ate ;

eek
 COMPLETE

ARITHME TELE.

ORAL AND WRITTEN.

BY

MALCOLM MacVICAR, Pu.D, LLD.,

PRINCIPAL STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, POTSDAM. N. Y.

TAINTOR BROTHERS & CO.,

18 AND 20 ASTOR PLACE,
NEW YORK.
 CoPpYrRIGHT BY
TAINTOR BROTHERS, MERRILL & CO..
1876.

Se ee ee ee ee
New York: J.J. Littlo & Co., Printers
.
Se

Electrotyped by Smrru & MaDouaan, 82 Beekma

n St., N. ¥.
 HE aim of the author in the preparation of this work may
be stated as follows:
1. To present each subject in arithmetic in such a manner
as to lead the pupil by means of preparatory steps and proposi-
tions which he is required to examine for himself, to gain clear
perceptions of the elements necessary to enable him to grasp
as a reality the more complex and complete processes.
2, To present, wherever it can be done, each process object-
ively, so that the truth under discussion is exhibited to the eye
and thus sharply defined in the mind.
3. To give such a systematic drill on oral and written exer-
cises and review and test questions as will fix permanently in
the mind the principles and processes of numbers with their
applications in practical business.
4. To arrange the pupil’s work in arithmetic in such a man-
ner that he will not fail to acquire such a knowledge of princi-
ples and facts. and to receive such mental discipline, as will fit
him properly for the study of the higher mathematics,
The intelligent and experienced teacher can readily deter-
mine by an examination of the work how well the author has
succeeded in accomplishing his aim.
 PREFACE.

Attention is also invited to the Properties of Numbers, Great-

est Common Divisor, Fractions, Decimals, Compound Num-
bers, Business Arithmetic, Ratio and Proportion, Alligation,
and Square and Cube Root, with the belief that the treatment
will be found new and an improvement upon former methods.
The author acknowledges with pleasure his indebtedness to
Prof. D. H. MacVicar, LL.D., Montreal, for valuable aid
rendered in the preparation of the work, and to CHARLEs D.
McLean, A. M., Principal of the State Normal and Training
School, at Brockport, N. Y., for valuable suggestions on
several subjects.

M. MacVICAR.
Potspam, September, 1877.
 =o— —
=

CONTENTS)
é a) Ce ; }

i Pace Pacer
NoTaTION AND NUMERATION. 1 REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS 187
RoMANn NOTATION........--> 11 DECIMAL FRACTIONS......... 139
REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS 12 NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 140
SADD ELTON ooo rac) oieojele'oloyeieiers's 13 REDUCTION «cies.,cecuiesinncon 145
UNITED StatEs MONEY..... 22 ADDITION clcles sag tioieteten -.- 158
REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS SUBTRACTION: jictpeyetn eerste seis
24 154
SUBTRACTION .......--2-+00 25
MULTIPLICATION.......0+. ee. 155
REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS 34 DEVASIONG icioecctecnatos caine verstoeie 157
MULTIPLICATION. . ses 385 _ REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS 163
REVIEW AND TEST Gores 49 DENOMINATE NUMBERS...... 165
PDEVARIONG socsictecet
are sions eee 51 UNITS OF WEIGHT........... 166
DIVISION BY FACTORS....... 66 COMPARATIVE UNITS OF
REVIEW AND TEsT QuESTIONS 71 SVVSEGAL cpaie,oversees) setetaete 167
PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.... ‘77 UNITS OF LENGTH........... 179
Exact DIvIsion..... . dverarstelie 78 UNITS OF SURFACE.......... 181
PRIME NUMBERS...... Mec cave 81 UNITS OF VOLUME........... 184
FACTORING. 2.526. ---cccesece 83 UNITS OF CAPACITY.......... 191
CANCELLATION .....-.ee0e00% 85 COMPARATIVE UNITS OF
GREATEST CoMMON DivisoR.. 88 OAPAOULYO Ev cctaesn sche dys os 193
LEAST CoMMON MULTIPLE... 96 UNITS OF TIME... ...0...-00% 194
REVIEW AND TEST QuEsTIons 100 UNITS OF MONEY......--e06 - 19
FRACTIONS. ....000--eeeeceees 101 METRIC SYSTEM...........-. 199
IREDUCTION: ocicsreocsieceics sce 104 DECIMAL RELATED Units.... 199
ADDITION...... SOR ApS SAE 113 Com. TABLE OF DECIMAL UNITS 202
SUBTRACTION.......- Bereleneinies 116 DUODECIMALS.....-sces2+ cece 203
“MULTIPLICATION.......+..-+- 118 LONGITUDE AND TIME....... 204
©<00 Arce Pn) REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS
DLVISION 6 cere occs. 206
CoMPLEX FRACTIONS......... 280 Business ARITHMETIC.....-. 207
vi CONTENTS.
. Page Paca
ALIQUOT PARTS ,.....2.-.8++ 210 EUXOHANGEH): 3.«vise qcieie storetetrera 269
BUSINESS PROBLEMS......... 213 DoMESTIC EXCHANGE........ 270
APPLICATIONS..... Narsemavis, close 228 FOREIGN EXCHANGE......... 274
PROFIT AND LOSS....... sopmeeee EQUATION OF PAYMENTS..... 279
COMMISSION. .6... elas «con ei cok REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS 288
INSURANCE........ Sue Peet 233 RATIO oo ec Mara Worsieiste. where iste 289
STOCKS ciceeertometes« a Spi HeOD | PROPORTION ..... Se ot Saoono 297
STVASGEIS (oil asallocers
cstotay BiscGicic 239 SIMPLE PROPORTION......... 298
DUTIES OR CUSTOMS.......... 241 COMPOUND PROPORTION...... 802
REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS 242 IPARUNEIRSHIEP’ .ic/s'sratniesioeieerele 305
TINDER ESD OU Sas eu sale Relerecteicts 248, ALLIGATION MEDIAL......... 309
METHOD BY ALIQUOT PARTS.. 245 ALLIGATION ALTERNATE..... 310
METHOD bY Srx PER CENT... 247 INMOLUTION. oc ecetienceeineeos 315
METHOD BY DECIMALS....... 249 HVOUUTIONS i s.ciee nome cece Ay Wr
Exact INTEREST,........ ..- 250 PROGRESSIONS. .......-00+-2+ 333
COMPOUND INTEREST ........ 255 ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION. 388
INTEREST “"TABLES..... ...- . 257 GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION.. 386
ANNUAL INTEREST..........- 259 ANNUIPIES: .(22 save ceieaeeeee 338
PARTIAL PAYMENTS........-- 260 MENSURATION,..... Ae naoicin® 841
DISCOUNT SS! fone. selcciiaemete 264 ANSWERS. ........- « sialeielelea OOO!
BANK DISCOUNT. .....eess0- 2661
 [NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
yr
Y Ae es oY

NUMBFRS FROM 1 TO 1000.

Art. 1. Numbers are expressed by means of ten figures,

rows OF QDE4SOVEY
Names, Naught, One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Hight, Nine. »

Observe regarding the ten figures:

1. The naught is also called cipher or zero, and when written
alone stands for no number.
2. The other nine figures are called digits or significant
Jigures, and each stands for the number written under it.
3. Any number of objects not greater than nine is expressed
by one figure.
Thus, 2 boys, 5 girls, 7 pens, 9 desks, 4 windows.
 2 NOTATION AND NUMERATION.
‘
2. Prop. l1—Numbers from nine upwards are represented
~ by means of the nine digits and the cipher, by regarding objects
as arranged in groups of different orders thus,
1. We regard one more than nine objects as a group which
we call Ten, and represent by 7 and O thus,
9 and 1= 1 ten, written 10.

Observe, that any digit written,as the 7 is in 70, in the

second place from the right, represents the namber of tens.
Hence 20 means 2 tens, 30 means 3 tens, and so on.
2. We regard 10 tens as a group of a higher order, which
we call Hundred and represent thus, 700.
Observe, that any digit written, as the 7 isin 700, in the
third place from the right, represents the nwmber of hundreds.
Hence 200 means 2 hundred, 300 means 3 hundred, and
so on.
3, Higher Orders of groups are formed in the same manner
as Tens and Hundreds, by regarding ten of any order as one of
the next higher. The number is also represented by writing
each new order one place farther from the right.
Thus Zen hundred make 1 Thousand, and the number is
written 1000. Hence 2000 means 2 thousand, 3000
means 3 thousand, and go on.
4. Observe, the position which a figure occupies determines
the name of the order whose number it expresses.
Thus, in 372, the 9 stands for the number of Unéts, or
single things; the 7 for the number of Tens, or groups of
ten single things, and the 3 stands for the number of Hun-
dreds, or groups of ten tens.
5. Observe, also, that when one or more orders are wanting
in a number, their places are filled by ciphers. Thus, 5 hun-
dred 7 is expressed 507; 8 hundred 3 tens is expressed 830.
 EXAMPLES. 3

a Laws of Notation and Numeration.

3. 1. A figure standing alone, or at the right of one or

more figures, expresses the number of Units or single things.
2. A figure in the second place from the right expresses the
number of Tens or groups of ten single things.
3. A figure in the third place from the right expresses the
number of Hundreds or groups of ten tens.
4. The cipher is used to locate significant figures in their
proper positions.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

_ 4. Express in figures the following:

1. Hight; five ;seven; four; nine; nine and one.
2. Three tens; nine tens; six tens; two tens; 8 tens;
nine tens and one aay -
3. Six hundred ; four Bandreds 3 hundred ; 9 hundred.
4. Ten and fen: ten and nine; ten and seven; 2 tens
and three; 5 tens iid: 2.
5. Wine tens and seven; 8 tens and 4; 6 tens and 9;
3 tens and 7; 9 tens and 7.
G6. Five tens and nine; 9 tens and 3; 4 tens and 8; 7 tens
and 3; 9 tens and 9.
ie Nic tens and one; one hundred two pee one hundred
nine; four hundred seven.
8. Two hundred seven tens and two; 5 hundred 9 tens
and 1; 8 hundred 3.
9. Seven hundred 4; 9 hundred 6; 4 hundred eight tens.
{0. 4 hundred ten; 8 hundred one; 3 hundred 2.
11. 9 hundred 9 tens; 9 hundred 9; 9 hundred 9 tens and 9.
12. How many ¢ens, and how many units are 39?
13. How many hundreds, and how many fens are 750?
14. How many hundreds, and how many. units are 408?
15. How many hundreds, tens, and units are 396?
4 NOTATION AND NUMERATION.

5. Prop. Il.—The names of numbers are formed by combin-

ing the names of the figures used to express the numbers with the
names of the orders of groups represented.
1. 77 is ten and one, read Hleven. 12 is ten and two,
read Twelve. These two numbers are the only exceptions
to the proposition.
2. The names of numbers from twelve to two tens are formed
by changing ten into teen, and prefixing the name of the
digit which expresses how many the number is greater than
ten. The name of the digit, when necessary to combine
properly with ¢een, is changed, thus:
13 is three and ten, or Thir-teen; three changed to thir.
14 is four and ten, or Four-teen.
15 is five and ten, or Pif-teen ; five changed to jif.
7G is six and ten, or Sta-teen.
17 is seven and ten, or Seven-teen.
HS is cight and ten, or High-teen ; eight changed to eigh.
19 is nine and ten, or Nine-teen.
3. The name of any number of tens from one ten to ten tens
is formed by changing the word ¢ens to ty and prefixing the
name of the digit. which expresses the required number of
tens, making the necessary changes in the name of the digits
to combine properly with ¢y. thus:
20 is two tens, or Twen-ty; two changed to twen.
30 is three tens, or Thir-ty ; three changed to thir.
40 is four tens, or For-ty ; four changed to for.
50 is five tens, or Pif-ty ; five changed to fif.
6O is six tens, or Sia-ty.
70 is seven tens, or Seven-ty.
80 is eight tens, or High-ty ; eight is changed to eigh.
90 is nine tens, or Nine-ty.
 EXAMPLES. i)

4, Tens, and ones or units, when written together, are read

by uniting the two names in one, thus:
#1 is two tens and one, read Twenty-one,
od is three tens and five, read Thirty-five.
5. Hundreds are read by naming the digit that expresses
them. ‘Thus, 400 is read Four hundred.
6. Hundreds, tens, and units, when written together, are
read by uniting the three names. Thus, 683 is read Siz hun-
dred eighty-three.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

6. Read the following numbers:

Been 11D. £9.01? Tee cd4* Wd. oto.. 80. «16,
2. 30. 70. 40. 80. 60. 90. 24.54. 84 93. 99.
8. 500. 200. 700. 410. 820. 390. 605. 903. 509.
4, 783. 625. 936. 473. 897. 369. 704. 990.
Drcooe pill. “(os 9092 990; 9990S T7222.
Name the orders in the following numbers commencing at
the right. Thus, 839 is 9 units, 3 tens, and 8 hundreds.
6. 493. 765. 892. 375. 906. 580. 734. 983. 306.
4%. 572. 409. 603. 942. 300. 850. 903. 872.
Read and analyze the following, thus:
8. 87 horses. ANALysts.—Thirty-seven horses may be regarded
as 8 groups of ten horses and 7 single horses, or as 37 single horses.
9. 542 trees. ANatysis.—Five hundred forty-two trees may be
regarded as 5 groups of one hundred trees each, 4 groups of ten trees
each, and 2 single trees; or it may be regarded as 54 groups of ten trees
each and 2 single trees ; or as 542 single trees.
10. 67 tops. 46 rings. 14 boys. 17% men. 75 sheep.
11. 127 tables. 108 beds. 205 chairs. 511 stoves.
12. 696 beetles. 478 bees. 930 flies.
13. 444 robins. 309 hawks. 875 blackbirds.
14. 196 lambs. 480 goats. 555 cows. 909 foxes.
15. 303. 940. 508. 490. 736. 893. 999.
6 NOTATION AND NUMERATION.

READING LARGE NUMBERS.

%. Prop. I].—The names of the orders in large numbers
are formed by giving a new name to the order in every third
place counting FROM the UNITS.
1. We indicate the ordersto which new names are applied
by inserting a comma at the left of every third figure,
counting from the right.
The commas are inserted and the names applied; thus,

illions. llions housands.

rT 7
§ & Millions. S Units,

%3,069,294,780,569
—_—n ey iy ai eei eea

5th Period. 4th Period. 8d Period. 2d Period. ist Period.

2. The commas separate the number into sets of three

figures. Each set is called a Period.
3. The right-hand order in each period has a new name, as
shown in the illustration. The figure in this place expresses
ones of the given name.
4, The second figure in each period expresses tens, and the
third hundreds, of whatever the first order is called.
For example, the figures in the third period of the above
number are 294, and the right-hand order is called millions;
hence the period is read, two hundred ninty-four millions.
5. The figures in each period are read in the same manner
as they would be if there were but one period in the number.
Thus, in the above number, the fifth period is read, seventy-
three trillions, the fourth is read, sixty-nine billions. There
being no hundreds expressed in the fourth period nothing is
said about hundreds. ach succeeding period is read in the
same manner.
 EXAMPLES. i

6. A large number can be read as easily as a number of

three places, when the following names of the first order on
the right of the successive periods are fixed in the memory :
PERIODS. NAMES. PERIODS. NAMES.
1st. Units. %th. Quintillions.
2d. Thousands. 8th. Sextillions.
3d. Millions. 9th. Septillions.
Ath. Billions. 10th. Octillions.
5th. Trillions. 11th. Nonillions.
6th. Quadrillions.} 12th. Decillions.

From these illustrations, we obtain for reading numbers

the following
Rurs—ZL. Begin at the right and separate the num-
ber, by inserting commas, into periods of three figures
each.
IT. Begin at the left and read the hundreds, tens,
and ones of each period, giving the name of the ones
in each case except in the last period.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

8. Point off and read the following numbers:

. 807. 560. 293. 1348. 4592. 8347. 6241.
. 84385. 93761. 352634. 893625. 38297634.
. 1001. 4032. 9306. 8400. 3080. 5906. 3103.
. 85000. 34006. 59040. 80307. 306205. 340042.
. 807009. 85004. 230060. 903560. 100001.
. 8060. 50040. 3040006. 2406007. 5030062.
. 9000000. 40006003. 60304090. 200006000. 3800000804.
. 800800800800. 8005006004. 407000060060.
. 806042. 35064. 9003005. 100100100101.
. 8000050030. 8300400706005. 9000100130004.
He . 97304206590784059084.
wwrH
rh
Foe
Onan 3000700000597034006276.
8 NOTATION AND NUMERATION.

WRITING LARGE NUMBERS.

9. Prop. 1V.—Numbers are written one period at a time
and in the order in which the pertods are read.
Observe regarding this proposition:
1. Each period in a number except the one at the left
must contain three figures. Hence the places for which
significant figures are not given must be filled with ciphers.
Thus, three hundred seven million, four thousand, eighty-
two, is written 307,004,082. Observe in this number a
significant figure is given only for the hundreds and ones in
the million’s period, hence the ¢en’s place is filled with a cipher.
For a like reason the ten’s and hundred’s place in the
thousand’s period and the hundred’s place in the unit’s period
are filled with ciphers.
2. When a number is read, a period in which all the orders
are wanting is not named. Care must therefore be taken to
notice such periods and fill their places in each case with
three ciphers.
For example, in the number seven million three hundred
four, the thousands period is not named, but when the num-
ber is expressed in figures its place is filled with three ciphers;
thus, 7,000,304.
Rute—Begin at the left and write the figures
expressing the hundreds, tens, and ones of each
period in their proper order, filling with ciphers ail
periods or places where no significant figures are
Siven.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
10. Express in figures the following numbers:
1. Two hundred seven. Four hundred fifty. Seven hun-
dred ninety. Three hundred eighty-seven.
2. Three thousand nine. Hight thousand sixty.
 DEFINITIONS. 9

3. Eleven hundred. Twenty-five hundred.

4. Ten tens. One hundred tens. Ten tens and three.
One hundred tens and fifteen. Hight hundred six tens.
5. Ten thousand. Ten thousand nine. Twenty thousand.
Twenty thousand fifty-three.
6. Eleven thousand eleven. One million one.
7. Eighty million eighty thousand eighty.
8. Two thousand three hundred five million.
9. Hight hundred sixty-two tens. Five hundred seven
tens. Two thousand sixty-three tens.
10. Forty two thousand million. Seven thousand and six
million. Forty-four billion seven.
11. 87 million 1 thousand 2. 907 trillion 4 million 6.
12. 11 billion 108 thousand 39. 1 trillion 1 million 1.

DEFINITIONS.
41. A Unit is a single thing, or group of single things,
regarded as one; as, one ox, one yard, one ten, one hundred.
12. Units are of two kinds — Mathematical and
Common. <A mathematical unit is a single thing which has
a fixed value ; as, one yard, one quart, one hour, one ten. A
common unit is a single thing which has no fixed value; as,
one house, one tree, one garden, one farm.
13. A Number is a unit, or collection of units; as, one
man, three houses, four, six hundred.
Observe, the number is “the how many” and is represented
by whatever answers the question, How many? Thus in the
expression seven yards, seven represents the number.
14. The Unit of a Number is one of the things
numbered. Thus, the unit of eight bushels is one bushel, of
five boys is one boy, of nine is one.
15. A Concrete Number is a number which is
applied to objects that are named; as four chazrs, ten bells.
10 NOTATION AND NUMERATION.

16. An Abstract Number is a number which is not

applied to any named objects ; as mine, five, thirteen.
1%. Like Numbers are such as have the same unit.
Thus, four windows and eleven windows are like numbers,
eight and ten, three hundred and seven hundred.
18. Unlike Nwmbers are such as have different units.
Thus, twelve yards and five days are > unlike numbers, also six
cents and nine miznewtes.
19. Figures are characters used to express numbers.
20. The Valwe of a figure is the number which it
represents.
21. The Simple or Absolute Value of a figure is
the number it represents when standing alone, as 8.
22. The Local or Representative Value of a figure
is the number it represents in consequence of the place it
occupies. Thus, in 66 the 6 in the second place from the
right represents a number ten times as great as the 6 in the
first place.
23. Notation is the method of writing numbers by
means of figures or letters.
24. Numeration is the method of reading numbers
which are expressed by figures or letters.
25. A Scale in Arithmetic is a succession of mathe-
matical units which increase or decrease in value according to
a fixed order.
26. A Decimal Seale is one in which the fixed order
of increase or decrease is uniformly ten.
This is the scale used in expressing numbers by figures.
2%. Arithmetic is the Science of Numbers and the Art !
of Computation.
 ROUAN NOTATION. 11

ROMAN NOTATION.
28. Characters Used.—The Roman Notation expresses
numbers by seven letters and a dash.
Letters.—I, V, X, L, C, D, M.
Values.—one, Five, Ten, Fifty, wine.ed, EL Am See d

29. Laws of Roman Notation.

letters and the dash are used in accordance with the following
laws:
1. Repeating a letter repeats its value.
Thus, I denotes one; II, two; III, three; X, ten; XX,
two tens, or twenty.
2. When a letter is placed at the left of one of greater value,
the difference of their values is the number expressed.
Thus, IV denotes four; IX, nine; XL, forty.
3. When a letter is placed at the right of one of greater value,
the sum of their values 18 the number expressed.
Thus, VI denotes six; XI, eleven; LX, sixty.
4. A dash placed over a letter multiplies its value by one
thousand. We
Thus,X denotes ten thousand ; IV, four thousand; V, five
thousand.
EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.

30. Express the following numbers by Roman Notation:

1.Two. | 5. Eight. 9. Nineteen. 13. Thirty-seven.
2. Five. | 6. Ten. 10. Fourteen. 14. Thirty-nine.
3. Three. | 7. Thirteen. | 11. Twenty. 15. Forty-six.
4. Four. | 8. Seventeen.! 12. Seventy-four. | 16. Forty-four.
17. One hundred twenty-seven. Hight hundred four.
18. One hundred forty-nine. Ninety-five.
19. One thousand. Five thousand. Fifty thousand. im %
12 NOTATION AND, NUMERATION.
\

20. Ten thousand. One hundred thousand. Five hundred

thousand. Ninety thousand.
21. 1800. 1875. 8065. 7939. 1854. 20365. 85342.
22. Read the following: MIX; MDLXIV; X; D; MM; a
asa

MD; DVII; MDCCCLXXVI; ML; DLX.

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

31. Study carefully and answer each of the following

questions:
1. Define a scale. A decimal scale.
2. How many figures are required to express numbers in the
decimal scale, and why?
3. Explain the use of the cipher, and illustrate by examples.
4, State reasons why a scale is necessary in expressing
numbers.
5. Explain the use of each of the three elements—/figures,
place, and comma—in expressing numbers.
6. What is meant by the simple or absolute value of figures?
What by the local or representative value?
7. How is the local value of a figure affected by changing it
from the first to the third place in a number?
8. How by changing a figure from the second to the fourth?
From the fourth to the ninth?
9. Explain how the names of numbers from twelve to twenty
are formed. From twenty to nine hundred ninety.
10. What is meant by a period of figures?
11. Explain Bom, the name for each order in any period ig
formed.
12. State the name of the right-hand order in each of the
first six periods, commencing with units.
13. State the two things mentioned in (9) which must be
observed when writing large numbers.
14. Give a rule for HES numbers; also for writing
numbers.
 ae e
“oes (ADDITION };

PREPARATORY STEPS,

32. Strep I.—To find how many any two groups of objects,
-each less than ten, will make when united in one group.
1. This must be done in the first place by counting, that is,
by putting one group with the other one at a time.
Thus, to find how many 9 oranges and 7 oranges will make
when united in one lot, we put one of the 7 oranges with the
9, and know at once that there are 10 oranges together; we
then put another of the 7 oranges with the 10, and know that
there are 11 oranges together, and so on, until the 7 oranges
are put with the 9, making 16 oranges.
2. The Addition Table consists of the sums of the
numbers from 1 to 9 inclusive, taken two at a time. These
sums must at first be found by counting; but when found,
they should be fixed in the memory so that they can be given
at sight of the figures.

EXERCISES,

Find by counting the sum of.

1. 4 books and 5 books; 6 balls and 3 balls; 8 boys and
4 boys; 7 pencils and 3 pencils.
2. 9 marks and 6 marks; 5 apples and 7 apples; 3 desks
and 5 desks; 4 windows and 6 windows.
_ Use objects, and find by counting the sum of
3. Yand3; 9 and4; 6 and8; 5 and 5; 9 and8; 6 and %.
2 4.9 and 7; 8 and 8; 7 and 7; 9 and 9; 4 and 9,
\
\
14 ADDITION.

833. Srep IIl.—7o memorize the Addition Table.

This is done readily by pursuing the following course:
1. Write on your slate in irregular order the nine digits, e
e
ee

with 1 under each figure, thus:

3° 6 Pee 5
lL IN,
© z Oo
[Ky
Commence at the left and write the sum under each set
just as rapidly as possible. When you have them all written,
erase them, and write them again and again, until you can do
it just as quickly as you can make the figures.
2. Write 2 under each figure, thus:

Gm eee
Be Met Se ANY Pas SS
Practice in writing the sums in the same manner as you
did with 1. Be particular not to use your fingers or other
objects with which to count. Think the sums out in your
mind without whispering or moving your lips.
When you can write the sums with 2, at sight of the figures,
then take 3 and practice in the same way, then 4, then 5, and
so on up to 9.
3. When you have practiced in this way on each table by
itself, then write on your slate sets of numbers, mixing the
tables together, thus:

Ne 5
TOS
GRO eee us jos ~@
Oo
|
Write several sets in this form, leaving room for answers.
Practice as before in writing the sums until you can do it at
sight of the figures,
 USH OF ADDITION TABLE. 15

4. Practice on giving the sums orally at sight of the figures.

Thus, write on your slate sets of numbers as in the ¢hird
exercise, and pronounce inaudibly the sums instead of writing
them.
5. To practice in giving the sums orally when out of school ;
write sets of numbers as in third exercise, and get some one to
pronounce rapidly and repeatedly the pairs of numbers while
you pronounce simply the sums.
Thus, the person pronouncing the numbers says eight,
seven ; you answer at once fifteen.
34. Step II]—7o find the sum of two or more numbers,
each expressed by one figure, by using the Addition Table.
1. Find the sum of 7, 9, and 8.
SoLturrion.—(1) We know at once from the memorized results of the
addition table, that the sum of 7 and 9 is 16 or 1 ten and 6 units.
(2) We add the 8 units to the 6 units of the last result and know in
the same manner that the sum of the 8 and 6 is 14, or 1 fen and 4 units.
Uniting this ten with the ten found by adding the 7 and 9, we have 2 tens
and 4 units, or 24. Hence the sum of 7, 9, and 8 is 24.
2. The process in finding the sum of any column of figures
consists in noting the tens which the column makes.
_ Thus, suppose the figures in acolumn to be 9, 6, 8, 5, and 7.
Commencing with 9 we note that 9 and 6 make 1 ¢en and 5.
We add the 8 to the 5 and we have another ¢en and 3, making
2 tens and 8. We add the 5 to the 38, making 2 tens and 8.
We now add the 7 to the 8 and we have another ¢en and 5,
making in all 3 ¢ens and 5 units, or 35.
3. Be careful to observe that in practice each new number
is added to the excess of the tens mentally, and nothing
named but results.
For example, in finding the sum of a column consisting
of the figures 5, 8, 6, 9, 7 and 8, commencing with 5 the
results should be named, thus, five, thirteen, nineteen, twenty-
eight, thirty-five, forty-three.
16 ADDITION.

4, The numbers to be added are called Addends. The result

found is called the Sum or Amount, and the process of finding
the sum is called Addition. The Sign +, read plus, placed
between numbers; thus, 8 + 5 + 9, shows that these numbers
are to be added. The sign =, read equals, denotes that what
is written before it is equal to what is written after it ; thus,
5 + 9 = 14, is read 5 plus 9 equals 14.
5. To become expert and accurate in adding, you must
practice on columns first of ¢hree figures, then fowr, then tive,
until you can give the sums of such columns at sight. You
must also at the same time apply this. practice on long
columns, so as to acquire the habit of holding the ¢ens in your
mind while you perform the addition.
Examples for this practice can be copied from the following
table: :

ARITHMETICAL DRILL TABLE NO. 1.

Ay -B. i@ik (Dy Re ae
BED ONS SO ae
Be he OS a en eee
B.D a Oe) GO ied 8 Oey ee
Bish BR Be PE AGOGO Oe tere
BE Of OS 6 0 Ge
6.5.6 8 6 OEE Be eee ee
i868 ft SY eee
lel Ma eee ae RE i A
9 DD DT). Oa ee ae ee
10.7% 9D SD) Te Ba Oe ee
MM See eee
2 9 8-6 8 (9 ee
 ARITHMETICAL TABLE. ay,

35. Copy from this table examples as follows:

1. Commence with column A opposite 1 and copy three
numbers for the first example, then opposite 2 and copy
three numbers for the second example, and so on to the
bottom of the column. The first six examples copied from
column A in this way are

ere GC) 4) LG).

Bb 8
4
6
2. Copy examples with three numbers from each column in
the same way, and practice on finding the sums as directed for
memorizing the addition table.
3. Copy in the same manner examples with four numbers,
jive numbers, and so on up to éen numbers.
Continue to practice in this way until you can add rapidly
and accurately.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

36. Pros. 1.—To find the sum of two or more num-

bers, each containing only one order of units, and all
the same order.
Find the sum of EXPLANATION.—1. The sum of 8, 9, and
(1 ) (2 ) (3.) 6is found by forming groups of ten. Thus,
: : 8 and 9 make 1 ten and 7; 7 and6make 1
6 60 600 ten and 8; hence, 8, 9, and 6 make 2 tens
9 90 900 and 8, or 23.
8 80 800 2. The sum of 8, 9, and 6 is the same
23 930 2300 whether these figures express units, tens
or hundreds, etc. Hence, when their sum is
found, if they express wniés, as in the first example, the sum is wnits; if
they express tens, as in the second example, the sum is tens; if hun-
dreds, hundreds, etc.
18 ADDITION.

SIGHT EXERCISES.
Find the sum of
(1.) 80+9 (2.) 20045048 (3.) 90046043
(4.) 800045043 (5.) 360048042 (6) 70064800
(7,) 604.80 (8.) 904-70 (9.) 500+. 900
(10.) 700046000 — (11,) 900045000 (12) 800+. 300
(13) ° (14) (15.) (16.) (1?.) (18.) =
30. 200 9000 10000 900 7000
70 600 5000 80000 600 5000
80 700 7000 70000 800 9000
-

(19.) (20.) (21.) (22.) (23.) 24.)

40 900 - 4000 50000 500 6000
20 400 3000 90000 300 3000
50 800 6000 40000 200 8000

o7. PRoB. 2.—To find the sum of any two or more

numbers.

Find the sum of 985, 854, and 698.

(1.) ‘ANALYSIS. (2.)

985 = 9004 804 5° 985
$54 = 8004 60,4 4 seat wean
698 = 600+ 90+ 8 6984
£7 2537 Sum,
220 | 2300 4+ 220417
2300
2537
EXPLANATION.—1, The orders of units in the numbers to be added
are independent of each other, and may be separated as shown in the
analysis.
2. The sum of each order is found by finding the sum of the figures
expressing that order (36).
 EXERCISES FOR PRACTICR. 19

8. The sums of the separate orders may be united into one sum, as
_ shown in the analysis; or,
4. By commencing with the units’ order, the number of tens foakd
can at once be added to the tens’ order; so with the hundreds found by
adding the tens’ order, etc., and thus the sum may be found in one oper-
ation, as shown in (2).

From these illustrations we obtain the following

38. Rute.—TI. Write the numbers to be added in such
amanner that units of the same order will stand in
the same column.
IT. Add each column separately, commencing with
the units.
III, When the sum of any column is expressed by
two or more figures, pluce the right-hand figure under
the column, and add the number expressed by the
remaining figures to the next column.
IV. Write under the last column its entire sum.
Proor—Add the numbers by commencing at the
top of the columns. If the results agree the work is
probably correct.
EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE.

39. Foz practice with abstract numbers, copy from Table

No. 1, page 16, examples as follows:
Three Numbers of Three Places.
1. Use any three consecutive columns as A, B,C. Com-
mence opposite 1 and copy three numbers for the first
example, then opposite 2 and copy three more for the second
example, and so on to the bottom of the table.
The first six examples copied in this way are as follows:
is Ns) OH 1B) 6)
2a4 138 395 55 487 686
138 395 557 487 686 848
395 557 «487 686 848 197
20 ADDITION.

2. Copy in the same manner examples with three numbers

from columns B, 0, D; C,D,E; D,E,F; B,F,G; F,G, H;
Gy H, 1; and-H, 4, J.

Four Numbers of Four Places.

40. 1. Copy as before the numbers from any four eonsec-

utive columns, as C, D, E, F. Commence in each case oppo-
site 1 for the first number of the first example, opposite 2 for
the first number of the second example, and so on to the
bottom of the table.
2. Copy in the same manner examples from 4, B, ©, D;
B,'C,D, BD, EB, F, G} B, F, G) 3B, GH,25 anda, Bie.

Numbers of Five Places.

41. Continue the practice by copying numbers of five
places, as already directed. Commence with examples of five
numbers, then six, then seven, and so on.

ORAL EXAMPLES.

42. 1. A farmer sold 50 bushels of wheat to one man, 30

to another, and 20 to another; how many bushels did he sell ?
SouuTIon.—He sold as many bushels as the sum of 50, 30, and 20,
which is 100. Hence he sold 100 bushels.
2. Mr. Weston owns 20 acres of land, Mr. Fuller owns 40,
and Mr. Easty 60; how many acres do they all own?
3. James Monriara sold a cow for $80 and fifteen sheep for
$45; how much did he receive for the cow and sheep ?
4, A lady paid $24 for a shawl, $35 for a dress, and $9 for a
scarf; how much did she pay for all?
5. A boy bought 3 balls and paid 45 cents for each ball.
How much did he pay for the three?
6. J. L. Katon sold a tub of butter for $37, a cheese for $24,
and some beans for $18; how much money did he receive?
 EXAMPLES. a1

%. A tailor sold a coat for $35, a vest for $7, and a hat for
$6; how many dollars did he get for all ?
8. A lady gave $62 for a watch, $42 for a chain, $2 for a
key, and $6 for a case; what did she give for all?

WRITTEN EXAMPLES,

43. 1. A store-keeper paid $375 for coffee, $280 for tea, $564.
for sugar, $108 for dried apples, and $198 for spices; what was
the amount of the purchases ? Ans. $1525.
2. A newsboy sold 244 papers in January, 301 in February,
278 in March, and 390 in April; how many papers did he sell
in the four months ? Ans. 1213.
3. In a city containing 4 wards, there are 340 voters in the
first ward, 523 1n the second, 311 in the third, and 425 in the
fourth ;how many voters in the city?
4. Simon Esty has a house worth $850, and five more each
worth $975 ; what is the value of the six?
5. What is the distance from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to
Lake Michigan, passing up the River St. Lawrence 750 miles,
Lake Ontario 180 miles, Niagara River 34 miles, Lake Erie
250 miles, Detroit River 23 miles, Lake and River St. Clair
45 miles, and Lake Huron 260 miles ? Ans. 1542 miles.
6. In 1870 the population of Albany was 69452, Utica
28798, Syracuse 43081, Rochester 63424, Buffalo 117778;
what was the united population of these cities?
7. Aman bought a house for $3420 ; he paid $320 to have
it painted, and $40 to have it shingled; for what amount
must he sell it in order to gain $250? . Ans. $4030.
8. A grain dealer paid $1420 for a lot of flour, and $680
for a lot of meal; he gained $342 on the flour and $175 on
the meal; how andi did he receive for both lots ?
@. Bedgtt a horse for $275 and a carriage for $342; sold
the horse at an advance of $113 and the carriage at an advance
of $65; how much did I get for both ? Ans. $795.
22 ADDITION.

10. Bought 3 house-lots; the first cost $325, the second $15
more than the first, and the third as much as both the others;
what was the cost of the whole? Ans. $1830.

UNITED STATES MONEY.

44. The sign § stands for the word dollars. Thus, $13
‘is read 13 dollars. |
- 45. The letters cé#. stand for cents. Thus, 5% ct. is read
fifty-seven cents.
46. When dollars and cents are written together, the cents
are separated from the dollars by a (.). Thus, $42 and 58 ct.
are written $42.58.
4°. When the number of cents is less than 10, a cipher
must occupy the first place at the right of the period. Thus,
$8 and 4 ct. are written $8.04.
48. In arranging the numbers for adding, dollars must be
placed under dollars and cents under cents, in such a manner
that the periods in the numbers stand over each other, thus :
(1.) (2.) (3.)
$376.84 $3497.03 $53.70 ;
43.09 69.50 786. ‘
706.40 240.84 9.08 Bri

WRITTEN EXAMPLES.

49, Read, arrange, and add the following:

1. $93.48 + $406.30 + $8.07 + $5709.80.
2. $4.75 + $3083.09 + $72.50 + $9.32 + $384.
3. $500 + $93.05 + $364.80 + $47.09.
Express in figures the following:
4, Seventy-five dollars and thirty-eight cents.
5. Nine hundred six dollars and seventy-five cents.
6. Three hundred twelve dollars and nine cents.
7. Eighty-four cents ; seven cents ; three cents,
 DEFINITIONS. 23°

8. Find the sum of $305.08, $6.54, and $296.03.

9, A farmer sold a quantity of wheat for $97.75, of barley
for $42.06, of oats for $39.50. How much did he receive for:
the whole ? Ans. $179.31.
10. Bought a house for $4368.90, furniture for $790.07, car-
peting $280.60, and made repairs on the house amounting to
$307.05. How much did the whole cost? Ans. $5746.62.
11. A man bought a horse for $342.50, a carriage for $185.90,
and sold ther so as to gain on both $85.50. How much were
they sold for? Ans. $6138.90.
12. A furniture dealer sold a bedroom set for $135.86, a
bookcase for $75.09, and 3 rocking-chairs for $5.75 each. How
much did he receive for the whole ? Ans. $228.20.
13. A man is in debt to one man $873.60, to another
$500.50, to. another $75.08, to another $302.04; how much
does he owe in all ? Ans. $1742.22.
14. James Williams bought a saw-mill for $8394.75, and
sold it so as to gain $590.85; for how much did he sell it?
15. A lady after paying $23.85 for a shawl. $25.50 for a
- dress, $2.40 for gloves, and $4.08 for ribbon, . nds she has
_ $14.28 left ; how much had she at first? Aus. $70.11.
Oe5
eSaA
DEFINITIONS.
50. Addition is the process of uniting two or more
numbers into one number. .
51. Addends are the numbers added.
52. The Sum or Amount is the number found by
addition. —
53. The Process of Addition consists in forming
units of the same order into groups of ten, so as to express
their amount in terms of a higher order.
54. The Sign of Addition is +, and is read plus.
When placed between two or more numbers ; thus, 8 +346
+ 2+ 9, it means that they are to be added.
24 ADDITION.

55. The Sign of Equality isi =, and is read equals, or

equal to; thus, 9+4=—18 is read, nine plus four equals
thirteen.
56. PrincipLes.—JI. Only numbers of the same denom-
ination and units of the same order can be added.
II. The sum is of the same denomination as the
addends.
III. The whole is equal to the sum of all the parts.

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

5%, 1. Define Addition, Addends, and Sum or Amount.
2. Name each step in the process of Addition.
3. Why place the numbers, preparatory to adeany, units
under units, tens under tens, &c. ?
4, Why commence adding with the units’ cons
5. What objections to adding the columns in an irregular
order? Illustrate by an example.
6. Construct, and explain the use of the addition table.
7%. How many combinations in the table, and how found ?
8. Explain carrying in addition. What objection to the use
of the word ?
9. Define counting and illustrate by an example.
10. Write five examples illustrating the general problem of
addition, “Given all the parts to find the whole.”
11. State the difference betweea the addition of objects and
the addition of numbers.
12. Show how addition is performed by using the addition
table.
13. What is meant by the denomination of a number ?
What by units of the same order ?
14. Show by analysis that in adding numbers of two or
more places, the orders are treated as independent of each other.
 SUBTRACTION
=

PREPARATORY STEPS.

58. Strep 1.—7o find the difference between two numbers

when the smaller is expressed by one figure and the larger does
not exceed the smaller by 10.
1. The difference between two numbers is the amount that
one number is greater than the other. Thus, 7 is 2 greater
than 5 ;_hence 2 is the difference beuween 7 and 5.
2. The greater number is called the Minuend, the smaller
the Subtrahend, and the process of finding the difference is
called Subtraction.
3. Subtraction is an application of the Addition Table.
From our knowledge of the parts that make up the numbers
in the table, we can tell at once, if a number and one of its
paris are given, what the other part is.
Thus, we know that 9 and 6 are equal to 15; hence if 15 be
given and the part 9, we can name 6 at onceas the other part,
or difference between 15 and 9.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.

59. 1. Arrange on your slate in irregular order the numbers

from 1 to 10, and write 1 under each number, thus:

PAS 298 He 8-106 9

ae ee Pr a 2
26 SUBTRACTION,

Practice writing and pronouncing the differences between

these pairs of numbers in the same manner as you did in
addition. See (33).
Arrange on your slate in the same way and practice upon
each of the following:
Numbers from 2 to 11 with 2 written under.
Numbers from 3 to 12 with 3 written under.
Numbers from 4 to 13 with 4 written under.
Numbers from 5 to 14 with 5 written under.
Numbers from 6 to 15 with 6 written under.
Numbers from 7 to 16 with 7 written under.
Numbers from 8 to 17 with 8 written under.
hr
So
ies
RSM
ed
EP Numbers trom 9 to 18 with 9 written under.

