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44 views3 pages

S17

Uploaded by

Bhim Chaudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Solutions to Topology Homework #4, due Week 8.

Problems: Munkres Section 17 #4, 7, 10, 14, 16, 19, 20

17.4 Show that if U is open in X and A is closed in X, then U − A is open


in X, and A − U is closed in X.
Proof: Let U be open in X and A be closed in X. Then X − A is
open since complements of closed sets are open, and X − U is T closed since
complements of open sets are closed. Furthermore, U − A = U (XT− A) is a
finite intersection of open sets and hence is open. Also, A − U = A (X − U)
is the intersection of closed sets and hence is closed.2
S S
S “proof” that Aα ⊂ Aα : if {Aα } is a collection
17.7 Criticize the following S
of sets in X and if x ∈ Aα , then every neighborhood U of x intersects Aα .
Thus U must intersect S some Aα , so that x must belong to the closure of some
Aα . Therefore, x ∈ Aα .
The problem lies in the sentence “Thus U must intersect some Aα , so
that x must belong to the closure of some Aα .” It’s true that each U inter-
sects some Aα , but nothing says that every such U intersects the same Aα .
Therefore, there may not be a single Aα which has x as its limit point. (A
simple example is Ai = {1/i} for i ∈ N.)

17.10 Show that every order topology is Hausdorff.


Proof: Let X be a topological space with order topology T . Let x, y ∈ X
be such that x < y. First suppose that neither of these points is the greatest
or least element in X. Now in the case where y is the immediate successor
of x, then we have x ∈ (a, y) for some a < x, and clearly this interval is
T set not containing y. Furthermore, y ∈ (x, b) for some b > y, and
an open
(a, y) (x, b) = ∅ since y is the immediate successor of x. On the other
hand, if y is not the immediate successor of x then there is some z ∈ X
such that T x < z < y. In that case, (a, z) contains x and (z, b) contains y
and (a, z) (z, b) is disjoint. We now turn to the case where x is the least
element in X. In that case we follow the same reasoning using [x, z) or [x, y)
in place of (a, z) or (a, y). The case in which y is the greatest element in
X is similar. In all cases we find that there is an open set containing x but
not y and an open set containing y but not x, such that these open sets are
disjoint. Hence X is Hausdorff.

17.14 In the finite complement topology on R, to what point or points does


the sequence xn = 1/n converge?

1
Since (xn ) is a sequence with infinitely many distinct points, any open
set in the finite complement topology will contain some points of (xn ). It
follows that (xn ) converges to every point in R.

17.16 Consider the five topologies on R given in Exercise 7 of Section 13.


(a) Determine the closure of the set KS= {1/n|n ∈ Z+ }.
In T1 , the standard topology, K = K {0}.
In T2 , the topology of RK , notice that K has no limit points, since R − K
is an open set which doesn’t contain K (and hence there is no limit point
of K outside of K), and also every 1/n in K clearly has a small interval of
radius (1/n) − (1/(n + 1)) around it which does not intersect K in any other
point. Thus, K = K.
In T3 , the finite complement topology, we have just shown in the previous
problem that every point in R is a limit point of K, and hence K = R.
In T4 , the upper limit topology, notice that (−1, 0] is an open set con-
taining 0 but no point of K, hence 0 is not a limit point of K. No other
point is a limit point of K for the same reason as in the standard topology,
so K = K.
In T5 , with basis {(−∞, a)}, notice that every point x greater than or
equal to 0 will have the property that any open set containing x will also
contain some point of K, and hence K is the set of real numbers greater than
or equal to 0.

(b) Which of these topologies satisfies the Hausdorff axiom? The T1


axiom?
Clearly T3 and T5 are not Hausdorff since they contain a sequence that
converges to more than one limit point. Furthermore, T3 is T1 but T5 is
not since finite point sets have open complements in T3 but not T5 . The
standard topology, is both T1 and Hausdorff since we can find disjoint open
intervals separating any two reals. Since T4 and T4 are finer than the standard
topology, they have both properties too.

T If A ⊂ X, we define the boundary of A by the equation BdA =


17.19
A (X − A). S
(a) Show that IntA and BdA are disjoint, and A = IntA BdA.
Proof: From the definition of boundary, and the fact that A itself must
be disjoint from its complement in X, we can conclude that the boundary of
A is the set of points which are limit points of A and X − A. But if y is in

2
IntA then there is some neighborhood of y contained entirely in A and hence
y is not a limit point of X − A. This shows that IntA and BdA are disjoint.
Furthermore, for any x ∈ A such that x is not in the interior of A, then
every neighborhood of x must intersect X − A and hence x is a limit
S point of
X − A and hence an element of BdA. This shows that A ⊂IntA BdA. The
reverse inclusion is clear from the fact that both IntA and BdA are subsets
of A. 2
(b) Show that BdA = ∅ ⇐⇒ A is both open and closed.
Proof: BdA = ∅ means that no point is a limit point of both A and X −A.
That is, every point p has a neighborhood NSp contained entirely within
S A or
entirely within X − A. In that case, A = p∈A Np and X − A = p6∈A Np
so A and X − A are both open and hence both closed. Conversely, if A and
X − A are both open and both closed, then every point in A and every point
in X − A are in the interior of A or X − A. This means that the union of the
interiors is the entire space X and consequently by part (A), and the fact
that the boundary of A equals the boundary of X − A we can conclude that
the boundary is empty.2
(c) Show that U is open ⇐⇒ BdU = U − U.
Proof: U is open exactly when U is its own S interior, in which case by
(a) we have U and BdU disjoint, and U = U BdU. Since this is a disjoint
union, it follows that BdU = U − U.2
(d) If U is open, is it true that U =Int(U )? Justify your answer.
This is not necessarily true. Suppose U = R − {0} in the standard
topology on R. Then U is open, and U = R, with IntU also equal to all of
R.

17.20 Find the boundary and the interior of each of the following subsets of
R2 :
(a) A = {x × y|y = 0}. BdA = A, IntA = ∅. S
(b) B = {x×y|x > 0, y 6= 0. BdB = {x×y|x = 0} {x×y|x > 0, y = 0},
IntB = B. S S
(c) C = A B. BdC = {x × y|x < 0, y = 0} {x × y|x = 0}, IntC =
{x × y|x > 0}
(d) D = {x × y|x ∈ Q}. BdD = R2 . IntD = ∅. S
(e) E = {x × y|0 < x2 − y 2 ≤ 1}. BdE = {x × y|x2 − y 2 = 0} {x ×
y|x2 − y 2 = 1}. IntE = {x × y|0 < x2 − y 2 < 1}. S
(f) F = {x × y|x 6= 0, y ≤ 1/x}. BdF = {x × y|x = 0} {x × y|y = 1/x}.
IntF = {x × y|x 6= 0, y < 1/x}.

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