LESSON 9: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT CITATION

STYLES IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?

CITATION

- It informs the readers where you obtained the

information, idea, quote, or data that you used in the
research.

- It helps other researchers to verify and check if there is

a need to follow up or explore the topic further.

- is a way to acknowledge the source of the ideas you

used or built on in the research and provide due credit.

REFERENCE LIST OR BIBLIOGRAPHY

- a systematic way of presenting all sources for the

readers to find and use.

- It also acknowledges the contributions you gathered

from other authors and researchers.

COMMON CITATION STYLES

REFERENCE LIST FOR IEEE STYLE
• IEEE Style
• The reference list found at the end of the paper is
• APA Style organized according to the order of appearance.
• MLA Style • The citation number, enclosed in brackets, is listed to
the left margin, while the text is indented by 2-3 spaces.
• AMA Referencing
Use 1.5 spacing and a single paragraph for each
INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS reference item.
ENGINEERS (IEEE) STYLE
• Author names are listed with the initial of the first name,
- was developed by the Institute of Electrical and followed by the surname. The title of the article, book
Electronics Engineers chapter, paper or report follows, enclosed in double
quotation marks.
- often used in science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics (STEM) related papers, including those • Books, journals, or conference titles should be in italics
from the fields of computer science, electronics, and followed by city, state, and country. If not available,
telecommunications, and information technology. use the publisher’s name and date. Provide the page
numbers if applicable.
- It makes use of brackets and a number in the in-text
citation, which correspond to the reference list given at SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST FOR IEEE STYLE
the end of the paper (Victoria University, 2022).

WAYS TO CITE SOURCES IN THE REFERENCE LIST USING

THE IEEE STYLE

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AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE • The list is alphabetized according to the authors’ last
names in ascending order.
- was developed by the American Psychological
Association SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST FOR APA STYLE

- often used for psychology and social science research,

such as sociology and anthropology.

- It is also used as the citation format for nursing,

business, communication, and education research.

- APA published the 7th edition of its Publication Manual

in 2019 – the latest version of the citation style.

- It is known for its simplicity, which follows the author-

date format for in-text citations.
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (AMA) STYLE
WAYS TO CITE SOURCES IN THE REFERENCE LIST USING
THE APA STYLE - was developed and used by the Journal of the
American Medical Association (JAMA).

- often used for citing sources in health sciences

research, including medicine and public health.

- It uses numbered (Arabic numerals) superscripts for in-

text citations, which are inserted right after the items
cited or referenced.

WAYS TO CITE SOURCES IN THE REFERENCE LIST USING

THE AMA STYLE

REFERENCE LIST FOR APA STYLE

• In-text references and citations should be listed in the

reference list given at the end of the paper.

• The format follows this order: author(s) listed by last

name, then chronologically, first with the earliest items.

• Entries should be double-spaced and indented. Use a

hanging indentation of 0.5 inches after the first line of
the cited reference.

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REFERENCE LIST FOR AMA STYLE

• In-text references and citations should be listed in the

reference list given at the end of the paper.

• The items should be presented numerically, in the

order given in the paper.

• For books with six authors or fewer, list all the authors
separated by a comma.

• For books with more than six authors, list the first three,
then use “et al.”

SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST FOR AMA STYLE

REFERENCE LIST FOR MLA STYLE

• The MLA reference list is presented at the end of the

research paper.

• The reference list should be named Works Cited.

Center this at the top of the page.

MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA) STYLE • Align the citation entries to the left with 1-inch margins.

- It shares similarities with the APA style. • Double-space all entries.

- MLA is mostly used for studies in literature and • Entries are listed alphabetically, by author
languages.
• Put handling indent of 0.5 inches after the first line.
- MLA is also used in research for media studies, cultural
SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST FOR MLA STYLE
studies, and other humanities fields.

- For in-text citations, MLA uses an author-page number

format, enclosed in parenthesis. The year of
publication is omitted in the in-text citation but is placed
at the end of the sentence, not immediately after the
information.

- If the page number is not available, only use the

author’s surname.

- If more than one work is cited in a sentence, a

semicolon is used to separate the authors. If the author
is not available, the title of the article is used.

WAYS TO CITE SOURCES IN THE REFERENCE LIST USING

THE MLA STYLE

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 LESSON 10: HOW DO YOU WRITE A LESSON 11: HOW DO YOU DEVELOP THE
REVIEW OF LITERATURE? CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK?
LITERATURE REVIEW CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

- is a survey of published studies and scholarly papers - is a textual or graphical representation outlining what
related to the researcher’s topic. you want to investigate on in your research.