60. Strep 2.—To find the difference between two numbers

when the smaller number is expressed by one figure and the
greater by two, the units figure of which is less than the
smaller number
Observe carefully the following:
1. Numbers of two figures above 20 can at sight be made
into two parts one of which contains 1 ten and the units.
Thus, 74 = 60 + 14; 90 = 804+ 10.
2. To subtract, for example, 9 from 85, we regard the
85 as 70 and 15,and take the 9 from’ the 15. We know
at sight that 6 is the difference between 15 and 9. Uniting
this 6 to 70 we have %6, the difference between 85 and 9.
3. Find the difference between 73 and 6, 82 and 5, 94 and 9,
and explain the process as illustrated in 1 and 2.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.

G1. 1. Write on your slate every number from 20 to 99, and

make each into two parts one of which will contain 1 ¢en and
the writs.
 EXAMPLES. 27

%. Write on your slate in irregular order all the numbers

from 20 to 30, with 4 under each number thus,

20 25 21 28 2480 27 22 26 29
ee Fi ey ee
Subtract the 4 from each number and write the difference
under. Erase and repeat the work until you can write the
difference at sight of the numbers.
Practice in the same manner, on subtracting from the
same numbers each number from 1 to 9 inclusive.
3. Write on your slate in the same way numbers from 30
to 40 inclusive; then from 40 to 50; 50 to 60; 60 to 70;
70 to 80; 80 to 90.
Practice on subtracting from each set in order numbers
from 1 to 9 inclusive, as directed for numbers from 20 to 30.
Continue the practice on each set until you can give the
differences at sight.

ORAL EXAMPLES.

62. 1. Frank had 9 apples in his basket, but he ate 2 and

gave away 3 more; how many were left? |
SOLUTION. —He had as many left as the difference between 9 and the
sum of 2 and 3, which difference is 4. Hence he had 4 apples left.
2. Irving picked 16 cherries, and gave 4 to his sister and 5
to his mother; how many had he left?
3. A man bought some bacon for $6, and enough flour to
make the whole cost $14; what did the flour cost him?
4, A man who had 20 dollars, spent 5 for a hat and 2 for a
pair of rubbers; how many dollars had he left?
5. I bought a saddle for $14 and a bridle for $3, and paid
$9 - how much was left unpaid?
6. A farmer having 40 turkeys sold 3 to one man and 6 to
another ; how many had he left?
 o/
he

28 SUFTRACTION.

Y. William had 42 chickens, but 3 of them died and a hawk

carried away 2 more; how many had he then?
8. A drover bought 21 sheep of one man, 12 of another,
and 7 of another, and then sold 9; how many had he left?
9. I gave a cow and 9 dollars in money for a horse worth
97 dollars; how much did I get for the cow?

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

63. Pros. l—To find the difference between two

numbers, each containing only one order of units and
both the same order.
Find the difference between: § EXPLANATION.—1. The differ-
ence between 9 and 4 is found by
(1.) (2.) (3.) making 9 into two parts, one of
9 90 900. which is 4, the other 5, the differ-
ence.
4 40 400 2. The difference between 9
5 50 500 and 4 is the same, whether these
figures express units, tens, or
hundreds, etc. Hence, when their difference is found, if they express
units, as in the first example, the difference is units; if they express
tens, as in the second example, the difference is tens; if hundreds, hun-
dreds, ete.
SIGHT EXERCISES.
Find the difference between the following numbers:
(1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.)
80 500 900 * = 90 8000
30 300 0 “0 2000
(6.) (7.) (8.) (9.) (10.)
13 130 1300 150 ~. 1500
0 60 600 90 990

(iL), rek(Usye wn185) (14.) (15.)

160 12000 14000 — 11000 17000
80 ==5000 = 9000 3000 8000
 ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS. 29

G64, Pros, Il.—To find the difference between any two

numbers.

Find the difference between 853 and 495.

ANALYSIS.

Minuend, Boo = 700 VO ee 18

Subtrahend, BeOS =e AO Oe 90 + 5
Difference, FOS S300 =e 50 + 8

EXPLANATION.—1. The 5 units cannot be taken from the 8 units;

hence 1 of the 5 tens is added to the 3 units, making 18, as shown in the
analysis, and the 5 units are then taken from 18, leaving 8 units.
2. One ten has been taken from the 5 tens in the minuend, leaving
4tens, The 9 tens of the subtrahend cannot be taken from the 4 tens
that are left. Hence 1 of the 8 hundreds is added to the 4 tens, making
14 tens, or 140, as shown in the analysis. The 9 tensare taken from the
14 tens, leaving 5 tens.
8. One hundred has been taken from the 8 hundreds, leaving 7 hun-
dreds. Hence the difference between 853 and 495 is 358.

From these illustrations we obtain the following

65. Ruite.—I. Write the subtrahend under the min-
uend, placing units of the same order in the same
column.
IT, Begin at the right, and subtract the number of
units of each order of the subtrahend from the num-
ber of units of the corresponding order of the minuend,
and write the result beneath.
III. If the number of wnits of any order of the sub-
trahend is greater than the number of units of the
corresponding order of the minuend, increase the latter
by 10 and subtract; then diminish by 1 the units of
the next higher order of the minuend and proceed as
before.
Proor.—Add the remainder to the subtrahend ; if the
sum is equal to the minuend, the work is probably correct.
30. SUBTRACTION. :

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

66. Copy examples for practice with abstract numbers from

‘Arithmetical Table No. 1, on page 16, as follows:

Examples with Three Figures.

1. Take the numbers from columns A,B, c. For the first
example use the numbers opposite 1 and 23; for the second
those opposite 2 and 3; then 3 and 4, 4 and 5, and so on
to the bottom of the columns. The first six examples are as
follows:
(1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) (6.)
234 395 557 557 686 848
138 138 395 487 487 686

2. Copy examples in the same manner from columns B, ©,

p; then. 0, DES D, 4, ho" BBG. ok Go! 3G. ad sand
H, I, J.
Examples with Four Figures.

6%. For examples with four figures, copy the numbers for
the first set from columns 4, B, C, D; for the second, from
B,-C, D; E;. the third, '\c, D, E, F; the fourth, D,.5,.#,G; the
fifth, EB, %, G, H; the sixth, F, G@, H, 1; and the seventh,
G, H, I, J.
Kxamples with Sia Figures.

68. For examples with six figures copy the numbers from
the columns as follows: first set, A, B, C, D, E, F; second set,
B, C, D, E, F, G3 third set, 0, D, E, F, G, H; fourth set, D, B, F,
G, H, 1; fifth set, BE, F, G, H, I, J.

Let all these examples be worked out of school and between

recitations, and brought to class on paper for the correction
of the answers.
 EXAMPLES. él

WRITTEN EXAMPLES,

69. 1. A man deposited $1680 in a bank and afterwards

drew out $195; how much was left ? Ans. $1485.
2. The independence of the United States was declared in
1776; how long after that event is the year 1876?
3. The population of Utica in 1860 was 22529 and in 1870
it was 28798; what was the increase ? Ans. 6269.
4. The height of Mt. Etna is 10840 feet and that of Mt.
Vesuvius 2948 feet; how many feet higher is Etna than
Vesuvius ? Ans. 6892 feet.
5. The sum of two numbers is 8627, and the smaller num-
ber is 2657 ; what is the greater? Ans. 5940.
6. The number of pupils attending school in Boston in 1870
was 38944, and of these 35442 attended the public schools;
how many in all other schools? Ans. 3502 pupils.
7. A man bought four houses, for which he paid $15960;
for the first he paid $3186, for the second $2783, and for the
third $4789 ; how much did he pay for the fourth?
SoL_uTion.—If the man paid $15960 for the four houses and the sum
of $3186 + $2783 + $4789, which is $10758 for three of them, he must
have paid for the fourth the difference between $15960 and $10758,
which is $5202.
8. A man’s salary is $1200 a year, and he has money at
interest which brings him $225 more; if his expenses are $875,
how much can he save ? Ans. $550.
9. Warren Newhall deposited $362 in the Wakefield Bank
on Monday, $760 on Tuesday, and $882 on Thursday; on
Wednesday he drew out $380, on Friday $350, and on Satur-
day $200; how much remained on deposit at the end of the
week? Ans. $1074.
10. A has $6185, B has $15181, C has $858 less than A
and B together, and D has as much as all the rest ; how much
has D? Ans. $41874.
11. My property is valued at $7096, and I owe a debt of
82 SUBTRACTION.

$600, another of $1247, and another of $429; what am I

worth ? Ans. $4820.
12. A man deposits $1110 in the bank at one time, and
$1264 at another; he then draws out $786 at one time, $654
at another, $689 at another; how much still remained in the
bank ? Ans. $245.
13. A merchant paid $4570 for goods; he sold a part of them
for $3480, and the rest for $2724; how much did he gain by
the transaction ? Ans. $1634.
14. I bought a farm for $4750, and built a house and barn
upon it at a cost of $3475, and then sold the whole for $7090;
how much did I lose? Ans. $1135.
15. A grain-dealer bought 8756 bushels of grain; he then
sold 2368 bushels at one time and 5383 bushels at another;
how many bushels had he left? Ans. 1005 bushels.
16. Find the difference between $527.03 and $264.39.
$527.03 EXPLANATION.—Write the subtrahend under the
264,39 minuend, so that dollars are under dollars and cents
SS = under cents. Subtract as if the numbers were abstract
$262.64 and place a period in the result between the second and
third figures from the right. The figures on the left
of the period express dollars and those on the right cents.
17. I received $352.07, and paid out of this sum to one man
$73.12, to another $112.57; how much haye I left of the
money ? Ans. $166.38.
18. A lady had $23.37, and paid out of this $7.19 for flour,
$3.07 for sugar, $2.05 for butter; how much had she left ?
19. A farmer sold $153 worth of wheat, $54.75 of barley,
and $29.05 of oats. He paid out of the money received to one
man $32.13, to another $109.55; how much had he left?
20. A merchant sold in one day $732.17 of goods. He re-
ceived in cash $459.58 ;how much did he sell on credit ?
21. Three men are to pay a debt of $4809. The first man
pays $1905.38, the second $2001.70 ;nek much has the third
to pay ? Ans. $901.92.
 DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES. 33

DEFINITIONS.
~ 40. Subtraction is the process of finding the difference
between two numbers.
71. The Minuend is the greater of two numbers whose
difference is to be found.
%2. The Subtrahend is the smaller of two numbers
whose difference is to be found.
43. The Difference or Remainder is the result
obtained by subtraction.
%4. The Process of Subtraction consists in com-
paring two numbers, and resolving the greater into two parts,
one of which is equal to the less and the other to the differ-
ence of the numbers.
75. The Sign of Subtraction is —, and is called
minus. When placed between two numbers it indicates that
their difference is to be found; thus, 14 — 6G is read, 14 minus
6, and means that the difference between 14 and 6 is to be
found.
%6. Parentheses (_) denote that the numbers inclosed
between them are to be considered as one number.
9%. A Vinceulum ~~ affects numbers in the same
manner as parentheses. Thus, 19 + (13 — 5), or19 + 13 —5
signifies that the difference between 13 and 5 is to be added
to 19.
78. Principtes.—J. Only like numbers and units of
the same order can be subtracted.
II. The minuend is the sum of the subtrahend and
difference, or the minuend is the whole of which the
subtrahend and difference are the parts.
IIT. An equal increase or decrease of the minuend
and subtrahend does not change the difference.
B+ SUBTRACTION.

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

9. 1. Define the process of subtraction. Illustrate each

step by an example.
2. Explain how subtraction should be performed when an
order in the subtrahend is greater than the corresponding
order inthe minuend. [Illustrate by an example.
3. Indicate the difference between the subtraction of num-
bers and the subtraction of objects.
4, When is the result in subtraction a remainder, and when
a difference ?
5. Show that so far as the process with numbers is con-
cerned the result is always a difference. ;
6. Prepare four original examples under each of the follow-
ing problems and explain the method of solution:
Pros. Il.—Given the whole and one of the parts to find the —
other part.
Pros. I1.— Given the sum of four numbers and three of them
to find the fourth.
% Construct a Subtraction Table.
8. Define counting by subtraction.
9. Show that counting by addition, when we add a number
larger than one, necessarily involves counting by subtraction.
10. What is the difference between the meaning of denomi-
nation and orders of units?
11. State Principle III and illustrate its meaning by an
example.
12. Show that the difference between 63 and 9 is the
same as the difference between (63 + 10) and (9 + 10).
13. Show that 28 can be subtracted from 92, without analyz-
ing the minuend as in (64), by adding 10-to each number.
14. What must be added to each number, to subtract 2'75
from 829 without analyzing the minuend as in (64) ?
15. Whatis meant by borrowing and carrying in subtraction ?
 Ne
(GunrirnicatTON
ee
PREPARAVORY STEPS.
80. Strep I.—To find the sum of 2 times, 3 times, and so
on to 12 times, any number expressed by one figure.
1. The sum of any number of times a given number is
found by addition. Thus, 3 times 9 or three nines equals
94+949= 2%. :
2. The sign x stands forthe word times. Thus, 4 x 5 is
read either 4 times 5 which means 5 + 5 + 5 + 5,or5 times 4
which means 4+4+44444.
3. Be particular to notice that the sum of 2 threes and 3 twos
is the same, and so with 3 fours and 4 threes, 4 fives and
5 fours, and so on.
This may be shown with marks on your slate, thus:
3 fours = A4threes == 12:
f= ] a o os oa | os | o@

= [—] = = L--] = a oa = 125

44+4+44 = 384384343 es
4, The sum of any number of times a given number is
called a Product. Thus,3 times 7? =7+7+7 = 21, hence 21
is the product of 3and7; and 3 and 7 are called Factors of 21.
5. The Multiplication Table consists of the products
of numbers from 2 to 12 inclusive. These products are found
by addition, and then memorized so that they can be given at
sight of their factors.
 36 MULTIPLICATION.

EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE.

81. Copy on your slate and find by addition the product

of each of the following examples, and write it in place of the
question mark.
10 WSC eOnaenE a ais 2 hEig
2. AS (eae Siweo ="? “ESS Chee
oe 3S) ie AGG ==) Sar
4, Gi X ia © DO 2 Se
Susser 8x8=? 6x9=?
6. Find by addition each of the products in the following
_ Multiplication Table.

MULTIPLICATION TABLE.

82. Srep Il.—To memorize the Multiplication Table.

Pursue the following course:
1. Write on your slate m two sets and in irregular order
 MULTIPLICATION TABLE. Bile

2 times 2 are, 3 times 2 are, and so on, up to 12 times 2 are,

thus:
(1.) (2.)
- 2 times 2 are % times 2 are
5 times 2 are 11 tin es 2 are
3 times 2 are 9 times 2 are
8 times 2 are 12 times 2 are
4 times 2 are 6 times 2 are
9 times 2 are 10 times 2 are
2. Find, by ediing, the product of each example and write it
after the word “ are.’
3. Read very carefully the first set several times, then erase
the products and write them again from memory as you read
the example. Continue to erase and write the products in
this way until they are firmly fixed in your memory.
In every case where you feel the least uncertainty about the
correctness of a product, find it again by addition.
4, Practice on the second set in the same way. When you
have its products fixed in your memory, then practice on
writing at once the products of both sets.
To vary the exercises, erase all the products, and give them
orally as you repeat the example mentally; thus, Two times
two are four ; Five times two are ten; three times two are
siz, and so on.
5. Write on your slate aseries of ¢wos, and write under them
in irregular order the numbers from 2 to 12 inclusive; thus,

Bae 2-2 2 2 6 2 12 2 2
ae ge 2 Boe a! 2 Le
Write the product under each example as you repeat. men-
tally the number of twos. Thus, as you say mentally two twos,
write 4 under the first example; as you say, six twos, write
12 under the second example, and so on with each of the other
examples. Erase the products and write them again and
38 MULTIPLICATION.

again, until each product is called up to your mind just as

soon as you look at the two numbers.
6. Pursue the same course in memorizing the products
of 3’s, 4’s, 5’s, 6’s, 7’s, 8’s, and 9’s.

MULTIPLIER ONE FIGURE.

PREPARATORY STEPS.
83. Step I.—Find by using the Multiplication Table the
product of each of the following:
Thus, 5 x 7 = 35, 5 tens_x ‘7 = 35 tens, 500 x 7 = 3500.
Find the product of .
1. 8 x 6; 8 tens x 6; 8 hundred x 63 8000 x 6.
Bees BO <i 900
xX 7.39000 peits
3. 3 x53 30 x 53.300 x 533000
x 5.
4. 7000 x 4; 500 x 9; 8000 x 4; 4000 x 3.
5. 60000 x 6; 900000 x 9; 6000000 x 7%.
84. Srep Il.—The orders in a number are independent of
tach other; hence, to find any number of times a given number,
we multiply each order separately, thus:
To find 6 times 748, we regard the 748 = 700 + 40+ 8.
We know from memorized results that 6 times 8 are 48, that
6 times 40 are 240, and that 6 times 700 are 4200. Having
taken each of the three parts of 748 6 times, the sum of these
products must be 6 times 748. Hence, 48 + 240 + 4200 =
4488 = 6 times 748.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.

Multiply and explain, as shown in Step II, each of the

following:
1. 342 x 2. 5. 834 x 3. 9. 437 x 9.
Ree TERE 3. 6... S27 6.6. 10... 68575 7.
3. 421 x 4. ifs ina BO- Gy 11. 392 x4.
4, 711 x 9. 8. 837 x 8. LA P5956 8.
 ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS. 39

85. The method of finding the swm of two or more times a

given number by using memorized results is called Multipli-
catvon. The number taken is called the Multiplicand, and
the number which denotes how many times the multiplicand
_ is taken is called the Multiplier.

ILLUSTRATION OF FROCESS.

86. Pros. I.—To multiply any number by numbers

less than 10. ' :
How many are 4 times 369?
(1.) ANALYSIS, (2.)
9x £ = 3 6 569
SO ie Ge: 60 x 4= 240 Ae
300 x 4-—=-1200 1476
1476
EXPLANATION.—1. The 369 is equal to the three parts, 9, 60, and 300.
2. By taking each of these parts four times, the 369 is taken four
times. Hence, to find 4 times 369, the 9 is taken 4 times; then the 60;
then the 300, as shown in the analysis.
3. Uniting the 36, the 240, and the 1200 in one number, we have 4
times 369. Hence, 1476 is 4 times 369. ;
4. In practice, no analysis is made of the number. We commence
with the units and multiply thus:
(1.) 4 times 9 units are 36 units or 8 tens and 6 units. We write the
6 units in the units’ place and reserve the 4 tens to add to the product
of the tens.
(2.) 4 times 6 tens are 24 tens, and the 3 tens reserved are 27 tens or
2 hundred and 7 tens. We write the 7 tens in the tens’ place, and
reserve the 2 hundred to add to the product of the hundreds.
(3.) We proceed in the same manner with hundreds, thousands, ete.
From these illustrations, we obtain the following
87. Ruts.—Begin at the right hand and multiply
each order of the multiplicand by the multiplier. Write
in the product, in each case, the units of the result, and
add the tens to the next higher result.
40 MULTIPLICATION.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

Perform the multiplication in the following:

in OO Na: 7% 986x4. 15. STS Xx 7s
2 5709 x8. 8. 7093 x 9. 14. 90708 x 6.
3. 83095 x 2. 9. 50739 x 6. 15. 29073 x 8.
4, 39706 x 5. 10. 79060 x 8. 16. 40309 x 7.
5. 95083 x 6. 11. 79350 x 2. 17. 73290 x 9.
6. 70639 x 8. - 12. 60790 x 5. 18. 30940 x 6.
88. Continue the practice with abstract numbers by taking
examples from Arithmetical Table No. 1, page 16, in the fol- .
lowing order:
Three Figures in the Multiplicand.
1. Use three columns and copy for multiplicands each num-
ber in the columns, commencing at the top of the 'Table.
2. Take as multiplier the figure immediately under the
right-hand figure of the multiplicand.
The first six examples taken in this way from columns A,
B, C, are
(1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) (6.)
234 138 = 395° - “*6b 487 686
8 5 7m 7 6 8

3. Let examples be copied in this way from columns 4, B,

0: .B, .C, DC, DES. D; Eo-F 3.8, By G38, Gy as Ge, bene
Holy J :
Four Figures in the Multiplicand.
1. Use four columns, and copy the multiplicands and mul-
tipliers in the same way as with three figures, taking the mul-
tipliers from the first column on the right.
2. Copy from cclumns A, B, C, D; then B, ©, D, Ej ©, D, B,
F; D, B, F, G3 E, ¥, G, H; 5, G, Bet
 EXAMPLES. 41

Six Figures in the Multiplicand.

1. Copy, as already directed, examples from columns A, B, ©,
D, H.F;. then, B, ¢,.D, E, F,G@; C,.D, H, F, GH} _D, E, F, G,
H,1I; and 5, F, G, H,1,J. Take the multipliers from the
right-hand column used. |
2. Let the examples from each of these sets be worked at
your seat between recitations or out of school.

ORAL EXAMPLES.

89. 1. Bought 3 barrels of flour, at $12 a barrel, and a

barrel of crackers for $5 ; how much did the whole cost?
SoLUTION.—The whole cost three times $12, plus $5, which is $41.

2. If it requires 4 yards of cloth to make a coat, and 1 yard

to make a vest, how many yards will make 8 of each? 12 of
each ? 9 of each?
3. Bought 12 chairs at $2 each, a sofa at $45, and 5 tables
at $9 each; how much did the whole cost?
4. Gave $7 each to 4 men, paid for 9 yards of cloth at $3 a
yard, and for a coat $18; how much money have I spent?
5. At 8 dollars a cord, what will 5 cords of wood cost?
% cords? llcords? 9cords? 12 cords?

WRITTEN EXAMPLES.

90. 6. How much will 7 acres of land cost, at $285 an

acre ? Ans. $1995.
SoLuTion.—7 acres will cost 7 times $285. 7 times $285 = 7 times
$5 + 7 times $80 + 7 times $200 = $1995. Hence, 7 acres cost $1995.
%. What will 647 cords of wood cost at $6 a cord?
8. What will be the cost of building 213 yards of iron fence,
at 3 dollars a yard? Ans. 639 dollars.
9. There are 5280 feet in a mile; how many feet in 12
miles ? Ans. 63360 feet.
42 MULTIPLICATION.

10. T sold 284 acres of land at 9 dollars an acre; how much

money did I receive ? Ans. $2556-
11, There are 4 farthingsin one penny; how many farthings
in 379 pennies? Ans. 1516 farthings.
12. James Reed went to market with $485; he paid for 20
barrels of flour at $8 a barrel; 16 boxes of soap at $3 a box ;
and 8 tubs of butter at $12 a tub; how much money did he
have left? Ans. $241.
13. A merchant bought 9 hogsheads of molasses at $52 a
hogshead, and sold the whole for $544; how much did he gain
by the transaction ? Ans. $76.
14. Sold 89 bushels of beans at $2 a bushel, and 7 loads of
hay at $19 a load; how much did I receive for both ?

MULTIPLIERS 10 AND ABOVE.

PREPARATORY STEPS.
91. Srep 1—TZo multiply any number by 10, 100, 1000,
and so on.
1. A figure is multiplied by 10 by moving it one place to
the left, by 100 by moving it two places, etc. Thus, 4
expresses four, 40 expresses 10 fowrs, 400 expresses 100
fours, ete.
2. A cipher placed at the right of a number moves each
significant figure in it one place to the left ;hence, multiplies
it by 10.
Thus, in 372 the 2 is in the first place, the 7 in the second,
and the 3 in the third; but in 3720 the 2 is in the second,
the 7 in the third, and the 3 in the fourth place; hence,
annexing the cipher has removed each figure one place to the
left, and consequently multiplied each order in the number
by 10.
3. In like manner annexing two ciphers, three ciphers, etc.,
multiplies a number by 100, 1000, ete., respectively.
 PkHPARATORY STEPS. 43

92. Strep Il—TZo multiply by using the parts of the

— multiplier.
1. The multiplier may be made into any desired parts, and
the multiplicand taken separately the number of times ex-
pressed by each part. The sum of the products thus found is
the required product.
Thus, to find 9 times 12 we may take 4 times 12 which are
48, then 5 times 12 which are 60. 4 times 12 plus 5 times 12
are 9 times 12; hence, 48 plus 60, or 108, are 9 times 12.
2. When we multiply by one of the equal parts of the
multiplier, we find one of the equal parts of the required
product. Hence, by multiplying the part thus found by the
number of such parts, we find the required product.
For example, to find 12 times 64 we may proceed thus:
(1.) ananysis. (2.)
64 x°4=> 256 64
64x 4=256}=8 times 256, 4
64 x _4= 256 256
64x12 = 768 3
768

(1.) Observe, that 12 = 4+ 4 + 4; hence, 4 is one of the 3

equal parts of 12.
(2.) That 64 is taken 12 times by taking it 4 times
+ 4 times
+ 4 times, as shown in the analysis.
(3.) That 4 times 64, or 256, is one of the 3 equal parts of
12 times 64. Hence, multiplying 256 by 3 gives 12 times 64,
or 768.
3. In multiplying by 20, 30, and so on up to 90, we invari-
| ably multiply by 10 one of the equal parts of these numbers,
and then by the number of such parts.
For example, to multiply 43 by 30, we take 10 times 43, or
430, and multiply this Pee by 3; 480 x 3 = 1290, which
is 30 times 43,
44 MULTIPLICATION.

We multiply in the same manner by 200, 300, etc., 2000,

3000, etc.; multiplying first by 100, 1000, etc., then the
product thus found by the number of 100’s, 1000’s, etc.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

93. Pros. IL—To multiply by a number containing

only one order of units.
1. Multiply 347 by 500.

(1.) anaxysis. (2.)

First step, SrA fees aI 34700 Aw
Secondstep, 384700
x 5 = 173500 500
173500

EXPLANATION.—500 is equal to 5 times 100; hence, by taking 347,

as in first step, 100 times, 5 times this result, or 5 times 34700, as shown
in second step, will make 500 times 347. Hence 178500 is 50C
times 347.

2. In practice we multiply first by the significant figure,

and annex to the product as many ciphers as there are ciphers
in the multiplier, as shown in (2); hence the following
94, RULE.—Multiply by the significant figure and
annex as many ciphers to the result as there are
ciphers in the multiplier.

95. EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

CR eae ies (3.) (4,

Multiply 84 256 mye) 968
by BO sa-n 20. oathaes vg gee
: (5.) (6.) (7.) (8.)
Multiply 3465 8437 2769 4763
By 600 300 800 200
 ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS. 45

. (9.) CLON5- (11.) (12.)

Multiply 70 850 7300 8390
By 40 _30 600 900

96. Pros. II—To multiply by a Ue containing

two or more orders of units.

1. Multiply 539 by 374.

(1.) ananyss. (2.)
539 Multiplicana
374 Multiplier.
Bid OX Bi 2156 ist partial product.
539 <374=5 539 x =70= our Lo 2d partial product.
539 x 300=161700 28¢partial product.
201586 Whole product.

EXPLANATION.—1. The multiplier, 374, is analyzed into the parts 4,

70, and 300, according to (92).
2. The multiplicand, 539, is taken first 4 times = 2156 (86); then
70 times = 37730 (93); then 300 times = 161700 (93).
- 3. 4 times + 70 times + 300 times are equal to 374 times ; hence the
sum of the partial products, 2156, 37730, and 161700, is equal to 374
times 589 = 201586.
4, Observe,that in practice we arrange the partial products as shown
in (2), omitting the ciphers at the right, and placing the first significant
figure of each product under the order to which it belongs. Hence the
following

9%. RuLE—I. Write the multiplier under the multi-

plicand, so that units of the same order stand in the
same column.
I. Multiply the multiplicand by each significant
figure in the multiplier, swecessively, beginning at
the risht, and place the right-hand figure of each
partial product under the order of the multiplier
used. Add the partial products, which will give the
product required.
 45 MULTIPLICATION.

Proor.—I. Repeat the work. II. Use the multipli-

cand as multiplier; if the results are the same the
work ts prooably correct.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

98. Copy examples from Arithmetical Table No. 1, page 16.

Multiplicand five figures,. Multiplier three.
1. Take the multiplicands in order, commencing opposite
1, from columns A,B,C, D,E; B,C,D, B,F; C, D, EB, F, G3
D, E, F, G, H; and 8, F, G, H, I.
2. Take the multipliers in each set from the three right-
hand columns used for multiplicands, the number immediately —
under the multiplicand.

Multiplicand six figures, Multiplier five.

1. Take the multiplicands in order from coltfmns A, B, ©, D,
B, F3>B, C, D, E, Fy. G} 0, D. Ey Fy G,,Hs and.D, ea @, Had.
2. Take the multipliers in each set from the five right-hand
columns used for multiplicand. .

WRITTEN EXAMPLES.

99. 1. A man left $4500 to his wife, $3254 to each of his

five daughters, and the remainder of his property, amounting
‘ to $3860 to his only son; what was the value of his estate ?
2. If you should buy 2682 barrels of flour, at $9 a barrel,
and pay $15838 down, how much would you still owe for the
flour ? Ans. $8300.
3. I bought 8 barrels of sugar, at $54 a barrel; 3 barrels of
it were spoiled by exposure, but the rest was sold at $72 a
barrel; how much did I lose on the sugar ? Ans. $172.
4. Sold 5 oxen at $75 each, 3 horses at $256 each, a carriage
at $325, and a plow for $25; how much did I receive for the
whole? Ans. $1493.
 EXAMPLES. 4”

5. There are 63 gallons in a hogshead ;how many gallons

in 8290 hogsheads? Ans. 522270.
6. If an acre yields 114 bushels of potatoes, how many
bushels may be raised on 124 acres? Ans. 14136 bushels.
7%. If 276 men can do a piece of work in 517 days, in what
time could one man do the same work? Ans. 142692 days.
8. A man owns 2 orchards, in each of which there are 21
rows of trees, with 213 trees in each row; how many trees do
both orchards contain ? Ans. 8946 trees.
9. If 2 tons of hay, worth $13 a ton, winter one cow, what
will be the cost of wintering 348 cows? Ans. $9048.
10. I bought 14 cows at 39 dollars each, and 29 oxen at 63
dollars each ; how much did I pay for all? Ans. $2373.
11. France contains 203736 square miles, and the popula-
tion averages 176 per square mile; what is the entire popula-
tion ? Ans. 35857536.
12. A square mile contains 640 acres; find the cost of 36
square miles at $45 an acre. Ans. $1036800.
13. What is the cost of 5 yards of cloth at $2.25 a yard.
SoLuTIon.—Since 1 yard costs $2.25, 5 yards will cost 5 times $2.25,
which is $11.25.
Observe, that when the multiplicand contains cents, we multiply
without regard to the period, and insert a period between the second and
‘third figures of the result. The two figures at the right express the
cents in the answer.
14. A farmer sold 57 bushels of beans at $2.36 per bushel,
and 285 bushels of wheat at $1.75. How much did he receive
for both? Ans. $633.27. _
15. A fruit merchant bought 295 baskets of peaches at
$1.25 a basket ; finding that 43 baskets wore worthless, he sold
the rest at $1.75; how much did he make on the transaction?
16. A drover bought 94 head of cattle at $39 a head and
236 sheep at $3.89 a head. He sold the cattle at a gain of $9
a head and the sheep at a loss of $.75 a head; what was the
total amount of the sale, and the gain on the transaction?
48 MULTIPLICATION.
~

17%. A merchant bought 472 yards of cloth at $1.25 a yard;

147 were damaged and had to be sold at $.67 a yard. He sold
the remainder at $1.58 a yard; did he gain or lose on the
transaction, and how much? Ans. $21.99 gain.
18. A mechanic employed on a building 78 days received
$2.75 a day. His family expenses during the same time were
$1.86 a day; how much did he save ? Ans. $69.42.
19. Bought 167 bushels of wheat at $1.65 a bushel, and
287 bushels of oats at $.37 4 bushel. I sold the wheat at a
loss of 4 cents on a bushel, and 34 bushels of oats at a gain of
18 cents a bushel, the remainder at a gain of 13 cents. What
did I gain on the transaction ?
20. A merchant purchased 16 pieces of cloth, each contain-
ing 48 yards, at $2.75 a yard. He sold the entire lot at an
advance of $.45 per yard. How much did he pay for the
cloth, and what was his entire gain?

DEFINITIONS.
100. Multiplication is the process of taking one num-
ber as many times as there are units in another.
101, The Multiplicand is the number taken, or multi-
plied. ;
“102. The Multiplier is the number which denctes how
“many times the multiplicand is taken.
103. The Product is the result obtained by multipli-
cation.
104, A Partial Product is the result obtained by
multiplying by one order of units in the multiplier, or by any
part of the multiplier.
105. The Total or Whole Product is the sum of all
the partial products.
106. The Process of Multiplication consists, first,
 DEFINITIONS. 49

in finding partial products by using the memorized results of

the Multiplication Table; second, in uniting these partial
products by addition into a total product.
10%. A Factor is one of the equal parts of a number.
Thus, 12 is composed of six 2’s, four 3’s, three 4’s, or two 6’s;
hence, 2, 3, 4, and 6 are factors of 12.
The multiplicand and multiplier are factors of the product. Thus,
86 x 25=925. The product 925 is composed of twenty-five 37’s, or
thirty-seven 25’s. Hence, both 87 and 25 are equal parts or factors of
925.
108. The Sign of Multiplication is x, and is read
times, or multiplied by.
When placed between two numbers, it denotes that either is to be
multiplied by the other. Thus, 8 x 6 shows that 8 is to be taken 6 times,
or that 6 is to be taken 8 times ; hence it may be read either 8 times 6 or
6 times 8.

109. PrincrieLes.—J. The multiplicand may be either

an abstract or concrete number.
IT. The multiplier is always an abstract number.
ITI. The product is of the same denomination as the
multiplicand.

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

+

4110. 1. Define Multiplication, Multiplicand, Multiplier.

and Product.
2. What is meant by Partial Product? Illustrate by ap
example.
8. Define Factor, and illustrate by examples.
4, What are the factors of 6? 14? 15? 9? 20? 24?
Bea 272 +827 10? 30? 50? and 70?
5. Show that the multiplicand and multiplier are factors of
the product.
6. What must the denomination of the product always be,
and why? 8
 50 MULVIPLICATION.

”. Explain the process in each of the following cases and

illustrate by examples :
I. To multiply by numbers less than 10.
II. To multiply by 10, 100, 1000, and so on.
III. To multiply by one order of units.
IV. To multiply by two or more orders of units.
V. To multiply by the factors of a number (92—2).
8. Give a rule for the third, fourth, and fifth cases.
9. Give a rule for the shortest method of working examples
where both the multiplicand and multiplier have one or more
. ciphers on the right?
10. Show how multiplication may be performed by addition.
11. Explain the construction of the Multiplication Table,
and illustrate its use in multiplying.
12. Why may the ciphers be omitted at the die! of partial
products ?
13. Why commence multiplying the ae order in the
multiplicand first, then the tens’, and so on? Illustrate your
answer by an example.
14. Multiply 8795 by 629, multiplying first by the tens,
then by the hundreds, and last by the units.
15. Multiply 3572 by 483, commencing with the thousands
of the multiplicand and hundreds of the multiplier.
16. Show that hundreds multiplied by hundreds will give
ten thousands in the product. .
17, Multiplying thousands by thousands, what order will
the product be?
18. Name at sight the lowest order fehicu each of the follow-
ing examples will give in the product:
(1) 8000 x 38000; 2000000 x 8000; 5000000000 x 7000.
(2.) 40000 x 20000; 7000000 x 4000000.
19. What orders in 3928 can be multiplied by each order
in 473, and not have any order in the product less thaa
thousands ? r
 - soto a,
0g! VISION
DIVISION |33@-

PREPARATORY STEPS,

111. Srep I—7 find how many times a number expressed

by one figure ws contained in any number not greater than
9 times the given number.
1. This is done by our knowledge of the Multiplication
Table. Thus, if asked how many 3’s in 15, we can answer at
once jive 3’s.
Answer the following questions:
1. How many 2’s in 4? In8? In12?
2. Howmany 5’sin 15? In25? In10? In30? In 40?
In 45? In 20?
3. How many 7sin 14? In35? In49? In 63?
4. How many 4s in 12? In20? In8? In28? In16?
In 24? In 36?
5. How many 6’s in 8,and what remaining? In13? In 26?
In 37? In 45? In 32?
6. How many 3’s in 4, and what remaining? In’? In11?
In 16? In 14? In 25?
2. The method of finding how many times one number is
contained in another by using the Multiplication Table is
called Division.
3. The number we divide is called the Dividend, and the
number by which we divide is called the Divisor.
4, The number which tells how many times the divisor is
contained in the dividend is called the Quotient, and what is
left of the dividend after the division is performed is called
the Remainder.
52 DIVISION.

7 112. The sign + stands for the words, how many —- in,
or divided by. Thus, 9+ 3 is read, How many 3’s in 9, or
9 divided by 3.
Express on your slate with the sign -- each of the following
questions, and then give the answer:
1.-How many 3’s in 12? In 18? In 2?? In 9? In 21?
2. How many 7’sin 21? In 35? In 14? In42? In63?
3. How many 4’sin 16? In 28? In36? In 12? In24?
In 32? In 98> Ini7?
4, How many 9’sin 18? In10? In 27? In 45? In 38?
In 72? In 30? In 63? In 67?
Read and give the answer for each of the following:
5. 2428 40+8 16+8. 5628 16--8 48+8.
2+8 9+8 27+8. 198.
6.18 +6. 2426. 36+6. 48+6 12+6 30+6.
42-6. 5426. 14-6.
127 +9. 45+9. 929 386+9, 5429. 81-9.
68-+9. 18+9 1129. )30+9.
113. Srep Il. —7o apply the Multiplication Table in find-
ing at sight how many times a number expressed by one figure
is contained in a) number not greater than 9 times the given
number.
Pursue the following course:
1. Write on your slate in irregular order the products of
the Multiplication Table, commencing with the products of 2.
Write immediately before, the number whose products you
have taken; thus,

2/10 2)4 2)1f 2)6 2/12 2)16 2)8

2. Write under the line from memory the number of 2’s in
10, in 4, in 14, etc. When this is done, erase each of these
results, and rewrite and erase again and again, until you can
give the quotients at sight of the other two numbers.
 DIVISION TABLE.

3. Look at the numbers, and question yourself. Thus, you

say mentally, ¢wos in ten, and you follow with the answer,
Jive ; twos in four, two ; twos in fourteen, seven.
4. Omit the questions entirely, and pass your eye along the
examples and name the results ; thus, five, two, seven, etc.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.

114. Practice as above directed on each of the following:

3)6 3)12 3)15 3)9 3)24 3)18 3) a1
4)12 4)24 £)32 4)8 4)16 4) 28 4)20
5)15 5)25 5) 10 5)30 5)20 5)4s 5)85
SS 6) 12 6) 24 6)36 6) 18 6)42 6)54 6 )30
aS
cl
gma

7)14 7)35 7) 49 7) 21 7) 42 7)56 7)28

8)16 8)40 8)24 8)56 8)32 8)64 8)48
9)45 9)18 9)54 9)72 9)36 9) 63
9) 27
1)56 4)36 8)48 5)35 9)81 6)54 8)72
ED 5)Bs 9)99 6)84 8)22 4)36 5)an
9)63

DIVISORS FROM 2 TO 12.

PREPARATORY STEPS.

115. Srep I.—7o divide when the quotient is expressed

by two or more places, but contains only one order of units.
1. To do this we regard the dividend as made into equal
parts, and we divide one of these equal parts by the given
divisor and multiply the quotient thus found by the number
of equal parts; thus,
Take for example 60 divided by 3. We know 6 is one of
the 10 equal parts of 60. We know also that there are
54 DIVISION.

2 threes in 6, and that each 6 in the 60 must contain 2 threes. ~

Then as 60 contains 10 times 6, it must contain 10 times
2 threes, or 20 threes. Hence the quotient of 60 divided by
3 is 20. .
2. The equal parts of the dividend which we divide may be
expressed by two or more figures.
Take, for example, 3500 divided by 7. Here we divide first -
the 35 by 7. We know that 35 is one of the 100 equal parts
of 3500. We know also that there are 5 sevens in 35, and that
each 35 in 3500 must contain 5 sevens. We know, therefore,
that as 3500 contains 100 times 35, it must contain 100 times
5 sevens, or 500 sevens. Hence the quotient of 3500 divided
by 7 is 500.
3. When there is only one order in the quotient, it can be
given at sight of the dividend and divisor.
Thus, in dividing 2700 by 9, you know at once that there
are 3 nines in 27, and hence that there are 300 nines in 2700.

116. EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

1. 80 + 2.. 8. 4200 + 7%. 15. 9600 + 12.
2. 90 + 3. ~ 9 2500 + 5. 16. 1080 ~.-9,
8. 60 + 2. 10. 7200'— 9. 17. 64000 + 8.
A, 120 — 4. 11. 3600 — 12. 18. 49000 — %.
5: 180: 9. 12. 5400 + 6. 19. 55000 ~ 11.
6. 350 + 5. 13. 5600 — 8 20. 63000 + 9.
% 320 + 8. 14. 4400 — 11. 214 D000! == 5.

