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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

6 VECTOR CALCULUS

1. INTRODUCTION

Principal application of vector function is the analysis of motion is space. The gradient defines

the normal to the tangent plane, the directional derivatives give the rate of change in any given

direction. If F is the velocity field of a fluid flow, then divergence of E at appoint P (x, y, z)

(Flux density) is the rate at which fluid is (diverging) piped in or drained away at P, and the

curl F (or circular density) is the vector of greatest circulation in flow, we express grad, div

and curl in general curvilinear. Coordinate and in cylindrical and spherical. Coordinates which

are useful in engineering physics or geometry involving a cylinder or cone or a sphere.

2. VECTOR DIFFERENTIATION

2.1. Scalar Function:

Scalar function of scalar variable t is a function F = f(t) which uniquely associated a scalar

F(t) for every value of the scalar t in an internal [a, b]

2.2. Scalar Field:

Scalar field is a region in space such that for every point P in this region the scalar function

F associates a scalar F(P).

2.3. Vector function:

Vector function of a scalar variable t is a function F = F ( t ) which uniquely associates a

vector F for each scalar t.

2.4. Vector Field:

vector field is a region in space such that with every point P in that region.

Vector function V associates a vector V (P ) .

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3. DERIVATIVES OF A VECTOR FUNCTION

F F (u + u) − F (u)
= lim .
u u→0 u
u → Scalar Variable
3.1. Derivative in the Component form

Let F (u) = F1 (u) ˆi + F2 (u) ˆj + F3 (u) k

ˆ

F F1 ˆ F2 ˆ F3 ˆ

= i+ j+ k
u u u u

4. GRADIENT OF A SCALAR FUNCTION

Gradient F denoted by ∇F and defined as

  ˆ   
F = ˆi +j +k F
 x y Z 

F ˆ F ˆ F
F = ˆi +j +k
x Y Z
Gradient is defined only for scalar function and the gradient of any scalar function will be a
vector.
Grad F = vector
4.1. Properties of Gradient:
1. Projection of ∇F in any direction is equal to the derivative of f(x, y, z) in the direction.
2. The gradient of f(x, y, z) is in the direction of the normal to the level surface f(x, y, z)
= C = Constant. So, the angle between any two surfaces, f(x, y, z) = C1 and g(x, y, z) =
C2 is the angle between their corresponding normal given by ∇F and ∇g respectively.
3. The gradient at P is in the direction of maximum increases of f and P.
4. Modulus of the gradient is equal to the largest directional derivative at a given point P.
2 2 2
F  F   F   F 
max = F P =  x  +  y  +  z 
 P      
Example 1 :

If A = 2x2ˆi − 3yzj
ˆ + xz2 k and F = 2z – x3y

(i) A.F and (ii) A  F at the point (1, -1, 1)

Solution.
Here ,
F F F
= −3x2 y, = −x3 , =2
x y z
F ˆ F ˆ F ˆ
So that F = i+ j+ k
x y z

ˆ
.F = −3x2yiˆ − x3ˆj + 2k

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(
A.F = 2x2ˆi − 3yzj ˆ . −3x2yiˆ − x3ˆj + 2k
ˆ + xz2k ˆ )( )
A.F = −6x 4 y + 3x3 yz + 2xz2

A.F = 6−3+2 =5
(1,−1,1)

(ii)

ˆi ˆj ˆ
k
2
A  F 2x −3yz xz2
−3x2 y −x3 2

Expanding the determinant:

(( (
A  F = ˆi −6yz + x4z2 − ˆj 4x2 + 3x3yz2 + −2x5 − 9x2 y2z k ) ( ) ))
A  F
(1,−1,1)
(
= 7iˆ − ˆj − k )
Example 2 : Evaluate : rn
Solution
rn ˆ rn rn
rn = ˆi +j +k
x y z

rn r x
= nrn−1 = nrn−1
x x r

rn
= nrn−2 x
x

r n r n
Similarly, = nrn−2 y = nrn−2 z
y z

Then

rn = nrn−2 xiˆ + yj ( ˆ = nrn−2 r

ˆ + zk )
Example 3: Find the directional derivative of F (x, y, z) = 4e 2x-y+z at the point (1, 1, -1)
in the directional towards point (-3, 5, 6)
Solution.
F ˆ F F
F = ˆi +j +k
x y z

  
F = ˆi
x
(
4e2x − y + z + ˆj
y
)
4e2x − y + z + k(z
)
4e2x −y +z ( )
( ) (
F = 4e2x − y + z  2iˆ + 4e2x − y + z  −1j )
ˆ + 4e2x − y + z  k ( )
(
F = 4e2x − y + z ) (2iˆ − ˆj + k )
(ˆ
F (1,1,−1) = 4 2iˆ − ˆj + k )