- This process involves selecting which literature to - outlines the direction of the research by showing how
include in your review and then summarizing them in a relevant variables, concepts, and theories are related
written report (Creswell, 2012). in order to answer your research question.

- These may include scholarly and journal articles, EXAMPLE

theses and dissertations, books, websites, articles, and
other sources.

GOALS OF CREATING A LITERATURE REVIEW

• Efficiently and methodically seek useful information

about the chosen topic of your research

• Discover what has already been written about the topic

• Critically appraise the information, data, theoretical

frameworks, and methods used in the previous
research

• Identify the gaps in the current research and the areas

that still need further investigation

• Identify the problems or issues that other researchers

have encountered in their research.

STEPS IN FORMULATING A LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Narrow your research topic and search for relevant articles

and papers.

2. Search for related keywords and synonyms.

3. Take note of various aspects of the research

4. Cite the articles correctly to avoid plagiarism

DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
5. Write the literature review.
Step 1. Identify the key concepts from the related literature and
Be sure to discuss the following: studies done by other researchers and their recommendations.

• Different findings of the researches you found Step 2. Guided by your research statement/problem, relate the
concepts, variables, theories, and frameworks that you got from
• Common theories, methods, and approaches used by the related literature.
the research papers that you surveyed
Step 3. Sketch the framework that you have developed into a
• Debates and controversies about the topic and the diagram.
research gaps that need to be filled.

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 LESSON 12: WHAT ARE EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS IN USING AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
AND QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
1. Manipulation of the independent variable
DESIGNS?
2. Control groups – used as a baseline to which they can
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN compare the outcome of the experimental group when
independent variables are changed.
- involves manipulating independent variables and
examining the outcome through a controlled space 3. Randomization – gives equal chances to try to
(Rutgers University, 2021). participate in each group.
- best used when conducting research that concerns 4. Blinding – is the process of withholding or concealing
testing hypotheses involving cause-and-effect a participant’s group assignment.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN • Single-blind study or research – if the
subjects are not informed whether they are in
- similar to the experimental design, except that subjects
the experimental or control groups.
within the study are not randomly assigned (White &
Sabarwal, 2014). • Double-blind study or research – if the
participants and all other people involved in
- used to test new hypotheses that arise from the same
gathering and analyzing the data are not
study after the intervention.
informed of the group’s assignment.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN : EXPERIMENT A
5. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
In a classroom, 15 boys and 15 girls are asked to participate in
• In the previous example, when researchers opt to
a survey. In this study, researchers aim to determine if the
remove the randomization of subjects into groups,
students will choose ice cream, regardless of the flavor, over
it is now considered a quasi-experimental
hamburgers. The class is then divided into 2 equal groups and
research design.
is assigned a group randomly.
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
In the first group, each participant is asked to choose between a
regular hamburger and a vanilla ice cream, while students in the 1. Nonequivalent control group design
second group are asked to choose between a regular
hamburger and a chocolate ice cream. - is commonly used because of its similarity to
a true experimental research design. Subjects
of this type are not randomly placed into
groups through filtering methods.

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN :

EXPERIMENT B

Recall the previous experiment. Divide the class into two groups:
the first group would only consist of boys, while the second is
composed of girls.

From this survey, it is concluded that students will still choose

ice cream over hamburgers, regardless of their flavor.

In the example experiment given, the students were randomly

assigned to each group that offered different ice cream flavors
whether they were male or female.
To know whether they would still choose ice cream over
The results only demonstrate that regardless of the student’s
hamburgers, the group of boys is given a choice between a
gender. Their choice was not affected.
regular hamburger and vanilla ice cream, while the group of girls
This type of research design uses a scientific method called can choose between a regular hamburger and a chocolate ice
experiment to arrive at a result that either accepts or rejects a cream.
hypothesis being studied.

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 k

Comparing Experiment A and Experiment B, we can observe

that the goal in Experiment A was to determine if the students
would choose ice cream over hamburgers in general.

On the other hand, in Experiment B, each group was assigned

based on their gender, to determine if a student’s sex affects
their choice between the two types of food, regardless of the ice
cream flavor.

2. Time-series research design

- where several interventions are done during

the study period.

- used when trying to observe what happens to

the subjects when the same method or
intervention is applied in a uniform time
interval called trends.

- Simple time-series research design - is

done when the same method is being used in
all trials throughout a study.

- Interrupted time-series research design –

involves one or more different trials in
between the study period.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TYPES OF RESEARCH

DESIGNS

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