41%. Srep Il.—7Zo divide when the quotient contains two

or more orders of units.
Observe carefully the following:
1. Each order of the dividend may contain the divisor an
exact number of times. In this case the division of each
order is performed independently ofthe others.
 EXAMPLES. 55

For example, te divide 888 by 2, we may separate the orders

thus:
800 — 2 = 400
888 — 2 = 80 +2=— 40} = 444,
SoS B= AD)

2. When each order does not contain the divisor an exact

number of times, we take the largest part of the dividend
which we know does contain it.
Thus, in dividing 92 by 4, we observe at once that 80 is
the largest part of the dividend which we know contains 4 an
exact number of times. We divide 80, and obtain 20 as the
quotient. We have now left of the dividend undivided 1 ten
and 2 units, which make 12 units. We know that 12 contains
3 times 4, and we have already found that 80 contains
20 times 4. Hence 80 + 12, or 92, must contain 20 + 3 or
23 times 4.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

118. Perform the division in the following examples, and

explain each step in the process, as above:
teen? 2, 15. 8888 -- 4, 90." A896 229)
9, 444-9, 16. 9693 + 3. 30. 6396 + 3.
3. 666 + 3. 17.07 684ee 9; 31.. 8480 + 4.
Ay A QRE 9: 16,987 060-24, 22: jSyessai
Be 84 2r8: 19,°>> 8a 26: 330) ~ S70 ae:
6. 960 + 3. BO 780) 235; 34. 8700 + 3.
”, 680 + 4. Des eB ab: 35. 9800 + %.
8. 950 + 5, 22, 940 + 2. 36. 8000 + 5.
9,’ 980 + 2. ys amma 72) 37. 9000 + 6.
10. 180 + 6. 24, 240 + 8. 38. 4200 = %.
Ate L026, D5. Oe, 39.. 4620 + %.
=
Ee) opera ew 26. 360+ 9. 40. 3600 + 8.
13.. 405 +5. Qin mSe ies 9: 41. 4050 + 9.
14, 245 + 7. 28. 260 + 5. 42, 2680 + 4.
56 DIVISION.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS,

119. Pros. l—To divide any number by any divisor

not greater than 12.
1. Divide 986 by 4.
ANALYSIS. _ ExpiLanatrion.—Follow the anal-
4)986(200 ysis and notice each step in the
4x%200=800 40 process ; thus,
1. We commence by dividing
&

186 the higher order of units, We *

4x40 =160 6 know that 9, the figure expressing

26 2462 hundreds, contains twice the divisor
4,and 1 remaining. Hence 900 con-
4x6 lI ra) i
ea tains, according to (117—2), 200
2 times the divisor 4, and 100 remain-
ing. We multiply the divisor 4 by
200, and subtract the product 800 from 986, leaving 186 of the dividend
yet to be divided.
2. We know that 18, the number expressed by the two left-hand
figures of the undivided dividend, contains 4 times 4, and 2 remaining.
Hence 18 tens, or 180, contains, according to (117—2), 40 times 4, and
20 remaining. We multiply the divisor 4 by 40, and subtract the product
160 from 186, leaving 26 yet to be divided.
3. We know that 26 contains 6 times 4, and 2 remaining, which is
less than the divisor, hence the division is completed.
4. We have now found that there are 200 fours in 800, 40 fours in
160, and 6 fours in 26, and 2 remaining ; and we know that 800 + 160
+ 26 = 986. Hence 986 contains (200 + 40 + 6) or 246 fours, and 2
remaining. The remainder is placed over the divisor and written after
the quotient ; thus, 2462.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

120. Solve and explain as above each of the following:

1 51+83. 6. 195 + 4. id: 38567 — 8.
2. G2 +2. 4. 887 + 8. 12. 73046 + 9.
3. 96 > 4. 8.. 932 + 5. 13. 50438 + 2.
4, 85 +5. OF 190 14, 39050 + 7%.
5. 98 + 6. 10,2 352-452; 15. 20807 = 3.
 FORMS OF DIVISION. on

SHORT AND LONG DIVISION COMPARED.

121, Compare carefully the following forms of writing the

work in division:
(1.) (2.) (3.)
FORM USED FOR EXPLANATION. LONG DIVISION. SHORT DIVISION.
Two steps in the process written. One step written. Entirely mental.
4) 986 ( 200 4) 986 ( 246 4) 986
4x200= 800 40 8 2462
186 wu 18
4x 40= 160 246 16
26 26
4x 6= 24 24

Observe carefully the following:

1. The division is performed by a successive division of
parts of the dividend.
2. There are three steps in the process: First, finding the
quotient figures ; Second, multiplying the divisor by the quo-
tient figures; Third, subtracting from the undivided dividend
the part that has been divided, to find what remains yet to be
divided.
3. In (1) the form for explanation, the numbers used in
the second and third steps of the process are written. This
is done to avoid taxing the memory with them, and thus
concentrate the whole attention on the explanation.
4, In (2), the form called Long Division, the numbers
used in the second step in the process are held in the memory,
and those used in the third step are only partially written,
the ciphers on the right being omitted. This method is
always used when the divisor is greater than 12.
5. In (8) the form called Short Division, all the numbers
used in the process are held in the memory, the quotient
only being expressed. This method should invariably be
used in practice when the divisor is not greater than 12.
58 DIVISION.

ARITHMETICAL DRILL TABLE NO. 2.

A. B. C. DoE. SBS G. HY eee,

mB ps Bi a Ono ee
Be Pg REY cages 7 Gaare
BR Go re Mo ee ee
Oe ee RR ue Mean ig
Bd 6 8 Ege ee
S76 88 bee
ee ee
B 6 2° 6 US Bo eee ee
w 8 5. 27 8 78) Va ee
wig 9 f 2 99 88
OG So FP Bs Boe ee
2 5) 9° 2) 8 8G Gee
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

122. Copy, as follows, examples with one figure in the divi-

sor from the above Table, and perform the work in each case
by Short Division.
Three Figures in, the Dividend.
1. Commence opposite 2, and take the numbers for the
dividends from the columns in the same manner and order as
was done in multiplication.
2. Take as divisor the figure immediately above the right-
hand figure of the dividend.
The first six examples from columns A, B, C, are:
(1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) (6.)
3)168 8)424 4)302 2)576-6) M68 8) ane
 EXAMPLES. 59

Five Figures in the Dividend.

1. Commencing opposite 2, take the dividends from col-
umns A, B, C, D, E; B,C, D, E, F; 0, D, E,F,@3 D, E, F, G, H;
E, F, G, H, 1; and F, G, H, I, J.
2. Take as divisor the figure immediately above the right-
_ hand figure of the dividend.

ORAL EXAMPLES.

123. 1. A party of eight boys went fishing; they had a

boat for every two boys; how many boats had they?
SoLUTION.—They had as many boats as 2 boys are contained times
in 8 boys, which is 4. Hence they had 4 boats, hi
2. Justus earns 6 cents a day; how many days must he
work to earn 24 cents.?
3. A man buys 54 pounds of sugar; how many weeks will
it last, if his family use 9 pounds a week ?
4. There are 36 windows on one side of a building, arranged
in 6 rows; how many windows in each row ?
5. How many ranks of 6 soldiers each will 24 soldiers make ?
42 soldiers? 54 soldiers? 72 soldiers ?
6. At 8 dollars apiece, how many trunks can be bought for.
32 dollars ? For 56 dollars ? For 88 dollars?
%. When 5 plows cost $40, what is the cost of 3 plows?
SoLution.—If 5 plows cost $40, one plow will cost as many dol-
lars as 5 is contained times in 40, which is 8. Hence, one plow costs
$8. Three plows will cost 3 times $8, which is $24. Hence, etc.
8. Daniel paid 28 cents for 4 oranges, and Luke bought 7
at the same price; how much did Luke pay for his?
9. If you can earn 56 dollars in 8 weeks, how much can you
earn in 6 weeks?
10. When 5 yards of cloth can be bought for 20 dollars, how
many yards of the same cloth can be bought for 32 dollars?
11. When 88 dollars will pay for 11 barrels of flour, how
many barrels can be bought for 64 dollars?
60 DIVISION.

WRITTEN EXAMPLES.

124, 1. A father left $4925, which he wished to be divided

equally among his two sons and three daughters; how much
did each one receive? Ans. $985.
2. At $3 a cord, how many cords of wood could be bought
for $693 ? For $906? Answers. 231; 802.
3. If a man walk at the rate of 4 miles an hour, in how |
many hours can he walk 840 miles? Ans. 210 hours.
4, How many barrels of flour can be made of 588 bushels of
wheat, if it takes 4 bushels to make a barrel? Ans. 147.
5. A certain laborer saves $6 a month ; how many months
will it take him to save $726? Ans. 121 months.
6. How long will a man be employed in cutting 175 cords
of wood, if he cut 7 cords each week ? Ans. 25 weeks.
%. How many baskets, each of which holds 6 pecks, would
be needed to hold 804 pecks of apples? Ans. 134.
8. There are 604800 seconds in a week; how many seconds
in one day? Ans. 86400 seconds.
9. How many revolutions will be made by a wheel 11 feet
in circumference, in running one mile, which is equal to 5280
feet ? Ans. 480.
10. A man distributed $423 among poor persons, giving
each $9 ; how many persons received the money? Ans. 47.
11. A furniture dealer expended $413 in purchasing chairs
at $7 a dozen; how many dozen did he buy?
12. A farmer sold 184 bushels of wheat at $1.50 per bushel,
and expended the amount received in buying sheep at $4 a
head; how many sheep did he buy?
13. A merchant expended $534 in purchasing boots at $6 a
pair, which he sold at $8 a pair; how much did he gain on
the transaction ?
14. A grain dealer sold 912 bushels of corn at $.75 a bushel,
and expended the amount received in buying flour at $9 a _
barrel; how many barrels of flour did he purchase ?
 PREPARATORY STEPS. 61

DIVISORS GREATER THAN 12.

PREPARATORY STEPS,

125. Strep I.—Hzamples with one order of units in the

quotient, where the quotient Jigure can be found at once by
dividing by the left-hand figure of the divisor ; thus,
Divide 13600 by 34.
34)13600(400 Here observe that 38, the left-hand
13600 figure of the divisor, is contained 4 times
@ in 18, the two left-hand figures of the
dividend, and that 34 multiplied by 4 equals 186. Hence 84 is contained
4 times in 186, and, according to (115), 400 times in 13600.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

126. Divide and explain each of the following examples :

1. 1680 + 84. 6. 37100 + 53. 11. 665000 ~~ 95.
2. 2790 + 93. 7%. 31500 + 63. . 12. 117000 + 39.
3. 3280 ~~ 82. 8. 5800 + 29. 13. 276000 ~ 46.
4, 3780 + 97. 9. 383500 + 67. 14. 336000 + 56.
5. 6480 + 72. 10. 59200 ~ 74. 15. 623000 + 89.
12%. Srep II.—Lzamples with one order in the quotient,
where the quotient figure must be found by trial.
In examples of this kind, we proceed thus:
Divide 1769 by 287. 1. We divide as before by 2, the left-hand
- figure of the divisor, and find the quotient 8.
FIRST TRIAL. This course will always give the largest pos-
287)1769(8 sible quotient figure. Multiplying the divi-
9296 sor 287 by 8, we observe at once that the
product 2296 is greater than the dividend
1769. Hence 287 is not contained 8 times in
1769.
SECOND TRIAL. 2. We erase the 8 and 2296 and try 7 as the
287)1769(7 quotient figure. Multiplying 287 by 7, we
2009 observe again that the product 2009 is greater
than the dividend 1769. Hence 287 is not.
contained 7 times in 1769,
62 DIVISION.
THIRD TRIAL. 3. We erase the 7 and 2009, and try 6 a6 s

287)1769(6 the quotient figure. Multiplying 287 by 6,

722 we observe that the product 1722 is less than
44 the dividend 1769. . Subtracting 1722 from
1769, we have 47 remaining, asnumber less _
than the divisor 287. Hence 287 is contained 6 times in 1769 and 47
remains.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

128. Find the quotients and remainders in each of the

following: ;
1. 119-27. 8. 38275458. 15. 215400+359.
2. 236-36. — 9. 4936-643. 16. 410900587.
3. 199-39. 10. 2758-582. 17. 638400 798.
4, 41958. 11. 3657+ 739. 18. 866700963.
5. 248-38. 12. 1890-+496. 19. 191600479.
6. 845+97. 13. 4760+ 68. 20. 577500825.
4. 665-74, _ 14, 2850+ 39. 21. 474400593.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.
129. Pros. IlL—To divide any number by any given
divisor.
1. Divide 21524 by 59. EXPLANATION.—1. We find how many
times the divisor is contained in the
59 ) a15a4 (3 64 fewest of the left-hand figures of the
Lit dividend which will contain it.
882 59 is contained 8 times in 215, with a
B54 remamder 88, hence, according to
SS (115—1),it is contained 300 times in
284 21500, with a remainder 3800.
236 2. We annex the figure in-the next
48 lower order of the dividend to the
remainder of the previous division, and
divide the number thus found by the divisor.
2 tens annexed to 380 tens make 382 tens. 59 is contained 6 times in
382, with a remainder 28, hence, according to (115—1), it is contained
60 times in 8820, with a remainder 280.
8. We annex the next lower figure and proceed as before.
 ANALYSIS OF PROCESS. 63

4 units annexed to 280 units make 284 units, 59 is contained 4 times

' in 284, with a remainder of 48, a number smaller than the divisor,
hence the division is completed, and we have found that 59 is contained
864 times in 21524, with a remainder 48.

Observe carefully the following analysis of the process in

the preceding example:
Multiplying the divisor by Part ofdividend Part of divided dividend
the part of the quotient divided each subtracted from the
found each step. step. part undivided.
21524
DoxoO 0 == 17-700 17700
8824
Bop 60, = 773 5'40 3540
: 284
pr LOu fa 236 236
BOX S645 = 20476 s+ 48
From these illustrations we obtain the following
130. Rute—L. Find how many times the divisor is
contained in the least nwmber of orders at the left
of the dividend that will contain it, and write the
result for the first figure of the quotient.
II. Multiply the divisor by this quotient figure, and
subtract the result from the part of the dividend that
was used; to the remainder annex the next lower
order of the dividend for a new partial dividend and
divide as before. Proceed in this manner with each
order of the dividend.
ITT. If there be at last a remainder, place it after
the quotient, with the divisor underneath.
Proor.—Multiply the divisor by the quotient and
add the remainder, if any, to the product. This
result will be equal to the dividend, when the division
has been performed correctly.
64 DIVISION.

131. EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

1. 18450+ 90. i06 13824+ =128.

2. 9225 45. 18. 142692— 517.
3. 28035— 89. 19. 35904 204.
4, 26840— 61. 20. 1678306+ 318.
5. 250798 81. 21. 64109742— 706.
6. 17472 21. 22. 31899868—+— 4004.
% %2144— 72. 23. 5332114—+ 4321.
8. 9590 70. 24, =10205721— = 3248.
9. 59644~ 62. 25. 19014604+ 406.
10. 137505 +309. 26. 1977489 = 928.
11. 467775 +105. 2% 319078385— 4005.
12. 1292928+312. ° 28. 203812983 5049.
13. 264375 ~ 705. 29. 61142488 4136.
14. 289520+-517. 30. 406070736 8056.
15. 1143723 +509. 31. 119836687 3041.
16. 2750283 +603. 82. 330445150+ 3145.
132. Additional examples for practice should be taken
from Arithmetical Table No. 2, page 58, as follows -

Dividend four figures, Divisor two.

1. Take the dividends in order from columns A, B, C, D;

B, ©, D, E; C, D, E, F; D, E, F,@; 4H, F,G,H; F, G, H, 1;
G, H, I, J. ‘
2. Take as divisors in each set the figures immediately
above the dividend, in the two right-hand columns of those used.

Dividend six figures, Divisor three.

1. Take the dividends in order from columns ASB. 6) Die;
F; B,C, D, E, F, G5 C, D, E, F,G,H; D, EB, F,G, H, 13 #, F, G,
He isds
2. Take the divisors as before from the three right-hand
columns of those used for dividend.
 EXAMPLES. OS

WRITTEN EXAMPLES.

133. 1. A hogshead of molasses contains 63 gallons ; how

many hogsheads in 16002 gallons?
SoLuTion.—As one hogshead contains 68 gallons, 16002 gallons will
make as many hogsheads as 63 is contained times in 16002. 16002 + 63
= 254. Hence there are 254 hogsheads in 16002 gallons.
2. A man wishes to carry to market 2623 bushels of pota-
toes; if he carries 61 bushels at a load, how many loads will
they make ? Ans. 43 loads.
3. An army contractor furnished horses, at $72 each, to the
amount of $1131264 ; how many did he furnish ? Ans. 15712.
4, A certain township contains 192000 acres; how many
square miles in the town, there being 640 acres in a square
mile ? Ans. 300 miles.
5. A man paid $1548 for a farm at the rate of $43 an acro;
how many acres did the farm contain ? Ans. 36 acres.
6. How many acres of land at $100 an acre, can be bought
for $26700? Ans. 267% acres.
7%. A certain product is 43964 and one of the factors is 58;
what is the other factor? Ans. 758.
8. At what yearly salary will a man earn 20400 dollars in
17 years ? Ans. $1200.
9. If light travels 192000 miles in a second, in how many
soconds will it travel 691200000 miles ? Ans. 3600.
10. Henry Pendexter divided $47400 into 3 equal parts, one
of which he gave to his wife; the rest, after paying a debt
of $3280, he divided equally among 4 children; what did each
child receive ? Ans. $7080.
11. A piano maker expended in one year for material $20644,
and for labor $4925, paying each week the same amount; what
was his weekly expense?
12. A western farmer raised in one year 13475 bushels of
wheat; the average yield was 49 bushels per acre; how many
acres did he have sown?
-66 DIVISION.

a
—_—

DIVISION BY FACTORS.
PREPARATORY STEPS.
134. Srep 1L—Any number may be expressed in terms of
one of its factors by taking another factor as the Unit. (14.)
Thus, 12—=4+4+4; hence, 12 may be expressed as
3 fours, the four being the unit of the number 3.
Write the following numbers:
1. Express 12 as 2’s; as 3’s; as 4’s; as 6’s.
2. Express 36 as 3’s; as 9’s; as 18’s; as 12’s; as 6’s.
3. Express 45 as 5’s; as 3’s; as 9’s; as 15’s.
4, Express 42 and 24 each as 6’s.
5. Express 45 and 225 each as 9’s; as 5’s; as 37s.
135. Step Il.— When a number is made into three or more
factors, any two or more of them may be regarded as the unit
of the number expressed by the remaining factors.
For example, 24=3 x 4x 2 This may be expressed
thus, 24 = 3 (4 twos). Here the 3 expresses the number of
4 twos; hence, (4 twos) is regarded as the wait of the —
number 3.
Write the following:
1. Express 12 as (3 fwos); as (2 twos); as (2 threes).
2. Express 30 as (3 twos) ; as (2 fives); as (3 fives).
3. Express 42 and 126 each as (2 sevens) ; as (7 threes).
4, Express 75, 225, and 375 each as (5 threes).
5. Express 66, 198, and 264 each as (11 ¢hrees) and as
(2 elevens).
136. Srep Ill.—When the same factor is made the unit
of both the dividend and divisor, the division is performed as
of the numbers were concrete.
Thus, 60 + 12 may be expressed, 20 threes -- 4 threes, and
the division performed in the same manner as in 6 feet~
3 feet. 4 threes are contained 5 times in 20 threes; hence,
12 is contained 5 times in 60.
 ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS. 67

The division may be performed in this way when the factors

are connected by the sign of multiplication; thus, 60 + 12 =
(20 x 3) + (4 x 3). We can regard as before the 3 as the
unit of both dividend and divisor, and hence say, 4 threes are
contained 5 times in 20 threes.
Perform the division in each of the following examples,
without performing the multiplication indicated:
1. 25 threes+ 5threes=? | 5. (64x 9)+(8x 9)=?
42 eights + 6eights=? | 6. (49x13) +( 7x13) =?
88 twos +1ltwos =? | 7% (96x 7) +(12x 7) =?
feck108 fives.
Pe + 9 fives =? 1 8. (78x11) + (26x11) =?

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

137. Pros. III.—To divide by using the factors of

the divisor.
Ex. 1. Divide 315 by 35. ;
5 ) 815 EXPLANATION.—1. The divisor 35= i fos
" fives ) 63 fives 2. Dividing the 315 by 5, we find that
ee 315 = 63 fives. (138.)
3. The 63 fives contain 9 times 7 fives;
hence 315 contains 9 times 7 fives or 9 times 35.
Ex. 2. Divide 359 by 24.
2 | 359
3 twos | 179 twos and 1 remaining = 1
4 (3 twos) | 59 (3 twos) and 2 twos remaining = 4
Quotient, 14 and 3 (3 fwos) remaining = 18
True remainder, 3

EXpLANATION.—1. The divisor 24=4x3x2= 4 (3 twos).

2. Dividing 359 by 2, we find that 359= 179 twos and 1 unit remaining.
8. Dividing 179 twos by 8 twos, we find that 179 twos= 59 (3 twos) and
2 twos remaining.
4, Dividing 59 (8 twos) by 4 (8 twos), we find that 59 (8 twos) contain
4 (3 twos) 14 times and 3 (3 twos) remaining.
Hence 359, which is equal to 59 (3 twos) and 2 twos + 1, contains
4 (3 twos), or 24, 14 times, and 8 (3 twos) + 2 twos + 1, or 23, remaining.
 68 DIVISION.
- From these illustrations we obtain the following
_ 188. Rute—I. Resolve the divisor into convenient
factors; divide the dividend by one of these factors, the
quotient thus obtained by another, and so on until all
the factors have been used. The last quotient will be
the true quotient.
II. The true remainder is found by multiplying each
remainder, after the first, by all the divisors preceding
its own, and finding the sum of these products and the
jirst remainder.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.

139. Examples for practice in dividing by the factors of

the divisor:
Up 376 + 100. 10. 19437 40.
2. 8975— 100. 11. 13658—+ 42.
3. 76423 + 1000. 12. 27780 + 60.
4. 92768 + 1000. 13. 7169 90.
Dd. V4—~— 18. 14. 4947 + 108.
6. 876 24. 15. 30683 + 400.
7% 4829 28. 16. 75947 ~ 900.
8. 15836 30. 17%. 8460 + 180.
9 %859-—- 84. 18. 14025 + 165.

ONE ORDER IN DIVISOR.

PREPARATORY STEPS,
140. Strep I1.—7o divide by 10, 100, 1000, etc.
1. Observe the figure in the second place in a number denotes
tens, and this figure, with those to the left of it, express the
number of tens. Hence, to find how many tens in a number,
we cut off the right-hand figure.
Thus, in 7369 the 6 denotes tens, and 736 the number of
tens in 7369, hence 7369 + 10 = 736, and 9 remaining.
 ONE ORDER IN DIVISOR. 69

2. In like manner the figure in the third place denotes

hundreds, the figure in the fourth place thousands, etc. Hence
by cutting off ¢wo figures at the right, we divide by 100; by
cutting off three, we divide by 1000, etc. The figures cut off
are the remainder.
Give the quotient and remainder of the following at sight:
587 10. 8973-100. 73265 1000.
463-100. 50380100. 58207-10000.
141. Srep Il—A number consisting of only one order of
units, contains two factors which can be given at sight.
Thus, 20 =2x10. 400=4 x 100. 7000 = 7 x 1000.
Observe that the significant figure of the number, in each case, is one
factor and that the other factor is 1 with as many ciphers annexed as
there are ciphers at the right of the significant figure.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

142. Pros. IV.—To divide when the divisor con-

sists of only one order of units.
1. Divide 8736 by 500. EXPLANATION. 1. We divide
5)87 |36 first by the factor 100. Thisis done
pe by cutting off 36, the units and
17 and 236 remaining. tens at the right of the dividend.
2. We divide the quotient, 87
hundreds, by the factor 5, which gives a quotient of 17 and 2 hundred
remaining, which added to 36 gives 236, the true remainder.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE,

143. Diyide and explain each of the following examples:

1, 852-~100. 7% 8365-1000. 13. 93689 800.
2. 5938+ 20. 8. 3973+ 700. 14, 79365-9000.
8. 762+ 60. 9. 62850+4000. 15. 57842-3000.
4, 938-400. 10. 974626000. 16. 90000 700.
5. 852+300. 11. 76352 900. 17. 40034 900.
6. 983-700. 12. 49730~ 800. 18. 20306 700.
 5 sag

S
10 | DIVISION.

DEFINITIONS.

144. Division is the process of finding how many times

one number is contained in another.
145. The Dividend is the number divided.
146. The Divisor is the number by which the dividend
is divided.
14%. The Quotient is the result obtained by division.
148, The Remainder is the part of the dividend left
after the division is performed.
149. A Partial Dividend is any part of the dividend —
which is divided in one operation.
150. A Partial Quotient is any part of the quotient
which expresses the number of times the divisor is contained
in a partial dividend.
151. The Process of Division consists, first, in find-
ing the partial quotients by means of memorized results;
second, in multiplying the divisor by the partial quotients to
find the partial dividends; ¢hird, in subtracting the partial
dividends from the part of the dividend that remains un-
divided to find the part yet to be divided.
152. Short Division is that form of division in which
no step of the process is written:
153. Long Division is that form of division in which
the ¢hird step of the process is written.
154. The Sign of Division is +, and is read divided
by. When placed between two numbers, it denotes that the
number before it is to be divided by the number after ib 5
thus, 28 + 7 is read, 28 divided by 7.
Division is also expresséd by placing the dividend above the divisor,
with a short horizontal line between them ; thus, 25 is read, 85 divided by 5.
 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 71

155. PrincrpLes.—I. The dividend and divisor must

be numbers of the same denomination.
II. The denomination of the quotient is determined
by the nature of the problem solved.
ITI. The remainder is of the same denomination as
the dividend.

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

156. 1. Define Division, and illustrate each step in the
: process by examples.
2. Explain and illustrate by examples Partial Dividend,
~ Partial Quotient, and Remainder.
3. Prepare two examples illustrating each of the following
problems:
I. Given all the parts, to find the whole.
II. Given the whole and one of the parts, to find the
other part.
III. Given one of the equal parts and the number of
parts, to find the whole.
IV. Given the whole and the size of one of the parts,
to find the number of parts.
VY. Given the whole and the number of equal parts,
to find the size of one of the parts.
4, Show that 45 can be expressed as nines, as fives, as threes.
5. What is meant by true remainder, and how found?
6. Explain division by factors. Illustrate by an example.
”. Why cut off as many figures at the right of the dividend
as there are ciphers at the right of the divisor? Illustrate by
an example.
_ 8. Give a rule for dividing by a number with one or more
ciphers at the right. Illustrate the steps in the process by an
example.
9. Explain the difference between Long and Short Division,
and show that the process in both cases is performed mentally.
2 APPLICATIONS.

~ 40. Illustrate each of the following problems by three ex-

amples:
VI. Given the final quotient of a continued division,
the true remainder, and the several divisors, to
find the dividend.
VII. Given the product of a continued multiplication
and the several multipliers, to find the multi-
plicand.
VIII. Given the sum and the difference of two numbers,
to find the numbers.

APPLICATORS:
15%. Pros. I1—To find the cost when the number of
units and the price of one unit is given.
Ex. 1. What is the cost of 42 yards of silk, at $2.36 a yard?
SoLuTIon.—If one yard cost $2.36, 42 yards must cost 42 times $2.86.
Hence, $2.36 x 42 = $99.12, is the cost of 42 yards.
Find the cost of the following:
2. 94 stoves, at $36 for each stove. Ans. $3384.
. 436 bushels wheat, at $1.76 a bushel. Ans. $767.36.
. 259 yards of broadcloth, at $2.84 per yard.
. 84 tons of coal, at $7.84 per ton. Ans. $658.56.
. 2 farms, each containing 139 acres, at $73.75 per acre.
. 436 bushels of apples, at $1.45 per bushel.
OO
PS
Sr
GS. 432 yards cloth, at $1.75 per yard.
-<F
CO

9. 897 pounds butter, at $.37 per pound.

10. 346 bushels of wheat, at $1.73 a bushel.
158. Pros. I].—To find the price per unit when the
cost and number of units are given.
Ex. 1. Bought 25 cows for $1175; how much did each cost?
SoLUTION.—Since 25 cows cost $1175, each cow cost as many dollars
as 25 is contained times in 1175. ed 1175 + 25= 47, the number of
dollars each cow cost. 2
 APPLICATIONS. 3

Find the price of the following:

2. If 42 tons of hay cost $546; what is the price per ton ? ©
3. Bought 536 yards cloth for $1608; how much did I pay
per yard? Ans. $3.
4, Sold 196 acres land for $10192; how much did I receive
an acre ? Ans. $52.
5. Paid $1029 for 147 barrels flour; what did I pay per
barrel ? , Ans. $7.
6. Received $980 for 28 weeks’ work; what was my wages
per week? Ans. $35.
%. The total cost for conducting a certain school for 14 years
was $252000; what was the yearly expense? Ans. $18000.
8. A merchant pays his clerks annually $3744. How much
is this per week? Ans. $72.
159. Pros. III.—To find the cost when the number
of units and the price of two or more units are given.
1. At $15 for 3 cords of wood, what is the cost of 39 cords?
SoLution 1.—Since 38 cords cost $15, 39 cords must cost as many
times $15 as 3 is contained times in 39. Hence, first step, 39 +8=—18;
second step, $15 x 18 = $195, the cost of 39 cords.
SoLUTION 2.—Since 3 cords cost $15, each cord cost as many dollars
as 3 is contained times in 15; hence each cord cost $5, and 39 cords cost
89 times $5, or $195. Hence, first step, 15+38=—5; second step, $5 x 29
= $195, the cost of 39 cords,
Observe carefully the difference between these two solutions. Let
both be used in practice. Take for each example the one by which the
division can be most readily performed.

Solve and explain the following:

2. Paid $28 for 4 barrels of flour; how much, at the same
rate, will I pay for 164 barrels? Ans. $1148.
3. If 9 stoves cost $135, what is the cost at the same rate,
of 84 stoves?
4, A farmer paid for 32 sheep $128; what is the cost at
the same rate, of 793? Ans. $3172.
74 APPLICATIONS.

5. A man traveled by railroad 1728 miles in 3 days; how

many miles, at the same rate, will he travel in 54 days?
6. A merchant bought 150 yards of cotton for $18; how
much will he pay, at the same rate, for 1350 yards ?
7. A book-keeper receives for his service at the rate of $624
for 13 weeks; what is his yearly salary? Ans. $2496.
160. Pros. IV.—To find the number of units when
the cost and the price per unit are given.
1. At $7 a ton, how many tons of coal can be bought
for $658 ?
SoLuTion.—Since 1 ton can be bought for $7, there can be as many
tons bought for $658 as $7 is contained times in $658. Hence, $658--$7
= 94, the number of tons that can be bought for $658.
Solve and explain the following:
2. For $765, how many barrels of pears can be bought at
$9 a barrel ? Ans. 85.
3. How many horses can be bought for $9928, at $136 per
horse ? Ans. V3.
4. A man paid for a farm $6134, at $38 per acre; how many
acres does the farm contain?
5. A mechanic received at one time from his employer $357.
He was paid at the.rate of $21 a week; how many weeks had
he worked ? Ans. 1%
‘6. A lumber merchant paid for walnut lumber $3528, at
$98 a thousand feet; how many thousand feet did he buy?
161. Pros. V.—To find the number of units that can
be purchased for a given sum when the cost of two or
more units is given.
1. When 8 bushels of wheat can be bought for $12, how
many bushels can be bought for $6348?
SOLUTION.—Since 8 bushels can be bought for $12, there can be as
many times 8 bushels bought for $6348 as $12 is contained times in
$6348. Hence, first step, $6348+ $12= 529; second step, 529x8 = 4232,
the number of bushels that can be bought for $6348.
 APPLICATIONS. 45,

Solve and explain the following:

2. If 28 pounds of sugar cost $4, how many pounds can be
bought for $348? Ans. 2436 pounds.
3. The cost of 4 boxes of oranges is $12. How many
boxes, at the same rate, can be bought for $552?
4. When peaches are sold at $6 for 8 baskets, how many
baskets must a man sell to receive $582? Ans. 776 baskets.
5. A farmer sold a quantity of butter at $35 a hundred
pounds, and received $1715 ; how many pounds did he sell ?
6. A carpenter was paid at the rate of $42 for 12 days, and
received $588; how many days was he employed?
7. At $69 for 12 cords of wood, how many cords can be
bought for $966? Ans. 168 cords.

REVIEW EXAMPLES.

162. 1. 1 sold 60 pounds of cheese at 12 cents a pound,

and laid out the proceeds in coffee at 20 cents a pound; how
many pounds of coffee did I buy ? Ans. 36 pounds.
2. Bought a quantity of wood for $3959, and sold it for
$6095, thus gaining $3 on each.cord sold; how much wood
did I buy? wee 712 cords.
3. I sold a farm of 244 acres at $48 an acre, and another
farm of 160 acres at $72 an acre; how much more did the first
farm bring than the second ? Ans. $192.
4, The expenses of a young lady at school were $75 for
tuition, $20 for books, $68 for clothes, $17 for railroad fare,
$5 a week for board for 42 weeks, and $36 for other expenses ;
what was the total expense ? Ans. $426.
5. I paid $8960 for 8 city lots, and sold them at a loss
of $12 on each lot; how much did I receive for 3 of them?
6. I bought 27 acres of land at $41 an acre, and 26 acres at
$27 an acre, and sold the whole at $43 an acre; how much did
I gain or lose ? Ans. $470 gain.
%, What is the total cost of 45 acres of land at $17 an
%6 APPLICATIONS.

acre, two horses at $132 each, a yoke of oxen for $130, a

horse-rake for $65, and a plow for $17? Ans. $1241.
8. A grocer bought 14 barrels of apples for $42; how much
will he pay at the same rate for 168 barrels? Ans. $504.
9. The sum of two numbers is 73, and their difference 47;
what are the numbers?
SoLutTion.—The sum 73 is equal to the greater number plus the less,
pod the less number plus the difference 47, are equal to the greater;
hence, if 47 be added to the sum 73, we have twice the greater number.
Hence, first step, 73 + 47 = 120 ; second step, 120 + 2 = 60, the greater
number; third step, 60 — 47 = 18, the less number.

10. The sum of two numbers is 8976, and the difference

452; what are the numbers ? Ans. 4714 and 4262.
11. Two men owed together $3957, one of them owed $235
more than the other; what was each man’s debt?
12. A house and lot are worth $7394. The house is valued
at $2462 more than the lot; what is each worth ?
13. If 15 cows can subsist on a certain quantity of hay for
10 days, how long will the same suffice for 3 cows?
14. A fruit merchant bought 576 barrels of apples at $36
for every 8 barrels, and sold-them at $33 for every 6 barrels;
how much did he gain on the transaction? Ans. $576.
15. A drover bought cattle at $47 a head to the amount of
62961, and sold them for $3528; what was the selling price
per head? Ans. $56.
16. A farmer sold 62 bushels.of wheat for $50, also 14 cords
of wood at $5 a cord, 4 tons of hay at $15 a ton, and 2 cows
at $30 apiece; he took in payment $145 in money, a coat
worth $50, a horse-rake worth $21, and the balance in clover-
seed at $4 a bushel; how many bushels of seed did he
receive ? Ans. 6 bushels.
17%. A farmer paid $22541 for two farms, and the difference
in the cost of the farms was $3471. The price of the farm for
which he paid the smaller sum was $64 an acre, and of the
pther $87 an acre. How many acres in each farm?
 a KOVR» ie

*;| PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS. |=-

—
DEFINITIONS.

163. An Integer is a number that expresses how many

there are in a collection of whole things.
Thus, 8 yards, 12 houses, 32 dollars.

164. An Exact Divisor is a number that will divide

another number without a remainder.
Thus, 3 or 5 is an exact divisor of 15.
All numbers with reference to exact divisors are either
“prime or composite.
165. A Prime Number is a number that has no exact
divisor besides 1 and itself.
Thus, 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, etc., are prime numbers.

166. A Composite Number is a number that has

other exact divisors besides 1 and itself.
Thus, 6 is divisible by either 2 or 3; hence is composite.
167. A Prime Divisor is a prime number used as a
divisor.
Thus, in 35 + 7, 7 is a prime divisor.

168. A Composite Divisor is a composite number

used asa divisor.
Thus, in 18 + 6, 6 is a composite divisor.
%8 _ PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

EXACT DIVISION.
169. The following tests of exact division should be care-
fully studied and fixed in the memory for future use.
Prov. 1—A divisor of any number is a divisor of any num-
ber of times that number.
Thus, 12 = 3fours. Hence, 12 x 6 = 3 fours x 6=18 fours.
But 18 fours are divisible by 4. Hence, 12 x 6, or 72, is
divisible by 4.
Prop. Il.—A divisor of each of two or more numbers is a
divisor of their sum.
Thus, 5 is a divisor of 10 and 30; that is, 10 = 2 fives and
30= 6 fives. Hence, 10 + 30 = 2 fives + 6 fives = 8 fives.
But 8 fives are divisible by 5. Hence, 5 is a divisor of the
sum of 10 and 30.
Prop. III.—A divisor of each of two numbers is a divisor
of their difference.
Thus, 3 is a divisor of 27 and 15; that is, 27 = 9 threes
and 15=5 threes. Hence, 27 —15 = 9 threes —5 threes
= 4 threes. But 4 threes are divisible by 3. Hence 3 is a
divisor of the difference between 27 and 15.
Prop. 1V.—Any number ending with a cipher is divisible
by the divisors of 10, viz., 2 and 5.
Thus, 370 = 37 times 10. Hence is divisible by 2 and 5,
the divisors of 10, according to Prop. I.
Prop. V.—Any number is divisible by either of the divisors
of 10, when its right-hand figure is divisible by the same.
Thus, 498 = 490 + 8. Each of these parts is divisible by
®. Hence the number 498 is divisible by 2, according to
Props id,
In the same way it may be shown that 495 is divisible
by 5.
 EXACT DIVISION. 79

Prop. VIl.—Any number ending with two ciphers is divisible

by the divisors of 100, viz., 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, and 50.
Thus, 8900 = 89 times 100. Hence is divisible by any of
the divisors of 100, according to Prop. I.
Prop. VIL—Any number is divisible by any one of the
divisors of 100, when the number expressed by its two right-
hand figures is divisible by the same.
Thus, 4975 = 4900 + 75. Any divisor of 100 is a divisor
of 4900 (Prop. VI). Hence, any divisor of 100 which will
divide 75 is a divisor of 4975 (Prop. II).
Prop. VIII—Any number ending with three ciphers is
divisible by the divisors of 1000, viz, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 25,
40, 50, 100, 125, 200, 250, and 500.
Thus, 83000 = 83 times 1000. Hence is divisible by any
of the divisors of 1000, according to Prop. I.
Prop. [X.—Any number is divisible by any one of the
divisors of 1000, when the number expressed by its three right-
hand figures is divisible by the same.
Thus, 92625 = 92000 + 625. Any divisor of 1000 is a
| divisor of 92000 (Prop. VIII). Hence, any divisor of 1000
which will divide 625 is a divisor of 92625 (Prop. II).
Prop. X.—Any number is divisible by 9, if the sum of tts
digits is divisible by 9.
This proposition may be shown thus:
(1.) 486 = 400 + 80 + 6.
((2.) 100 = 99 +1=11nines+1. Hence, 400 = 44 nines
+ 4, and is divisible by 9 with a remainder 4.
(3.) 10=9+4+1=I1nine+1. Hence, 80=8 nines + 8,
and is divisible by 9 with a remainder 8.
(4.) From the foregoing it follows that 400 + 80 + 6, or
486, is divisible by 9 with a remainder 4 + 8 + 6, the sum of
the digits. Hence, if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9,
| the number 486 is divisible by 9 (Prop. IT).
80 PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

Prop. XI.—Any number is divisible by 3, if the swm of tts.

digits is divisible by 3.
This proposition is shown in the same manner as Prop. X ;
as 8 divides 10, 100, 1000, etc., with aremainder 1 in each a
Prop. XII.—Any number is divisible by 11, if the differ-
ence of the sums of the digits in the odd and even places 1s zero
or is divisible by 11.
This may be shown thus:
(1.) 4928— 4000 + 900 + 20 +8.
(2.) 1000 = 91 elevens—1. Hence, 4000=364 elevens—4.
(3.) 100 = 9 elevens + 1.. Hence, 900= 81 elevens + 9.
(4.) 10 =1 eleven —1. Hence, 20= 2 elevens — 2.
(5.) From the foregoing it follows that 4928 = 364 elevens
+ 81 elevens + 2 elevens —4+9— 2+8.
But)— 449 —248=11 . Hence, 4928 = 361 sens
+ 81 elevens + 2 elevens + 1 eleven = 448 elevens, and is
therefore divisible by 11.
The same course of reasoning applies where the difference
is minus or zero. Hence, etc.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

10. Find exact divisors of each of the following numbers

by applying the foregoing tests :
1. 470. Peo 20870. 23. 5478.
aa OO. 13. 19264. 24. 3825.
3. 2304, 14. 37128. 25. 8694.
4. 4500. 15. 28475. 26. 3270.
>. 8712. 16. 47000. 27. 3008.
6. 9736. : 17. 69392. 28. 8004.
7 5925. 18. 34604. 29. 700%.
8. 8375. 19. 38745. 30. 1005.
9. 6000. 20. 53658. 31. 9009.
10. 8500. 21. 25839. 32. 3072.
11. 3625. 22. 21762. 33. 8008.
 PRIME NUMBERS. 81

PRIME NUMBERS.
PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

1%1. Prop. L—All even numbers are divisible by 2 and

consequently all even numbers, except 2, are composite.
Hence, in finding the prime numbers, we cancel as com-
posite all even numbers except 2.
aus =o, 4,° 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; 46, 11,2425 and’saton:

Prop. Il.—ach number in the series of odd numbers is 2

greater than the number immediately preceding tt.
Thus, the numbers left after cancelling the even numbers
are
3 5 q 9 11 13, and so on.
Fee oe ed es men

3 3+2 5+2 +2 9+2 11-2

Prop. III.—Jn the series of odd numbers, every THIRD

number from 3 is divisible by 3, every FIFTH number from 5 1s
divisible by 5, and so on with each number in the series.
This proposition may be shown thus:
According to Prop. II, the series of odd numbers increase
by 2’s. Hence the ¢hird number from 3 is found by adding
2 three times, thus :
3 5 me % 9
~_ GaN SSS
3 3+2 B34+242 B+24242
From this it will be seen that 9, the third number from 3,
is composed of 3, plus 3 twos, and is divisible by 3 (Prop. IT) ;
and so with the third number from 9, and so on. .
By the same course of reasoning, each fifth number in the
series, counting from 5, may be shown to be divisible by 5 ;
and so with any other number in the series; hence the fol-
lowing method of finding the prime numbers.
 as

82 PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

IELUSTRATION OF PROCESS, i
i

172. Prosp.—To find all the Prime Numbers from 1

to any given number. fl

Find all the prime numbers from 1 to 63.