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A unit vector a from the point (1, 1, -1) in the direction towards the point (-3, 5, 6)

( −3 − 1) ˆi + (5 − 1) ˆj + (6 − ( −1) ) kˆ
a=
42 + 42 + 72

−4iˆ + 4j ˆ
ˆ + 7k
a=
9

The required directional derivative is

( −4iˆ + 4jˆ + 7kˆ)

( ˆ
F (1,1,−1) a = 4 2iˆ − ˆj + k ) 9

20
F (1,1,−1) a = −
9

5. DIVERGENCE

Divergence of a vector function A ( x, y, z ) is written as divergence of A or div of A and denoted

by .A id defined as

  ˆ  ˆ  
.A = ˆi
 x
+j
y
+k . A
z 
( )
ˆ
A = A1ˆi + A2ˆj + A3k

Then,

A1 A2 A3

.A = + + = a scalar quantity
x y y

5.1. Solenoidal: A is said to be solenoid if .A = 0 (at all point of function)

Example 4: Evaluate divergence of 2x ziˆ − xy zj

2 2 ˆ
+ 3yz2k ( )
ˆ at the point (1, 1, 1)

Solution.

Divergence of A = divA = .A

A1 A2 A3

A = + +
x y z

Thus

  
A = 2x2z + − xy2z + 3yz2
x y z

.A = 4xz − 2xyz + 6yz

.A =8
(1,1,1)

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6. CURL

Curl of A denoted by   A also known as rotation  or rotation of  is defined as curl of A

  ˆ  ˆ  
  A = ˆi
 x
+j
y
+k ˆ
  A1ˆi + A2ˆj + A3k
z 
( )
ˆi ˆj ˆ
k
  
A = = a (Vector quantity)
x y z
A1 A2 A3

6.1. Irrotational Field : A vector point function A is said to be irrotational, if curl of A is

zero at every point

A = 0

( )
ˆ at the point (1, 2, 3)
Example 5: find the curl of V = exyz ˆi + ˆj + k

Solution :
ˆi ˆj ˆ
k
  
V =
x y z
exyz exyz exyz

  V = exyz ( xz − xy ) ˆi − ( yz − xy ) ˆj + ( yz − xz ) k
ˆ
 

V
(1,2,3)
(
= e6 ˆi − 4j ˆ
ˆ + 3k )
7. RELATED PROPERTIES OF GRADIENT, DIVERGENCE AND CURL

1.  ( F  g ) = F  g

( )
2. . A  B = .A  .B

( )
3.   A  B =   A    B

4.   (Fg) = F.g + g.F

( )
5.   FA = F A + A.F ( )
( )
6.   FA = F.  A + ( F )  A

7. . ( A  B ) = B (   A ) − A (   B )

( ) ( )
8.   A  B = B A − B .A − A  B + A .B ( ) ( ) ( )

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8. VECTOR INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Vector integral calculus extends the concept of (ordinary) integral calculus to vector functions
It has application in fluid flow, design of underwater transmission cables, heat flow in stars,
study of satellite.
8.1. Line Integral:
Line integral are useful in the calculation of work done by variable forces along path in
space and the rates at which fluids flow along curves (circulation) and across boundaries.
Let C be curve defined from A to B with corresponding arc length S = a and S = b
respectively. Divide C into n arbitrary portions.
8.1.1 Properties of line integrals

Let F = F ( r ) = F1ˆi + F2ˆj + F3k

ˆ be a vector function. Then a line integral of F (r ) along (taken

over) the curve C is defined as

 F ( r )dr = 
C C
F1dx + F2dy + F3dz

x y z
 F (r )dr = 
C C 1
F
t
+ F2
t
+ F3
t
r
F1 ( r ( t ) )
6
 F (r )dr = 
C a t
dt

1. C
kF.dr = k  F.dr , k = constant
C

2. C
(F  G) .dr =  F.dr   G.dr
C C

3. C
F.dr =  C1
F.dr   C2
F.dr

Where C is the sum of two curves c1 and c2

b a
a
F.dr = − F.dr
b

8.1.2 Application of Line integral:

1. Work done by a force (work integral) - A natural application of the line integral is
to define the work done by a force F in moving displaying a particle along a curve C from
point P, to point P2 as
P2
Work done =  P1
F.dr

When F denotes the velocity of a fluid then the circulation of F around a closed curve C
is defined by circulation =  c
Fdr

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2. Independent of path: Conservation field and scalar potential. If F = . then the

line integral from P1 and P2 is independent of path from joining P1 to P2

P2
 F.dr =  (P2 ) −  (P1 )
P1

3. Test for exact differential:

For F = F1ˆi + F2ˆj + F3 k

F.dx = F1dx + F2dy + F3dz

When   F = 0 , these exist a scalar  such that F =  .

