CS& 141, Summer 2020

Lecture 15: Arrays

Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education

 Can we solve this problem?
 Consider the following program (input underlined):

How many days' temperatures? 7

Day 1's high temp: 45
Day 2's high temp: 44
Day 3's high temp: 39
Day 4's high temp: 48
Day 5's high temp: 37
Day 6's high temp: 46
Day 7's high temp: 53
Average temp = 44.6
4 days were above average.

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 Why the problem is hard
 We need each input value twice:
 to compute the average (a cumulative sum)
 to count how many were above average

 We could read each value into a variable... but we:

 don't know how many days are needed until the program runs
 don't know how many variables to declare

 We need a way to declare many variables in one step.

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 Arrays
 array: object that stores many values of the same type.
 element: One value in an array.
 index: A 0-based integer to access an element from an array.

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

value 12 49 -2 26 5 17 -6 84 72 3

element 0 element 4 element 9

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 Array declaration
type[] name = new type[length];
 Example:
int[] numbers = new int[10];

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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 Array declaration, cont.
 The length can be any integer expression.
int x = 2 * 3 + 1;
int[] data = new int[x % 5 + 2];

 Each element initially gets a "zero-equivalent" value.

Type Default value

int 0
double 0.0
boolean false
String null
or other object (means, "no object")

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 Accessing elements
name[index] // access
name[index] = value; // modify

 Example:
numbers[0] = 27;
numbers[3] = -6;
System.out.println(numbers[0]);
if (numbers[3] < 0) {
System.out.println("Element 3 is negative.");
}

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

value 27
0 0 0 -6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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 Accessing array elements
int[] numbers = new int[8];
numbers[1] = 3;
numbers[4] = 99;
numbers[6] = 2;
int x = numbers[1];
numbers[x] = 42;
numbers[numbers[6]] = 11; // use numbers[6] as index

x 3

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

numbers value 0 3 11 42 99 0 2 0

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 Arrays of other types
double[] results = new double[5];
results[2] = 3.4;
results[4] = -0.5;

index 0 1 2 3 4
value 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 -0.5

boolean[] tests = new boolean[6];

tests[3] = true;

index 0 1 2 3 4 5
value false false false true false false

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 Out-of-bounds
 Legal indexes: between 0 and the array's length - 1.
 Reading or writing any index outside this range will throw an
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

 Example:
int[] data = new int[10];
System.out.println(data[0]); // okay
System.out.println(data[9]); // okay
System.out.println(data[-1]); // exception
System.out.println(data[10]); // exception

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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 Arrays and for loops
 It is common to use for loops to access array elements.
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
System.out.print(numbers[i] + " ");
}
System.out.println(); // output: 0 4 11 0 44 0 0 2

 Sometimes we assign each element a value in a loop.

for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {

numbers[i] = 2 * i;
}
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

value 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

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 The length field
 An array's length field stores its number of elements.
name.length

for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {

System.out.print(numbers[i] + " ");
}
// output: 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

 It does not use parentheses like a String's .length().

 What expressions refer to:

 The last element of any array?
 The middle element?

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 Weather question
 Use an array to solve the weather problem:
How many days' temperatures? 7
Day 1's high temp: 45
Day 2's high temp: 44
Day 3's high temp: 39
Day 4's high temp: 48
Day 5's high temp: 37
Day 6's high temp: 46
Day 7's high temp: 53
Average temp = 44.6
4 days were above average.

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 Weather answer
// Reads temperatures from the user, computes average and # days above average.
import java.util.*;
public class Weather {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("How many days' temperatures? ");
int days = console.nextInt();
int[] temps = new int[days]; // array to store days' temperatures
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < days; i++) { // read/store each day's temperature
System.out.print("Day " + (i + 1) + "'s high temp: ");
temps[i] = console.nextInt();
sum += temps[i];
}
double average = (double) sum / days;
int count = 0; // see if each day is above average
for (int i = 0; i < days; i++) {
if (temps[i] > average) {
count++;
}
}
// report results
System.out.printf("Average temp = %.1f\n", average);
System.out.println(count + " days above average");
}
} 14
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 Quick array initialization
type[] name = {value, value, … value};

 Example:
int[] numbers = {12, 49, -2, 26, 5, 17, -6};

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

value 12 49 -2 26 5 17 -6

 Useful when you know what the array's elements will be

 The compiler figures out the size by counting the values

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 "Array mystery" problem
 traversal: An examination of each element of an array.

 What element values are stored in the following array?

int[] a = {1, 7, 5, 6, 4, 14, 11};

for (int i = 0; i < a.length - 1; i++) {
if (a[i] > a[i + 1]) {
a[i + 1] = a[i + 1] * 2;
}
}
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

value 1 7 10 12 8 14 22

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 Limitations of arrays
 You cannot resize an existing array:
int[] a = new int[4];
a.length = 10; // error

 You cannot compare arrays with == or equals:

int[] a1 = {42, -7, 1, 15};
int[] a2 = {42, -7, 1, 15};
if (a1 == a2) { ... } // false!
if (a1.equals(a2)) { ... } // false!

 An array does not know how to print itself:

int[] a1 = {42, -7, 1, 15};
System.out.println(a1); // [I@98f8c4]

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 The Arrays class
 Class Arrays in package java.util has useful static
methods for manipulating arrays:
Method name Description
binarySearch(array, value) returns the index of the given value in a
sorted array (or < 0 if not found)
copyOf(array, length) returns a new copy of an array
equals(array1, array2) returns true if the two arrays contain
same elements in the same order
fill(array, value) sets every element to the given value
sort(array) arranges the elements into sorted order
toString(array) returns a string representing the array,
such as "[10, 30, -25, 17]"

 Syntax: Arrays.methodName(parameters)

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 Arrays.toString
 Arrays.toString accepts an array as a parameter and
returns a String representation of its elements.

int[] e = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8};

e[1] = e[3] + e[4];
System.out.println("e is " + Arrays.toString(e));

Output:
e is [0, 14, 4, 6, 8]

 Must import java.util.*;

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 Weather question 2
 Modify the weather program to print the following output:
How many days' temperatures? 7
Day 1's high temp: 45
Day 2's high temp: 44
Day 3's high temp: 39
Day 4's high temp: 48
Day 5's high temp: 37
Day 6's high temp: 46
Day 7's high temp: 53
Average temp = 44.6
4 days were above average.

Temperatures: [45, 44, 39, 48, 37, 46, 53]

Two coldest days: 37, 39
Two hottest days: 53, 48

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 Weather answer 2
// Reads temperatures from the user, computes average and # days above average.
import java.util.*;
public class Weather2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
...
int[] temps = new int[days]; // array to store days' temperatures
... (same as Weather program)

// report results
System.out.printf("Average temp = %.1f\n", average);
System.out.println(count + " days above average");

System.out.println("Temperatures: " + Arrays.toString(temps));

Arrays.sort(temps);
System.out.println("Two coldest days: " + temps[0] + ", " + temps[1]);
System.out.println("Two hottest days: " + temps[temps.length - 1] +
", " + temps[temps.length - 2]);
}
}

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