1 3 5 ; 9 11 13
3
15 Ne 19 21 23 25 a7
3 6 8.4 5 3 9
29 31 53 35 37 39 41
Bid 5 4 8 13
43 45 AY 49 51 53 55
8 5 9 15 1 8 17 5 11—
5? 59 61 63
3 19 $29 24
EXxPLANATION.—1. Arrange the series of odd numbers in lines, at con-
venient distances from each other, as shown in illustration.
2. Write 8 under every third number from 3, 5 under every fifth num-
ber from 5, 7 under every seventh number from 7, and so on with each
of the other numbers.
8. The terms under which the numbers are written are composite,
and the numbers written under are their factors, according to Prop. III.
All the remaining numbers are prime.

Hence all the prime numbers from 1 to 63 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 7,

11, 18, 1%, 19, 23, 29, 31, 3%, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61.
~

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

173. 1. Find all the prime numbers from 1 to 95.

2 . Find all the prime numbers from 42 to 108.
. Find all the prime numbers from 70 to 130.
. Find all the prime numbers from 1 to 200.
. Find all the prime numbers from 200 to 400.
a . Show by an example that every seventh
OO
of number from
seven, in the series of odd numbers, is divisible by seven.
 FACTORING. 83

FACTORING.
PREPARATORY STEPS.

174. Step I1—Find by inspection all the exact divisors of

each of the following numbers, and write them in order on
your slate, thus: 6=3 x 2, 10=5 x 2.
A, 6 10 14 15 21 22 26
2. 33 34 ay) 38 39 46 51
3. 55 57 58 62 65 69 74
4. U7 79 82 85 86 87 91
5. 3 11 6115 )« «61190 «R329 «4
Refer to the results on your slate and observe
(1.) Each prime exact divisor is called a prime factor of the
number of which it is a divisor.
(2.) Each number is equal to the product of its prime
factors.
Step Il.—The same prime factor may enter into a number
two or more times. Thus, 18 =2 x 3 x 3. Hence the prime
factor, 3, enters twice into 18.
Resolve the following numbers into their prime factors, and
name how many times each factor enters into a number.
a, zt S80 wl « Bs . G4 Do 8
2 i 20 28 40 44 .45 » 50
3. 54 56 Teed,” 98 T00Ne TOS
4, V1 2 49 125 121 213 348

DEFINITIONS.
175. A Factor is one of the equal parts of a number, or
one of its exact divisors.
Thus, 15 is composed of 3 fives or 5 threes ; hence, 5 ard 3
are factors of 15.
 r ™
new
y

84 PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

496. A Prime Factor is a prime number which is a

factor of a given number.
Thus, 5 is a prime factor of 30.
1v%%. A Composite Factor is a composite a
which is a factor of a given number.
Thus, 6 is a bouiposite factor of 24.
178. Factoring is the process of resolving a composite
number into its factors.
1939. An Exponent is a sme] figure placed at the right
of a number and a little above, tu show how many times the
number is used as a factor.
Thus, 335=3 x3x3x3x3. The 5 at the night of 3
denotes that the 3 is used 5 times ax: a factor.
180. A Common Factor is a number that is a factor
of each of two or more numbers.
Thus, 3 is a factor of 6, 9,12, and 15; hence is a common
factor.
181. The Greatest Common Factor is the great-
est number that is a factor of each of two or more numbers.
Thus, 4 is the greatest number that is a factor of 8 and also
of 12. Hence 4 is the greatest common factor of 8 and 12.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.
182. Find the prime factors of 462.
2 ) 4.6 2 EXPLANATION.—1. We observe that the number 462
3 )231 is divisible by 2, the smallest prime number. Hence
) 2% we divide by 2.
7 add 2. We observe that the first quotient, 231, is divisible
til by 8, which is a prime number. Hence we divide by 3.
3. We observe that the second quotient, 77, 1s divisi-
ble by 7, which is a prime number. Hence we divide by 7.
4, The third quotient, 11, is a prime number. Hence the prime fac-
tors of 462 are 2,3, 7, and 11; that is, 4462 =2x8x7x11.
 CANCELLATION. 8d

Any composite number may be factored in the same man-

ner. Hence the following
183. RULE—Divide the given number by any prime
numober that is an exact divisor, and the resulting quo-
tient by another, and so continue the division until the
quotient is a prime number. The several divisors and
the last quotient are the required prime factors.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

184, Find the prime factors of the following numbers :

Tr 710. 12. 16028. 23. 5184.
2. 630. 13719170. 24, 9160.
3. 462. 14, 10823. 25. 8030.
4, 1386. 15. 1250. 26. 4165.
5. 1470. 16. 6400. 27. 62500.
6. 8136. 1%. 2240. 28. 81000.
7 3234. 18. 1000. 29. 64000.
8. 4361. 19. 4515. 30. 45500.
9. 30030. 20. 7854. 31. 16875.
10. 11025. 21. 2310. 32. 18590. |
11. 14600. 22. 5450. 33. 16380.

CANCELLATION.
PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

185. Study carefully the following propositions :

Prop. L—Rejecting a factor from a number divides the
number by that factor.
Thus, 72 = 24 x 3. Hence, rejecting the factor 3 from 72,
we have 24, the quotient of 72 divided by 3.
Prov. Il.—Dividing both dividend and divisor by the same
number does not change the quotient.
Thus, 60 +12 = 20 threes + 4 threes = 5.
86 PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

Observe that the unit three, in 20 threes + 4 threes, does

not in any way affect the size of the quotient; therefore, it
may be rejected and the quotient will not be changed.
Heuce, dividing both the dividend 60 and the divisor 12 by
3 does not change the quotient,

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.
186. Ex. 1. Divide 462 by 42.
6) 462 77 EXPLANATION.—We divide both the
6) 2 ae 11. divisor and dividend by 6. According to
Prop. II, the quotient is not changed.
Hence, 77 + 7 = 462 + 42 =11.

Ex. 2. Divide 65 x 24 x 55 by 89 x 15 x 35.

43 8 11
9X TA NE XE Se
$9 x 16-35TES XM 1
3 3 ve
EXPLANATION.—1. We divide any factor in the dividend by any
number that will divide a factor in the divisor.
Thus, 65 in the dividend and 15 in the divisor are divided each by 5.
In the same manner, 55 and 35, 18 and 89, 24 and 8 are divided.
The remaining factors, 8 and 11, in the dividend are prime to each of
the remaining factors in the divisor. Hence, no further division can be:
performed.
2. We divide the product of 8 and 11, the remaining factors in the
dividend, by the product of 3 and 7, the remaining factors in the divisor
and find as a quotient 4,4, which, according to (185—I)), is equal to the
quotient of 65 x 24 x 55 divided by 39 x 15 x 35.
All similar cases may be treated in the same manner;
hence, the following
187%. Rute—TI. Cancel all the factors that are com-
mon to the dividend and divisor.
. IT. Divide the product of the remaining factors of the
dividend by the product of the remaining factors of the
divisor. The result will be the quotient required.
 CANCELLATION. 8%

WRITTEN EXAMPLES.

188. 1. Divide 9009 by 6006. Ans. 1}.

2. Divide 8475 by 525. Ans. 164.
3. Divide 3328 by 216. Ans. 1544.
4, Divide 8 x 15 x 40 by 10 x 24. Ans. 20.
8. Divide 49 x 25 x 12 by 16 x 36 x5. Ans. 54%.
6. Divide 12500 by 75. Ans. 166%. °
_%. Divide 64 x 81 x 25 by 24 x 27. Ans. 200.
8. Divide 12 x 49 x 27 by 42 x14. Ans, 2%.
_ 9. What is the quotient of 16 times 5 times 4 divided by &
times 20? Ans. 2.
10. Multiply 8 times 66 by 5 times 18, and divide the
product by 33 times 72. Ans. 20.
* 11. If 10, 12, 84, and 42 are the factors of the dividend,
and 12, 5, 24, and 7 are the factors of the divisor, what is the
quotient ? Ans. 42.
12. How many barrels of flour, at 12 dollars a barrel, are
worth as much as 16 cords of wood, at'3 dollars a cord?
13. At 18 dollars a week, how many weeks must a man
work to pay 3 debts of 180 dollars each? Ans. 30 weeks.
14. When a laborer can buy 36 bushels of potatoes, at 4
shillings a bushel, with the earnings of 24 days, how many
shillings does he earn a day ? Ans. 6 shillings.
15. How many loads of potatoes, each containing 15 bushels,
at 42 cents a bushel, will pay for 12 rolls of carpeting, each
containing 56 yards, at 75 cents a yard? Ans. 80 loads.
16. A man exchanged 7%5 bushels of onions, at 90 cents a
bushel, for a number of boxes of tea, containing 25 pounds
each, at 54 cents a pound ; how many boxes did he receive?
17. How many pounds of tea, at 72 cents a pound, would
pay for 3 hogsheads of sugar, each weighing 1464 pounds, at
15 cents a pound? Ans. 915 pounds.
88. PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR.

PREPARATORY STEPS.
189. Srep 1—Vind by inspection an exact divisor for each
of the following sets of numoers :
1. 3,9,15,and12. ° 4, 18, 45, 27, and 72.
2. 7, 14, 21, and 36. 5. 36, 84, 108, and 60.
3. 8, 12, 36, and 28. 6. 42, 70, 28, and 112.
Strep Il.—Vind by inspection the greatest number that is an
exact divisor of each of the following pairs of numbers :
1s 5,25. 3. 6, 120. 5. 25, 750.
Os ghee aoe 4, 138, 1300. 6. 45, 9000.
_ Find in the same manner the greatest exact divisor of the —
following:
dened, Bde 9. 36, 96. 11. 84, 182.
8. 25, 45. LO. 4. kDS. * 12, 88, bat
Strep IIIl.—Ezpress the numbers in each of the foregoing
examples in terms of their greatest exact divisor.
Thus, the greatest exact divisor of 16 and 40 is 8, hence
16 may be expressed as 2 eights, and 40 as 5 eights.

DEFINITIONS.
190. A Common Divisor is a number that is an exact -
divisor of each of two or more numbers.
Thus, 5 is a divisor of 10, 15, and 20.
191. The Greatest Common Divisor is the great-
est number that is an exact divisor of each of two or more
numbers.
Thus, 3 is the greatest exact divisor of each of the numbers
G6 and 15. Hence 3 is their greatest common divisor.
192. Numbers are prime to each other when SHEN
have no common divisor besides 1; thus, 8, 9, 25.
 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR. 89°

METHOD BY FACTORING.
PREPARATORY PROPOSITION.

193. Illustrate the following proposition by examples.

The greatest common divisor is the product of the prime fac-
tors that are common to all the given numbers ; thus,
43K 2% 3 = 7 sixes;
66> 1i-« 2°x 3 = 11 sixes.
7 and 11 being prime to each other, 6 must be the greatest
common divisor of 7 sixes and 11 sixes. But 6 is the product
of 2 and 3, the common prime factors; hence the greatest
common divisor of 42 and 64 is the product of their common
prime factors.
ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

194, Pros. I—To find the Greatest Common Divi-

sor of two or more numbers by factoring.
Find the greatest common divisor of 98, 70, and 154.
(1.) (2.)
2)98 2)70 2)154 2) 08 ee 0, 154
BVSGiy VBB. NE) Loy OR 0749 BE
HY) 5 vi Yaa
2 x 7 = greatest common divisor.
EXPLANATION.—1. We resolve each of the numbers into their prime
factors, as shown in (1) or (2).
2. We observe that 2 and 7 are the only prime factors common to all
the numbers. Hence the product of 2 and 7, or 14, according to (193).
is the greatest common divisor of 98, 70, and 154.
The greatest common divisor of any two or more numbers
is found in the same manner ; hence the following
195. Rute—Resolve each number into its prime fac-
tors, and find the product of the prime factors that are
common to all the numbers.
90 PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE,

196. Find the greatest common divisor of

1. 30, 75, 105. 10. 68, 102, 238.
2, 10, 15, 210. 11. - 66, 182, 231.
3. 63, 105, 147. 12. 138, 184, 322.
4.778, 198, 149, 13. 105, 245, 315.
5. 112, 196, 272. 14, 195, 280, 345.
6. 126, 234, 306. 15. 147, 339, 483.
% 187, 221, 323. 16. 228, 276, 348.
8. 405, 56%, 324. 1%. 360, 315, 495.
9. 225, 525, 300. 18. 840, 312, 408.

METHOD BY DIVISION.
PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS,
19%. Let the two following propositions be carefully
studied and illustrated by other examples, before attempting
to find the greatest common divisor by this method.
Prop. 1L—The greatest common divisor of two numbers is
the greatest common divisor of the smaller number and their
difference.
Thus, 3 is the greatest common divisor of 15 and 27.
Hence 15=5threes and 27 =9 threes;
and 9 threes — 5 threes — 4 threes.
But 9 and 5 are prime to each other; hence, 4 and 5 must
be prime to each other, for if not, their common divisor will
divide their sum, according to (169—II), and be a common
divisor of 9 and 5,
Therefore, 3 is the greatest common divisor of 5 threes and
4. threes, or of 15 and 12. Hence, the greatest common divi-
sor of two numbers is the greatest common divisor of the
smaller number and their difference,
 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR. 91

Prop. II.—The greatest common divisor of two numbers is

the greatest common divisor of the smaller number and
the remainder after the division of the greater by the less.
This proposition may be illustrated thus :
1. Subtract 6 from 22, then from the
22—6=16, difference, 16, etc., until a remainder less
16 —6=10 than 6 is obtained.
10—6= 4 2. Observe that the number of times 6
has been subtracted is the quotient of 22
divided by 6, and hence that the remainder, 4, is the remain-
der after the division of 22 by 6.
3. According to Prop. I, the greatest common divisor of
22 and 6 is the greatest common divisor of their difference,
16, and 6. It is also, according to the same Proposition, the
greatest common divisor of 10 and 6, and of 4.and 6. But 4
is the remainder after division and 6 the smaller number.
Hence the greatest common divisor of 22 and 6 is the greatest
common divisor of the smaller number and the remainder
after division.

ILLUSTRATION OF FPROCESS.

198. Pros. IIl.—To find the Greatest Common Divisor

of two or more numbers by continued division.
Find the greatest common divisor of 28 and 176.
2 8) eG (6 EXPLANATION.—1. We divide 176 by
28 and find 8 for a remainder; then we
168 :
Seng divide 28 by 8, and find 4 for a remain-
8)28(3 der; then we divide 8 by 4, and find 0
24 for a remainder.
sy )8(2 2. According to Prop. II, the greatest
‘ common divisor of 28 and 176 is the same
8 as the greatest common divisor of 28 and
0 8, also of Sand 4. But 4 is the greatest
common divisor of 8 and 4, Hence 4 is
the greatest common divisor of 28 and 176.
 ~

92 PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

The greatest common divisor of any two numbers is i found

in the same manner; hence the following
199. RuLte.— Divide the greater number by the less,
then the less number by the remainder, then the last
divisor by the last remainder, and so on until nothing
remains. The last divisor ts the sreatest common divi-
sor sowght. :
To find the greatest common divisor of three or more num-
bers by this method we have the following
200. RuLeE—Find the sreatest common divisor of twa
of the numbers, then of the common divisor thws found
and a third number, and so on with a fourth, fifth, ete.,
number.

ARITHMETICAL DRILL TABLE NO. 3.

2O1. Table for Oral Exercises in Greatest Common Divisor, and
for Oral and Written Exercises in Least Common Multiple.
A. B. Cc. D. E. BE. G.
ef 1075 14 ~ 6, 12 2a
are: 9. IS G6. 18. ee
See BY” NS Ba Oh Sie eee
BBO iB, (1:86 wor L001 BE: vod Oo WBS
BBO NBS 8s YO NPSntowd Sion Bgy basg
@. 0)13 J2-o Fp BO- JS. WP MES
Reins Gls: ) pon Odes thQ- QoQ beac
GP 20° 816 SB" 5G Te
iB AG Bore Bl GAs? ae
10." 04. 70. 90. 60 “8 YL 66
16 GP GD 299 VE SA eae
12. 72 48 8h 60~ 96. 86 108.
 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR.

ARITHMETICAL DRILL TABLE NO. 4.

2O2. Table for Written Exercises in Greatest Common Divisor
and Least Common Multiple.
A. B. C. D. E. F.
80° 8615 LE VIC" 8B 198
Ue CIO) 72° :bE Ry 126
252 896 264 480 220 V92°
60.. 120. 40.420. 195 195
baQs© 264 396 462 59 528
10° 105 420 156 315 585
96. 230.. 112 192. 336 840
198 $815 297 693 d67 594
Ses210
Bikes
wale 850° 240 800 720 630
10. 182 220 264 308 660 528
i.” 168 "180 504° 420, 252 540
12-156 $12 130 3864. 278 BOL

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

203. Find the greatest common divisor of the following :

195 and 465. 6. 335 and 1085.
357 and 483. 4% 356 and 808.
418 and 330. 8. 195 and 483.
455 and 1085. 9. 465, 1365, and 215.
r 808,
ASP
SP 546, and 124. 10. 546, 4641, and 364.
204. Continue the practice in finding the greatest common
divisor of abstract numbers by taking examples from the
above Arithmetical Tables. Let all the examples taken
 94. PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

from Table No. 3 be worked orally and in sets inthe same

manner as directed for written exercises.

Examples with Two Numbers.

205, First Sret.—Take examples for written exercises

from the first line of Table No.4, thus:
(1.) 30 36 (4.) 176 88
(2) 36 154 (5.) 88 196
: (3.) 154176
Observe that in each new example, the first number taken
in the last example is omitted and a new number added.
Take in the same manner examples from each line in the
table.
206. Szeconp Sretr.—Take examples from the first and
second lines thus :
(1) 30 48 (3.) 154 72 (5.) 88 84
(2.) 36 210 (4.) 176 54 (6.) 198 126
To present other examples, omit the first line and use the
second and third, then the third and -fourth, and so on to the
bottom of the table.
20%. Tuirp Srt.—Take the numbers from the first and
third line, then from the second and fourth, then from the
third and fifth, etc., to the bottom of the card.

Examples with Three Numbers.

208. First Set.—Take examples from each line, thus :

(1.) 30 36 154 (3.) 154 176 88
(2.) 36 154 176 (4.) 176 88 198
209. Sreconp Sret—Take the numbers from the first,
second, and third lines, then from the second, third, and fourth,
and so on to the bottom of the table.
Ks
"

GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR. 95

SE
——

WRITTEN EXAMPLES.

210. 1. Divide the greatest common divisor of 48, 72, 96,

and 120 by the greatest common divisor of 21, 30, 39, and 84.
2. I have rooms 12 feet, 15 feet, and 24 feet wide; what
is the width of the widest carpeting that will fit any room in
my house? Ans. 3 feet.
3. In the village of Potsdam, some of the sidewalks are
48 inches wide, some 60 inches, and others 72 inches ; what
is the widest flagging that can be used in each of these side-
walks without cutting? Ans. 12 inches.
4. A man owns 38 village lots of equal depth, the first
having a front of 72 feet, the second 144 feet, and the third
108 feet, which he wishes to divide into the fewest number of
lots possible having equal fronts; how many feet will each
front contain ? Ans. 36 feet.
5. I have a lot whose sides measure, respectively, 42 feet,
84 feet, 112 feet, and 126 feet ; I wish to enclose it with
boards having the greatest possible uniform length; what
will be the length of each board? Ans. 14 feet.
6. A teamster agrees to cart 132 barrels of flour for a
merchant on Monday, 84 barrels on Wednesday, and 108 bar-
rels on Friday; what is the largest number he can carry at a
lcad, and yet have the same number in each? Ans. 12 barrels.
%. A merchant has three pieces of cloth containing respec-
tively 42, 98, and 84 yards, which he proposes to sell in dress
patterns of uniform size. What is the largest number of
yards the dress patterns can contain so that there may be
nothing left of either piece ?
8. If two farms containing each an exact number of acres
were purchased for $8132 and $6270 respectively, what is the
highest uniform price per acre that could have been paid, and
in this case how many acres in each farm ?
 F

96 PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS. .—

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE.

PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.
211. Study carefully each of the following propositions :
Prop. I.—A multiple of a number contains as a factor each
prime factor of the number as many times as it enters into the
number.
Thus, 60, which is a multiple of 12, contains 5 times 12, or 5 times
2x2x 3, the prime factors of 12. Hence, each of the prime factors of
12 enters as a factor into 60 as many times as it enters into 12.
Prop. II.—The least common multiple of two or more given
numbers must contain, as a factor, each prime factor in those
numbers the greatest number of times that it enters into any
one of them. ’
Thus, 12 =2x2x38,and9—8x38. The prime factors in 12 and 9 are
2and 3. A multiple of 12, according to Prop. I, must contain 2 asa
factor twice and 8 once, A multiple of 9, according to the same propo-
sition, must contain 3 as a factor twice. Hence a number which is a
multiple of both 12 and 9 must contain 2 as a factor twice and 3 twice,
which is equal t0o2x2x3x3= 36. Hence 36 is the least common -
multiple of 12 and 9.

DEFINITIONS.
212. A Multiple of a number is a number that is
exactly divisible by the given number.
Thus, 24 is divisible by 8; hence, 24 is a multiple of 8.

213. A Common Multiple of two or more numbers

is a number that is exactly divisible by each of them.
Thus, 36 is livisible by each of the numbers 4, 9, and 12; hence,
86 is a common multiple of 4, 9, and 12.

214, The Least Common Multiple of two or more

numbers is the least number that is exactly divisible by each
of them. ;
Thus, 24 is the least number that is divisible by each of the numbers
6 and 8; hence, 24 is the least common multiple of 6 and 8.
 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE. 97

METHOD BY FACTORING.
ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

215. Pros. I.—To find, by factoring, the least common

multiple of two or more numbers.
Find the least common multiple of 18, 24, 15, and 35.
Sal oma Hit 35 EXPLANATION.—1. We observe
that 3 is a factor of 18, 24, and 15
: 6 8 pe se i
a TO Dividing these numbers by 8, we
5 B 4 do 3d. write the quotients with 35, in the
3 4 9 second line,
2. Observing that 2 is a factor
of 6 and 8, we divide as before, and find the third line of numbers.
Dividing by 5, we find the fourth line of numbers, which are prime to
each other ; hence cannot be further divided.
8. Observe the divisors 3, 2, and 5 are all the factors that are common
to any two or more of the given numbers, and the quotients 3, 4, and 7
are the factors that belong each only to one number. Therefore the
divisors and quotients together contain each of the prime factors of 18,
24, 15, and 35 as many times as it enters into any one of these numbers,
Thus, the divisors 3 and 2, with the quotient 3, are the prime factors of
18; and so with the other numbers.
Hence, according to (211—II), the continued product of the divisors
8, 2, and 5, and the quotients 3, 4, and 7, which is equal to 2520, is the
least common multiple of 18, 24, 15, and 35.

From this illustration we have the following

216. Rute—T. Write the numbers in a line, and
divide by any prime factor that is contained in any
two or more of them, placing the quotients and the
undivided numbers in the line below.
IT. Operate upon the second line of numbers in the
same manner, and so on until a line of numbers that
are prime to each other is found.
ITI. Find the continued product of the divisors used
and the numbers in the last line ; this will sive the least
common multiple of the given numbers.
8 PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

WRITTEN EXAMPLES.

21%. 1. What is the least common multiple of the nine

digits?
2. What is the least number of cents that can be exactly
expended in oranges, whether they cost 4, 5, or 6 cents apiece?
3. What is the smallest quantity of milk that will exactly
fill either six-quart, nine-quart, or twelve-quart cans?
4, A can lay 42 rows of shingles on my house in a day,
and B can lay 56 rows; what is the least number of rows
that will give a number of full days’ work to either A or B?
5. What is the smallest sum of money that I can exactly
lay out in calves at 14 dollars each, cows at 38 dollars each,
or oxen at 57 dollars each? Ans. 798 dollars.
6. What is the width of the narrowest street across which
stepping-stones either 2, 4, or 9 feet long will exactly reach ?
%. Three separate parties are measuring the distance from
the town hall in Middleton to the town hall in Danvers ; one
party uses a chain 33 feet long, another a chain 66 feet long,
and the third a chain 50 feet long, marking each chain’s
length with astake ; at what intervals of space will three stakes
be driven at the same place? - Ans. Every 1650 feet.

METHOD BY GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.
218. Pros. Il.—To find, by using the greatest common
divisor, the least common multiple of two or more
numbers. :
Find the least common multiple of 195 and 255.
EXPLANATION.—1. We find the greatest common divisor of 195 and
255, which is 15.
2. The greatest common divisor, 15, according to (198), contains
all the prime factors that are common to 195 and 255. Dividing each of
these numbers by 15, we find the factors that are not common, namely,
13 and 17.
 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE. 99

3. The common divisor 15 and the quotient 13 contain all the prime
factors of 195, and the common divisor 15 and the quotient 17 contain all
the prime factors of 255.
Hence, according to (211—II]), the continued product of the common
<ivisor 15 and the quotients 13 and 17, which is 3315, is the least com-
mon multiple of 195 and 255.

The least common multiple of any two numbers is found

in the same manner, hence the following
219. Rutz.—TL. Find the greatest common divisor of
the two given numbers, and divide each of thenum-
bers by this divisor.
Il. Find the continued product of the greatest com-
mon divisor and the quotients ; this will give the least
common multiple of the two given numbers.
To find the least common multiple of three or more
numbers by this method we have the following
220. Rute.—TLind the least common multiple of two
of them; then find the least cominon multiple of the
multiple thus found and the third number, and so on
with four or more numbers.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

221. Find the least common multiple of

is Ol and 182, dD. 1d4 and, 231.
2. 110 and 165. 6. 3885 and 455.
3. %8 and 195. %, 864 and 637.
A 143 and_i165. 8. 462 and 546.
222. For further practice take examples with two numbers
from Table No. 4, page 93, as directed in (205), (206), and
(20%) ; and examples with three numbers from Table No. 3,
as directed in (208) and (209).
Continue to practice with abstract numbers until you can
find the least common multiple of two or more numbers
accurately and rapidly.
100 PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.

=~
—— =

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

223. 1. Define Prime Number, Composite Number, and

Exact Divisor, and illustrate each by an example.
2. What is meant by an Odd Number? An Even Number?
3. Show that if an even number is divisible by an odd num-
ber, the quotient must be even. *

4, Name the prime numbers from 1 to 40.

5. Why are all even numbers except 2 composite ?
6. State how you would show, in the series of odd numbers,
that every fifth number from 5 is divisible by 5.
% What is a Factor? A Prime Factor?
8. What are the prime factors of 81? Of64? Of125?
9. Show that rejecting the same factor from the divisor and
dividend does not change the quotient.
10. Explain Cancellation, and illustrate by an example.
11. Give reasons for calling an exact divisor a measure.
12. What is a Common Measure? The Greatest Common
Measure? Illustrate each answer by an example.
13. Show that the greatest common divisor of 42 and 114
is the greatest common divisor of 42 and the remainder after
the division of 114 by 42.
14. Explain the rule for finding the greatest common
divisor by factoring; by division.
15. Why must we finally get a,common divisor if the greater’
of two numbers be divided by the less, and the divisor by the
remainder, and so on ?
16. What is a Multiple? The Least Common Multiple?
17. Explain how the Least Common Multiple of two or
more numbers is found by using their greatest common divisor.
18. Prove that a number is divisible by 9 when the sum of
its digits is divisible by 9.
19. Prove that a number is divisible by 11 when the differ.
ence of the sums of the digits in the odd and even places is zero.
 3 Gmcrioxs je
PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

224. Prov. l—Any thing regarded as a whole can be

divided into unequal or equal parts; thus,
(1) WHOLE. Bs ta ste

1. Equal parts of a whole are called Fractions.

2. Into what kind of parts can a pear be divided? <A bushel
of wheat? Arope? A garden? Anything?
3. Make $12 into unequal parts in six ways, and into equal
parts in five ways.
4. In how many ways can 15 be made into equal parts?
Into unequal parts ?
Prov. Il.—The same whole can be divided into equal parts
of different sizes ; thus,
WHOLE. EQUAL PARTS.
eS me ces =6lfalves.

ae o- som om ame 8=Thirds.

ee lO eee |= 'ourths.

me Cll ee )=— ths.

1. Observe the equal parts are named by using the ordinal

corresponding with the number of parts. Thus, when the
whole is made into ¢hree parts, one part is called a third, when
 102 FRACTIONS.

into four parts, one part is called a fourth, and so on to any

number of parts.
2. When the whole is made into ten equal parts, what is
one part called? Into sixteen equal parts? Into Buch
four? ‘Into forty-three ?
3. What are the largest equal parts that can be made of a
whole? The next largest ? The next largest ?
' 4, What is meant by one-half Ge an apple? One-third?
One-fifth ?
_ 5. What is meant by two-thirds of a line? Of an hour?
Of a day?
6. How would you find the fourth of anything? The
seventh? The tenth ?
%. Find the third of 6. Of 12. Of15. Of 24. Of 48.
8. If a whole is made into twelve equal parts, how would
you name three parts? Seven parts? Five parts? Nine
parts ? .
9. How many halves make a whole? How many thirds?
How many sevenths? How many tenths? How many Hf
teenths ?

Prop. III.—Zqual parts of a whole, or Fractions, are

expressed by two numbers written one over the other, with a line
between them ; thus,

NUMERATOR, 4 Shows the number of equal parts in the fraction.

DIvIDING LINE, == Shows that 4 and 5 express a fraction.

DENOMINATOR, 5 Shows the number of equal parts in the whole.

Read, Fowr-jifths.
1. Read the following: % 4 4, 3%, #5, #4 4.
2. What does $ signify? $? 412? 23?
3. Express in numbers fore nine-thirteenths ;
eleven-fifteenths.
 PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS. 103

4, What does Numerator mean? Denominator? Dividing

line? Terms of a fraction ?
5. How is a fraction expressed by numbers?
6. Name the terms of 4, 7%, 44, +4, 4%, #34.
7. Express in numbers seven-ninths ? Nineteen forty-fifths.
Prop. IV.—The size or value of the same kind of equal
parts depends upon the size or value of the whole of which they
are parts ; thus,
WHOLE. EQUAL PARTS.

as EE Halves.

ee Halves,

1. The equal parts in the illustration, although halves in

both cases, are unequal in size, because the wholes are unequal
in size.
2 Which is the larger, the half of $4 or the half of $6 ?
38. Which is the smaller, the fourth of 12 inches, or the
fourth of 20 inches, and why?
4, If offered the half of either of two farms, which would
you take, and why?
Prop. V.—The size or value of the equal parts of a whole
diminish as the number of parts increase, or increase as the
number of parts diminish ; thus,
WHOLE, EQUAL PARTS. ,

—— Thirds,

— i Fourths,

— Wifths,

1. Which is the greater, one-half or one-third? One-fourth

or one-fifth ? One-sixth or one-ninth, and why?
2. How much is 4 of $48 smaller than { of it ?
3. Upon what two things does the value of one-half, one-
third, one-fourth, one-fifth, etc., depend? Illustrate your
answer by two examples.
104 FRACTIONS.

DEFINITIONS.

225. A Fractional Unit is one of the equal parts of —

anything regarded as a whole.
226. A Fraction is one or more of the equal parts of
anything regarded as a whole.
22%. The Unit of a Fraction is the unit or whole
which is considered as divided into equal parts.
228. The Numerator is the number above the dividing
line in the expression of a fraction, and indicates how many
equal parts are in the fraction.
229. The Denominator is the number below the
dividing line in the expression of a fraction, and indicates
how many equal parts are in the whole.
230. The Terms of a fraction are the numerator and
denominator.
231. Taken together, the terms of a fraction are called a
Fraction, or Fractional Number.
232. Hence, the word Fraction means one or more of
the equal parts of anything, or the expression that denotes
one or more of the equal parts of anything.

REDUCTION.
PREPARATORY STEPS.

233. Step I—A fraction is represented by lines thus:

9 a Part taken,

2 See Oe Whole,

Observe carefully the following:

1. In 3, the denominator 3 expresses the whole, or 3 thirds,
and the numerator 2 expresses ¢wo parts of the same size.
 PREPARATORY STEPS. 105

Hence, 3 equal lines for the denominator and 2 equal lines

for the numerator, of the same length as those in the denom-
-inator, represent correctly the whole, the parts taken, and the
relation of the parts to each other, as expressed by the frac-
tion 3.
2. Represent by lines 2; $; 3%; +53 43 i.
Why can the numerator and denominator of a fraction be
represented by equal lines?
Srep II.—Show by representing the fraction with lines that
one-half is equal to two-fourths ; thus,
: 2
2 4
Part taken, —s ens ee

Whole, ee) a eS ee

1. By observing the illustration, it will be seen that the

value of the numerator and denominator is not changed by
making each part in each into two equal parts. It will also
be seen that when this is done the numerator contains 2
parts and the denominator 4. Hence 4 = 2.
2. Show in the same manner that one-half is equal to three-
sixths, four-eighths, five-tenths, and so on.
Strep I]l.—Any fractional unit can, without changing tts
value, be divided into any desired number of equal parts.
Study carefully and explain the following illustrations:

1 see a
a ehel 1 aN
ee ee al cae
q ae 5
pe he 4 en 12
106 ; FRACTIONS.

ORAL EXAMPLES.

234. 1. How many tenths in 4 of an orange? How

many fifteenths? How many twentieths? etc, and why?
2. How can 4 of a yard be made into sixteenths of a yard?
3. How many twelfths in}? In4? In}? In}?
4, Make + into twenty-firsts, and explain the process.
5. Show by lines that 4 = 3; that 4 = x; that} = 7.
6. Change 4, without altering its value, into a fraction
containing 7 equal parts; 10 equal parts; 25 equal parts.

PRINCIPLES OF REDUCTION.
235. Let each of the following principles be illustrated by
the pupil with a number of examples:
Prin. 1—The numerator and denominator of a frac-
tion represent, each, parts of the same size ; thus,
3 4.
7 3
Geer aire 1 eee
Observe in illustration (1) the denominator 7 represents the whole or
7 sevenths, and the numerator 3 represents 8 sevenths; in illustration (2),
the denominator represents 5 fifths, and the numerator 4 fifths. Hence the
numeratorand denominator of a fraction represent parts of the same size.
Prin. Il.—WMultiplying both the terms of a fraction
by the same number does not change the value of the
fraction; thus,
2 2x4_ 8
3 ova

Be particular to observe in the illustration that the amount expressed

by the 2 in the numerator or the 3 in the denominator of 2 is not
 DEFINITIONS. 107%

changed by making each part into 4 equal parts; therefore 2 and 8,

express, each, the same amount of the same whole.
Hence, multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same num-
ber means, so far as the real fraction is concerned, dividing the equal
parts in each into as many equal parts as there are units in the number
by which they are multiplied.
Prin. Ill—Dividing both terms of a fraction by the
same number does not change the value of the fraction ;
thus,
as Ss 3
pes or 4

The amount expressed by the 9 in the numerator or the 12 in the

denoniinator of =; is not changed by putting every 3 parts into one, as
will be seen from the illustration.
Hence ;%; and $ express each the same amount of the same whole, and
dividing the numerator and denominator by the same number means
putting as many paris in each into one as there are units in the number
by which they are divided.

DEFINITIONS.

236. The Value of a fraction is the amount which it

represents.
23%. Reduction is the process of changing the terms
of a fraction without altering its value.
238. A fraction is reduced to Higher Terms when its
numerator and denominator are expressed by larger numbers.
Thus, $= +5.
239. A fraction is reduced to Lower Terms when its
numerator and denominator are expressed by smaller numbers.
Thus, 38 = 4.
240. A fraction is expressed in its Lowest Terms
when its numerator and denominator are prime to each other.
eee
SE

oe
——
108 FRACTIONS.

Thus, in 4, the numerator and denominator 4 and 9 are

prime to each other; hence the fraction is expressed in its
lowest terms.
241. A Common Denominator is a denominator
that belongs to two or more fractions.
242. The Least Common Denominator of two
or more fractions is the least denominator to which they can
all be reduced.
243. A Proper Fraction is one whose numerator is
less than the denominator; as 4%, 4.
244, An Improper Fraction is one whose numerator
is equal to, or greater than, the denominator; as 4, 4.
245. A Mixed Number is a number composed of an
integer and a fraction; as 4%, 18.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

246. Pros. I.—To reduce a whole or mixed number

to an improper fraction.
1. Reduce 33 equal lines to fifths.
WHOLES. FIFTHS,

Sy a eee
a ee oo SS ee eee
ny

EXPLANATION.—Each whole line is equal to 5 fifths, as shown in

the illustration ; 3 lines must therefore be equal to 15 fifths. 15 fifths
+ 8 fifths = 18 fifths. Hence in 38 lines there are 4 of a line,
From this illustration we have the following:
24%. RULE—WMultiply the whole number by the ;
siven denominator, and to the product add the nu-
merator of the given fraction, if any, and write the
result over the given denominator.
 ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS. 109

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

248. Reduce orally the following:

1. In 5 pounds of sugar how many fourths of a pound?
‘SoLuTion.—In 1 pound of sugar there are 4 fourths; hence, in 5
pounds there are 5 times 4 fourths, which is 2,2 of a pound.
2. In 7 tons of coal how many ninths of a ton?
3. How many tenths in $63? In 42 yards? In 17 pounds?
4, Express 20 as fourths. As sevenths. As hundredths.
5. In $93 how many sevenths of a dollar?
SoLuTION.—In $1 there are 7 sevenths. In $9 there must therefore
be 9 times 7 sevenths or 63 sevenths. 63 sevenths + 3 sevenths are equal to
66 sevenths. Hence, in $93 there are &° of a dollar.
6. In 12,5; acres how many ¢twelfths of an acre?
“Y. How many eighths in 9? In 11$? In 73? In 5§?
Reduce the following to improper fractions:
8. 45%. 12. 3403. 16. 323.
: 9. 834. 13. 187§. 17, 7428.
He 10. 1344. 14. 4623. 18. ee
eet, 768. 15. 463%. 19 oe
249. Pros. I].—To reduce an improper fraction to
an integer or a mixed number.
1. Reduce 9 fourths of a line to whole lines.
$=9+4 = a4
ee
SDSS 7-15
EXPLANATION.—A whole line is composed of 4 fourths. Hence, to
make the 9 fourths of a line into whole lines, we put every four parts
into one, as shown in the illustration, or divide the 9 by 4, which gives
2 wholes and 1 of the fourths remaining. Hence the following

250. Rute.—Divide the numerator by the denomi-

nator.
 110 FRACTIONS.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

251. Reduce and explain orally the following:

1. How many bushels are 28 ofa bushel? £3? 5A? 3$?
2. In $84, how many dollars? In §! of a yard, how many
yards? In 5° of a foot, how many feet? :
3. How many miles in19t ofamile? 58? 4? :
Reduce to whole or mixed numbers the following:
4, 532, 9. 3582, 14, 87934,
5. 238, 10, 4994, 15. 59709,
6. 502, 11. 24975, 16. 90053,
% 228. 12. 3218, 17. 2995. :
8. 434. 13. 3358. 18. £304, _
252. Pros. III.—To reduce a fraction to higher
terms.
1. Reduce % of a line to twelfths.

Be3 9p)>a2 Reta

3 CA ad

EXPLANATION.—1. To make a whole, which is already in thirds, into’

12 equal parts, each third must be made into four equal parts.
2. The numerator of the given fraction expresses 2 thirds, and the
‘ denominator 3 thirds ; making each third in both into fowr equal parts
(245—TI]), as shown in the illustration, the new numerator and denom-
inator will each contain 4 times as many parts as in the given fraction.
Hence, $ of a line is reduced to ¢welfths by multiplying both numera-
tor and denominator by 4.
Hence the following rule for reducing a fraction to higher
terms:
253. RuLe.—Divide the required denominator by
the denominator of the given fraction, and multiply
the terms of the given fraction by the quotient. 3
 TLLUSTRATION OF PROCESS. 111

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

254. Reduce and explain orally the following:

1. How would you make halves of an apple into fourths?
Into sizths? Into tenths? Into sixteenths ?
2. How many twelfths in 3 of a cord of wood ?
3. Explain how 4, 2,and 2 can each be reduced to twentieths.
4. Show by the use of lines that 3= 4—= $= 8 = 49.
5. Reduce 4, 2, $, 4, and 43 each to forty-seconds.
6. In # how many ninety-eighths?
ihe Grane: $, ao zs % and 43 each to 360ths.
8. Reduce 3, 4, +45, 44, and 24 to 165ths.
255. Pros. IV.—To reduce a fraction to lower
terms.
Reduce ;% of a given line to fourths.

948
122-3
ie
rx
34

EXxPLANATION.—1. To make into 4 equal parts or fourths a wxole,

which is already in 12 equal parts, or twelfths, every 3 of the 12 parts
must be put into one.
2. The numerator of the given fraction expresses 9 twelfths, and the de-
nominator 12 ¢welfths; putting every 8 twelfths into one, in both (235—III)
as shown in the illustration, the new numerator and denominator will ~
each contain one-third as many parts as in the given fraction.
Hence, 5%; of a line is reduced to fourths by dividing both numerator
and denominator by 3.
Hence the following rule for reducing a fraction to its
lowest terms:
256. Rute.—Reject from the terms of the Siven
fraction all their common factors. Or,
Divide the terms of the given fraction by their
Sreatest common divisor.
112 FRACTIONS.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

25%. Reduce and explain orally the following:
1. In 4 of a bushel, how many ¢hirds of a bushel?
2. How can twelfths of a bushel be made into fourths of a
bushel? Into thirds? Into halves?
3. Reduce 38, of a dollar to fifths of a dollar.
4, Show by the use of lines that 32 = 6, = 4, = $=}.
5. Reduce =8 to its lowest terms. 5%. 42. 48. if
6. Express $4 in parts 8 times as great in value.
Reduce the following to their lowest terms:
1. 4885. 10. 24%. 13. 8255. 16. 355.
8. 385;. ll. 2h. 14. 932. 17. B484.
mn 236. 12. $39, 15. 324. 18. 3444.
258. Pros. V.—To change fractions to equivalent
ones having a common denominator.
1. Reduce 3 and ? of a line to fractions having a common
denominator.
2 2x4_ 8
3 3x4 -12
(1.) , = - = 5-8-8 7

3 3 ina Saas e
e
S
e
ea
e

4 4S (Sate
2e
eS
—

(2.) ee eS = ——

EXPLANATION.—1. We find the least common multiple of the denom-

inators 8 and 4, which is 12.
2. We reduce each of the fractions to twelfths (252—IID), as shown in
illustrations (1) and (2).

