice ten degrees below zero. The temperature is seldom below zero in Baku.

Examples:

(a) My account number is 4526079 four five fo Six o seven

Nine

(b) Her telephone number is 4943208 four nine four three

Do o eight. 5.06-five point o six.

I there are two identical numerals at the beginning or end of the telephone number the
word double is used

Examples:

4413759-double four one three seven five nine 4975466-four nine seven five four double six

But if two identical numerals are in the middle of the telephone

Number the word double is not used.

Example:

4546697 four five four Six six nine seven d) nil or nothing in sports. Examples:

The result of the match way 4.0-four (goals to nil). Brazil won 3.-0-three nil (tree to nothing).
(a) In tennis, table tennis and similar games the word love is commonly used:

Serena Williams is winning the game 30-0-thirty-love. When dealing with dates, British and
American differences should be carefully observed:

Examples:

The first of May,-May the first

May the first. May one. May first

The use of numerals in Arithmetic calculation

A calculation is a deliberate process that transforms one or more inputs into one or more
results with variable change. İn contemporary English and Azerbaijani languages we can
come across the following arithmetic calculation.

1.The first is addition(toplama) in which and is used instead of ± and is or are used instead
of =:
3+3=6 three and three is/are six.

4+4=8 Dörd üstə gəl dörd /bərabərdir səkkiz.

But in large additions plus is used for +and equals is used for =

452+364 =816 Four hundred and fifty-two plus three hundred and sixty-four equals/is eight
hundred and sixteen.

2.Subtraction(çıxma). It is a mathematical operation that represents the operation of

removing objects from a collection. It is signified by the minus sign(-).

İn small numbers it is common to say Five from ten leaves/is five or Five take from ten
leaves/is five. İn larger numbers minus is used for – and equals for=.

10-5=5 (Ondan beş çıxanda beş qalar)

10-5=5(On minus beş bərabərdir beş)

Pay attention to other examples:

357-200-three hundred and fifty-seven minus two hundred equals one hundred and fifty-
seven. Other names used in subtraction are minus, less, difference, take away, decrease,
etc.

3)Multiplication (vurma)

In case of small calculations it is most common to say three fours -3x4, four nines – 4×9,
etc. Are is used for"-": sıx sevens are forty two

In larger calculations "times” is used for "×" and "is” or "makes" for “=”

4)Division(bölmə)

Division is the act or process of dividing something into parts:the way that something is
divided.

İn case of division it is common to use divided by for: and is/are/equals for:=:

20:5=4 Twenty divided by five is/equals four.

10:5=2 On bölünsün beş bərabərdir iki or Onun beşə nisbəti iki edər.

But in smaller calculations it is often said: Three into nine goes three times.
Bibliography

Shafagat Mahmudova-İntensive Grammar in Contrast

Oruc Musayev-A practical grammar of contemporary English