Carbonates - File Notes
Carbonates - File Notes
K Carbonates of these
metals are soluble Carbonates of these
in water metals do not
decompose on heating
Na
Ca
Any carbonate
Mg with any acid
liberates CO2
Zn
Carbonates of these metals
decompose on heating to
Pb form oxide of the metal.
[Al does not form carbonate]
Cu
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LIME STONE:
Lime stone is a sedimentary rock formed from the sedimentation of shells
of dead sea animals. Lime stone is mainly calcium carbonate. The shells of
sea animals contain calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
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In a rotary lime kiln we feed the lumps of limestone from the top
along with coke. It is then heated by hot air stream from the bottom. The
rotation of lime kiln helps mixing of hot air and lumps of the lime stone. At
higher temperature, which is produced from the burning of coke, calcium
carbonate decomposes in to calcium oxide and CO 2.The powdered CaO
moves to the bottom. Carbon dioxide formed will move up along with hot
air. The quick lime is removed from the bottom.
Note: The current of air which flows through the kiln serves two purposes:
i) It provides oxygen for coke to burn.
ii) It removes the carbon dioxide formed inside the lime kiln (carbon
dioxide is an acidic gas and calcium oxide is a base)
The decomposition of calcium carbonate is a reversible reaction.
The above reaction can proceed either in the forward direction or reverse
depending on pressure and temperature.
Calcium oxide being a base neutralizes the acids present in the soil.
Calcium oxide reacts with the acids present in the industrial wastes
and neutralizes them. This avoids pollution due to the high acidity of
industrial wastes.
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SLAKED LIME: Ca(OH)2
Slaked lime is a white powder formed by the reaction of lime with water.
CaO + H 2O Ca (OH)2
Water
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MILK OF LIME: Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 is very less. But if we stir slaked lime in excess of water, it will form
Uses:
1. Used in building sites.
Milk of lime when kept for a long time without any disturbance,
undissolved
Ca(OH)2 will settle down. The clear liquid thus obtained is a solution of calcium
When gas is passed through lime water it will turn milky if the gas contains
carbon dioxide. The reaction is:
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Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate +
Water
If the carbon dioxide gas is passed through the above solution for some
time the solution will become clear again. This is due to the formation of
Carbonates
eg.Na2CO3, CaCO3
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BLEACHING POWDER:
Bleaching powder is prepared by passing chlorine for a long time over
solid calcium hydroxide.
Lime stone contains CaCO3 and clay contains largely SiO 2 and Al2O3.
Cement is obtained by the reactions between limestone and clay and
contains mainly of calcium silicate, aluminium silicate and calcium
aluminate. A little amount of calcium sulphate is added to slow down the
rate at which concrete sets.
CONCRETE:
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Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel and cement.
When water is added to the mixture, of calcium and aluminium silicates
form large crystals. These crystals grow and interlock with the surfaces of
sand and gravel, binding the mass together. This is called concrete.
When concrete sets, it does not dry out, the water becomes the part of the
silicate crystals as water of crystallization. When the crystallization is slow
the crystals will be big and the concrete will be strong. That is why
concrete is kept moist at least for one week for setting. Concrete sets even
under water.
Water of crystallization:
Water of crystallisation is defined as the amount of water, which is present
DESULFURISATION
When coal or petroleum fractions containing sulphur impurities are burned
in power stations or to heat furnaces, sulphur dioxide is formed. This
causes acid rain. The sulphur dioxide can be removed by passing it
through a spray or slurry of calcium carbonate, or calcium oxide or calcium
hydroxide. This process is called flue gas desulfurization
The calcium sulphite formed is reacted with air and water to form calcium
sulphate
sulphur for making sulphuric acid. But it is often just dumped in the ground
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