Hence the following

259. RuLE—Find the least common multiple of alt
the denominators for a common denominator ; divide
 PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS. 113

this by each denominator separately, and multiply the

corresponding numerator by the quotient, and write the
product over the common denominator.
are: Yo
toate. cher Y Fara 4 Ppypatid (OD Lae Hans beete Ap

Co PEAMP LES, aoe _YRACTICE. Lhe i oe j

260. Reduce dnd explain orally the following: alee ai
1. Reduce 3 and 4 to sixths. % and ? to twelfths.
2. Change § and & to soca having the same denomina-
tor, and explain each step in the process.
3. Express 4, 3,, and 2 as fortieths.
4, What is the least common denominator of 3, §, and 4?
Observe, fractions have a least common denominator when their denom:..
inators are alike and there is no factor common to all the numerators
and the common denominator.
Reduce the following to their least common denominator:
5. 4, 3%, and 44. 9. 34, $4, 34, and +.
6. %, 2, §, and 4. 10. 4,4% 2 #» and $4
7% 2, 2, 8, and 7. 1l. 4, 4% 4H, os, and x.
8. +5, 43, and 7. 12. 4, 4, oh Sr oes, and ay.

ADDITION.
PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

261. Prope. lL—Fractional units of the SAME KIND, that

are fractions of the same whole, are added in the same manner
as integral units.
Thus, 3 of a yard can be added to 4 of a yard, because they
are each fifths of one yard. But % of a yard cannot be added
to 4 of a day.
Solve orally the following:
L $+4+4 4 §+h+h
2 $+4+4 5. Ht ist ay
3. ht a+H 6. frtittor
114 FRACTIONS.

% In § + 4+ 8 ofa yard, how many yards?

8. How many are $4 + $75 + Site+ $44 + $5?
9. Find the sum of $2 + 424 54 + & + + miles.
10. Why cannot $ of a bushel a § of a peck be added as
now expressed ?
Prop. Il.—Fractions expressed in different fractional units
must be changed to equivalent fractions having the same frac-
tional umit, before they can be added.
For example, % and 3 of a foot cannot be added until both
fractions are espiensD in the same fractional unit. Thus,
2 of a foot is equal-8, of a foot, and ¢ of a foot is equal of
a foot; +8; + 3 of a foot= 44, or Ly feet. Hence the sum
of 3 + 2 of a foot = 1,5; feet.
Find orally the sum of the following:
i ee ee ees cS
2 +4. eee 81h $ae ieee
Ore 8. Boast takes Qe iSite Sd
262. Pros. I1—To find the sum of any two or more
given fractions.
1. Find the sum of $ + § + 7.
EXPLANATION.—1. We reduce the
32 ‘ fractions to the same fractional unit,
= 72 by reducing them to their least com-
60 oay:5B mon denominator, which is 72
Sag tte ate258—V).)
72 2. We find the sum of the nu-
a 63 merators, 155, and write it over the
-s
Cl
col
DIO— 49 common denominator, 72, and reduce
155 to 24}
The sum of any number of fractions may be found in the
same manner; hence the following
263. RuLE—ZI. Change the fractions to equivalent
ones having the least common denominator, then add
the numerators, write the result over the common
Doshiae

§ EXAMPLES. 115
denominator, and reduce, when possible, to lower
terms or to a whole or mixed number.
LI. When there are mixed numbers or integers, add
the fractions and integers separately, then add the
results.
WRITTEN EXAMPLES.
264. Find the sum of each of the following:
1. 2, 4, and §. 10. 3, 585, 49, and 38.
2. 4, 2, % # and 4}. 11. 4, 74, and 83.
3. 3; t; 4, + and 4. 12. 14, az, and 44.

4. 3, , and 3%. 13. 44, 24, 34, and 64.

5. 4, % 2, & and F. 14. 84, 24, 32, and 48.
6. 2, 4, and 4. 15. 14, 4, 7% and 14.
ce 3 %, and $. 16. 48, 104, and 833%.
8. 4 usbaand . 1%. 684, 284, 328, 78, and 6125.
9. 3, fs 1h, and $2. 18. 84, 253, 19, and 68,4,
19. Herbert Adams has 102 acres of land in one field, 104
in another, and 11,3, in a third how many acres has he in the
three fields ? Ans, 3275 acres.
20. A farmer has three tubs of butter, weighing, respectively,
444 pounds, 564 pounds, and 78% pounds; how much butter
in the three tubs? Ans. 179, pounds.
' 21. A carpenter has a board 7§ feet long, another 11% feet
long, and a third 9% feet long; what is their united length ?
22. How many yards in three remnants of cotton cloth,
containing, respectively, 24 yards, 1} yards, and 2% yards ?
23. Henry earned 3% dollars, his father gave him 5+, dollars,
and his brother gave him 1,/, dollars more than his father;
how much money did he have in all ? Ans. 14% dollars.
24. A man traveled 42,4 miles on Monday, 302 miles on
Tuesday, 484 miles on Wednesday, and 253 miles on Thurs-
day; how far did he travel during the four days?
25. Three pieces of cloth contain, respectively, 43%, 544,
and 872 yards; how many yards in all ?
116 FRACTIONS.

SUBST
hese LTO WN.
265. Prop. l—Fractional units of the SAME KIND that
are fractions of the same whole are subtracted in the same man-
ner as integral units.
Thus, 7 ninths — 5 ninths = 2 ninths, or § —$ = 2.
Perform orally the subtraction in the following:
1. § — 3. 3. 44 — 7h. 5. #— 2. %. 443 — +h.
Qt — ty ABH 6
HBR.
8.ao — rhe
Prop. Il.—Fractions expressed in different fractional wnits
must be reduced to the same fractional unit before subtracting.
Thus, in +— +3; we rednce the } to siateenths; 4{=4,
and 14 — §, = 4%; hence, 4 — 5 = 3.
Perform orally the subtraction in the following:
eo 4,3 — +f5 oe
ae ae . 8)Site
8, 44 — 43. eevee 8 Ord ae
266. Pros. I1—To find the difference of any two
given fractions.
j"
1. Find the difference between } and ;'5.
" 5 21 10 11 EXPLANATION.—1. We reduce
ae} SS OV ter arto the given fractions to their least
common denominator, which is 24.
2. We find the difference of the numerators, 21 and 10, and write it CS
Oe
Pan,
Te
e
C
e
ee
eeTe
Me
ee
eIE
over the common denominator, giving 44, the required difference.
na!a
2. Find the difference between 35% and 163.
EXPLANATION.—1. We reduce the 2 and 2 to
355 = 354% their least common denominator. ;
163 = 1635 2. 2 cannot be taken from -8;; hence, we in-
1814 crease the 58; by 12 or 1, taken from the 35. We
now subtract 5%, from 2§, leaving +4.
3. We subtract 16 from the remaining 34, leaving 18, which united
with 14 gives 1814, the required difference, ew
\ EXAMPLES. 117
SSS
The difference between any two fractions or mixed numbers
_ may be found in the same manner; hence the following
26%. RuLte.—I. Reduce the given fractions to equiv-
alent ones having the least common aenominator ;
then find the difference of the numerators and write
tt over the common denominator.
IT. When there are mixed numbers, subtract the
fraction first, then the integer.
Lf the fraction in the minuend is smaller than that
in the subtrahend, increase it by one fromtheintegral
part of the minuend ; then subtract.
WRITTEN EXAMPLES.

268. Perform the following subtractions:

: i—$. B. 68 — 44. 9, 842 — 375,
13 4. 6. 3Ipty — 33g. 10. 738 — 2044.
3 14— 44, Aste — 95. 11. 5148 — 3448.
4, 9§ — 63. 8. 50a, — 47g 12. 65g, — 5943.
13. From a cask of vinegar containing 314 gallons, 163 gal-
lons were drawn; how many remained? Ams. 154 gallons.
14. If flour be bought for $974 a barrel, and sold for $128,
what is the gain per barrel? Ans. 3°; dollars.
15. If a grocer buys 4% and 64 barrels of flour, and then
sells 14 and 44 barrels, how many does he still have ?
16. The sum of two numbers is 59§, and the greater is 3034;
what is the other number ? Ans. 2844.
17. A man who contracted to build 454 miles of railroad,
has completed 25% miles ; how many miles has he to build ?
18. James found $23, earned $14, and had $24 given him;
how much more money had he Goer ao George, who earned
$6% and spent $4.8, ?
19. I bought two tubs of butter, ine‘tubs and butter together
weighing 111 pounds, and the tubs alone weighing 7§ and 8
pounds respectively ; what was the weight of the butter?
118 . FRACTIONS.

MULEIPSLOG
AT LON:
PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

269. The following propositions must be mastered per.

fectly, to understand and explain the process in multiplica-
tion and division of fractions.
Prop. l—Multiplying the numerator of a fraction, while
the denominator remains unchanged, multiplies the fraction ;
thus,
DE TANS 8
5 oe 5
ome |x 4 mu ee

Observe that since the denominator is not changed, the size of the
parts remain the same. Hence the fraction 2 is multiplied by 4, as
shown in the illustration, by multiplying the numerator by 4.
Prop. I1.—Dwiding the denominator of a fraction while
the numerator remains unchanged multiplies the fraction ;
thus,
2 bf 2
+4 v7 3
(1.) — (0) ae
Observe that in (1) the whole is made into 12 equal parts. By put-
ting every 4 of these parts into one, or dividing the denominator by 4,
the whole, as shown in (2), is made-into 3 equal parts, and each of the
2 parts in the numerator is 4 times 1 pe
Hence, dividing the denominator of #, by 4, the number of parts in
the numerator remaining the same, multiples the fraction by 4.
Prop. II.—Dividing the numerator of a fraction while the
denominator remains unchanged divides the fraction ; thus,
6 +3 2
II
9 9
& ) oC RS TREE. 2 oye eee

LL
ee
ee
re
a
ae
en
eTNR
e
e
ee
 EXERCISES. 119
{ In (1) the numerator 6 expresses the parts taken, and one-third of
these 6 parts, as shown by comparing (1) and (2), the denominator
remaining the same, is one-third of the value of the fraction, Hence,
the fraction $ is divided by 3 by dividing the numerator by 3.

Prop. [V.—Multiplying the denominator of a fraction while

the numerator remains unchanged divides the fraction ; thus,
3 7 3
5 x2 i 10

ee
In (1) the whole is made into 5 equal parts; multiplying the denom-
inator by 2, or making each of these 5 parts into 2 equal parts, as shown
in (2), the whole is made into 10 equal parts, and the 3 parts in the numer-
ator are one-half the size they were before.
Hence, multiplying the denominator of 3 by 2, the numerator remain-
ing the same, divides the fraction by 2.

EXERCISES.

270. Show by the use of lines or objects that

Ss lle Lege anai ot aes
ees) ear tk pods ae
5 5 5"
3
5. eae a
tas
8. 59 aes Kw
teeing

14+2 7
eS
a 17 ee iy : 12
SOT3x4 7: aM B3x5
ese
5
1)

10 Dig how many times : and why?

wee ee Oe ee
-
; Ae,
11. Why is 30 5 Bas20 305?A 7 ;
Explain by lines.
ane : 7 hy?
12. ig 8 how many times =e and why?
3 ; 4
13. Why is :greater than S41! Explain by lines.
120 FRACTIONS.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.
241. Pros. I—To multiply a fraction by an integer.
1. Multiply ¢ by 7.
SoLtutTron.—1. According to (269—I), multiplying the numerator,
the denominator remaining the same, multiplies the fraction. Hence, 7
AX ee
times ¢ is equal to 9 =a = 3t.

2. According to (269—I]), a fraction is also multiplied by dividing —

the denominator. Hence the following
292. Rute.—Multiply the numerator of the fraction
by the given integer, or divide the denominator.
ow

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

2%3. Multiply orally the following, reduce the results to

their lowest terms, and explain as above.
1 ho; 4, 2x 9. (eee ova:
2 $x 12. 5 fr x 6. 8 4x 9
3. § x 4. ee Sa 9 18 x 14,
Multiply the following and reduce. Cancel when possible.
10. gEx9. 13. ity
x50. 16. 8,99,
x 90.
11. f3x8 14 848x48. 1%, 852% 45,
12. 4x10. 15. 2°, x100. 18. 8,08;
x100. 4i .=d

274. Pros. Il—To find any given part of an integer.

1. Find 4 of $395. ae
Pe
ee
TN,
ee
e
e
eeee
Pe

SoLtutTi0on.—1. We find the 4 of $395 by dividing it by 5. Hence the

first step, $395 + 5 = $79.
2. Since $79 is 1 fifth of $395, four times $79 will be 4 fifths. Hence
the second step, $79 x 4 = $816.
To avoid fractions until the final result, we multiply by the numerator
first, then divide by the denominator ; hence the following
245. RuLe.— Divide by the denominator and multiply
by the numerator of the fraction, which indicates the
part required.
 PROBLEMS. 121

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

1, Find } of $342; of $1000; of $4860; of $10001.

2. How many are
3%, of 8730? of 57? of 835 ? of 10? of 100?
3. A has $189, B has 4 of A’s money, and C has 7% of B’s
money: what is the sum of their money? Ans. $360.
4, A farmer owning 395 acres of land, sold at one time 3 of
it, and at another time 4 of it; how many acres does he still
own? Ans. 1422% acres.
5. A man having $1305 gave 2 of it to A and 3 of what
remained to B ; how much had he left? Ans. $580.
6. A merchant having three pieces of cloth containing
respectively 187 yards, 162 yards, and 208 yards, sold % of the
first piece, 3 of the second; how many yards has he left?
276. Pros. II—To find any given part of a fraction,
or To multiply a fraction by a fraction.
Find the % of 2 of a given line.
FIRST STEP.
de 3 of eee
3° 4 ai x3 12
’ 1 Ee ee ea Cy)

3 of eee GS ee eZ Peet a = gE

SECOND STEP.
3 x2 ars pO ee
12 7 1 me:
mmm x 2 [oe
f oe Fe

ExpLANATION.—According to (269—IV), a fraction is divided by

multiplying its denominator. Hence we find the } of = by multiplying
the denominator 4 by 3, as shown in First Step.
Having found 1 third of 3, we find 2 thirds, according to (269—I),
by multiplying the numerator of ;%; by 2, as shown in Second Step.
Hence the following
279. RuLE.—Divide by the denominator and multi-
ply by the numerator of the fraction which indicates
the part required.
122 Se FRACTIONS.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

278. Solve orally the following, and explain as above:

1. What is 30f8? £o0f4? RL o0f2? 4$o0f3?
2. What part of lis4 of 3? Zo0f4? $of3?
3. If a yard of cloth cost $4, what is 3 of a yard worth?
Find the value of the following:
4. glyof $5 e's Of $3 a's
Of 185 245
of 4.
5. 4 of 48; (8+4)x 85 (8 —3) x $5 (§ of &) — He.
6. What is the cost of 34 of a yard of cloth, at $3 per yard?
7. A farmer gave 2 of his farm to one son, and 3 of what
was left to another;
the second son?
what part of the whole farm did he give
Ans. #. |
2499. Pros. IV.—To multiply by a mixed number.
Multiply 372 by 64.
372 EXPLANATION.—1. In multiplying by a mixed num-
q;
|
64 ber, the multiplicand is taken separately (92), as
many times as there are units in the multiplier, and
2232 such a part of a time as is indicated by the fraction in
265% the multiplier; hence,
24978 2. We multiply 372 by 65 by multiplying first by 6,
which gives the product 2232, and adding to this
product $ of 372, which is 2653 (274), giving 24975, the product of 372
and 6§. Hence the following
280. RuLE.— Multiply first by the integer, then by the
fraction, and add the products.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

281. Multiply orally and explain the following:

1. 12 by 58. 4, 20 by 34. 7. 80by 3%
2. 18 by 24. 5. 100 by 72. 8. 86 by 2%.
3. 8 by 93. 6. 400 by 23. 9. 24 by 103.
Perform the multiplication in the following:
10. 89x24. 12. 425 x 104%. 14, 1000 x 733.
11. 75 x 1254. 13. 6814 x 24. 15. 8000 x 94885.
 so
vz

EXAMPLES. 123
ooo
282. Pros. V.—To multiply when both multiplicand
and multiplier are mixed numbers.

Multiply 862 by 544.

(1.) 86%
= 280; 545 — 3838,
(2.) 2§09 x 383 — 99580 — AV4149,
EXPLANATION.—1. We reduce, as shown in (1), both multiplicand and
multiplier to improper fractions.
2. We multiply, as shown in (2), the numerators together for the
numerator of the product, and the denominators together for the denom-
inators of the product (275), then reduce the result to a mixed number.
Hence the following

283. RuLE—I, Reduce the mixed numbers to im-

proper fractions.
IT. Multiply the numerators together for the nu-
merator of the product, and the denominators for the
denominators of the product.
IIL. Reduce the result to a whole or mixed number.
284. The process in multiplication is shortened by can-
cellation; thus,
Multiply 324 by 28%.

(1.) 824 =
22835 2834 =
_. 848
ee
a2) 49 ‘
:
(2.) ae a 19h 40s 087,
EXpPLANATION.—1. We reduce the multiplicand and multiplier to
improper fractions, as shown in (1).
2. We indicate the multiplication, and cancel, as shown in (2), the
factors common to any numerator and any denominator. Hence the fol-
lowing
285. Ruie.—Indicate all the multiplications, and
cancel the factors common to any numerator and any
denominator.
124 FRACTIONS.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.

286. Multiply the following, canceling common factors:
1. 8x de 4. BR x 4h. 1 $ex
& $38
x 4. 5. $8 x #. 8. 282
x $3.
3. gfe X #4- 6. fou Xx HB 9. qooo X F338
Find the continued product of
10. 4, %, 2, 4, 4 § and 3%. 13. 95, 44, and 8%.
11. 4%, £8, 44, a, and #4. 14. 385, 34, and 3%.
12. §, 23, 345, 54%, and 6z4>. 15. 33, 45, and Ty.
16. What is the cost of 12 cords of wood at $63 a cord,
and 8 tons of coal at $114 a ton ? Ans. $171.50.
17. A lady bought 15 yards of silk at $24 a yard, and 7
yards of lace at $32 a yard; what was the cost of both ?
18. The State of Kentucky has an area of 37680 square
miles, and the average population to a square mile, in 1870, -
was 35,3,; what was the population of the State ?
19. What is the cost of 4574 tons of iron, at $272 per ton?
20. At $32 a yard, what is the cost of 154? Of 32%?
21. A merchant sold 12% yards of cloth at $24 a yard; 288 at
$12; and 524 at $32; what did he receive for the whole ?
:pai
pe;
22. Find the product of # of 254, and ;8; of 16,3.
23. Find the product of 4% of 2 of 12, and 7% of 15. a‘i
are
mo
:ian ‘
24, Bought 19 pounds of butter at 234 cents a pound, giving
il
ee
r
ma
e
ai
e
e
Pe
ae
in return 27 pounds of lard at 15 cents a pound, and the rest
in cash; what did I give in cash ? Ans. 29 cents.
25. A farmer has two fields containing respectively 114°
%
acres and 214 acres; how much hay will he take from both
fields, at the rate of 13 tons an acre for the first, and 23 tons
an acre for the second ? Ans. 69} tons.
26. Find the value of (2 of 8) — (4 of 9 — 2,8).
2%. Find the value of ($374 — $138) x (2 of 8 — 23).
28. Find the value of 22 + 34 x 84 — 44.
 EXAMPLES. 125

DWEV.LS LON
ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

28%. Pros. 1—To divide a fraction by an integer.

1. Divide & by 4. :
8 ay a. EXPLANATION.—1. Accord-
(1.) 9 +4= 9 ak) ing to (269—II]), a fraction
; is divided by dividing the
8. 8 - 8) __ 2 numerator. Hence we divide
(2.) ge 4= 9x4 386 9 §& by 4, as shown in (1), by
dividing the numerator 8 by 4.
2. According to (269—IV), a fraction is divided by multiplying the
denominator. Hence we divide 8 by 4, as shown in (2), by multiplying
the denominator by 4, and reducing the result to its lowest terms. Hence
the following
288. RuLE.— Divide the numerator, or multiply the
denominator, by the given integer.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

289. Divide orally and explain the following. Dividing the

numerator in every case where it can be done, in preference to
multiplying the denominator.
1 +4 3% 43
+ 3. 5B. ff +4
2 42-1 4 § +8. 6s ig 6.
Perform the division in the following:
Y. 428 + 32. 9. 325 + 5. 11, 200 + 50,
8. 285 + 57. 10. 42 + 25. 12, 329 + 5.
13. If 7 yards of cloth cost $§, what will 1 yard cost?
14, At $2 for 4 boxes of figs, what will 1 box cost?
15. Show that multiplying the denominator of $ by 4
divides the fraction. Explain by lines.
16. The product of two numbers is 1493, and one of them
is 23; what is the other?
126 FRACTIONS.
Wy Ifa compositor earns $453 in 18 days, how much does
he earn inl day? In9 days? In ddays? In 27 days?
Find the value
18. Of (2 of §— 74) +8. 20. Of (% of 54 — 23) + 12.
19; Of Gy + 4) + 82. Q1. Of (§ of 104 + 58) + 32.
290. Pros. I.—To divide by a fraction.
1. How many times is 2 of a given line contained in twice
the same line?
FIRST STEP.

2 lines = = of a line.

:
SECOND STEP. 3
10 3 10

Sea

=
ees eee ee eee ASS SE

Sh
ff 4
EXPLANATION.—1. We can find how many times one number is con-
tained in another, only when both are of the same denomination (155), -
Hence we first reduce, as shown in First Step, the 2 lines to 10 fifths of a
line; the same fractional denomination as the divisor, 3 fifths,
2. The 3 fifths in the divisor, as shown in Second Step, are contained in
the 10 fifths in the dividend 8 times, and 1 part remaining, which makes
;
4ofatime. Hence 2 equal lines contain 2 of one of them 3% times.

Observe the following regarding this solution: Ge

Te

(1.) The dividend is reducedto the same fractional denomination as

the divisor by multiplyingit by the denominator of the divisor ; and
when reduced, the division is performed by dividing the numerator of
the dividend by the numerator of the divisor.
(2.) By inverting the terms of the divisor these two operations are
expressed by the sign of multiplication. Thus, 2+3—=2 x 4, which
means that 2 is to be multiplied by 5, and the product divided by 3.
 INVERTING THE DIVISOR. 127

2. How many times is $ of a given line contained in 2 of it?

FIRST STEP.
2 4
as 6

1 ES 3
2 ei 6

SECOND STEP.

& ao 3 4 = jf!
6 6 3 3
ort > get are ie a ane eet apeeeinre go 14

EXxpPLANATION.—1. We reduce, as.shown in First Step, the dividend 2

and the divisor 4 both to staths (155—1).
, 2. We divide the 4 by 3 by dividing the numerator of the dividend by
the numerator of the divisor. The? is contained in 4,as shown in Second
Step, 11 times. Hence } is contained 14 times in 3.
_ 291. When dividing by a fraction, we abbreviate the work
by inverting the divisor, as follows:
1. In reducing the dividend and divisor to the same fractional
unit, the product of the denominators is taken as the common
denominator, and each numerator is multiplied by the denom-
inator of the other fraction ; thus,
5 ‘ 2 hae 5x3 2h Pe aa t mee 3, £ 1A 15 Numerator
of dividend.
viSt oes q KIS a 3 5 ald ee ae 21° 14 Numerator
ofdivisor.
2. By inverting the divisor, thus, § + %—=4 x $= 4}, the
numerators 15 and 14 are found at once, without going through
the operation of finding the common denominator. Hence
the following
292. Rutz.—Invert the terms of the divisor and pro-
ceed as in multiplication.
 128 a BE FRACTIONS.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

293. Solve orally the following and explain as above.

1, $+ %. 4, 12 + $. % 90 = 44.
2. % = t. dS. $-> §- 3: 4f = 3:
3. 8 > %. 6. 9 +4. 9. 200 + 49%.
10. 1 is how many times $? 4°? 4? 4? 4? 4°? ‘
11. At $% a bushel, how many bushels of corn can be
bought for $9?
SoLuTION.—As many bushels as $2 is contained times in $9. $9 are
equal to $72, and $% is contained in $72 102 times. Hence, etc.
12. At $$ a yard, how many yards of cloth can be bought —
for $3? For $10? For $15? For $7? For $25? For $9?
13. For $12 how many pounds of tea can be bought at $}
per pound? At$gp At $4? At $e? At$t? At $E?
14. 5 are how many times 3? $? 3? 3? 40?
15. If 4 of a ton of coal cost $3, what will 1 ton cost?
SoLution.—Since 4 of a ton net $3, 4 will cost } of $3, or $%, and
1 ton, or2, will cost 9 times $3, or a anal to $68. Hence, etc.
Or, 1 ton will cost as many times $8 as 4 of a ton is contained times
inlton. 1ton+$¢—={$=2}. Hence,1 ton will cost 2} times $3,or $63.
16. At $% for of a pound of tea, what is the cost of 1
pound? Of? pounds? Of =% of apound? Of % pounds?
17. If $ of acord of wood cost $4, what will 1 cord cost?
4cords? llcords? 4ofacord? 4% of acord?
18. How many bushels of wheat can be bought for $8, if %
of a bushel cost $8? If #2 of a bushel cost $9, ?
19. At $3 a yard, how much cloth can be bought for $8,?
SoL_urion.—As many yards as $3 is contained times in $3. $3 equals
$.,, and $,8, is contained 14 times in $59. Hence, ete.
20. At $,5; a bushel, how many bushels of potatoes can be ee
e
es
S
a
bought for $4 For $32? For $3? For $i? For $2? E
21. How many pounds of sugar at $4 can be bought for $3?
For $$? For $47? For $35? For$z? —
 ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS. 129
ii
eee, ir 75 of a yard of cloth can be bought for $74, how much
will 1 yard cost? 5 yards? 7 yards?
23. A grocer expended 3 of $480 in purchasing tea at $$ per
- pound, and the balance in purchasing coffee at $3 per pound.
How many pounds did he buy of each?
Perform the division in the following. Invert the divisor
and cancel common factors. (168.)
24, 36 + 42. 29. 573 + yy. 34, 43 + 190.
25. $$ + 4. 30. Ap + 3. 35. $908 + 4108,
oon 4h Hh °C 81. 862 + 84. 86. 000 om
Byee 00h fo. BD, ee + Af - BY =3000 ee
28. 324 + $. 33. 573 + 28. 38. 384 + 23.
294. Pros. II]—To divide when the divisor or divi-
dend is a mixed number, or both.
1. Divide 48 by 42.
EXPLANATION.—1. We re-
(1) 48 + 43 = 48. + 44 duce the divisor 42 as shown
(2.) 48 +i4— 48 x = 102 in (1), to the improper frac-
tion 14,
_2. We invert the divisor, as shown in (2) according to (291), and
multiply the 48 by #; giving 107 as the quotient of 48, divided by 42.
2. Divide 8$ by 34.
EXPLANATION.—1. We
(1.) 8§ + 3 = $2 + 32h reduce the dividend and
3 divisor, as shown in (1),
(2.) +a
iGioiremeS (er
SA x HF = 4H toaeimproper
—16—9
ee fractions,

2. We invert the divisor, 31, as shown in (2) according to (291), and

cancel 31 in the numerator 62 and denominator 31 (186), giving 455, or 22.
Hence, 8§ = 35 = 23.
From these illustrations we obtain the following
295. RuteE—Reduce mixed numbers to improper
fractions ; then invert the divisor and proceed as in
multiplication, canceling any factors that are common
to any numerator and a denominator.
 pe
130 FPRACTIONS.

WRITTEN EXAMPLES.
296. Perform and explain the division in the ies
1, 98, 8. 36§-+-8,8. 15) 87332
2 ta 98. 9. 732-1142, 16. vane
8. Oy +52. 10. 85-23. 175, 362
4, 89--74. Ld. By Oy. 18. 46,85=a.
Bde adn) 7k Lee etree 19.Bof 5he
6. 862-1428. $3. 1000,1,--1hu- 20. $ of ue
%. 100~; +58; 14. 986-545. 21. 4 of 28-4 of 4.
22. If a bushel of wheat cost $13, how much can be bought
for $128? For $283? For $2734?
23. At $§ for 3, of an acre of land, what is the cost of 1 acre?
Of 3, of an acre? Of52 ofan acre? Of 294 of an acre?
24. A merchant expended $5972 in buying cloth at $22
rd. He afterwards sold the whole of it at $32 a Bi
How much did he gain by the transaction ?

COMPLEX FRACTIONS.

29%. Certain results are obtained by dividing the numera-_

tor and denominator of a fraction by a number that is not an
exact divisor of each, which are fractional in form, but are not
fractions according to the definition of a fraction. These
fractional forms are called Complex Fractions.
The following examples, which illustrate the three classes
of complex fractions, should be carefully studied :

Ex. 1. Show that .8; of a line is equal to = of the same line.

Go
12233
8nc Nose
ae
ace
4
 COMPLEX FRACTIONS. 131

EXPLANATION.—1. Dividing the numerator and denominator of 8, by

3 makes every 3 parts in each into 1 part, as shown in the illustration,
but does not change the value of the fraction (235—II]).
2. The denominator or whole contains 4 of these parts, and the
numerator 2 of them and 2 of one of them, as will be seen by the illus-
tration. Hence, ;§ of a line is equal to 25of the same line.
4

Ex. 2. Show that 35 of a line is expressed by

db = 5d peat BS ‘
12+5 ri 22

ExpLANATIon.—1. Dividing the numerator and denominator of ;5, by

5 makes every 5 parts in each into J part, as shown in the illustration.
_ 2. The denominator or whole contains 2 of these parts and 2 of one of
them, and the numerator contains 1 part, as shown in the illustration.
: Pea!
Hence, ;; of a line is represented by the fractional expression a3
5
1
Ex. 3. To show that 44 of a line is expressed by =

10 +4 os 24
134 os at

EXPLANATION.—1. Dividing the numerator and denominator of 19 by

| 4 makes every 4 parts in each into / part, as shown in the illustration.
2. The denominator or whole contains 3 of these parts and } of one of
| them, and the numerator contains 2 of them and # or 3 of one of them.
1
Hence, 49 of a line is represented by the fractional expression = .
ra
__ From these illustrations we haye the following definitions:
298. A Complex Fraction is an expression in the
form of a fraction, having a fraction in its numerator or
denominator, or in both; thus, $f 2h
7? 5B? 64
132 FRACTIONS.

299. A Simple Fraction is a fraction having a whole

number for its numerator and for its denominator.

PROBLEMS IN COMPLEX FRACTIONS.

8300. Pros. IL—To reduce a complex fraction to a

simple fraction.

Reduce 7 to a simple fraction.

42 42 x 12 56 EXPLANATION.—1. We find the least
73 == 7 x 12 = 93 common multiple of the denominators of
4 aX the partial fractions 2 and 3, which is 12.
2. Multiplying both terms of the complex fraction by 12(235—I]}),
which is divisible by the denominators of the partial fractions, 2 and 3,
reduces each term to a whole number. 42 x 12=56; 73 x 12=98.
2

7
Therefore S is equal to the simple fraction §§. Hence the following

301. RuLte—Multiply both terms of the complex

fraction by the least common multiple of all the de-
nominators of the partial fractions. b

302. The three classes of complex fractions are forms of :

expressing three cases of division; thus, 2

(1.) 52
ai =5%+ 7. A mixed number divided by an integer. ;

(2.)
32
Oo = 32 +98.
fe SENN
An integer divided by a mixed number,

, 8
(3.) i = 83 + 22. A mixed number divided by a mixed number.

Hence, when we reduce a complex fraction to a simple

fraction, as directed (301), we in fact reduce the dividend
aaA
ail
l
a
and divisor to a common denominator, and reject the denom-
inator by indicating the division of the numerator of the
dividend by the numerator of the divisor; thus,
of , eS
i"iihaieS
ey

A
 COMPLEX FRACTIONS. 133

(1.) = a ‘ — S according to (800).

(2) 5$+23= 22+ 4% and 28+§
99+—22= 44, the
same result as obtained by the method of multiplying by the
least common multiple of the denominators of the partial
fractions.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

| 303. Reduce to simple fractions, and explain as above:

1 &. Abyr 5. oes
3 " 2B, * bay
9 Lt. 4 1x2, g, lori,
162 45. ; ors
When the numerator or denominator contains two or more
terms connected by a sign, perform the operation indicated by
the sign first, then reduce to a simple fraction.
Reduce the following to simple fractions:

* BE
+ 5R "Qf
of2)—
pte 28, 11, (oof
9) + ($of2)
* 62—13 ; 3 of 5
9 (85—3) X$ romeo, 5x00 — 25,
* 6 x # + (¢ of 3) c 1000
304. Pros. Il.—To reduce a fraction to any given
denominator.
1. Examples where the denominator of the required fraction
is a factor of the denominator of the given fraction.
Reduce 4% to a fraction whose denominator is 8.
17 13 52 EXPLANATION.—We observe that 8, the
aw sare 3 denominator of the required fraction, is a
a4 a4 3. factor of 24, the denominator of the given
fraction. Hence, dividing both se of 17 by 3, the other factor of 24, the
fraction is reduced (235—II]I) tot
—*, a fraction whose denominator is 8.
194). FRACTIONS.

2. Examples where the denominator of the required fraction

is not a factor of the denominator of the given fraction.
Reduce -8 to a fraction whose denominator is 10.
EXxPLANATION.—1. We intro-
(1.) 8 8 x 10 we 80 duce the given denominator 10
13 Tale x 10 130 as a ead into the denominator
80 80s 13 _ 625 of ;8; by multiplying, as shown
(2.) 130 130 BP 135 OG in (1) both terms of the fraction
by 10 (235—I)).
2. The denominator 130 now contains the factors 18 and 10. Hence,
dividing both terms of the fraction 8°, by 18 (235—II]), as shown
in (2),

|
the result is oy a fraction whose denominator is 10.

From these examples we obtain the following:

305. RutE—Multiply both terms of the fraction by q
3
the given denominator, and then divide them by the P
denominator of the fraction.
Observe that when the given denominator is a factor or multiple of
3
the denominator of the fraction, it is not necessary to multiply by it, as
will be seen in the first example above.
e

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

306. 1. Reduce $, -&, 43, 44, 38, and 42 each to thirds.

. How many sevenths in $4? In 38? In $4?
. Reduce %, §, 4, zy, 3, and $ each to sevenths.
- In 4} how many twentieths ? How many ninths?
. Reduce 4, 3, 74, 4, and ,% to hundredths.
. How many tenths in$? In Z? In? In 34?
. Express as hundredths $, 8, 74, #4, and 324.
- How many thousandths in $? In 42? In 8%? In $3?
PD . Reduce to hundredths 242 ; #3,; 320; 406,
-F
CO
Oo
Or
SO
W
10. How many hundredths in a In44? In??? In 94?
Ini??? In4? Inyzy? In23,
11. Reduce to hundredths
yy
re =
wee - 3a"
Ge
 EXAMPLES. 135

REVIEW EXAMPLES.
30%. 1. How many thirtieths in $, and why? In 3?
2. Reduce 2, 34, = #5, and 34 each to twenty-eighths.
3
3. Reduce to a common denominator = Bs and z%.

oats
aA 4
4 (269).
4, State the reason why =
-——
5. Reduce 4 to a fraction eee Pee 18 Les is 20's
is 2; is 3; is 7 (235).
6. Reduce to a common numerator 3 and § (252).
% Find the sum of 8, 74, 4, 3, and 44.
8. Find the value of (4 of 44 — #7) + ( + al
9. If 3 of an estate is worth $3460, what is 4 of it worth ?
10. $4 is what part of $8? Of $12? Of $32? Of $48?
Write the solution of this example, with reason for each step.
11. If a man can do a piece of work in 150 days, what part
of it can he doin 5days? In 15 days? In 25 days? In 74
days? In 32days? In 12} days?
12. A’s farm contains 120 acres and B’s 280; what part of
B’s farm is A’s ? Ans. 3.
13. 42 is $ of what number?
Write the solution of this example, with reason for each step.
14. $897 is § of how many dollars?
15. 2 of 76 tons of coal is 34 of how many snes
16. A piece of cloth containing 73 yards is 2 of another
piece. How many yards in the latter?
17. Bought a horse for $286, and sold him for ¢ of what he
cost; how much did I lose?
18. 84 is 3% of 8 times what number ?
Write the solution of this example, with reason for each step.
 *

136 FRACTIONS.

19. A has $694 in a bank, which is $ of 3 times the amount —

B has in the same bank; what is B’s money?
20. Two men are 862 ‘ile: apart; when they meet, one vias
traveled 8% miles more than the other; how far has each ~
traveled ?
21. If 3% of a farm is valued at $4732§, what is the value of
the whole farm?
22. The less of two numbers is 4328, and their difference
123,4. Find the greater number. |
23. A man owning 4 of a saw-mill, sold 3 of his share for
$2800; what was the value of the mill?
24, What number diminished by $ and 2 of itself leaves a
remainder of 32 ? Ans. 504,
25. I put $ of my money in the bank and gave 3 of what I
had left to a friend, and had still remaining $400. How much
had I at first ? Ans. $1800.
26. Sold 342 bushels of wheat at $14 a bushel, and expended
the amount received in buying wood at $4% a cord. How
many cords of wood did I purchase? Ans. 1233 cords.
27. If 2 of 4 pounds of tea cost $24, how many pounds of
tea can be bought for $74? For $128? For $i?
28. If 5 be added to both terms of the fraction 3, how much
will its value be changed, and why ?
29. I exchanged 47% bushels of corn, at $§ per bushel, for
24% bushels of wheat; how much did the wheat cost a bushel?
30. A can do a piece of work in 5 days, B can do the same
work in 7 days; in what time can both together do it?
31. Bought % of 84% acres of land for 4 of $3584%; what —
was the price per acre?
32. A boy while fishing lost 2 of his line; he then added !
8 feet, which was 4 of what he lost; what was the length of
the line at first? Ans. 15 feet.
33. A merchant bought a quantity of cloth for $28494, and
sold it for 75 of what it cost him, thereby losing $$ a yard.
How many yards did he purchase, and at what price per yard? —

ee
ee
T
ee
 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 137

34, A tailor having 2763 yards of cloth, sold 3 of it at one

time and # at another; what is the value of the remainder at
$3 a yard?
35. A man sold +5 of his farm at one time, 2 at another,
and the remainder for $180 .at $45 an acre; how many acres
- were there in the farm ?
36. A merchant owning 43 of a ship, sells 4 of his share to
B, and 3 of the remainder to OC for $6003; what is the value
of the ship?

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

308. 1. Define Fractional Unit, Numerator, Denomina-
tor, Improper Fraction, Reduction, Lowest Terms, Simple
Fraction, Common Denominator, and Complex Fraction.
2. What is meant by the wnit of a fraction ? Illustrate by
an example.
3. When may 4 be greater than $? +4 than }?
4. State the three principles of Reduction of Fractions, and
illustrate each by lines.
5. Illustrate with lines or objects each of the following
propositions:
I. To diminish the numerator, the denominator remain-
ing the same, diminishes the value of the fraction.
II. To increase the denominator, the numerator remain-
ing the same, diminishes the value of the fraction.
III. To increase the numerator, the denominator remain-
ing the same, increases the value of the fraction.
IV. To diminish the denominator, the numerator remain-
ing the same, increases the value of the fraction.
6. What is meant by the Least Common Denominator ?
%. When the denominators of the given fractions are prime
to each other, how is the Least Common Denominator found,
and why?
138 FRACTIONS.

8 State the five problems in reduction of fractions, and

illustrate each by the use of lines or objects.
9. Show that multiplying the denominator of a fraction by
any number divides the fraction by that number (269).
10. Show by the use of lines or objects the truth of the
following:
(1.) 4 of 2 equals 2 of 1. (3.) 4 of 5 equals $ of 1.
(2.) 2 of 1 equals 4 of 3. (4.) 4 of 9 equals 4 times 4 of 9.
11. To give to another person 3 of 14 silver dollars, how
many of the dollar-pieces must you change, and what is the 3

|
largest denomination of change you can use ?
12. Show by the use of objects that the quotient of 1 divided
by a fraction is the given fraction inverted.
13. Why is it impossible to perform the operation in $ + %,
or in § — 2, without reducing the fractions to a common
denominator ?
14. Why do we invert the divisor when dividing by a frac- 7
tion? Illustrate your answer by an example.
15. What objection to calling msa fraction (226) ?
3
16. State, and illustrate with lines or objects, each of the
three classes of so-called Complex Fractions. i
ih
Mee

17. Which is the greater fraction, $ or 34, and how much ?

18. To compare the value of two or more fractions, what
must be done with them, and why?
19. Compare = and S = and = 3 S and -, and show in -
each case which is the greater fraction, and how much ?
20. State the rule for working each of the following examples:
(1.) 3% + 48 + 88. (4.) 88 x 5B.
(2.) (7$+54) —(8—24). (5.) 4x Explain by objects.
(3.) 5 x 4 of f of 2%. (6.) #+-}. Explain by objects.
21. Illustrate by an example the application of Cancellation
in multiplication and division of fractions.
 <ae
== (DECIMAL TLS

DEFINITIONS.
309. A unit is separated into decimal parts when it
is divided into tenths ; thus,
UNIT. DECIMAL PARTS.

