Flood Routing
Intense runoff from a watershed supplies large volumes of water to the valley floors of a river basin.
Prediction of Flood Regimes (contd.)
flood routing and prediction of inundation remote sensing and other forms of inundation predictions
In some time interval (hour, day) the inflow volume into a reach of valley floor (channels and floodplain) goes into
an increase in volume stored in the reach (i.e. an increase in the depth of the flow the outflow from the reach
Input = Output +/- Rate of change of storage So, if I know (or can predict) the rate of inflow to a reach from its watershed including upstream reaches, and I can calculate the resulting rate of change of storage, I can compute the rate of outflow to the reach downstream This process is known as flood routing
Two types of flood routing
Hydrologic Routing
Based only on the continuity equation:
Water level in reservoir low: outflow rate small
I = O +/- S/ t O = I -/+ S/ t
O
Reservoir Routing: combine cont. eq with an outflow-storage fn. Channel Routing: combine cont. eq with an I-O-S fn. S
Hydraulic Routing
Based on continuity and hydraulic principles Flow velocity in a reach of channel or floodplain depends on average flow depth and flow resistance Mannings equation:
Water level in reservoir higher; outflow rate is higher
Reservoir routing rule
Outflow = f ( stage) i.e. Outflow = f (volume stored) Calculate relationship between stage and volume stored from shape of the reservoir
Need to specify a functional relationship, which will depend on the shape and size of the outflow control (pipe, spillway) E.g. O = aSb For each interval compute S and O in a book-keeping format
Routing of a flood wave through a reservoir with a specific area and outlet geometry
See Water in Environmental Planning by Dunne and Leopold for details of computation scheme
Reservoir routing:
S = gOh S = kO
O
Channel routing (e.g. Muskingum approximation):
- S = K[xI + (1-x)O]
Muskingum routing of a hydrograph through a channel reach
See Water in Environmental Planning by Dunne and Leopold for details of computation scheme
Turkeys Gap Project
TURKEY Keban Karakaya Ataturk SYRIA Tabaqa IRAQ Haditha Dam Ramadi Barage Habbania Lake (Warrar & Deban) Tharthar Outlet Feluja Barage Hindya Barag
Ongoing
TURKEY
Tabaqa Dam
Tigris Haditha Dam Tharthar Lake Outlet
IRAN
SYRIA
Euphrates Ramadi Barrage Baghdad Feluja Barrage Hindiya Barrage Karkhah
JORDAN
Warrar Regulator, IRAQ Habbaniya Lake, Diban Lake, Mujjarah Regulator, Abu Dibbis Depression/Razzaza
KUWAIT SAUDI ARABIA
Gulf
Ataturk Dam, Turkey
R. Euphrates hydrograph
Hydraulic routing through a reach of channel/floodplain
Based on continuity equation and hydraulic principles Flow velocity in a reach of channel or floodplain depends on average flow depth and flow resistance Mannings equation:
Hydraulic Routing with Mannings Equation for steady uniform flow
Q = wdv
Can apply to whole cross section of channel or to some increment of width
Metric
v =
1 3s 2
n
2
In the units formerly known as British
v =
1.5 d
1 3s 2
Steady uniform flow downstream in a channel-floodplain system
Back-calculated n-value 0.10; flow depth 0.7 m
Floodplain A Channel
Floodplain B
Q is the sum of three channels coupled by a horizontal water surface
Arcement, G.J., Jr. and V. R. Schneider, Guide for selecting Mannings roughness coefficients for natural channels and floodplains, US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2339
n = 0.11; flow depth = 0.9 m
n = 0.13; flow depth ~1m
Arcement, G.J., Jr. and V. R. Schneider, Guide for selecting Mannings roughness coefficients for natural channels and floodplains, US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2339
Arcement, G.J., Jr. and V. R. Schneider, Guide for selecting Mannings roughness coefficients for natural channels and floodplains, US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2339
n = 0.20; flow depth 0.9 m
Gradually varied flows: step-backwater calculation
Q
H3 H1 H2
H4
Downstream control
Values of H and velocity at each cross section computed in an upstreammoving sequence beginning at some downstream control (e.g. a major river or sea level) where the bed elevation and water surface are known.
Method is known as a step-backwater calculation
Arcement, G.J., Jr. and V. R. Schneider, Guide for selecting Mannings roughness coefficients for natural channels and floodplains, US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2339
Requires surveyed cross sections and bed long profile and estimates of Mannings n for each cross section and flow component
Gradually varied flows
Q
Overbank flood in Merced R.
H4 H3 H1 H2
Downstream control
HEC-RAS does step-backwater calculations for gradually varied flow through a sequence of cross sections across a channel and floodplain. Can incorporate a lot of richness in representation of landform geometry and basin hydrology
Overbank flood in Merced R, Mar. 31, 2005.
Scenario exploration with hydraulic routing: setting back levees for risk reduction and floodplain habitat
Scenario exploration with hydraulic routing: Revegetation of floodplain and riparian zone
Gradually varied flows
Q
H4 H3 H1 H2
Downstream control
HEC-RAS does step-backwater calculations for gradually varied flow through a sequence of cross sections across a channel and floodplain. Can incorporate a lot of richness in representation of landform geometry and basin hydrology
Animation ScenarioA
1 meter contour elevation map
Two-dimensional flow modeling on a floodplain requires highresolution digital elevation data (1990s)
Two types of flood routing
Hydrologic Routing
Reservoir Routing
Requires knowledge of inflow rate, reservoir geometry (stage-volume relationship), and outlet geometry (stage-outflow relationship) Doesnt require previous gauging Software packages such as HEC-HMS, HEC-5 Requires estimation of bulk parameters of flow in a reach, back-calculated from measurements at gauges Software packages such as HEC-HMS
Channel Routing (Muskingum)
Relation between river level and area of inundation in tropical wetlands (Hamilton, Melack, et al.,
Hydraulic Routing
Requires large amounts of data on channel cross section geometry, gradient, hydraulic roughness of channel and floodplain If these static data are available, the method doesnt require gauging, though direct measurements of stage-discharge relationships (from a gauge or post-flood survey) are useful for estimation of hydraulic roughness Can be used to explore design scenarios (e.g. setting back levees; altering floodplain and channel roughness during re-vegetation; altering channel geometry or roughness through dredging) Software packages such as HEC-RAS See http://www.azwater.gov/dwr/Content/Publications/files/ss9-02FloodplainModeling1.PDF for a detailed review of applications to complex situations