Then

F1dx + F2dy + F3dz = F.dr = dr = d

Exact differential
(4) Area A of a regular region D Bounded b y a curve C
b b
A=  y2 ( x ) dx −  y1 ( x ) dx
a a

Example 6: Evaluate  C
y 2 dx − 2 x 2 dy along the parabola y = x2 from (0, 0) to (2, 4)

Solution.
Given,
curve y = x2
dy
= 2x  dy = 2x.dx
dx

x 0 →2

 ( y dx − 2x dy ) =  ( x )
2 2
2 2 2
I= dx − 2x2 2x.dx
C 0

2
0
x4dx − 4x3.dx

2
I= 
0
x4dx − 4x3dx

2
x5 4x4 48
I= − =−
5 4 0
5

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Example 7: Evaluate 
C
Fdr where F = 2xy2z + x2y and C is the curve x = t ,y = t2, z =

t3 from t = 0 to 1
Solution-
x y z
= 1, = 2t, = 3t2
t t t
F = 2xy2z + x2y
F = 2×t×(t2)2×t3 + t2×t2
F = 2t8 + t4

r = xiˆ + yj ˆ = tiˆ + tj
ˆ + zk ˆ
ˆ + t3k

(
dr = d xiˆ + yj )
ˆ = d tiˆ + t2ˆj + t3k
ˆ + zk
dt
ˆ( )
(
dr = ˆi + 2tj ˆ dt
ˆ + 3t2k )
 Fdr = 0 (2t
1 8
)(
+ t4 ˆi + 2tj ˆ dt
ˆ + 3t2k )
1 1
 2t9 t5  ˆ  4t10 2t6  ˆ  6t11 3t7 
F = ˆi  +  + j +  + k  + 
 9 5 0  10 6 0  11 7 C

19 ˆ 11 ˆ 75 ˆ
F= i+ j+ k
45 15 77
8.2. Surface integral:
The concept of surface integral is a simple and natural generalization of a double integral

  F ( x, y ) x, y
R

Taken over a plane region R. In a surface integral F(x,y) is integrated, over a curved
surface.
8.2.1 Evaluation of a surface integral-
A surface integral is evaluated by reducing it to a double integral by projecting the given
surface. S on to one of coordinate planes. Let D be the projection of S onto the xy-plane.

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Then
dx.dy
ds =
ˆ
n̂.k

Then
dxdy
 F.nds =  F.n
S D
( )
ˆ
n̂k

dydz
 F.nds =  F.n
S D1
( )
n̂.iˆ

dxdz
 F.nds =  F.n
S D1
( ) ˆ
n̂.k

Example 8:  S
A.nds over the entire surface S of the region bounded by the cylinder

X2 + Z2 = g, X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 0 and Y = 8
where

A = 6zˆi + (2x + y ) ˆj − xk
ˆ

Solution:
Here the entire surface S consist of 5 surfaces namely S1 the curved C lateral surface of
the cylinder. ABDCA, S2 : AOEC, S3 : OBDE, S4 = OAB, S5 = CDE
Thus

 S
A.ndS =  
S1 + S2 + S3 ..... S5

For the curved (lateral) surface S, of the cylinder

Unit normal

n̂ =
(
 x2 + z2 ) =
ˆ
2xˆi + 2zk
 (x 2
+z2
) 4x2 + 4z2

 ˆ ˆ
ˆ  x i + zk 
So An = 6zˆi + (2x + y ) ˆj − xk
  3 
 

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5
An = xz
3

ˆ= z
n̂k
3

A.n
SI1 =  S1
A.nds =  ˆ
n̂k
dxdy

5 xz
=   3 ( z / 3) dxdy
8 3
= S  xdxdy = 180
0 0

ˆ
n̂ = −k
On the plane S2 : AOEC : Z = 0
An = x
8 3
SI2 =  S2
Ands =   0 0
xdxdy = 36

On the plane S3 : OBDE : x = 0, n̂ = −ˆi

An = −6Z
8 3
SI3 =  3
An =
0 
0
−6zdzdy = −216

On the plane S4 OABS4 :

OAB y = 0, n̂ = −ˆj

An = − (2x + y ) = −2x

SI4 =  S4
AndS =  OAB
−2xdxdz

In polar Coordinates
 /2 3
SI4 =   0 0
−2r cos t.rdrdt = −18

On the sector S5 : CDE : y = 8,

n̂ = ˆj
An = 2x + y = 2x + 8

SI5 =  S5
AndS =   (2x + 8 ) dxdz
CDE

In polar coordinate
 /2 3
SI5 =   (2r cos t + 8) rdrdt = 18 + 18
0 0

Thus, the required surface integral is SI = 180 + 36 +(-216) + (-18) + (18 +18  )

= 18

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8.3. Volume Integral:

Let V be a region in space enclosed by a closed surface r = r (u, v ) . Let F (r ) be a vector

point function. Then the triple integral.