310. A Decimal Fractional Unit is one of the

decimal parts of anything.
311. By making a whole or unit into decimal parts, and
one of these parts into decimal parts, and so on, we obtain a
series of distinct orders of decimal fractional units, each +5 of
the preceding, having as denominators, respectively, 10, 100,
1000, and so on.
Thus, separating a whole into decimal parts, we have, accord-
ing to (246), 1 = 418; making ;; into decimal parts, we have,
according to (252), 5 = 74%; in the same manner, 54; =
Hoe rs = z0v'oo» and soon. Hence, in the series of frac-
tional units,+5, 40, asa, and so on, each unit isLEAL of
the preceding unit.
312. A Decimal Fraction is a fraction whose denom-
inator is 10, 100, 1000, etc., or 1 with any number of ciphers
annexed. Thus, 3%, 4s, z<44s, are decimal fractions.
313. The Decimal Sign (.), called the decimal point,
is used to express a decimal fraction without writing the
denominator, and to distinguish it from an integer.
140 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

“NOTATION AND NUMERATION.

314. Prop. I.—A decimal fraction is expressed without
writing the denominator by using the decimal point, and placing
the numerator at the right of the period.
Thus, ;%; is expressed .7; =355 is expressed .35.
Observe that the number of figures at the right of the
period is always the same as the number of ciphers in the
denominator; hence, the denominator is indicated, although
not written.
Thus, in .54 there are two figures at the right of the period;
hence we know that the denominator contains two ciphers
and that .54 = +54.
Express the following decimal fractions without writing
the denominators:
I= 3B. 4, 328, ”. ~ag. 10. 483).
2, Bre 5. BS, 8. 3882, Li eae
3. qo: 6. 3255. 9. ASS. 2. 3285.
315. A decimal fraction expressed without writing
the denominator is called simply a Decimal.
Thus, we speak of .79 as the decimal seventy-nine, yet we
mean the decimal fraction seventy-nine hundredths.
316. Prop. Il.—Ciphers at the left of significant figures
do not increase or diminish the number expressed by these
jigures.
Thus, 0034 is thirty-four, the same as if written 34 without
the two ciphers.
From this it will be seen that the number of figures in the
numerator of decimal fractions can, without changing the
fraction, be made equal to the number of ciphers in the
denominator by writing ciphers at its left; thus, = oat
Hence, zy55 18 expressed by using the decimal: pols and
two siphers thus, .007.
 EXERCISE. 141

Observe, that while the number of parts in the numerator is not changed
by prefiaing the two ciphers, yet the 7 is moved to the third place on the
right of the decimal point. Hence, according to (314), the denominator
is indicated.
;
31%. Prop. IIl.— When the fraction in a mized number -
is expressed decimally, it 1s written after the integer, with
the aecimal point between them.
Thus, 57 and .09 are written 57.09; 8 and .0034 are writ-
ten 8.0034.
Express as one number each of the following:
i o.snd: . 7. 4, 43 and .1. %. 703 and .02.
2 32 and .04. 5. Vand .03. 8. 560 and .008.
3. 73 and .507. 6. 3 and .064. 9. 900 and .062.
From these illustrations we obtain the.following rule for
writing decimals:
318. RuLe— Write the numerator of the given deci-
mal fraction. Make the number of figures written
equal to the number of ciphers in the denominator by
prefixing ciphers. Place at the left the decimal point.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.

319. Express the following decimal fractions without

writing the denominator:
1. +33: “Polo 13. a9Mooo-
2. zoo: 8. ~$8- 14. saaa5sa0:
3. os: 9. sss: 15. =t90t,.
4, +85. 10. a54%s- 16. 738604,
5. zeo: 11. z5$0- 1%.) soa:
6. +25: 12. +326, 18. 338d:
19. Three hundred seven hundred-thousandths.
20. Nine thousand thirty-four millionths.
21. Seventy-five ten-millionths.
22. Hight thousand sixty-three hundred-millionths.
142 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

‘Express the following by writing the denominator ; thus,

032 = zis
23. .073. 26. 0000302. 29. .00904.
24, .0026. 27. .005062. 30. .063.
25. 36093. 28. 000009. 31. .00005.
320. Prop. IV.—Lvery figure in the numerator of a deci-
mal fraction represents a distinct order of decimal units.
Thus, 353%, is equal 34%% + 73985 + a945- But, according
to (255), 32% = 3, and. 739, = $5. Hence, 5, 3, and 7
each represent a distinct order of decimal fractional units, and 4

:
35, or .537 may be read 5 tenths 3 hundredths and 7 thou-
sandths.
Analyze the following ; thus, .0709 = =45 + apiw-
iee0a6. 4, .0100%. 7% .0300601.
Peele 5. .00063. 8. .0003092.
3. .0025. 6. .04095. 9. .0070405.
321, Prop. V.—A decimal is read correctly by reading tt j
as if it were an integer and giving the name of the right-hand
order. :
Thus, .975 = #400, + 738; + ats Hence is read, nine
hundred seventy-five thousandths. j
1. Observe that when there are ciphers at the left of the
decimal, according to (316), they are not regarded in reading
the number; thus, .062 is read sixty-two thousandths.
2. The name of the lowest order is found, according to
(314), by prefixing 1 to as many ciphers as there are figures
in the decimal. For example, in .00209 there are five figures;
hence the denominator is 1 with five ciphers; thus, 100000,
read hundred-thousandths.
From these illustrations we obtain the following
322. RuLteE—Read the decimal as a whole number;
then pronounce the name of the lowest or right-hand
order.
= DECIMAL NUMERATION TABLE. 143

Read the following:

003. is .8306. 13. -010302.
-00502. 8. -00007. 14. .0070409.
23097, 9. 0052. 15. -00000503.
.06409. 10. .000304. 16. -00100049, »
-00006. ay, -030972, 17, -0000007.
PS
Set
Ser30009. 12. .000053. 18. -00030659.
19. What is the denominator of .000309 ? How is it found ?
What is the numerator, and how read?
20. What effect have the ciphers in .0083?
21. Write a rule for expressing a decimal by writing its
denominator.
323. The relation of the orders of units in an integer
and decimal will be seen from the following table:

DECIMAL NUMERATION TABLE,

3
Ou eae

|
fae@ 48eee
szeeeaga
ye s+ 8
= 9 A) teal ira

geegéte sg ok
a5
isha aia: so 8
ay as} Le ert

ZeRe
aeen 82
no,
=) toc
46.2498
ZS
ete 4 48 =
=
(Ono Sacomas

o — = o FF ou.
PHReReae
we
Billions.
eo Hundred-millions,
ov Millions.
ex Ten-millions. en Units.
ex Thousands.
ox Hundreds.
o Hundred-thousands,
ex Tens.
ern Ten-thousands, e 55
o DECIMAL
POINT. 5 5 5°5 57d 5

ORDERS OF INTEGERS. ORDERS OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

Observe carefully the following:

1. The Unit is the standard in both cases. The integral
orders are multiples of one wnit, and the decimal orders are
decimal fractions of one unit.
2. Figures that are equally distant from the units’ place on
the right or left, have corresponding names; thus, tenths cor-
respond to tens, hundredths to hundreds, and. so on.
144 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

“8. In reading an integer and decimal together, “and”

should not be used anywhere but between the integer and
fraction.
Thus, 9582.643 should be read, nine thousand five hundred
eighty-two and six hundred forty-three thousandths.
4, Dimes, cents, and mills being respectively tenths, hun-
dredths, and thousandths of a dollar, are written as a decimal.
Thus, $.347 is 3 dimes, 4 cents, and 7 mills. In reading
dimes, cents, and mills, the dimes are read as cents. Thus,
$62.588 is read, 62 dollars, 53 cents, 8 mills.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

324. Read the following:

1. $384.57. 7%. 10010.30102. 13. 7.00007.
2. $700.903. 8. 90307.00806. 14. 10.1.
3. $302.08. 9. 6001.0001. - 15. 100.0001.
4. $90.097. 10. 50000.000005. 16. 35.00035.
5. $100.01. 11. 3070.00101. 1%. 8.80005.
6. $7.809. 12. $9005.009. 18. 10.000001.
Express the following without writing the denominator.
19. $39,5,. T9937 ee 25. 10001 pAyy
20. 10 Aor, 23. 80aerr 26. 103072945.
21. 13 8tay 24, 90400. 27. 100s teas
28. Write with figures: Seventy-three thousandths; four
hundred five millionths; eight ten-thousandths.
29. Three thousand nine hundred-millionths; ninety-one
millionths; six hundred four thousand three billionths.
30. Highty-four and seven ten-thousandths; nine thousand
six and five hundred seven ten-millionths; six and three ~
millionths.
31. Four thousand thirty-seven and nine hundred seven
billionths; one million oneand one thousand one ten-millionths.
 PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS. 145

Pee DU CANT OUN

PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

The following preparatory propositions should be very

carefully studied.
325. Prop. lL—Annexing a cipher or multiplying a num-
ber by 10 introduces into the number the two prime factors 2
and 5.
Thus, 10 being equal 2x5, 7x10 or 70=7x(2x5).
Hence a number must contain 2 and 5 as a factor at least as
many times as there are ciphers annexed.
326. Prop. IL—A fraction in its lowest terms, whose
denominator contains no other prime factors than 2 or 6,
can be reduced to a simple decimal.
Observe that every cipher annexed to the numerator and
denominator makes each divisible once by 2 and 5 (325).
Hence, if the denominator of the given fraction contains no
other factors except 2 and 5, by annexing ciphers the numera-
tor can be made divisible by the denominator, and the frac-
tion reduced to a decimal.
Thus, — {= 7999 (235—I]). Dividing both terms of the
_ fraction by 8 (235—II]), we have 4833 = 455 = .875.
Reduce to decimals and explain as above:
ime 4, shy 7. 2. 10. 44. 13. 2,
218, yee Brae, 1 14, 444.
3. &. Gasr 9. So odin Oa, 15. 14.
16.. How many ciphers must be annexed to the numerator
and denominator of 3 to reduce it to a decimal ?
17. Reduce 4 to a decimal, and explain why the decimal
must contain three places.
18. If reduced to a decimal, how many decimal places will
gmake? Will. make? Will 7 make, and why?
 146 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

32%. Prop. III.—A fraction in its lowest terms, whose

denominator contains any other prime factors than 2 or 5 can
be reduced only to a complex decimal.
- Observe that in this case annexing ciphers to the numerator
and denominator, which ($25) introduces only the factors 2
and 5, cannot make the numerator divisible by the given —
denominator, which contains other prime factors than 2 or 5.
Hence, a fraction will remain in the numerator, after
dividing the numerator and denominator by the denominator
of the given fraction, however far the division may be carried.
Thus, $4 = $1999 (235—I]). Dividing both numerator
11000 52343
and denominator by 21, we have
~ complex decimal.
31000 = 1000 a?
Reduce and explain the following:
ee,
ee
1. How many tenths in 3? In$? In4? In}? In 5?
2. Reduce to hundredths $; $; +83; +53; 8&3 $4.
3. How many thousandths in4? In¢? In4? In 3?
328. Prop. IV.—The same set of figures must recur in-
definitely in the same order in a complex decimal which cannot
be reduced to a simple decimal. .
¥ 90000 6363,%,—_
Thus, 77 = 710000 ~ 10000 = 636344,
Observe carefully the following: ee
ee
e
a

1. In any division, the number of different remainders that

can occur is 1 less than the number of units in the divisor.
Thus, if 5 is the divisor, 4 must be the greatest remainder
we can have, and 4, 3, 2, and 1 are the only possible different
remainders; hence, if the division is continued, any one of
these remainders may recur.
2. Since in dividing the numerator by the denominator of
the given fraction, each partial dividend is formed by annex-
ing a cipher to the remainder of the previous division, when a
 ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS. 147

remainder recurs the partial dividend must again be the same

as was used when this remainder occurred before; hence the
. same remainders and quotient figures must recur in the same
_ order as at first.
3. If we stop the division at any point where the given
numerator recurs as a remainder, we have the same fraction
remaining in the numerator of the decimal as the fraction
: from which the decimal is derived.
ee
Haee if 21100) 100073
or 1ey= 110000
0000,= 10000
63635,= 6363-4, and so on.

329. Prop. V.—The value of a fraction which can only

be reduced to a complex decimal 1s expressed, nearly, as a sim-
_ ple decimal, by rejecting the fraction from the numerator.
Be:
Thus, = = —- (32%). Rejecting the 3, from the numer-
ator, we have 324, a simple fraction, which is only 4, of 745
27-8;
smaller than the given fraction 3; or 100

Observe the following :

1. By taking a sufficient number of places in the decimal,
the true value of a complex decimal can be expressed so nearly
athat what is rejected is of no consequence.
RB Q7QA727273, |
rejecting the 3, from the numer-
Thus, +7 = {60000000 ?
ator, we have 2i2%2721,,
000 or .27272727, a simple decimal,
which is only of 1 hundred-millionths smaller than the
given fraction.
2. The approximate value of a complex decimal which is
expressed by rejecting the given fraction from its numerator
is called a Circulating Decimal, because the same figure or set
of figures constantly recur.
 148 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

330. Prop. VI.—Diminishing the numerator and cenom- —

inator by the same fractional part of each does not change the —
value of a fraction. ’
Be particular to master the following, as the reduction of
circulating decimals to common fractions depends upon this
proposition.
1. The truth of the proposition may be shown thus:
9 9§.—4 ofgoe tu o> 6 aa
13 1 tone,
et es eek
Observe that to diminish the numerator and denominator —
each by + of itself is the same as multiplying each by 3. But —
to multiply each by 3, we multiply each by 2 (235—I]), and.
then divide each by 3 (235—II]I), which does not change the ©
value of the fraction ; hence the truth of the proposition. 3
2. From this proposition it follows that the value of a frac-
tion is not changed by subtracting 1 from the denominator
and the fraction itself from the numerator.

Thus, — =“. Observe that 1 is the 4 of the 4

denominator 5, and 2 is + of the numerator 3; hence, the
numerator and denominator being each diminished by the —
same fractional part, the value of the fraction is not changed. —

DEFINITIONS. -
331, A Simple Dectmatl is a decimal whose numeraton
is a whole number; thus, 593, or .93.
Simple decimals are also called Finite Decimals.

332. A Complex Decimat isa decimal whose numer-

ator is a mixed number ; 26§ or 264.
nae 400
 TLLUSTRATION OF PROCESS. 149

There are two classes of complex decimals :

1. Those whose value can be expressed as a simple decimal (826), as
23k = .235 ; .823 = .38275.
2. Those whose value cannot be expressed as a simple decimal (827),
as .03i = .538383 and so on, leaving, however far we may carry the deci-
mal places, + of 1 of the lowest order unexpressed. See (328).

300. A Circulating Decimal is an approximate

value for a complex decimal which Bilas be reduced to a sim-
ple decimal.
Thus, .666 is an approximate value for .666% (329).
334. A Repetend is the figure or set of figures that are
repeated in a circulating decimal.
335. A Circulating Decimal is expressed by
writing the repetend once. When the repetend consists of
one figure, a point is placed over it; when of more than one
figure, points are placed over the first and last figures: thus,
.833 and so on, and .592592-+ are written .3 and .592.
336. A Pure Circulating Decimal is one which
commences with a repetend, as .8 or 394.
33%. A Mixed Circulating Decimal is one in
which the repetend is preceded by one or more decimal places,
called the finite part of the decimal, as .73 or .004725, in which
.7 or .004 is the finite part.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

338. Pros. I—To reduce a common fraction to a

decimal.
Reduce 2 to a decimal.
3 3000 375 ExpLANATION.—1. We annex
=8 = Saae TOO,=o
8000 the same number of f ciphers
ciphers to
both terms of the fraction (2365—
Prin. ID), and divide the resulting terms by 8, the significant figure in
150 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

the denominator which must give a decimal denominator. Hence, %

expressed decimally is .3875.
2. In case annexing ciphers does not make the numerator divisible
(327) by the significant figuresin the denominator, the number of places
in the decimal can be extended indefinitely.
In practice, we abbreviate the work by annexing ihe ciphers
to the numerator only, and dividing by the denominator of the
given fraction, pointing off as many decimal places in the
result as there were ciphers annexed. Hence the following
339, RuLtE—I. Annex ciphers to the numerator oe
divide by the denominator.
IT. Point off as many places in the result as there are
ciphers annexed.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.

340. Reduce to simple decimals: iM

(pete pees 5. fyb: 1. 94.
Q. 32. lak ere 8. ae
Reduce to a complex decimal of four decimal places:
Gente TOP eac 8 eal Feet 18.88
10. ee 14> pete 16. a
Find the repetend or approximate value of the following:
teas 20). 44. 23, 42- 26. 8h.
18. 43. here 24, 20. OY. 24-0...
19. 4h: Qo. di Sohn 28. 3283,
341. Pros. Il.—To reduce a simple decimal to a
common fraction.
Reduce .35 to a common fraction.
35 ie y EXPLANATION.—We write the decimal with |
TALOO.=. 20 the denominator, and reduce the fraction
(255) toits lowest terms; hence the following
342. RuLz.—Lxpress the decimal by writing the de- 4
nominator, then reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.
 ie

EXAMPLES. ee

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

348. Reduce to common fractions in their lowest terms:

1. .215. 4, .0054. %. .00096. 10. .0625.
2. .840. 5. .0125. 8. .008025. 11. .00512.
3. .750. 6. .0064. 9. .00075. 12. .00832.
344. Pros. III.—To find the true value of a pure
circulating decimal.

Find the true value of .73.

| pote 5a BE PIO vol205) 8 pent PMs 12 tak-
, e400 — 100 1 99> 11 ing .72 as the apprommate
value of a given fraction,
we have subtracted the given fraction from its own numerator, as shown
in (829—V). Hence, to find the true value of ¥#3,, we must, according
to (330—VI, 2), subtract 1 from the denominator 100, which makes the
_ denominator as many 9’s as there are places in the repetend ; hence the
_ following
345. RuLE.— Write the figures in the repetend for the
_ numerator of the fraction, and as many 9’s as there are
_ places in the repetend for the denominator, and reduce
_ the fraction to its lowest terms.

: EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

346. Find the true value of

1. 36. 4, 379, %, 189, 10. 5368.
Shea fo 5. 856. 8. 824. 11. 2718:
3. 54. 6. 135. 9. 836. 12. 8163.
Find the true value as improper fractions of
pi32028'7.811, 16. 89.54. 19. 63.2745.
14, 9.108. 17%. 53.324, 20. 29.1881.
15. 3.504. 18. 23.758. 21. 6.036.
152 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

8479. Pros. IV.—To find the true value of a mixed

circulating decimal.
Find the true value of .318.
+ << gee 348 ae
= 3:15 etd #
Ce 10 ~~ 990 ~ 22
EXPLANATION.—1. We find, according to (844), the true value of
the repetend .0i8, which is 048. Annexing this to the .3, the finite part,
we have .338, the true value of .3i8 in the form of a complex decimal.
18
2. We reduce the complex decimal .3$3, or ~~ to a simple fraction
by multiplying, according to (300), both terms of the fraction by 99,
giving sit= $15 —,%,. Hence the true value of .818 is 4.
ABBREVIATED SOLUTION.—Observe
(2) .318 Given decimal. ne
3. Finite part. that in simplifying = we multiplied
315. 344 = gh. both terms by 99. Instead of multi-
plying the 3 by 99, we may multiply
by 100 and subtract 3 from the product. Hence we add the 18 to 300,
and subtract 3 from the result, which gives us the true numerator.
Hence the following

348. RuLte—I. Find the true value of the repetend,

annex it to the finite part, and reduce the complex
decimal thus formed to a simple fraction.
To abbreviate the work:
IT, From the given decimal subtract the finite part
for a numerator, and for a denominator write as many
9’s as there are figures in the repetend, with as many
ciphers annexed as there are figures in the finite part.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

349. Find the true value of
1. 2: 4, ,04828. %, 000035739.
2. .959. 5. .00641. 8. .008302685.
3. .486. 6. .03287. 9. .02073482'7.

ee
Se
T
ee
ee
ee
 ADDITION. 153

Find the true value, in the form of an improper fraction, of

10. 5.328. 12; 2.43. 14, 12.234.

ll. 9.752. 13. 7.86. 15. 5.39.

ADDITION.
PREPARATORY PROPOSITION.

350. Any two or more decimals can be reduced to a common

denominator by annexing ciphers.
ee .7 = 7, and, according to (235—I]), 5= 75 =
pons= 712%, and so on; therefore, .7 = .70 = "100 = .7000,
Hence any two or more decimals can be changed at once to
the same decimal denominator by annexing ciphers.

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS

351. Find the sum of 34.8, 6.037, and 27.62.

(1.) (2.) EXPLANATION.—1. We arrange
34.800 34.8 the numbers so that units of the
same order stand in the same
6.037 6.037 column.
27.620 27. 6Lan 2. We reduce the decimals to a
68.457 68.457 common denominator, 4s shown in
(1), by annexing ciphers.
3. We add as in integers, placing the decimal] point before the tenths
in the sum.

In practice, the ciphers are omitted, as shown in (2), but

the decimals are regarded as reduced to a common denomi-
nator.
Thus the 3 hundredths in the second number and the 2 hundredths in
the third, when added are written, as shown in (2), as 50 thousandths ;
in the same manner, the 8 tenths and 6 tenths make 1400 thousandths, or
1 unit and 400 thousandths. The 1 unit is added to the units and the 4
written in the tenths’ place as 400 thousandths.
154 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

From this it will be seen that the addition of decimals is

subject to the same laws (261—I and IJ) and rule (263) as
other fractions.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

352. Find the sum of the following, and explain as above :
. 38.9, 7.05, 59.82, 365.007, 93.096, and 8.504.
. 9.07,
we 36.009, 84.9, 5.0036, 23.608, and .375.
. $42.08, $9.70, $89.57, $396.02, and $.89.
. 039, 73.5, .0407, 2.602, and 29.8.
. 395.3, 4.0701, 9.96, and 83.0897.
. 8.0093, .805, 03409, 7.69, and .0839.
. $.87, $32.05, $9, $75.09, $.67, and $3.43.
P . 80003, 3.09, 13.36, 917.005, and .9999.
Or
oS
-F
HO
OO

SUBTRACTION.
353. Find the difference between 83.7 and 45.392.
83.700 EXPLANATION.—1l. We arrange the numbers so
45.392 that units of the same order stand in the same column.
———— 2. We reduce the decimals, or regard them as ;
38.308 reduced to a common denominator, and then subtract ot
od

as in whole numbers.
The reason of this course is the same as given in addition, The
cxphers are also usually omitted.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

354. Subtract and explain the following:

1. 834.9 — 52.47. 6. 379.000001 — 4.0396.
2 39.073 — 7.0285. - 7. 54.5 — 37,00397.
3. $67.09 — $29.83. 8. 96.03 — 89.09005.
4, $95.02 — $78.37. 9. .09 — .0005903.
5. 83.003 — 45.879. 10. .% — .099909.,
 MULTIPLICATION. 155

11. A man paid out of $3432.95 the following sums;

| $342.06, $593.738, $729.039, $1362.43, $296.085, $37,507.
How much has he left ? Ans. $72.091.
12. In a mass of metal there are 183.741 pounds; 4 of it is
iron, 25.305 pounds are copper, and 3.0009 pounds are silver,
and the balance lead. How much lead is there in the mass ?
13. A druggist sold 74.52 pounds of acostly drug. He sold
in March 103 pounds, in April 25.125, in May 213, and the
balance in June.. How many pounds did he sell in June?
Find the decimal value of
14, (84 — 23) + (75 — 14) — (9.23 — 8.302).
15. ($852 — $372) + (% of $184.50 — $4).
16. $859.085 — ($1283 + $7) + $73.

MULTIPLICATION:
355. Multiply 3.27 by 8.3. |
(1.) 2.01 x 8.3 ety As
Breet 10 8:38. 2 TA4L
(2.) x a a tee er
100 °°10 1000
EXPLANATION.—1. Observe that 3.27 and 8.3 are mixed numbers;
hence, according to (282), they are reduced before being multiplied to
improper fractions, as shown in (1).
2. According to (276), 32% x 88, as shown in (2), equals 27.141.
Hence 27.141 is the product of 3.27 and 8.3.

The work is abbreviated thus:

(3.) We observe, as shown in (2), that the product of
8.297 3.27 and 8.3 must contain as many decimal places as
there are decimal places in both numbers. Hence
8.3 we multiply the numbers as if integers, as shown in
981 (8), and point off in the product as many decimal
2616 places as there are decimal places in both numbers.
Hence the following
27.141
156 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

356. RuLte—Multiply as in integers, and from the

right of thre product point off as many figures for dect-
mals as there are decimal places in the multiplicand
and multtplier.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

35%. Multiply and explain the following:

UNG «49. 6. 34.0007 x 8.43. 11. .009 x .008.
2. 13.4 x 37. 7. 73.406 x .903. 12. .0007 x .036.
3. 35.08 x 6.2. 8. .4903 x .06. 13. .0405 x .09.
4, $97.03 x 42. 9. .935 x .008. 14. .00101 x .001.
is Sie Gee 10. 5.04 x .072. 15. .807 x .005.
Multiply and express the product decimally:
16. $353 by 93. 19. 72 thousandths by 4.
1%. 3% by 63. 20. 124 by 34 hundredths.
18. $.052 by 183. 21. 9% tenths by .00032,
22. What is the value of 325.17 pounds of iron at $.023 per
pound ? Ans. 7.47891 dollars.
23. What would 12.34 acres of land cost at $43.21 per acre? |
24, A merchant sold 86.43 tons of coal at $9.23 a ton,
thereby gaining $112.12 ; what was the cost of the coal?
25. A French gramme is equal to 15.432 English grains;
how many grains are 144 grammes equal to?
26. A metre is equal to 39.3708 inches; how many inches
are there in 1.325 metres ?
27. A merchant uses a yardstick which is .00538 of a yard
too short; how many yards will he thus gain inPees s 438
yards measured by this yardstick?
Find the value of the following:
28, $240.09 x (2.84 — 8 of 12),
29. (33754 — $87.093) x (4 of 36 — 2 of 34).
80. (§ of 128 — .9033 + 1.008) x 345.
 DIVISION. 157

31. A dealer in wood and hay bought 2395 tons of hay at

$14.75 a ton, and 23874 cords of wood at $4.50 a cord; how
much did he pay for all ? Ans. $46070.
32. Bought 18 books at $1.374 each, and sold them at a
gain of .503 cents each; what did I receive for the whole?
33. A boy went to a grocery with a $10 bill, and bought 34
pounds of tea at $.90 a pound, 7 pounds of flour at $.07 a
pound, and 4 pounds of butter at $.35 a pound ; how much
change did he return to his father? Ans. $4.96.
34. What would 15280 feet of lumber cost, at $2.374 for
each 100 feet? Ans. $362.90.

DIVISION.
PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

358. Prop. 1—When the divisor is greater than the divi-

dend, the quotient expresses the part the dividend is of the
divisor.
Thus, 4+6—4=%. The quotient % expresses the part
the 4 is of 6.
1. Observe that the process in examples of this kind con-
sists in reducing the fraction formed by placing the divisor
over the dividend to its lowest terms. Thus, 32 + 56 = 38,
which reduced to its lowest terms gives 4.
2. In case the result is to be expressed decimally, the process
then consists in reducing to a decimal, according to (838),
the fraction formed by placing the dividend over the divisor.
Thus, 5 + 8 = 4, reduced to a decimal equals .625.
Divide the following, and express the quotient decimally.
Explain the process in each case as above.
1. 3-4. 4, 13+-40. 7 5+7, 10. 3+20.
2. 7-20. 5. 15-82. 8. 8-11. 11. 7+88.
3. 5+8. 6. 9-+80. 9. 5+-6. 12, 4+18.
158 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

359. Prop. IL—The fraction remaining after the division

of one integer by unother expresses the part the REMAINDER 18
‘of the divisor.
Thus, 42 + 11 = 3,%. The divisor 11 is contained 3 times
in 42 and 9 left, which is 9 parts or 7% of the divisor 11.
Hence we say that the divisor 11 is contained 3%; times in 42.
We express the 3% decimally by reducing it according to
(338). Hence, 325 = 3.81.
Divide the following and express the remainder decimally,
carrying the decimal to four places:
1. 324 + 7%. 4, 89 + 103. 7 5374 + 183.
2% 473 + 23. 5. 65 +17. 8. 3000 + 547%.
3. 783 + 97. 6. 37 + 48. 9. 1000 + 101.
360. Prop. II].—Division is possible only when the divi-
dend and divisor are both of the same denomination (1455—1).
For example, 3; + 7%, or .8 + .07 is impossible until the
dividend and divisor are reduced to the same fractional
denomination ; thus, .3 + .07 = .80 + .07 = 42 = 4.285714,

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS,

361, Ex. 1. Divide .6 by .64.

(1,) 6+.64=.60+.64
(2.) 60+ 64 57=.9875
EXPLANATION.—1. We reduce, as shown in (1), the dividend and divi-
sor to the same decimal unit or denomination (290).
2. We divide, according to (290), as shown in (2), the numerator 69
by the numerator 64, which gives §?. Reducing £9 to a decimal (838),
we have .6 = .64 = 9875,
Ex. 2. Divide .63 by .0022.
(1) .63+.0022=.6300+.0022
(2.) 6800+22=2864=3886.36
 4

s ILLUSTRATION OF PRUCOGSS. “59

EXPLANATION.—1. We reduce, as shown in (1), the dividend and
divisor to the same decimal unit by annexing ciphers to the dividend
(350).
2. We divide, according to (290), as shown in (2), the numerator
6300 by the numerator 22, giving as a quotient 2864.
8. We reduce, according to (338), the ;4, in the quotient to a decimal, Z
giving the repetend .36. Hence, .63 + .0022 — 286.36.
Ex. 3. Divide 16.821 by 2.7.
feb 6.821
— 227 16.891= 9.700
(@) 16.821+2_700= 16821 , 2700
1000 °* 1000
(3.) 27/00) 168/21 ( 6.23
162
62
54
81
——_—s,

81
EXPLANATION.—1. We reduce, as shown in (1), the dividend and divi-
sor to the same decimal unit by annexing ciphers to the divisor (850).
2. The dividend and divisor each express thousandths as shown in (2).
Hence we reject the denominators and divide as in integers (290).
8. Since there are ciphers at the right of the divisor, they may be cut
off by cutting off the same number of figures at the right of the dividend
(142). Dividing by 27, we find that it is contained 6 times in 168, with
6 remaining.
4, The 6 remaining, with the two figures cut off, make a remainder of
621 or £21,. This is reduced to a decimal by dividing both terms by 27.
Hence, as shown in (8), we continue dividing by 27 by taking down the
two figures cut off.
The work is abbreviated thus:
We reduce the dividend and divisor to the same decimal unit by cut-
ting off from the right of the dividend the figures that express lower
decimal units than the divisor. We then divide as shown in (8), prefix-
ing the remainder to the figures cut off and reducing the result toa
decimal.
160 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

From these illustrations we obtain the following

362. Rutz—Reduce the dividend and divisor to the
same decimal wnit; divide as in integers and reduce
the fractional remainder in the quotient, if any, to @
decimal.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

363. In the following examples ey the answer in each

case to four decimal places:
1. Divide 53.28 by 3.12; by 7.3; by 9.034.
2. Divide 278 by 4.03 ; by .725 by 2.33.
3. Divide $725.42 by $.37; by $3.08; by $.953.
4. Divide $.93 by $847; $73.094 by $.754; $.374 by $.74.
What is the value of
5. $75.83 —- $100. 8. $10000 -> $.07.
6. (3 of .73) + .09. 9. 8.345 + 2.0007.
". 134% + 4.53. 10. (84-+12.07) + (1503-08
11. ($354.07 — $ of $10.84)+ § of $7.08.
12. G = .03 x 64)+ (4 of3 of 128).
13. ($3.052 + #) — (4 of $1.08 + 8).
14, (§ of $324.18 — $2) + $2.0005.
15. At $2.32, how many yards of cloth can be bought for
$373.84 ?
16. The product of two numbers is 375.04 and one of them
is 73.009; what is the other? Ans. 5.13869+.
17. How much tea can be bought for $134. 84, if 233 pounds
cost $17.70? Ans. 179.7866+ pounds.
18. A merchant received $173.25, $32.19, and $89.13. He
expended the whole in buying silk $1.374. How many yards
of silk did he buy?
19. A farmer sold 1324 bushels wheat at $1.35 per bushel, -
and 184 bushels corn at $.734 per bushel. He bought coal
with the amount received, at $9.54 a ton. How many tons
did he buy?
 REVIEW BXAMPLES. 161
20. What decimal part of a farm worth $3965 can be bought
for $1498.77 ? Ans. .378..
. 21. What is the value of 275 acres of land when .57 of an
acre is: worth $48 ?
22. A merchant lost .47 of his capital, and had to use .13
more for family expenses, and had still remaining $5380.
What was his original capital? Ans. $13450.

REVIEW EXAMPLES.

364. Answers involving decimals, unless pee stated,

are carried to four decimal places.
What is the cost
. Of .74 of a pound of tea, if 7 pounds cost $6.95.
Of 4.5 acres of land, if 100 acres cost $7385.
. Of 92 cords of wood, at $12.60 for 2.8 cords.
. Of 5384 feet lumber, at $5.75 per 100 feet.
. Of 13.25 yards of cloth, if 3.75 yards cost $9.9332.
. Of 31460 bricks, at $8.95 per 1000 bricks.
. Of 1584 pounds butter, if 9.54 pounds cost $3.239.
Reduce each of the following examples to decimals:
6 aE 12. #of 14. 16. (1444) of 4.
92 5. 13. Ba Be 1?. of $of44-
10. a 14. ERS) 18. Gaeta
ao33 ery 2 of 3 B of (48-4)
19, $e
20. Four loads of hay weighed respectively 2583.07, 30073,
25678, and 307444 pounds; what was the total weight ?
21. Seven car-loads of coal, each containing 13.75 tons, were
sold at $8.53 per ton. How much was received for the whole?
22. At $1.75 per 100, what is the cost of 5384 oranges?
162 DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

23. What is the cost of carrying 893850 pounds of corn

from Chicago to New York, at $.35% per 100 pounds? —
24. If freight from St. Louis to New York is $.394 per 100
pounds, what is the cost of transporting 3 boxes of goods,
weighing respectively 783%, 3252, and 2864 pounds?
25. A piece of broadcloth cost $195.384, at $3.27 per yard.
How many yards does it contain?
26. A person having $1142.492 wishes to buy an equal
number of bushels of wheat, corn, and oats; the wheat at
$1.37, the corn at $.874, and the oats at $.353. How many
bushels of each can he buy?
27%. Expended $460.80 in purchasing silk, .3 of it at $2.25
per yard, 4 of it at $1.86 per yard, and the balance at $3.45
per yard. How many yards did I buy of each quality of silk?

28. What is the value of k 5 ae | + om

29. A produce dealer exchanged 482 bushels oats at 393 cts.
per bushel, and 134 barrels of apples at $3.85 a barrel, for
butter at 373 cts. a pound; how many pounds of butter did
he receive ?
30. A grain merchant bought 1830 bushels of wheat at
$1.25 a bushel, 570 bushels corn at 734 cts. a bushel, and 468 ©
bushels oats at 353 cts. a bushel. He sold the wheat at an
advance of 174 cts. a bushel, the corn at an advance of 92 cts.
a bushel, and the oats at a loss of 3 cts. a bushel. How much
did he pay for the entire quantity, and what was his gain on
the transaction?
31. A fruit merchant expended $523.60 in purchasing
apples at $3.85 a barrel, which he afterwards sold at an advance 2"
of $1.07 per barrel ; what was his gain on the sale? q
32. The cost of constructing a certain road was $5050.50. }
There were 35 men employed upon it 78 days, and each man 7
received the same amount per day; how much was the daily :
wages? 5
q

2
 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 163

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

365, 1. Define Decimal Unit, Decimal Fraction, Repe-
tend, Circulating Decimal, Mixed Circulating Decimal, Finite
Decimal, and Complex Decimal.
2. In how many ways may 2 be expressed as a decimal
fraction, and why ?
3. What effect have ciphers written at the left of an inte-
ger? At the left of a decimal, and why in each case (816)?
4, Show that each figure in the numerator of a decimal
represents a distinct order of decimal units (320).
5. How are integral orders and decimal orders each related
to the units (823)? Illustrate your answer by lines or
objects.
6. Why in reading a decimal is the lowest order the only
one named? Illustrate by examples (321).
7%. Give reasons for not regarding the ciphers at the left in
reading the numerator of the decimal .000403.
8. Reduce % to a decimal, and give a reason for each step in
the process.
9. When expressed decimally, how many places must 73;
give, and why? How many must 3, give, and why?
10. Illustrate by an exampie the reason why $} cannot be
expressed as a simple decimal (32'%).
11. State what fractions can and what fractions cannot be
expressed as simple decimals (326 and 327). Illustrate by
examples.
12. In reducing § to a complex decimal, why must the numer-
ator 5 recur as a remainder (328—1 and 2)?
13. Show that, according to (235—II and III), the value
of 48 will not be changed if we diminish the numerator and
denominator each by 3 of itself.
14. Show that multiplying 9 by 1% increases the 9 by % of
~ itself.
 ra

164 DECINAL, FRACTIONS.

15. Multiplying the numerator and denominator cf $4 each

by 13 produces what change in the fraction, and why?
16. Show that in diminishing the nwmerator of 4 by 4 and
the denominator by 1 we diminish each by the same part of
itself
17. In taking .3 as the value of 4, what fraction has been
rejected from the numerator ? What must be rejected from
the denominator to make .3 = 4, and why ?
18. Show that the true value of .8i is 84. Give a reason
for each step.
19. Explain the process of reducing a mixed circulating
decimal to a fraction. Give a reason for each step.
20. How much is .33333 less than 4, and why?
21. How much is .571428 less than 4, and why? :
22. Find the sum of .73, .0049, .089, 6.58, and 9.08703, and
explain each step in the process (%261—I and II).
23. If tenths are multiplied by hundredths, how many deci-
mal places will there be in the product, and why (855) ?
24. Show that a number is multiplied by 10 by moving the
decimal point one place to the right; by 100 by moving it two
places; by 1000 three places, and so on.
25. State a rule for pointing off the decimal places in the
product of two decimals. Illustrate by an example, and give
reasons for your rule.
26. Multiply 385.23 by .742, multiplying first by the 4 hun-
dredths, then by the 7 tenths, and last by the 2 thousandths.
27. Why is the quotient of an integer divided by a proper
fraction greater than the dividend ?
28. Show that a number is divided by 10 by moving the
decimal point one place to the left; by 100 by moving it two
places; by 1000, three places ; by 10000, four places, and so on. -
29. Divide 4.9 by 1.305, and give a reason for each step in
the process. Carry the decimal to three places.
30. Give a rule for division of decimals,
 re z tc
ras oS / s

s[DENOMINATE NUMBERS
NUMBERS |
TPT GRETOS C

DEFINITIONS.

s a. 366. A Related Unit is a unit which has an invariable

:
relation to one or more other units.
Thus, 1 foot = 12 inches, or 4 of a yard; hence, 1 foot has
an invariable relation to the units inch and yard, and is there-
fore a related unit.
36%. A Denominate Number is a concrete number
(15) whose unit (14) is a related unit.
Thus, 17 yards is a denominate number, because its unit,
yard, has an invariable relation to the units foot and inch,
1 yard making always 3 feet or 36 inches.
368. A Denominate Fraction is a fraction of a
related unit.
Thus, 2 of a yard is a denominate fraction.
369. The Orders of related units are called Denom-
inations.
Thus, yards, feet, and inches are denominations of length;
dollars, dimes, and cents are denominations of money.
370. A Compound Number consists of several num-
bers expressing related denominations, written together in the
order of the relation of their units, and read as one number.
Thus, 23 yd. 2 ft. 9 in. is a compound number.
371. A Standard Unit is a unit established by law or
custom, from which other units of the same kind are derived.
166 a
DENOMINATE NUMBERS. ¢

Thus, the standard unit of measures of extension is the

-yard. By dividing the yard into 3 equal parts, we obtain the
unit foot ; into 36 equal parts, we obtain the unit inch ; mul-
tiplying it by 5$, we obtain the unit rod, and so on.
3'72. Related units may be classified into siz kinds :
1. Extension. 3. Weight. 5. Angles or Arcs.
2. Capacity. 4, Time. 6. Money or Value.
373. Reduction of Denominate Numbers is the
process of changing their denomination without altering their -
value.

UNITS OF WEIGHT.
374, The Troy pound of the mint is the Standard
Unit of weight.
TROY WEIGHT.
1. Denominations. — Grains (gr.),
TABLE OF UNITS. Pennyweights (put.), Ounces (0z.), Pounds -
24 gr. = 1 put. (2.), ong Carats.
20 put. = 1 oz 2, igted ligeeb ue Ib. = 12 oz. = 240
pwt. = 5760 gr. |
Wo =1l. © 3. Use.—Used in weighing gold, silver,
3.2 97. = 1 carat. and precious stones, and in philosophical
experiments.

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations. — Ounces (02.),
Neo Sy pounds (/b), hundredweights (czct.), tons (7).
100: 7a -—— 1 ewe. 2. Hquivalents.—1 Ton = 20 ewt. =
2000 Ib. = 82000 oz.
20 cw. = 1 T. 3. Use.—Used in weighing groceries,
drugs at wholesale, and all coarse and heavy articles.
4, In the United States Custom House, and in wholesale transactions
in coal and iron, 1 quarter = 28 lbs., 1 cwt. = 112 lb., 1 T. = 2240 Ib.
This is usually called the Long Ton table.
 TABLES. 167

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations. — Grains (gr.),
20 gr. = 1 se ord. Scruples (5), Drams (3), Ounces (3),
Pounds (Jb.)
38D = 1dr.or 3 : 2. Equivalents. — lb. 1 = %12=3 96
8 3 = loz. or 3 = BD 288 = gr. 5760.
12 0% =12. 3. Use.—Used in medical prescriptions.
4, Medical prescriptions are usually
written in Roman notation. The number is written after the symbol,
and the final “i” is always written j. Thus, % vij is'7 ounces.

Comparative Table of Units of Weigh

TROY, AVOIRDUPOIS, APOTHECARIES.

1 pound = 5760 grains = 7000 grains = 5760 grains.

1 ounce = 480 “ =e A De So = AsO

Table of Avoirdupois Pounds in a Bushel, as Established

by Law in the States named.

m
—ilHlal| i]. - EIS |8| (Rise B) ll s|S
SSA S|See
Siele iclslS|e FEE le
WHER cc eevianiceacss 60|56{60|60]60|60/60 60| |60|60/60|60| _|60,60|60|60)60}60, 60,60|60
Indian Corn........ 52/56|56/52/56 50/56 56) |56/56)56/52| |56 58|56 56/56 56 56 5654
OUNGp hota tooeee 32/28] /82/32 35/333 32|30/30/32 32/25/20 0 32/32 34/22/82 36 32
Barley giexcoteee.-: 50 49]18/48/48 82] |46|48 48/48) |48 48/48 46 47,46 45 48/48
Buckwheat .... ....|40/45| |40|50/52/52 | 46|42)42/52| 5048) |4248/4642 42|50
Ce a eee 54/56) |54]56 56,56 82) [56/56 56.56) |56 56)56,56 56/56 5656
Clover Seed........ Lydia 60/60/60] |64/60]60|60 60 60
Timothy Seed...... 45/45|45)45 | 45 44 46

Peas, Beans, and Potatoes are usually weighed 60 lb. to the bushel.

Table of Special Denominations.

100 lb. of Grainor Flour = 1 Cental. 200 Ib. Pork or Beef = 1 Barrel,
100 “ of Dry Fish =1Quintal. 196“ Flour = 1 Barrel.
100 “ of Nails = teSee, 240 “ Lime = 1 Cask,
280 Ib. salt at N. Y. Salt Works = 1 Barrel.
168 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

PROBLEMS ON RELATED UNITS.

375. Pros. I1—To reduce a denominate or a com:

pound number to a lower denomination.
Reduce 23 lb. 7 oz. 9 pwt. to pennyweights.
23 lb. 7 oz. 9 pwt. SoLuTION.—1. Since 12 oz. make 1 1b., inany
12 number of pounds there are 12 times as many
ies ounces as pounds. Hence we multiply the
283 02. 22 Ib. by 12, and add the 7 oz., giving 288 oz.
20 2. Again, since 20 pwt, make 1 oz., in any
5669 pwt. number of ounces there are 20 times as many
pennyweights as ounces. Hence we multiply
the 288 oz. by 20, and add the 9 pwt., giving 5669 pwt.
3%6. Rute—TI. Multiply the number of the highest
denomination given, by the number of units of the next
lower denomination that make 1-of the higher, and to
the product add the number given of the lower denom-
ination.
IT. Proceed in this manner with each successive de-
nomination obtained, until the number is reduced to
the required denomination.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

3%%. Reduce and explain orally the following:

1. How many drams in 2 Ib. 7 0z.? In 5 lb. 10 oz. 4 dr. ?
2. How many grains in 5 dr. 2.sc.? In loz. 4 dr.1s¢.?
3. How many pennyweights in 2lb. 602.? In40z.7pwt.?
4. How many pounds in 4 T. 132 1b.? In 7% T. 19 lb. ?
Reduce
5. 13 T. 17 ewt. to pounds. %. 31b.9% 53 to grains.
6. 19 lb. 7 oz. 5 dr. to drams. 8, 17]b. 113 25D to grains
9. 27 lb. 5 oz. 17 pwt. to grains.
10. 173 T. 5 cwt. 47 lb. to pounds.
ae

EXAMPLES. 169

11. 23 lb. 11 oz. 9 pwt. to pennyweights.

12. 87 'T. 13 ewt. 93 1b. to pounds.
13. In 37 Ib. 8 oz. 15 pwt. 19 gr. how many grains?
14. Reduce 184 T. to hundredweights; to pounds; to ounces.
15. How many grains in 1 pound Apothecaries’ weight? In
1 pound Troy weight? In 1 pound Avoirdupois weight ?
16. Reduce 164 lb. 17 pwt. to pennyweights.

378. Pros. II—To reduce a denominate number to

a compound or a higher denominate number.
Reduce 7487 sc. to a compound number.
3)7487 sc. SoLuTIon.—Since 8 sc. make 1 dr.,
eo a 7487 sc. must make as many drams as
8 ) 2495 dr. + 2 se. 3 is contained times in 7487, or 2495 dr.
12)311 oz. + 7% dr. + 2 se.
Oe The ctt om i
2. Since k 1 oz., 2495 dr.
8 dr. make
must make as many ounces as 8 is con-
ened times in 2495, or 311 oz. + 7 dr.
. Since 12 oz. make 1 lb., 311 oz. must make as many pounds as 12
is ita times in 311, or 25 Ib. + 11 0z. Hence, 7487 sc. are equal to
the compound number 25 lb. 11 oz. 7 dr. 2.sc. Hence the following
379. Rute.—Tl. Divide the given number by the nwm-
ber of wnits of the given denomination that make one of
the next higher denomination.
IT, Inthe same manner divide this quotient and each
successive quotient, omitting the remainders, until the
denomination required is reached. The last quotient,
with the remainders annexed, is the required result.

EXAMPt.ES FOR PRACTICE.

880. Reduce and explain orally:

1. How many pounds Troy in 24 oz.? In 30 oz? In
"9 oz.? In 400 pwt.? In 1200 pwt.? In 114 oz?
2. How many hundredweights in 1384 Ib.? In 1975 Ib.?
3. How many tons in 4800 Ib. ? In 7259 Ib. ?
170 : DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

4, In 240 sc. how many drams? How many ounces?

Reduce ?
. 88964 gr. to pounds Troy. | 10. 3468 cwt. to tons.
Sef

6. 876445 Ibs. to tons. 11. 8597 pwt. to pounds.

7% 397634 to pounds. 12. 93875 gr. to drams.
8. 503640 oz. to tons. 13. 873604 oz. to tons.
9. 279647 gr. to pounds Apoth. | 14. 534278 gr.to pounds Troy.
15. In 93645 gr. how many pounds Troy? How many
Avoirdupois? How many Apothecaries’ ?
16. In 9 lb. Troy how many pounds Avoirdupois ?
17. Reduce 57 lb. 13 oz. Avoir. to Troy weight.
18. Reduce 14 lb. 7 oz. Avoir. to Apothecary weight.
19. Reduce 5 lb. 10 oz. 17 pwt. to Apothecary weight.
381. Pros. II]—To reduce a denominate fraction or
decimal to integers of lower denominations.
Reduce $ of a ton to lower denominations.
(1.) $7. = $ of 20 cwt. = $ x 20 = 14 ewt. + $ ewt.
(2.) #cewt. = 2 of 100 lb. = 2 x 100 = 28 lb. + 4 |b.
(3.) 4]b. = 4 of 16 oz. = 4 x 16 = 94 02.
SOLUTION.—Since 20 cwt. is equal 1T., § of 20 cwt., or 142 ewt.,
equals § of 1 T. Hence, to reduce the § of a ton to hundredweights, we
take § of 20 cwt., or multiply, as shown in (1), the § by 20, the number
of hundredweights in a ton.
In the same manner we reduce the 2 cwt. remaining to pounds, as
shown in (2), and the # lb. remaining to ounces, as shown in (8). Hence
the following
382. RuLe—TI. Multiply the given fraction or deci-
mal by the number of units in the next lower denomi-
nation, and reduce the result to a mixed number, if any.
IT. Proceed in the same manner with the fractional
part of each successive product.
III. The integral parts of the several products, with
the fraction, if any, in the last product, arranged in
proper order, ts the required result.
 _— >

PROBLEMS. Laval

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

383. Find the value in lower denominations:

1. Of $ of a ton. 9. Of + of a hundredweight.
2. Of 35 of a dram. 10. Of $ of a quarter.
3. Of 4 of a pound Troy. 11. Of 7§ pounds Troy.
_ 4, Of 4 of a pound Apoth. 12. Of 3.7 hundredweights.
5. Of .6 of a pound Avoir. 13. Of 5.94 pounds Apoth.
6. Of .85 of a ton. 14, Of 138 tons.
%. Of .94 of a dram. 15. Of .7364 of a pound Troy.
8. Of .73 ofan ounce Troy. 16. Of .9356 ofa ton.
17. Reduce .84 of a hundredweight to Troy weight.
18. In } of a pound Avoir. how much Troy weight?
19. How much will $ of a ewt. make expressed in Troy
weight? Expressed in Apothecary weight?
384. Pros. IV.—To reduce a denominate fraction or
decimal of a lower to a fraction or decimal of a higher
denomination.
Reduce 3 of a dram to a fraction of a pound.
(i) 3dr =4oz. x% = 702.
(2) fpoz. = aylb. x Ay = qhy lb.
SoLuTIon.—1. Since 8 drams = 1 ounce, 1 dram is equal } of an oz.,
and 2 of a dram is equal ? of oz. Hence, as shown in (1), 3dr. = 3% oz.
2. Since 12 ounces = 1 pound, 1 ounce is equal +; of a pound, and,as
_ shown in (2), , of an ounce is equal 75 of 7 Ib., or zjq 1b. Hence, 3dr.
=;4, 1b. Hence the following

385. Rutze—TJ. Lind the part which a unit of the

given denomination is of a unit of the next higher
denomination, and multiply this fraction by the given
fraction or decimal.
Il. Proceed in the same manner: with the result,
and each successive result, until reduced to the de-
nomination required. Reduce the result to its lowest
terms or to a decimal.
172 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE

386. Reduce and explain orally:
1. 3 dy. to a fraction of a pound.
.
. $c. to a fraction of a pound.
.7 oz. to a fraction of a pound Troy. 3
.8 lb. to a fraction of a ton. ’
ee
.5 pwt. to a fraction of a pound.
A 4 lb. to a fraction of a BREN ERE
a Reduce§ pwt., 7% gr., $8 02., .32 oz., .74 pwt. and .64 gr.
|
each to the fraction of a pound Dror
8. Reduce $ of a scrupie to a fraction cf a pound,
EXPLANAYION.—Siace we divide
BXEXEXa = ote lb. the given fraction by the numbers in
4 the ascending scale successively
(384) between the given and the required denomination, we may
arrange them as shown in the margin, and caucel.

9. Reduce .3 oz., .84 Ib., and4 4 cwt. each to the fraction of

a ton.
10. What fraction of a pound is §ofa dram? .8 of a sc.?
11. Reduce to a fraction of a pound Troy .42 gr.; .96 pwt.
12. 2 of an ounce is what fraction of 1 lb.? of 1 ewt. ?
13. Reduce to the fraction of a ton § ewt.; .9 cwt.; 4]b.,
.84 ewt.; .86 lb.; .16 oz. ; 2 oz.

38%. Pros. V.—To reduce a compound number to a

fraction of a higher denomination.

Reduce 34 36 52 toa fraction of 1 pound.

(1.) 24 36 92= D116 ; lb.
1 = 5288.
(2-) $43 = 4%; hence, $4 36 D2= |b. i}
SoLution.—1. Two numbers can be compared only when they are the
same denomination. Hence we reduce, as shown in (1), the 34 36 92
and the 1b. 1 to scruples, the lowest denomination mentioned in cithcr
number,
 EXAMPLES. AS

2. 34 36 D2 being equal 5116, and Ib. 1 being equal D288, 34 36

D2 is the same part of lb. 1 as 5116 is of 5288, which is 114, or 22.
Hence 34 36 D2 = Ib. 28, or .004027.
388. RULE.—Reduce the given number to its lowest
denomination for the numerator of the required frac-
tion, and a unit of the required denomination to the
same denomination for the denominator, and reduce
the fraction to its lowest terms or to a decimal.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

889. 1. Reduce 5 cwt. 4 lb. to a fraction of one ton.
2. What fraction of a pound Troy are 7 oz. 12 pwt. 8 gr. ?
3. What fraction of a hundredweight are 64 Ib. 12 oz. ?
Reduce to the fraction of a pound:
4. 10 oz. 8 pwt. 16 gr. 7. 5 oz. 4 dr. 2 sc. 20 gr.
5. 9 oz. 5 dr. 2 se. 8. 4 oz. 18 pwt. 20 gr.
6. 6 dr. 1 sc. 18 gr. 9. 11 oz. 19 pwt. 23 gr.
10. Reduce to the fraction of a ton 8 cwt. 64 lb.
i. What part of 6 lb. Troy are 2 lb. 8 oz. 16 pwt.?
12. What part of 4 cwt. are 1 cwt. 25 lb.? 2 cwt. 50 lb.?
13. Reduce 8 oz. 16 pwt. to the decimal of 6 pounds.
14. Reduce 8 cwt. 60 lb. to the decimal of 1 ton; of 8 tons.
15. Reduce 8 ewt. 3 qr. 16 Ib. to the decimal of a ton.
ABBREVIATED SOLUTION.—Since the 16
25 ) 16.00 Ib. pounds are reduced to a decimal of a quar-
4)3.64 qr. ter by reducing 4% to a decimal, we annex
Aae two ciphers to the 16, as shown in the mar-
20 J891 owt. gin, and divide by 25, giving .64 qr.
4455 T. To this result we prefix the 3 quarters,
giving 3.64 qr., which is equivalent to oe hundredweights ; hence we
divide by 4, as shown in the margin, giving .91 ewt.
To the result we again prefix the 8 cwt., giving 8.91, which is equiva-
lent to se of a ton, equal .4455 T. Hence, 8 ewt. 3 qr. 16 Ib, = 4455 T.
 174 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

16. Reduce 8 oz. 6 dr. 2 sc. to the decimal of a pound.

17. What decimal of 24 1b. Troy is 2 lb. 8 oz. 16 pwt. ?
. 18. 9 oz. 16 pwt. 12 gr. are what decimal of a pound?
19. Reduce 12 cwt. 2 qr. 18 lb. to. the decimal of a ton.
20. What decimal of a pound are 39 35 52 gr. 18.? q
21. Reduce 11 oz. 16 pwt. 20 gr. to the decimal of a pound.
22. Reduce 7 1b. 5 oz. Avoir. to a decimal of 12 lb. 5 oz.
3 pwt. Troy.
23. 1 lb. 9 oz. 8 pwt. is what part of 3 lb. Apoth. weight. ? —
390. Pros. VI.—To find the sum of two or more de-
nominate or compound numbers, or of two or more
denominate fractions.

1. Find the sum of 7 cwt. 84 lb. 14 02., 5 cwt. 97 Ib. 8 0z.,

and 2 cwt. 9 lb. 15 oz.
cwt. lb. oz. SoLuTIoN.—1. We write numbers of the
y 84 Al same denomination under each other, as shown
i uO 8 in the margin.
2. We add as in Simple Numbers, com-
pee 9 15 mencing with the lowest denomination. Thus,
15 92 5 15, 8, and 14 ounces make 387 ounces, equal
2 lb..5 oz. We write the 5 oz. under the
ounces and add the 2 lb. to the pounds.
We proceed in the same manner with each denomination until the
entire sum, 15 cwt. 92 lb.5 oz., is found.

2. Find the sum of 4 Ib., 4 dr., and 3 sc.

oz. dr. sc. gr.* SoLuTion.—i. According to (261),
¢lb = 5 2 2 0 only fractional units of the same
4dr. = 2 8 kind and of the same whole can be
3 ch 1d added ; hence we reduce ¢ lb., 4 dr.,
and 2 sc. to integers of lower denomi-
5 8 2 8.
nations (881), and then add the
results, as shown in the margin. Or,
2. The given fractions may be reduced to fractions of the same de-
nomination (384), and the results added according to (261), and the
value of the sum expressed in integers of lower denominations according
to (381).
 iz EXAMPLES. ear

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

1-391. 1. Add 13 T. 18 cwt. 2-qr. 19 Ib. 18 02, 15 cwt

3 qr. 20 Ib. 32 T. 19 cwt., 17 T. 15 cwt. 14 0z., and 8 T. 12 ewt.
‘13 Ib. 15 oz.
2. Add 13 lb. 7 oz. 5 dr. 2 sc., 9 oz. 7 dr. 15 gr, 7 Ib.
9 oz.
@dr., 11 oz. 5 dr. 2 se. 19 otennd 91h; 10 oz. 6 dr. 1 sc. 18 gr.
_ 3. Find the sum of § Ib., 2 pwt., 2 0z., and $ Ib.
. Find the sum of .7 0z., .5 pwt., .75 Ib., 45 0z., .9 pwt.
. What is the sum of 44 ewt., 394 lb., nal 14? 02.
. Find the sum of 3.75 T., 7.9 cwt., and 19% lb.
. Find the sum of 13.45 lb., 8.75 oz., and 3.7 dr.
. A trader bought three iots of sugar, the first containing
Maat
aS

10 sae3 qr. 17 lb., the second 11 cwt. 3 qr. 27 Ib., and the
third 26 ewt. 2 qr. 12 lb.; how much did he buy ?
9. A wholesale nies dealer bought 3 'T. 9 cwt. 15 lb. 402.
of butter during the spring, 1 T. 12 cwt. 18 Ib. 6 oz. during
the summer, 2 T. 7 cwt. 10 lb. 6 oz. during the autumn, and
3 T. 2 cwt. 98 lb. 15 oz. during the winter ; how much did he
buy during the entire year ?
10. A manufacturing company bought 4 bars of silver,
weighing respectively 11 lb. 8 oz. 10 pwt. 23 gr. ; 10 lb. 8 oz.
15 pwt. 10 gr.; 9 Ib. 11 oz. 9 pwt. 11 gr.; and 4 Ib. 9 oz.
16 pwt. 22 gr.; what was their united weight?
11. If a druggist sells in prescriptions lbh 4 34 36 D2ofa
certain drug in January, lb. 8 37 37 52 in February, lb. 10
%10 32 51in March, lb. 9 ai 32 56 in April, and lb. 7
%9 33 2 in May, how much was sold during the five
months ? Ans. lb. 40 310 D1.
12. What is the sum of 8.7 lb. 3.34 oz. and 43 pwt. ?
13. Find the sum of .8 cwt. and .5 oz.
14. A grocer sold 4 lots of tea containing respectively 7 cwt.
39 lb. 13 oz., 5 cwt. 84 Ib. 15 oz. 13 ewt. 93 lb. 7 oz., and
% cwt. 74 Ib. 11 oz.; what was the entire weight of the tea
sold ?
176 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

8392. Pros. VII.—To find the difference between any

two denominate or compound numbers, or denominate
fractions.
Find the difference between 27 lb. 7 oz. 15 Pie and 13 Ib.
9 oz. 18 pwt.
lb. oz. pwt. SoLution.—1. We write numbers of thesame
Oly a fae a Bs) denomination under each other. ‘
138240. 248 2. We subtract as insimple numbers. When —
——— the number of any denomination of the subtra- :
JS ea SR ae hend cannot be taken from the number of the
same denomination in the minuend, we add as —
in simple numbers (G5—II) one from the next higher denomination. j
Thus, 18 pwt. cannot be taken from 15 pwt.; we add 1 of the 7 oz. to
the 15 pwt., making 85 pwt. 18 pwt. from 35 pwt. leaves 17 pwt., which—:
we write under the pennyvweights. ;
We proceed in’ the same manner with each denomination until the
entire difference, 18 lb. 9 oz. 17 pwt., is found.
To subtract denominate fractions we reduce as directed in addition, —
and then subtract.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

398. Find the difference between

1. 25 T. 16 cwt. 2 qr. 19 lb. and 13 T. 18 cwt. 22 Ib. 13 oz,
2. lb.18 37-35 D1 15 gr. and Ib. 7 39 36 52) Taig
3. 29 lb. 1 oz. 13 pwt. and 17 Ib. 8 oz. 19 pwt. 12 gr.
4, 43 lb. and $ oz. 8. 33 cwt. and 72 lb.
5. 14 'T. and 22 cwt. 9.°9.7 oz. and 5.3 pwt.
6. iy lb. and $ dr. * 10, 8.36 T. and 19.75 ewt.
%, 54 lb. and 2% pwt. 11. 7.5 Ib. and 4.75 se.
12. rN druggist had 13 Ib. 4 oz. 5 dr. of a certain medicine,
and sold at one time 3 lb. 7 oz. 6 dr. 2 sc., at another 5 lb. 9 oz,
4 dr. 1sc.10 gr. How much has he left?
13. Out of a stack of hay containing 16 T. 9 cwt. 1 qr. 12 Ib.
three loads were sold containing, respectively, 3 T. 4 cwt.,
2T. 19 cwt. 2 qr. 91b., and 3 T. 13 cwt. 14 1b. How much
hay is left in the stack ?
 EXAMPLES. any

394. Pros. VII.—To multiply a denominate or com-

pound number by an abstract number.
Multiply 18 cwt. 74 Ib. 9 oz. by 6.
18 cwt 741b. 9 oz. SoLUTION.—We multiply as
in simple numbers, commencing

: 2
DLLs
Sees eee
12 cwt. 47 lb.
6
—6 oz.
with the lowest denomination,
Thus, 6 times 9 oz. equals
. 54 oz. We reduce the 54 oz. to
_ pounds (378), equal 3 lb. 6 0z. We write the 6 oz, under the ounces,
and add the 3 Ib. to the product of the pounds.
__ We proceed in this manner with each denomination until the entire
product, 5 T. 12 cwt. 47 lb. 6 oz. is found.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

395. 1. Multiply 3 lb. 9 oz. 12 pwt. 17 gr. by 43 by 7.

2. Multiply 7 ewt. 2 qr. 18 lb. 5 oz. by 9; by 12; by 63.
3. Each of 8 loads of hay contained 2 'T. 7 cwt. 19 lb.; what
is the weight of the whole?
4. A grocer sold 12 firkins of butter, each containing 63 Ib.
13% oz. How much did they all contain?
' §. A druggist bought 25 boxes of a certain medicine, each
box containing 2 lb. 5 oz. 7 dr. 1 sc. 19 gr.; what was the
weight of the whole?
Multiply and reduce to a compound number:
6. 8% lb. by 14. 12. 2.13 dr. by .4.
7. 13 Ib. 74 oz. by 8. 13. 7.63 cwt. by 34,
8. 9.56 cwt. by 7. 14. § T. by 4.
9. 10.95 Ib. by 5. 15. 4 Ib. by.’
10. 24 Ib. by 9. 16. 5% cwt. by $.
11. 6.84 T. by .9. 1%. .9 pwt. by .9.
18. If a load of coal by the long ton weigh 2 T. 8 cwt. 3 ar.
11 lb., what will be the weight of 32 loads?
19. A drayman delivered on board of a boat 12 loads of coal,
each containing 3 'T. 7 cwt. 16 1b. How much coal did he put -
on board ? ° .
178 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

396. Pros. [X.—To divide a denominate or com- |

pound number by any abstract number. 7

Divide 29 lb. 7 02. 2 dr. by 7. ;

Ib. ‘oz. dr, Sotution.—1. The object of the division —
by ) EC an er is to find 4 of the compound number. ‘This
i ee is done by finding the 4 of each denomina-
oh ig 6 tion separately. Hence the process is the
same as in finding one of the equal parts of a concrete number.
Thus, the 4 of 29 Ib. is 4 1b. and 1 1b, remaining. We write the 4 1b.
in the quotient, and reduce the 1 1b. to ounces, which added to 7 oz.
make 190z. We now find the + of the 19 0z., and proceed as before
until the entire quotient, 4 lb. 2 oz. 6 dr. is found.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

1. Divide 9 T. 15 cwt. 3 qr. 18 lb. by 2; by 5; by 8; by 12.

2. If 29 lb. 7 oz. 16 pwt. are made into 7 equal parts, how
much will there be in each part?
3. A druggist made 12 powders of 31 35 of a certain med-
icine; what was the weight of each powder?
4, Ditdedh 3 37 34 D2 by 4; by 6; by 12; by 32.
5. The aggregate weight of 43 equal sacks of coffee is 2 T.
7 cwt. 2 qr. 12 1b.; what is the weight of each sack ?
6. Divide 5 T. 14 ewt. 2 qr. 8 lb. by 3 ewt. 1 qr. 12 Ib.
Reduce both the dividend and divisor to the same denomination, and |
divide as in simple numbers.
%. Divide 2 lb. 5 oz. 2 pwt: 7 gr. by 1 oz. 3 pwt. 7 gr.
8. How many boxes, each containing 96 lb., will hold 1 T.
13 cwt. 2 qr. 10 lb. ? Ans. 35.
9. Dividelb. 6 39 37 D2 by 37 D2 gr. 10.
10. Divide .98 lb. by .46 pwt.; 4 of a ton by $ of a neck
11. A druggist purchased 154 equal Pe of a certain
medicine, containing in the aggregate lb. 34 32 35 D1; how.
much did each bottle contain?
12. Divide lb. 75 by 2 08; .08 T. by .6 qr.
 TABLES. 179.

UNITS OF LENGTH.
39%. A yard is the Standard Unit in linear, surface,
and solcd measure.

LINEAR MEASURE.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Inches (in.), Feet
ey oe Tt ft. (ft.), Yards (yd.), Rods (rd.), Miles (mi.).
Boyt = 1 yd 2. Equivatents.—1 mi. = 820 rd.= 5280
aie i ft. = 63360 in.
5 yd. = 1rd. 3. Use.—Used in measuring lines and dis-
320 rd. = 1 mi. tances.
4. In measuring cloth the yard is divided
into halves, fourths, eighths, and siateenths. In estimating duties in the
‘Custom House, it is divided into tenths and hundredths.

Table of Special Denominations.

60 Geographic or ' = 1 Degree |of Latitude on a Meridian or of

69.16 Statute Miles Longitude on the Equator.
3860 Degrees = the Circumference of the Earth.
1.16 Statute Miles = 1 Geog. Mi. Used to measure distances at sea.
3 Geographical Miles= 1 League.
6 Feet =1 Fathom. Used to measure depths at sea.
Inch = 1 Hand. jUsed to measure the height of horses
= Ea ee at the shoulder.

SURVEYORS LINEAR MEASURE.

TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Link (1.), Rod (rd.),
792 in. = 11. Chain (ch.), Mile (mi.).
ar 2. Equivalents.—1 mi. = 80 ch. = 820 rd.
251 =1rd _ oo.
4rd. = 1 ch. 3. Use. — Used in measuring roads and
80 ch. = 1 mt. _ boundaries of land.
4, The Unit of measure is the Gunter’s
Chain, which contains 100 links, equal 4 rods or 66 feet.
180 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

398. Reduce and explain the following:

1. 7 rods to inches. 4, 84 rods to links.
2. 3 miles to yards. 5. 2 of a rd. to inches.
3. 38465 yd. to miles. 6. § of a ch. to links.
%. 15 degrees to statute miles.
8. 3.76 geographical miles to statute miles.
9. 12 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. to inches.
10. 210 geographical miles to statute miles.
11. 2 mi. 5 ch. 3 rd. to links.
12. .73 of a mile to a compound number.
13. .85 of a yd. to a decimal of a mile.
14. 7 yd. 2 ft. to a decimal of 3 rd.
15. Find the sum of 4 of a mi., .85 of a ch., and 3 ch. 2 rd.
16. Find the difference between 3 mi. 5 ch. 2 rd. 13 1., and
fz of (1 mi. 7 ch. 3 rd. 18.1.)
17. The four sides of a tract of land measure respectively
3 mi. 5 ch. 2rd. 2 mi. 7 ch. 3 rd. 131, 3 mi. 171. and 2 mi.
2 rd.; what is the distance round it?
18. On a railroad 132 mi. 234 rd. 4 yd.2 ft. long, there are
18 stations at equal distances from each other. How far are
the stations apart, there being a station at each end of the
road ?
19. A ship moving due north sailed 15.7 degrees. How
far did she sail in statute miles?
20. A ship sailing on the equator moved 45 leagues. How
many degrees is she from the place of starting, and what is -
the distance in statute miles ?
21. £ of a rod is what part of 3 chains ?
22. 32 fathoms are what decimal of a mile?
23. In 125 geog. miles how many statute miles ?
24. 3 ft. are what decimal of 3 rods?
25. 1 link is what decimal of 1 foot?
 DEFINITIONS. 181

UNITS OF SURFACE.
399. A square yard is the Standard Unit of surface
MeCASUTE.
400. A Surface has two dimensions—length and breadth.
401. A Square is a plane surface bounded by four equal
lines, and having four right angles.
402. A Rectangle is any plane surface having four sides
and four right angles.
403. The Unit of Measure for surfaces is usually a
square, each side of which is one unit of a known length.
Thus, in 14 sq. ft., the unit of measure is a square foot.

404. The Area of a rectangle is the 8 feet long.

surface included within its boundaries,
and is expressed by the number of times
it contains a given wnit of measure.
Thus, since a square yard is a surface, each
side of which is 3 feet long, it can be divided
into 3 rows of square feet, as shown in the
diagram, each row containing 3 square feet. 8 sq. ft. x B= 9 sq. ft.
Hence, if 1 sq. ft. is taken as the Unit of
Meusure, the area of a square yard is3 sq. ft. x 3=9 aq. ft.
The area of any rectangle is found in the same manner ; hence the
following
405. Ruz. Find the product of the numbers denot-
ing the length and breadth, expressed in the lowest
denomination named in either; the result is the area,
which can be reduced to any required denomination.
To find either dimension of a rectangle.
406. Rute. Divide the number expressing the area,
by the given dimension ; the quotient is the other.
182 _ DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

SQUARE MEASURE.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Square
144 sq. in. = 1 sq. ft. Inch (sq. in.), Square Yard (sq. yd.),
9 Square Rod (sq, rd.), Acre (A.),
80a i fh ve) A 8g. yd. : :
Square Mile (sq. mi.).
30} sy. yd. = 1 sg. rd., or P. 2. Equivalents.—1 sq. mi. =
LOO So. ray 1A. 640 A=102400 sq. rd.=8097600 sq.
640 A. sa IPO yd.=27878400 sq. ft. = 4014489600
sq. in.
8. Use.—Used in computing areas or surfaces.
4. Glazing and stone-cutting are estimated by the sguare foot ; plaster-
ing, paving, painting, etc., by the square foot or square yard ; roofing,
flooring, etc., generally by the square of 100 square feet.
5. In laying shingles, one thousand, averaging 4 inches wide, and laid
5 inches to the weather, are estimated to cover a square.

SURVEYORY SQUARE MEASURE.

TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Square Link
625 sq. i ee en (sq. 1.), Poles (P.), Square Chain (sq.
16 P. = 1 sg. ch. ch.), Acres (A.), Square Mile (sq. mi.),
Be A Township (Tp.).
10 sy. che = eee 2. Equivatents.—1 Tp. = 36 sq.
640.4. = 1sg. mt. mi, = 23040 A. = 230400 sq. ch. =
36 sq.m. = 1 Tp. 8686400 P. = 2304000000 sq. 1.
3. Use.—Used in computing the area
of land.
4, The Unit of land measure is the acre. The measurement of a
tract of land is usually recorded in square miles, acres, and hundredths of
an acre.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

40%. Reduce and explain the following:

1. 3 acres to sq. ft. 4, 3 sq. mi. to sq. chains.
2. 5 sq. mi. to sq. yards. 5. .007 mi. to sq. links.
3. .83 of an A. to sq. yards. 6. .08 of an A. to sq. links.
 EXAMPLES. 183

7%. 25 sq. yd. to a decimal of an acre.

8. 14 P. to a decimal of a sq. mi.
9. $ of a sq. mi. to a compound number.
10. .0005 of an A. to sq. feet.
11. $ of a Tp. to a compound number.
12. .0008 of a sq. mi. to a compound number.
Find the sum of
13. ¢ of an A., § of a sq. rd., and
3 A. 158 sq. rd. 25 sq. yd.
14. i of (1 Tp. 18 sq. mi. 584 A.), and +5of (378A. 9 sq.
ch. 12 P.)
15. Find the difference between (2 of 6 sq. mi. + 4 of an .
A.), and (2 of an A. + 2 of a pole).
16. Subtract 1 sq. 1. from 1 acre; from 1 township.
17. A tract of land containing 984 A. 7 sq. ch. 12 P. was
divided into 7 equal farms; what was the size of each farm?
What is the area of rectangles of the following dimensions:
18. 15 yd. by 12 yd? 21. 7.5 ch. by 3 ch. 81?
19. 16% yards square ? 22. 4 yd. 2 ft. 4 in. by 34 yd?
20. 93 yd. by 184 yd? 23. 3.4 yd. by 92 yd?
24. How many square feet of lumber required for the floors
of a house containing 2 rooms 15 ft. by 19 ft., 5 rooms 14 ft.
by 16 ft., and 3 rooms 12 ft. by 15 ft.? = Ans. 2230 sq. ft.
25. How many boards 12 ft. long and 4 in. wide required
to floor a room which is 48 ft. by 32 ft.? Ans. 384 boards.
26. How many yards of carpeting 2 ft. 3 in. wide will be
required for 3 rooms 18 t by 24 ft. and 4 rooms 12 ft. by
16 ft. 6 in.? Ans. 3094 yds.
2”. Find the cost of carpeting a house containing rooms as
follows: 4 rooms 15 ft. by 19 ft. 6 in., carpet 2 yd. wide at
$1.26 per yard ; 2 rooms 18 ft. by 25 ft., carpet $ yd. wide at
$2.45 per yard; and 5 rooms 12 ft. 8 in. by 16 ft., carpet
1 yd. wide at $1.08. Ans. $620.
184 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

~ 28. Find the cost of glazing 10 windows, each 9 ft. 10 in,

by 5 ft. 3 in., at $.94 a square foot. Ans.
29. How many tiles 10 inches square will lay a floor 32 ft.
5 in. by 23 ft. 6 in.? Ans. 1096.98.°
30. How many flag-stones, 3 ft. 5 in. by 2 ft. 6 in. will be
required to cover @ court 125 ft. by 82 ft.,and what will be
the cost of flagging the court at $1.87 a square yard?
31. Find the cost of lathing and plastering a house at $.52
per square yard, containing the following rooms, no allowance
being made for doors, windows, and baseboard ; 3 rooms 14 ft.
by 18 ft., and 2 rooms 12 ft. by 15 ft., height of ceiling 11 ft.;
4Arooms 12 ft. by 16 ft., and 2 rooms 12 ft. by 144 ft. height
of ceiling 9 ft. 6 in. Ans.
32. The ridge of the roof of a building is 44 ft. long, and
the distance from each eave to the ridge is 19 ft. 3in. How
many shingles 4 in. wide, laid 54 in. to the weather will be
required to roof the building, the first row being double ?
33. What will be the cost of papering a room 20 ft. by 32,
height of ceiling 12 ft., with rolls of paper 8 yards long 18
inches wide, at $1.63 per roll, deducting 132 sq. ft. for doors,
windows, and baseboard ?

UNITS OF VOLUME.
408. A Solid or Volume has three dimensions—length,
breadth, and thickness.
409. A Rectangular Solid is a body bounded by six
rectangles called faces.
410. A Cube is a rectangular solid, bounded by six equal
squares.
411. The Unit of Measure is a cube whose edge is a
unit of some known length.
41%. The Volume, or Solid Contents of a body is
 CUBIC MEASURE. 185

_ expressed by the number of times it contains a given wnt of

measure. For example, the contents of a cubic yard is
expressed as 27 cubic feet.
Thus, since each face of 2
cubic yard contains 9 square xeet,
if a section 1 ft. thick is taken it
must contain 3 times 8 cu. ft.,or
9 cu. ft.,as shown in the dia-
gram.
And since the cubic yard is
8 feet thick, it must contain 8 sec-
tions, each containing 9 cu. ft.,
which is 27 cu. ft.
Hence, the volume or contents of a cubic yard expressed in cubic feet,
is found by taking the product of the numbers denoting its 3 dimensions
in feet.
The contents of any rectangular solid is found in the same manner;
hence the following

413. RuLte—Vind the product of the numbers denot-

ing the three dimensions expressed in the lowest
denomination named. This result is the VOLUME,
and can be reduced to any required denomination.
To find a required dimension.
414. Rutn.— Divide the volume by the product of the
numbers denoting the other two dimensions.
The volume, before division, must be reduced to a cubic unit corres.
ponding with the square unit of the product of the two dimensions,

CUBIC MEASURE.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Cubic Inch
1728 cu. in. = 1 cu. ft. (cu. in.), Cubic Foot (cu. ft.), Cubic ,
u. ft. = 1cu. yd. Yard (cu. yd).
ware y 2. Equivalents.—1 cu. yd. =27
cu. ft. = 46656 cu. in.
8. Use.—Used in computing the volume or contents of solids.
 186. DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

415, Reduce and explain the following:
rf. 97 cu. ft. to cu. in. 3. 4 cu. yd. 394 cu. ft. to cu. in,
2 . .09 of a cu. yd. to cu. ft. 4. .0007 of a cu. yd. to cu. in.
5. 2 of a cu. ft. to a decimal of a cu. yd.
6. .8 of a cu. ft. to a decimal of a cu. yd.
7. Find the sum of % of a cu. yd. and .625 of a cu. ft.
8. Find the difference between 3 of acu. yd. and .75 of a
cu. ft.
Find the contents of rectangular solids of the following
dimensions:
9. A solid 24 ft. long by 1 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 9 in.
10. A cube whose edge is 3 yd. 2 ft. § in.
11. A solid 7 ft. 9 in. long by 3 ft. 4 in. by 4 ft. 6 in.
12. A solid 12 yd. 1 ft. 9 in. long by 2 yd. 2 ft. by 2 ft. 8 in.
13. How many cubic feet in a stick of timber 38 ft. long by
2 ft.3 in. by 1 ft. 9 in?
14. A cistern 9 ft. square contains 1092 cu. ft.; what is its
depth ?
15. A stick of square timber contains 189 cu. ft., 2 of its
dimensions are 1 ft. 9 in. and 2 ft. 3 in.; what is the other?
16. A bin contains 3264 cu. ft.; 2 of its dimensions are 9 ft.
8 in. and 7 ft. 6 in.: what is the other?
17: How many cubic feet of ‘air in a room 74 ft. 9 in. long,
52 ft. 10 in. wide, and 23 ft. 6 in. high ?
18. How many cubic yards of earth in an embankment
288 ft. by 42 ft. 8 in. by 18 ft. 6 in.? a
19. A vat is 7 ft. 2in. by 4ft.9in. by 3 ft. 4in. How
“many cubic feet does it contain ?
20. In digging a cellar 48 ft. 6 in. by 39 ft. 8 in., and 8 ft.
4 in. deep, how many cubic yards of earth must be
removed ?
fae

EXAMPLES. 187

21. What will be the cost of the following bill of square

_ timber, at $.334 per cubic foot:
(1.) 3 pieces 13 ft. by 9 in. by 7 in. ?
(2.) 8 pieces 15 ft. 6 in. by 10 in. by 8 in. ?
(3.) 4 pieces 23 ft. by 8 in. by 9 in. ?
(4.) 6 pieces 36 ft. by 1 ft. 6 in. by 1 ft. ?
(5.) 9 pieces 18 ft. 9 in. by 1 ft. 3 in. by 9 in.?
(6.) 12 pieces 15 ft. by 74 in. by 94 in.?
22. How many perches in a wall 37 ft. long, 28 ft. 6 in.
high, and 2 ft. 6 in. thick?

Table of Units for Measuring Wood and Stone.

16 cu. ft. - = 1 Cord Foot (cd. ft.) )Used for measur-

S cd. fi.or) ing both
128 cu. ft. } eranCona (al) wood and stone.
243 cu. ft. = 1 perch (peh.) of stone or masonry.
1 cu. yd. of earth is called a load.
1. The materials for masonry are usually estimated by the cord or
perch, the work by the perch and cubic foot, also by the square foot and
square yard.
2. In estimating the mason work in a building, each wall is measured
on the outside and no allowance is ordinarily made for doors, windows,
and cornices, unless specified in contract. In estimating the material,
the doors, windows, and cornices are deducted.
8. Brickwork is usually estimated by the thousand bricks. The size of
a brick varies thus: North River bricks are 8 in. x 35 x 2}, Philadelphia
and Baltimore bricks are 8} in. x 44 x 23, Milwaukee bricks 8} in. x 4} x 23,
and Maine bricks 7} in. x 33 x 23.
4. Hacavations and embankments are estimated by the cubic yard.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

416. Reduce and explain the following:

1. 64 pch. to cu. feet. 3. 86 cords to cu. feet.
2. 42 cords to cd. feet. 4, .84 pch. to cu. feet.
188 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

. £ of a cd. to cu. feet.

. .85 of a cord to a decimal of 3 cu. yd.
§ of a cord to a decimal of a cu. yd.
rz
GO
DH4 of acu. ft. to a decimal of a pch.
9. .73 of a cu. ft. to a decimal of a cd.
10. 2 of 8.cd. to a decimal of 12 cd.
11. Find the sum of 3 pch., § cd., and 11 cd. ft. 38 eu. ft.
12. How many North River bricks make 1 cubic foot laid
without any mortar ?
13. A pile of wood containing 84 cd. 7 cd. ft. 12 cu. ft.
was made into 5 equal piles; what was the size of each?
14. How many cords in a pile of wood 196 ft. long, 7 ft..
6 in. high, and 8 ft. wide?

A Cord is apile of wood, stone, etc., 8 ft. long, 4 ft. wide,

and 4 ft. high.
A Cord Foot is1 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 4 ft. high, or 4
of cord, as shown in the cut.