ˆ
FdV = ˆi    F1dxdydz + ˆj   F2dxdydz + k
 V V    F3dxdydz
V V

Example 9: Evaluate  V

FdV where F = 2x + y, V is the closed region bounded by the

cylinder Z = 4 – x2 and the planes x= 0, y = 0, y = 2 and z = 0

Solution.
This closed region is covered by x and
Z 2 4 4 −z
   (2x + y ) V =   
V y =0 z =0 X =0
(2x + y ) dxdzdy

  (x )
2 4 4−z
2
= + xy dzdy
0 0 0

  (( 4 − z) + ( ) )
2 4
= 4 − z y dzdy
0 0

4
2 z2 2
− y (4 − z)
3/2
= 
0
4z −
2 3 0
dy

2  16 
= 
0  8 + 3 y  dy
 
2
 16 2 
= 8y + y 
 6 0
32
= 16 +
3
80
=
3

9. GREEN’S THEOREM

If R is a closed region in the x-y plane bounded by a single closed curve C and if M (x, y) and
N (x, y) are continuous function of x and y having continuous derivative in R then
 dN dM 

C
Mdx + Ndy =   
R
 dx
− dxdy
dy 

Vector notation of Green theorem let

ˆ and r = xiˆ + yj
A = Miˆ + Nj ˆ so that

A.dr = Mdx + Ndy

ˆi ˆj ˆ
k
    N M 
A = = − k
x y z  x y 
M N 0

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Thus


C
A.dr =   (   A ) k.dr
C
ˆ

Where dr = dxdy

Green’s theorem is valid for a double (multiply) connected domain R where C is the boundary

the region R consisting of C1 and C2 (several) curves all traversed in the positive direction.

M N
If =
y X
then by Green’s theorem  Mdx + Ndy = 0

Example 10: Verify Green’s Theorem in plane for  (x ) ( )

− 2xy x + x 2 y + 3 y , Where C is the
2
C

boundary of the region defined by y2 = 8x and x = 2

Solution.

Here M = x2 – 2xy, N = x2y + 3

M N
= −2x, = 2xy
y x

So the RHS of the Green’s theorem is the double integral given by

 N M 
DI =    −
y 
dx.dy
R X


=    2 xy − ( −2 x ) dxdy
R

The region R is covered with Y varying from −2 2 x of the lower branch of the parabola to its

upper branch 2 2 x while x varies from 0 to 2 Thus

DI =   ( 2 xy + 2 x ) dydx
2 8x

x =0 y =− 8 x

=  ( xy + 2 xy )
2 8x
2
dx
0 − 8x

128
= 8 2  X 3/ 2 dx =
2

0 5
Since LI = DI

The Green’s theorem is thus verified

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10. STROKES THEOREM

Transformation between line integral and surface integral. Let A be a vector having continuous

first partial derivative in a domain in space containing an open two-sided surface S bounded

by a simple closed curve C then

  (   A ) ndS
S
ˆ =
C
A.dr

Where n is a unit normal of A and C is traversed in the positive direction.

Green’s theorem in plane is a special case of strokes theorem

11. GAUSS DIVERGENCE THEOREM

Transformation between surface integral and volume integral. Let A be a vector function of
position having continuous derivatives. In a volume V bounded by a closed surfaces S them

 S
A.nds =  V
.AdV

Where n is the downward drawn (position) normal to S

ˆ And S is the surface of the region
A.nds where A = 2xyiˆ + yz2ˆj + xzk
Example 11: Evaluate  S

bounded by X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 0, Y = 3 and X = 2Z = 6
Solution.

.A = 2y + z2 + x

Gauss divergence theorem

=  S
A.nds =  V
.AdV

   (2y + z )
2
= + x dy
V

6−x

   (2y + z )
3 6
2
= 2
+ x dzdxdy
y =0 X =0 z =0

6−x
3 6 z3 2
=  
0 0
(2y + x ) z + 3
0

3 6  6x − x2 1 3
=    Y (6 − x ) + + (6 − x )  dxdy
0 0
 2 2y 
6

x2  1  6x2 x3  1  ( 6 − x ) 
4
3 
= 0
y 6x −

+ 
2  2 2
− +
3  24  4 
dy
 0

3  1 1 
= 0 18y + 2116 

+  dy 
12 16  
351
=
2
****

14