15. What is the cost of a pile of stone 28 ft. long, 9 ft. wide,
and 7 ft. high, at $3.85 per cord?
16. A load of wood containing 1 cord is 3 ft. 9 in. high and *
4 ft. wide; what is its length?
17. How many perches of masonry will 18 cd. 5 cd. ft. of
stone make, allowing 22 cu. ft. of stone for 1 perch of wall ?
18. How many cords of stone will be required to enclose
with a wall built without mortar a lot 28 rods long and 17 rods
wide, the wail being 5 ft. high and 2 ft. 9 in. thick?
 EXAMPLES. ; 189

19. How many Philadelphia bricks in a cubic: foot of wall

_ 13} in. wide, laid in courses of mortar } of an inch thick?
SoLUuTiIoN.—Since the mortar is 1 of an inch thick, each brick in the
wall is increased + of an inch in length and in thickness. Hence the
length occupied by a Philadelphia brick in the wall is 81 in. + tin, =
83 in., and the thickness is 28 in. + 4 in, = 28 in.
Again, since the wall is 13} in. wide, 3 bricks are placed side by side,
and 133 in. + 3 = 44 in. the width occupied by a brick in the wall.
Hence, the volume occupied in the wall by a Philadelphia brick, with
the given width of wall and thickness of mortar, is 81 in. x 28 x 44 =
100.40625 cu. in. And since 1728 cu. in. equals 1 cu. ft., 1728-+100.40825
= 17.21 + the number of Philadelphia bricks in 1 cu. ft. of wall.

From this solution we obtain the following rule for finding

the number of bricks of a given size in a given wall:
41%. Rute—Sind the number of bricks of the given
size in a cubie foot of the given wall. Multiply this
number by the number of cubic feet in the wall.
20. How many Maine bricks will be required to build a
house 54 feet long, 32 feet wide, and 25 feet high, the brick
being laid in mortar 3 of an inch thick, the wall being 11 in.
wide, and 258 cu. ft. being allowed for doors and windows?
21. How mary perches of stone laid dry will build a wall
9 ft. 6 in. high, 384 ft. long, and 2 ft. 9 in. thick ?
22. What will it cost to remove an embankment 325 ft.
long, 25 ft. wide, and 12.8 ft. high, at 58 cts. per cubic yard?
23. What is the cost of building a wall 89 ft. long, 28 ft.
high, 194 in. wide, with brick 8} in. long, 43 in. wide, 23 in.
thick, laid in mortar 4 in. thick, at $12.85 a 1000 bricks laid
in the wall ?
24. What will be the cost of a pile of wood 114 yd. 2 ft.
long, 4 ft. wide, and 6 ft. 8 in. high, at $4.50 per cord?
25. What will be the cost of removing the earth from the
cellar of a house 48 ft. 9 in. by 32 ft. the cellar to be 9 ft.
deep, at $.57 per load ?
190 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

BOARD MEASURE.
TABLE OF UNITS. 418. A Board Foot is 1 ft.
12¢Boin. =. 123, ft. long, 1 ft. wide, and 1 in. thick.
te Batt =i Hence, 12 board feet equals1 cu. ft.
cu. ib
419. A Board Inch is 1 ft. long, 1 in. wide, and 1 in.
thick, or ;', of a board foot. Hence, 12 board inches equals
1 board foot.
Observe carefully the following :
1. Diagram 1 represents a board
(1.) where both dimensions are feet.
3 rock Tons. Hence the product of the two di-
3 |Square | mensions gives the square feet in
= | foot. surface (405), or the number of
Col a a aro board feet when the lumber is not
= Me | more than 1 inch thick.
2. Diagram (2) represents a board
4x 2=8 sq. ft. or 8B. ft. where one dimension is feet and
the other inches. It is evident
(2.) (418) that a board 1 foot long,
3 4 feet long. 1 inch thick, and any number of
=B |4 tt.: by | | | inches wide, contains as many
d ae board inches as there are inches in
for)
4 x 9=36 B. in.; 86 B.in.+12=3B.ft. the width. Hence the number of
square feet or board feet in a board
linch thick is equal to the length in feet multiplied by the width in
inches divided by 12, the number of board inches in a board foot.
3. In case the lumber is more than 1 inch thick, the number of board
feet is equal to the number of square feet in the surface multiplied by
the thickness.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

420. Find the contents of boards measuring —
1. 24 ft. by 13 in. 4. 9 ft. by 32 in. 7% 5 ft. by 18 in.
2. 28 ft. by15in. 5. 13 ft. by26in. 8-34 ft. by 15 in.
3. 18 ft. by 16 in. 6. 17 ft. by 30 in. 9. 25 ft. by 14 in.
i
 UNITS OF CAPACITY. 191

Find the contents of boards measuring

10. 15 ft. by 1 ft. 3 in. 12. 19 ft. by 2 ft. 4 in.
11. 27 ft. by 1 ft. 6 in. 13. 238 ft. by 1 ft. 5 in.
14. Find the contents of a board 18 ft. long and 9 in. wide.
15. How many board feet in a stick of square timber 48 ft.
long, 9 inches by 14 inches.
16. Find the length of a stick of timber 8 in. by 10 in., which
will contain 20 cu. ft.
OPERATION.—(1728 x 20)-+-(8 x 10) = 482; 482-+-12 = 86 ft., the length.
17. A piece of timber is 10 in. by 12 in. What length of
it will contain 26 cubic feet?
Find the cost of the following:
18. Of 234 boards 14 ft. long 8 in. wide, at $3.25 per nile ed.
19. Of 5 sticks of timber 27 ft. long, 9 in. by 14 in,, at
_ $1.75 per hundred feet board measure.
20. Of 84 plank 20 ft. long, 11 in. wide, 3 in. thick, at $1,84
per Hes feet board measure.

ows OTF CAPACITY.

421. The Standard Units of capacity are the Gallon
for Liquid, and the Bushel for Dry Measure.

LIQUID MEASURE.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Gills (gi.), Pints
4 of. = 1 vt. (pt.), Quarts (qt.), Gallons (gal.), Barrels

big
meg) 2"
&»2. Hquivalents.—1 gal.= 4 qt.=8 pt.
4 Gt. = 1 gal. — 32 gi,
314 gal. = 1 OO. 3. Use.—Used in measuring liquias.
4, The capacity of cisterns, vats, ete., is
usually estimated by considering a harrel 314 gal. ; but barrels are made
of various sizes, from 30 to 56 gallons. he hogshead, butt, tierce, pipe,
and tun are names of casks, and have usually their capacity in gallons
marked upon them.
192 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

APOTHECARIEY FLUID MEASURE.

TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Minims or drops
UP GO =F 53 1 (tt), Fluid Drachm (f 3), Fluid Ounce (f 3 ),
aie zy Pint (O., for octarius, the Latin for one-
1 5 S=isis eighth or pint), Gallon (Cong., for congius,
f 316 = 0.1 the Latin for gallon).
0. 8 = Cong. 1 2. Hquivalents. —Cong. 1 = 0. 8 =
£3128 =f3 1024 = m 61440.
3. Use.—Used in prescribing and compounding liquid medicine.
4, The symbols precede the numbers, as in Apothecaries’ Weight, as
shown in the table of units.

DRY MEASURE.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Pints (pt.), Quarts
(qt.), Pecks (pk.), Bushels (bu.).
I 2. Equivalents.—1 bu. = 4 pk. = 32 qt. =
8 qt. — 1 pk. 64 pt.
4 pk. = 1 bu. 3. Use.—Used in measuring grain, roots,
fruits, salt, etc.
4, Heaped measure, in which the bushel is heaped in the form of a
cone, is used in measuring potatoes, corn in the ear, coarse vegetables,
large fruits, ete. Stricken measure is used in measuring grains, seeds,
and small fruits.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

422. Solve and explain orally the following:

1. How many gills in 4 qt? In 2 gal.? In 7qt.? In
3 qt. 1 pt.? In 8 gal. 3 qt.?
2. How many pints in 2 bu. ? In 3 pk.5 qt.? Ini bu
2 pk. 7 qt.? :
3. What is the sum of 0.5 £312 £37 and £3833 ™15?
4, Multiply 3 pk. 5 qt. 1 pt. by 3; by 5; by 10; by 75 by 12.
Reduce
5. TL 8465 to gallons. 8. £3 7649 to gallons.
6, 28649 pt. to bushels. 9. 57364 gi. to barrels.
%. 93584 pt. to barrels. 10. 93654 pt. to bushels.
 EXAMPLES. 193.

‘11. 3 qt. 1 pt. to a decimal of a gallon.

12. 2 of 5 qt. 1 pt. to a decimal of 2 bushels.
13. £37 ™ 15 to a decimal of Cong. 3.
14, A merchant bought 5860 bushels wheat in Ohio at
$1.25, and sold the whole in Connecticut at the same price.
How much did he gain on the transaction ?
15. A grocer bought 12 firkins of butter, each containing
73 lb. 13 0z., at 36 cts. a pound; 7 bu. 3 pk. clover seed, at
$1.15 a peck ; and 5 loads of potatoes, each load containing
43 bu. 3 pk., at $.32 a bushel. How much was the cost?

Comparative Table of Units of Capacity.

CUBIC IN. IN CUBIC IN. IN CUBIC IN. IN
ONE GALLON. ONE QUART. ONE PINT.

Liquid Measure 231 572 284

Dry Measure (4 pk.) 2684 674 334
1. The Standard Bushei of United States contains 2150.42 cu. in.
and the Imperial Bushel of Great Britain contains 2216.192 cu. in.
2. An English Quarter contains 8 imp. bu. or 8§ U.S. bu. A quarter
of 8 U.S. bu., or 480 lb., is used in shipping grain from New York.
8. A Register Ton is 100 cu. ft.; used in measuring the internal
capacity or tonnage of a vessel. A Shipping Tone is 40 cu. ft. in the
U. S. and 42 cu. ft. in England.
4, A cubic foot of pure water weighs 1000 oz. or 624 Ib. Avoir.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

423. 1. How many U.S. bushels in a bin of wheat 6 ft.

long, 5 ft. 6 in. wide, and 4 ft. 9 in. deep? Ans.
How many cubic feet in a space that holds
2. 1000 U. 8. bushels ? 5. 240 English quarters?
. 8. 1000 imp. bushels? 6. 18 T. 16 cwt. of pure water?
4, 120 bbl. water? 7%. 804 bu. 3 pk. U.S. bu.?
8. A cistern containing 5300 gal. of water is 10 ft. square,
How deep is it? Ans. 7.085 +.
9, How many ounces in gold are equal in weight to
9 pounds 14 ounces of iron?
194 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

UN LDS 022 TM En
424, The mean solar day is the Standard Unit of time.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations—Seconds
60 sec. = 1 min. (sec.), Minutes (min.), Hours (hr.),
60min. — 1 hr. Days (da.), Weeks (wk.), Months
(mo.), Years (yr.), Centuries (cen.).
a4 hr, = 1da. 2. There are 12 Calendar Months
Uda. = 1wk. in a year; of these, April, June,
365 da. = 1common yr. September, and November, have
366 da. = 1 leap yr. 80 da. each. All the other months
100 yr. = 1een. except February have 81 da. each.
February, in common years, has
28 da., in leap years it has 29 da.
8. In computing interest, 30 days are usually considered one month.
For business purposes the day begins and ends at 12 o’clock midnight.

425. The reason for common and leap years will be seen
from the following:
The true year is the time the earth takes to go once around the sun,
which is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 49.7 seconds. Taking
865 days as a common year, the time lost in the calendar in 4 years will
lack only 44 minutes and 41.2 seconds of 1 day. Hence we add 1 day to
February every fourth year, making the year 366 days, or Leap Year.
This correction is 44 min. 41.2 sec. more than should be added, amounting
in 100 years to 18 hr. 37 min. 10 sec. ; honce at the end of 100 years we
omit adding a day, thus losing again 5 hr.22 min. 50 sec., which we again
correct by adding a day at the end of 400 years; hence the following
rule for finding leap year: :

426. RuLE—LEvery year, except centennial years, ex-

actly divisible by 4,is a leap year. Every centennial
year exactly divisible by 400 is also a leap year.
This will render the calendar correct to within one day for 4000 years.

42%. Pros. 10.—To find the interval of time between

two dates.
How many yr., mo., da. and hr. from 6 o’clock P. m., July 19,
1862, to 7 o’clock a.m., April 9, 1876.
 CIRCULAR MEASURE. 195

mo. da. hr. SoLutTion.—1. Since the latter date

187 4 9 7 denotes the greater period of time, it
ty 19 18 is the minuend, and the earlier date,
the subtrahend.
3 19 13 2. Since each year commences with
January, and each day with 12 o’clock
midnight, 7 o’clock a. M., April 9, 1876, is the 7th hour of the 9th day
of the fourth month of 1876; and 6 o’clock P. m., J uly 19, 1862, is the
18th hour of the 19th day of the 7th month of 1862. Hence the minuend
and subtrahend are written as shown in the margin.
3. Considering 24 hours 1 day, 30 days 1 month, and 12 months 1 year,
the subtraction is performed as in compound numbers (892), and 18 yr.
8 mo. 19 da, 18 hr. is the interval of time between the given dates.
Find the interval of time between the following dates:
1. March 14, 1776, and August 3, 1875.
2 5 A.M. May 19, 1854, and 7 P.M. Sept. 3, 1876.
3. 10 P.M. October 3, 1812, and 8 a. m. April 17, 1879.
4, 7 p.m. November 25, 1754, and 2 A.M. May 13, 1873.
5. The American revolution began April 19th, 1775, and
ended Jan. 20, 1783. How long did it continue?
6. Washington died Dec. 14th, 1799, at the age of 67 yr.
9 mo. 22 da. At what date was he born?

CIRCULAR MEASURE.
428. A Circle is a plane
figure bounded by a curved line,
all points of which are equally
distant from a point within called
the centre.
429. A Circumference is
the line that bounds a circle.
430. A Degree is one of the
360 equal parts into which the
circumference of a circle is sup-
posed to be divided.
196 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

431, The degree is the Standard Unit of circular

measure.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Seconds ('’), Minutes
60° = 1 ('), Degrees (°), Signs (8.), Circle (Cir).
! ° 2. One-half of a circumference, or 180°, as
Uae shown by the figure in the margin, is called a
30° =18. Semi-circumference ; One-fourth, or 90°, a Quad-
12: S= 1 Cir. rant ; One-siath, or 60°, a Sevtant; and One-
360° = 1 Cir. twelfth, or 80°, a Sign.
8. The length of a degree varies with the size
of the circle, as will be seen by examining the foregoing diagram.
4, A degree of latitude ora degree of longitude on the Equator is
69.16 statute miles. A minute on the earth’s circumference is a geograph-
tcal or nautical mile.

SPECIAL UNITS.
Table for Paper. Table for Counting.
24 Sheets = 1 Quire. 12. Things = 1 Dozen (doz.)
20 Quires = 1 Ream. 12 Dozen = 1 Gross (gro.)
2 Reams =1 Bundle. 12 Gross = 1 Great Gross (G. Gro.)
5 Bundles = 1 Bale. 20 Things = 1 Score (Sc.)

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

432. Reduce and explain the following:

1, 5° 2743” to seconds. 4. 7° 4’ to a fraction of a sign.
2. 1 cir. 5 s. to minutes. 5. 9° 12’ to a decimal of a circle.
3. 3.8. 17° 9’ toseconds. 6. .83 of acir. to a compound number.
?. What part of a cirewmference are 60°? 90°? 180°?
8. Reduce $ of a quadrant to a compound number.
9. How many sextants in 120°? In 150°? In 165°?
In 248°? In 295°?
10. In 5 cir. 7s. 1'7°, how many sextants and what left?
11. How many degrees, minutes, etc., in $ of a quadrant ?
12. America was discovered Oct. 14, 1492. What interval
of time between the discovery and the Centennial Exposition,
July 4, 1876 ?
 -

UNITS OF MONEY. 197

13. Washington was born Feb. 22, 1732, and Napoleon

Aug. 15, 1769. How much older was Washington than
Napoleon ?
“14. How many dozen in 78 gross? In 133 gro. ?
15. How many dozen in 8% great gross? In 15%?
16. How many dozen in 174 scores? In 1967? In 84}?
17. Reduce 13 bundles 1 ream 15 quires of paper to sheets.
18. 136 sheets are what decimal of 1 bundle? Of 17 quires?

Masa S> OF vy MON Ea

UNITED STATES MONEY.
433. The dollar is the Standard Unit of United
States money.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Mills (m.), Cents (ct.),
VO. =.) cf. Dimes (d.), Dollars ($), Eagles (E.).
2. The United States coin, as fixed by the
10 ct. = 1d. “New Coinage Act” of 1873, is as follows:
10d. = $1. Gold, the double-eagle, eagle, half-eagle, quar-
$10 = ts, ter-eagle, three-dollar, and one-dollar ; Silver,
the trade-dollar, half-dollar, quarter-dollar, and
ten-cent ;Nickel, the five-cent and three-cent; Bronze, one-cent.
8. Composition of Coins.— Gold coin contains .9 pure gold and .1
silver and copper. Silver coin contains .9 pure silver and .1 pure copper.
Nickel coin contains .25 nickel and .75 copper. Bronze coin contains .95
copper and .05 zinc and tin.
4. The Trade-dollar weighs 420 grains and is designed for commercial
purposes solely.

CANADA MONEY.
434. 1. Denominations.—NMills, Cents, and Dollars. These
have the same nominal value as in United States Money.
2. The Coin of the Dominion of Canada is as follows: Gold, the
coins in use are the sovereign and half-sovereign; Silver, the fifty-
cent, twenty-five cent, ten-cent, and five-cent pieces; Bronze, the one.
cent piece.
198 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

ENGLISH MONEY.
435. The pound sterling is the Standard Unit of
English money. It is equal to $4.8665 United States money.
_ TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Farthings (far.),
4 far. = 14. Pennies (d.), Shillings (s.), Sovereign (sov.),
12 7 aa he Pound (£), Florin (fi.), Crown (cr.).
| tae Y 2. The Coins in general use in Great
20's. a= {1.Sov. Britain are as follows: Gold, sovereign
or £1. and half-sovereign; Silver, crown, half-
Ty Sere — eeBy crown, florin, shilling, six-penny, and three-
Sete hah ee penny; Copper, penny, half-penny, and
farthing.

FRENCH MONEY.
436. The silver franc is the Standard Unit of French
money. It is equal to $193 United States money.
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Denominations.—Millimes (n.), Cen
TOM 1 ee times (ct.), Decimes (de.), Francs (fr.).
his } 2. Equivalents.—1 fr.= 10 de. = 100 ct.=
10 ch. = 1 de. 1000 m.

TOidens= Lift 8. The Coin of France is as follows: Gold,

100, 40, 20, 10, and 5 frances; Silwer, 5, 2, and
1 franc, and 50 and 25 centimes; Bronze, 10,5,2, and 1 centime pieces.

GERMAN MONEY.
437. The mark is the Standard Unit of the New Ger-
man Empire. It is equal to 23.85 cents United States money,
and is divided into 100 equal parts, one of which is called a
Pfennig.
1. The Coins of the New Empire are as follows: Gold, 20, 10, and
5 marks; Silver, 2 and 1 mark; Nickel, 10 and 5 pfennig. —
2, The coins most frequently referred to in the United States are
the silver Thaler, equal 74.6 cents, and the silver Groschen, equal 24 cts.
 DECIMAL RELATED UNITS. 199

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

438. Reduce and explain the following:

i £2 1%s. to farthings. 4. $34 to mills.
2. 83745 mills to dollars. 5. .7d to a decimal of a £.
3. $s. toa decimal ofa £. 6. .9s. to a decimal of £3.
7. of a £ to a compound number.
8. £.84 to a compound number.
9. How many pounds sterling in $8340 of American gold ?
10. In 2368 francs how many dollars U. 8. gold?
11. Remitted to England $436 gold to pay a debt. How
much is the debt in English money?
12. Received from Germany 43864 marks. How much is
the amount in American money?
13. £240 17s. is-how much in United States money? In
German money? In French money?
14. Reduce 7 marks to a decimal of $4.
15. Reduce 12 francs to a decimal of $5.
16. Exchanged $125 for French money. How much French
money did I receive?

rw ov ET RIO SY
Si Eve:
Decimal Related Units.

439. The Metric System of Related Units is formed according

to the decimal scale.

440. The Meter, which is 39.37079 inches long, or nearly one

ten-millionth of the distance on the earth’s surface from the equator to
the pole, is the base of the system.
441. The Primary or Principal Units of the system are the
Meter, the Are (air), the Stere (stair), the Liter (leeter), and the Gram.
All other units are multiples and sub-multiples of these.

442. The names of Multiple Units or higher denominations are

formed by prefixing to the names of the prumary units the Greek numer
als Deka (10), Hecto (100), Kilo (1000), and Myria (10000).
200 DENOMINATE NUMBERS. :

443. The names of Sub-multiple Units, or lower denomina-

tions, are formed by prefixing to the names of the primary units the —
Latin numerals, Decé (75), Centé (gq), and Mil (x00):

UNITS OF LENGTH.
444. The Meter is the principal unit of length.
TABLE OF UNITS.

10 Millimeters, mm. 1 Centimeter .2987079 in.

10 Centimeters, cm. = 1 Decimeter 8.937079 in,
10 Decimeters, dm. = 1 Meter 89.37079 in.
10 Mrrsrs, M. = 1 Dekameter 82.808992 ft.
10 Dekameters, Dm. 1 Hectometer 19.884237 rd.
10 Hectometers, Hm. 1 Kilometer 62138824 mi
10 Kilometers, Km. 1 Myriameter (Mm.) dl
tl
it
ad
Hou 6.218824 mi.
The meter is used in place of one yard in measuring cloth and short distances,
Loug distances are usually measured by the kilometer.

UNITS OF SURFACE.
445. The Square Meter is the principal unit of surfaces.
TABLE OF UNITS.

100 Sq. Millimeters, sg. mm. = 1 Sq. Centimeter = .155+ sq. in.
100 Sq. Centimeters, sg. cm. = 1 Sq. Decimeter = 15.5+ sq. in.
100 Sq. Decimeters, sg.dm. = 1 Sq. Meter (Sq. M.) = 1.196+ sq. yd.
446. The Are, a square whose side is 10 meters, is the principal
unit for measuring land.
TABLE OF UNITS.
100 Centiares, ca. = 1 Are 119.6034 sq. yd.
100 Ares, A, 1 Hectare (Ha.) = 2.47114 acres.

UNITS OF VOLUME.
447. The Cubic Meter is the principal unit for measuring ordi-
nary solids, as embankments, etc.
TABLE OF UNITS.

1000 Cu. Millimeters cu.mm. = 1 Cu. Centimeter .061 cu. in,

1000 Cu. Centimeters, cu.cm. = 1 Cu. Decimeter ll 61.026 cu. in,
dl
1000 Cu. Deeimeters, cu.dm. = 1 Cu. Meter = 35.316 cu. ft.
 DECIMAL RELATED UNITS. 201

448. The Stere, or Cubic Meter, is the principal wnit for measuring
wood.
TABLE OF UNITS.
10 Decisteres, dst. 1 Stere 35.316+ cu. ft.
10 Sterszs, St. = 1 Dekastere (Dst. 13.079+ cu. yd.

UNITS OF CAPACITY.
449. The Liter is the principal unit both of Liquid and Dry
Measure. It is equal to a vessel whose volume is equal to a cube whose’
edge is one-tenth of a meter.

TABLE OF UNITS.

10 Milliliters, ml. 1 Centiliter = .6102 cu. in. = 838 fl. oz.

10 Centiliters, cl. 1 Deciliter = 61022“ “ = 845 gill.
10 Deciliters, dl. 1 Liter = 908 qt. = 1.0567 qt.
10 LiTERs, L. 1 Dekaliter = 9.08 “ = 2.6417 gal.
10 Dekaliters, Di. 1 Hectoliter = 2.8872+ bu. = 26417 “
10 Hectoliters, HZ. 1 Kiloliter = 28.372+ “ = 26417 «
10 Kiloliters, Ki. Ha
Woe
Wl 1 Myrialiter =283.72+ “ =2641.7 ig
The Hectoliter is used in measuring large quantities in both liquid and dry measure.

UNITS OF WEIGHT.
450. The Gram is the principal unit of weight, and is equal to
the weight of a cube of distilled water whose edge is one centimeter.
TABLE OF UNITS.

10 Milligrams, mg. 1 Centigram 15482 + gr. Troy.

10 Centigrams, cg. 1 Decigram 1.54824 + “c 6“

10 Decigrams, dg. 1 Gram 15.48248 + “ “

10 Grams, G. 1 Dekagram .8027 +02. Avoir

10 Dekagrams, Dg. Hou
uea 1 Hectogram
tt tou
uu 8.527389 + “ “

i
Kilogram
10 Hectograms, Hg. ll 2.20462 + lb.
or Kilo.
10 Kilograms, Kg. 1 Myriagram 22.04621 + “ee

10 Myriagrams, Mg. 1 Quintal 220.46212 + ee

a
Tonneau
10 Quintals, 2204.6212 + 6

or Ton.
 202 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

~The Kilogram or Kilo., which is little more than 2{ Ib. Avoir., is the
common weight in trade. Heavy articles are weighed by the Ton-
meau,; which is 204 lb. more than a common ton.

Comparative Table of Units.

1 Inch = .0254 meter. 1 Cu. foot = .2832 Hectoliter
1 Foot =o OOS0 ened 1 Cu. yard = _ .7646 Steres.
1 Yard ae LAA ots 1 Cord = 8.625 Steres.
1 Mile = 1.6093 Kilometers. 1 Fl ounce = _ .02958 Liter.
1 Sq.inch = .0006452 sq. meter. | 1 Gallon = 8.786 Liters.
1 Sq. foot = .0929 “ 1 Bushel = .3024 Hectoliter.
1 8q. yard = .8361 < 1 Troy grain = .0648 Gram. .
1 Acre =40.47 Ares. 1 Troylb. = .873 Kilogram.
“1 $q. mile = .259 Hectares, 1 Avoir. Ib. = .4536 Kilogram.
1 Cu. inch = 01689 Liter. 1 Ton = ,.9071 Tonneau.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

451. Reduce
1. 84 1b, Avoir. to kilograms. %. 4.0975 liters to cu. in.
2. 87 T. to tonneau. 8. 31.7718 sq. meters to sq. yd.
8. 96 bu. to hectoliters, 9. 272.592 liters to bushels.
4, 75 fl. oz. to liters. 10. 35.808 kilograms to Troy gr,
5. 89 cu. yd. to steres. 11. 133.75 steres to cords.
6. 328 acres to ares. 12. 33.307 steres to cu. ft.
18. If the price per gram is $.38, what is it per grain?
14. If the price per liter is $1.50, what is it per quart?
15. At 26.383 cents per hectoliter, what will be the cost of 157 bushels
of peas ? .
16. When sugar is selling at 2.168 cents per kilogram, what will be
the cost of 138 lb. at the same rate?
17. Reduce 834 grams to decigrams ; to dekagrams.
18, In 84 hectoliters how many liters? how many centiliters?
19. A man travels at the rate of 28.279 kilometers a day. How many |
miles at the same rate will he travel in 45 days?
20. If hay is sold at $18.142 per ton, what is the cost of 48 tonneau
at the same rate?
21. When a kilogram of coffee costs $1.1023, what is the cost of
148 lb. at the same rate?
 DUODECIMALS. 203

F DUODECIMALS.
452. Duodecimatls are equal parts of a linear, square
or cubic foot, formed by successively dividing by 12. -Hence
the following:
TABLE OF UNITS. 1. Observe that each de-
12 Thirds (’”) = 1 Second.1” nomination in duodecimals
12 Seconds =— 1 Prime .1’ ™Y denote length, surface,
: ‘ or volume. Hence the high-
12 Primes = 1 Foot. “fi
t. est denomination used must
be marked so as to indicate whether the number represents linear, sur-
face or cubic measure.
Thus, if the feet are marked ft., the lower denominations denote
length ; if marked sq. ft., surface ; if marked cu. ft., volwme.
2. Each of the following definitions should be carefully studied by
drawing a diagram representing the unit defined. The diagram can be
made on the blackboard on an enlarged scale.

453. A Linear Prime is one-twelfth of a foot; a Linear

Second, one-twelfth of a linear prime ; anda Linear Third, one-twelfth
of a linear second.

454. A Surface Prime is one-twelfth of a square foot, and is

12 inches long and 1 inch wide, and is equal to 12 square inches.
455. A Surface Second is one-twelfth of a surface primo, and is
1 foot long and 1 Unear second wide, which is equal to 1 square inch.
Hence square inches are regarded as surface seconds.

456. A Surface Third is one-twelfth of a surface second, and is

1 foot long and 1 linear third wide, which is equal to 12 square seconds.
Hence square seconds are regarded as surface fourths.
45%. A Cubic Prime is one-twelfth of a cubic foot, and is1 foot
square by 1 inch thick, and is equal to a board foot.
458. A Cubic Second is one-twelfth of a cubic prime, and is 1 foot
long by 1 inch square, and is equal to 12 cubic inches or a board inch.
459. A Cubic Third is one-twelfth of a cubic second, and is 1 foot
long, 1 inch wide, and 1 Unear second thick, and is equal to a cubic
inch.
 iSe

204 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.

AGO. Illustrate the following by diagrams on the blackboard :

1. 5 feet multiplied by 7 in. equals 35 surface primes.
2. 8 ft. multiplied by 4” equals 32 surface seconds.
8. 7 feet multiplied by 6!” equals 42 surface thirds.
4, 3 in. multiplied by 5 in. equals 15 surface seconds.
§. 4’ multiplied by 3” equals 12 surface thirds.
6. From these examples deduce a rule for multiplying feet, inches,
seconds, etc., by feet, inches, seconds, ete. -
Multiply and explain the following :
7. 17 ft. 5’ 8" by 8 ft. 9! 7". 10. 25 ft. 9’ 3” by 14 ft. 7’ 2”.
8. 82 ft. 9! 4” by 6 ft. 5! 11”. 11.18 ft. 7’ 9’ by 12 ft. 8’ 5”.
9. 15 ft. 6’ 10" by 9 ft. 4’ 8”. 12. 84 ft. 8’ by 26 ft. 4’ 9”.
13. 19 ft. 8’ 7” by 2 ft. 5! 9! by 8 ft. 2! 4”.
14. 48 ft. 9! by 1 ft. 7 9” by 2 ft. 8/5”.
Duodecimals are added and subtracted in the same manner as other compound num-
bers. Division being of little practical utility, is omitted. The pupil may, if desired,
deduce a rule for division as was done for multiplication.

LONGITUDE AND TIME.

461. Since the earth turns on its axis once in 24 hours, yy
of 360°, or 15° of longitude must pass under the sun in 1 hour,
and ty of 15°, or 15’ must pass under it in 1 minute of time,
and J, of 15’, or 15”, must pass under it in 1 second of time.
Hence the following
TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS.
A difference of 15° in Long. produces a diff. of 1 hr. in time.
(3 (13 15’ 66 66 “ 1 min. &

6 13 ou 66 13 6s 1 sec. 6

Hence the following rule to find the difference of time

between two places, when their difference of longitude is
given:
462. Rute. Divide the difference of longitude of the
two places by 15, and mark the quotient hours, minutes
and seconds, instead of degrees, minutes and seconds.
 EXAMPLES. + 205

To find the difference of longitude when the difference of

time is given.
463. RuLe— Multiply the difference of time between —
the two places by 15, and mark the product degrees,
minutes, and seconds, instead of hours, minutes, and
seconds.
Since the earth revolves from west to east, time is earlier to places
west and later to places east of any given meridian,

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

464. Find the difference in time between the following:

1. Albany West Long. 73° 44’ 50” and Boston W. Long.
ie 30»
When the given places are on the same side of the first meridian, the
difference of longitude is found by subtracting the lesser from the
greater longitude.
2. Bombay East Long. 72° 54’ and Berlin East Long.
13° 23’ 45”.
3. New York W. Long. 74° 3’ and Chicago W. Long.
S797 4.
4. San Francisco W. Long. 122° and St. Louis W. Long.
90° 15’ 15”.
5. Calcutta EK. Long. 88° 19’ 2” and Philadelphia W. Long.
"5° 9! 54"
Observe, that when the given places are on opposite sides of the first
meridian, the difference in longitude is found by adding the longitudes,
6. Constantinople E. Long. 28° 59’ and Boston W. Long.
71° 3’ 30".
%. The difference in the time of St. Petersburg and Wash-
ington is 7 hr. 9 min. 19} sec. What is the difference in the
longitude of the two places ?
8. When it is 12 o’clock m. at New York, what time is it at
a place 50° 24’ west?
206 DENOMINATE NUMBERS.

9. In sailing from New Orleans to Albany, the chronom-

eter lost 1 hr. 5 min. 10% sec. The longitude of Albany is gela

73° 44’ 50". What is the longitude of New Orleans?

10. An eclipse is observed by two persons at different points,
the one sceing it at 8 hr. 30 min. P. M., the other at 11 hr
45 min. p.m. What is the difference in their longitude?

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

465. 1. Define Related Unit, Denominate Number, De-

nominate Fraction, Denomination, and Compound Number.
2. Repeat Troy Weight and Avoirdupois Weight.
3. Reduce 9 bu. 3 pk. 5 qt. to quarts, and give a reason for
each step in the process.
4, In 9 rd. 5 yd. 2 ft. how many inches, and why?
5. Repeat Square Measure and Surveyors’ Linear Measure.
6. Reduce 23456 sq. in. to a compound number, and give a
reason for each step in the process.
%. Define a cube, a rectangular volume, and a cord foot.
8. Show by a diagram that the contents of a rectangle is
found by multiplying together its two dimensions.
9. Define a Board Foot, a Board Inch; and show by diagrams
that there are 12 board feet in 1 cubic foot and 12 board
inches in 1 board foot.
10. Reduce $ of an inch to a decimal of a foot, and give a
reason for each step in the process.
11. How can a pound Troy and a pound Avoirdupois be -
compared?
12. Reduce .84 of an oz. Troy to a decimal of an ounce
Avoirdupois, and give reason for each step in the process.
13. Explain how a compound number is reduced to a frac-
tion or decimal of a higher denomination. Illustrate the
abbreviated method, and give a reason for each step in the
process.
 PART SECOND.
® fat S

x. BUSINESS ARITHMETIC]:
© Ass BSS a)

SHORT METHODS.

466. Practical devices for reaching results rapidly are of

. first importance in all business calculations. Hence the fol-
lowing summary of short methods should be thoroughly
mastered and applied in all future work. The exercises under
each problem are designed simply to illustrate the application
of the contraction.
When the directions given to perform the work are not
clearly understood, the references to former explanations
should be carefully examined.
467. Pros. IL—To multiply by 10, 100, 1000, ete.
Move the decimal point in the multiplicand as many places
to the right as there are ciphers in the multiplier, annexing
ciphers when necessary (91).
Multiply the following:
1. 84 x 100. 4, 3.8097 x 10000. 7. 3426 x 1000.
2. 76 x 1000. 5. .89752 x 1000. 8. 7200 x 100000.
3. 5.73 x 100. 6. 3.0084 x 10000. 9. 463 x 1000000.
468. Pros. II.—To multiply where there are ciphers
at the right of the multiplier.
Move the decimal point in the multiplicand as many places
to the right as there are ciphers at the right of the multiplier,
annexing ciphers when necessary, and multiply the result by
the significant figures in the multiplier (93).
208 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

~ Multiply the following:

1. 376 x 800. 4, 836.9 x 2000. 7. 3800 x 7200.
2. 42.9 x 420. 5. 7.648 x 3200. 8. 460 x 900.
3. 500 x 700. 6. 2300 x 5000. 9. 8725 x 3600.

469. Pros. II].—To multiply by 9, 99, 999, etc.

Move the decimal point in the multiplicand as many places
to the right as there are nines in the multiplier, annexing ‘
ciphers when necessary, and subtract the given multiplicand
from the result.
Observe that by moving the decimal point as directed, we multiply by a number 1
greater than the given multiplier; hence the multiplicand is subtracted from the result.
To multiply by 8, 98, 998, and so on, we move the decimal point in the same manner,
and subtract from the result twice the multiplicand.

Perform the following multiplication :

1. 736458 x 9. 4, 53648 x 990. 7. 7364 x 998.
2 3895 x 99. 5. 83960 x 9999. 8. 6283 x 9990.
3. 87634 x 999. 6. 26384 x 98. 9. 4397 x 998.

4°70. Pros. IV.—To divide by 10, 100, 1000, ete.

Move the decimal point in the dividend as many places to the
left as there are ciphers in the divisor, prefixing ciphers when
necessary.
Perform the division in the following:
1. 8736100. 4, 23.97+-1000. %. 54+100.
2 437.210. 5. 5.236100. 8. .07+1000.
3. 790.3100. 6. .6934+-1000. 9. 72-1000.

471, Pros. V.—To divide where there are ciphers at

the right of the divisor.
Move the decimal point in the dividend as many places to the
left as there are ciphers at the right of the divisor, prefiving
ciphers when necessary (140), and divide the result by the
significant figures in the divisor (142).
 SHORT METHODS. 209

Perform the division in the following:

1. 7352+40. 4, 5.2+400. 7. 364.2540.
2. 523.780. 5. .96+120. 8. 973.5-+360.
3. 329.5~-3000. 6. .08 +200. 9. 8.857 +600.
A472. Pros. VI—To multiply one fraction by another.
Cancel all factors common to a numerator and a denomina-
tor before multiplying (185—I]).
Perform the following multiplications by canceling common
factors:
1. 48x. 6. 4x48 x H. 11. $8 x Boy x 4.
2. $9 X veo % fa X $i X Te 12. $288 X gets
X de
3. 492
x 24. 8. Pr X 4h X ae 13. $¢ x 482 x
4, BAe x Bp. 9. $x $8x qh. 14. 49x 4,
5. $2x ys 10. 429x284 xq3p 15. 499 xq xB
4:73. Pros. VII.—To divide one fraction by another.
Cancel all factors common to both numerators or common to
both denominators before dividing (291). Or,
Invert the divisor and cancel as directed in Prob. VI.
Perform the division in the following, canceling as directed:
1. 4§ +4 5. ots + Ht 9. 48h + f
2. 42 + +. 6. 23 + 43. 10. hy + ati:
3. $3 + th. 1. Dts + Pots. 11. .389 + ..008.
4, .9 + .03. 8. .28 + .04, 12. .63 + .0027.
444. Pros. VIII.—To divide one number by another.
Cancel the factors that are common to the dividend and divi-
sor before dividing (1485—I]).
Perform the following divisions, canceling as directed :
1. 8400-300. 4, 62500+2500. 7. 9999-63.
2. 3900+130. 5. 8420-5400. 8. 32000-+400.
3. 4635 +45. 6. 89600800. 9. 75000-1500.
210 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

ALIQUOT PARTS.
475, An Aliquot Part of a number is any number,
integral or mixed, which will exactly divide it.
Thus, 2, 24, 34, are aliquot parts of 10.
4%6. The aliquot parts of any number are found by divid-
ing by 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on, up to 1 less than the given number.
Thus, 100+2 = 50; 100+3 = 334; 100 +4= 25. Each
of the quotients 50, 334, and 25, is an aliquot part of 100.
47%. The character @ is followed by the price of a unit or
one article. Thus, 7 cords of wood @ $4.50 means 7 cords of
wood at $4.50 a cord. :
4°78. Memorize the following aliquot parts of 100, 1000,
and $1.

Table of Aliquot Parts.

334= 4 seaiet 33] clock

25 = } 250 = 25 ct.
=1
20 = + 200 =>} 20: Ct. Soe
163= 24 of 100. 1662 = 44 of 1000. 162 ct. = 44 of $1.
t= 4 125 =} 124.ct. = 4
1it= 4 1114 = 4 1l4ct.= 4
10 = 100 = 10 ct. =75
479. Pros. IX.—To multiply by using aliquot parts.
1. Multiply 459 by 334.
3 ) 45900 EXPLANATION.—We multiply by 100 by annexing two
——— ciphers to the multiplicand, or by moving the decimal
15300 point two places to the right. But 100 being equal to
3 times the multiplier 33}, the product 45900 is 3 times as large as the
required product ; hence we divide by 38.
 SHORT METHODS. 211

Perform the following multiplications by aliquot parts.

2. 974 x 50. 5. 234 x 3334. 8. 4.38 x 34.
8. 35.8 x 16%. 6. 869 x 114. 9. 7.63 x 1428,
4, 895 x 125. % 72x11. 10. 58.9 x 250.
Solve the following examples orally, by aliquot parts.
11. What cost 48 Ib. butter @ 25 ct.? @ 50 ct.? @ 334 ct.?
SoLutTion.—At $1 a pound, 48 would cost $48. Hence at 33} cts. a
‘pound, which is 4 of $1, 48 pounds would cost 4 of $48, which is $16.

12. What cost 96 lb. sugar @ 124ct.? @142ct.? @ 16% ct.?

13. What is the cost of 24 bushels wheat @ $1.334?
SoLuTion.—At $1 a bushel, 24 bushels cost $24; at 334 ct., which is
$ of $1 a bushel, 24 bushels cost $8. Hence at $1.83 a bushel,
24 bushels cost the sum of $24 and $8, which is $32.

14, What cost 42 yards cloth @ $1.162? @ $2.14?

15. What cost 72 cords of wood @ $4124? @ $3.25?
Find the cost of the following, using aliquot parts for the
cents in the price.
16. 834 bu. wheat @ $1.334; @ $1.50; @ $1.25; at $1.16%.
17. 100 tons coal @ $4.25; at $5.50; @ $6.124: @ $5.334.
18. 280 yd. cloth @ $2.142; @ $1.123; @ $3.25; @ $2.50.
19. 150 bbl. apples @ $4.20; @ $4.50; @ $4.334.
20. £940 bu. oats @ 33 ct.; @ 50 ct.; @ 25 ct.
21. 896 lb. sugar @ 124; @ 142; @ 163.
22. What is the cost of 2960 yd. cloth at 374 ct. a yard?
= h EXPLANATION.—At $1 ayard,
fete weer ecnce 4).2060 2960 yd. will cost $2960. But
124=4 of 25, hence 2) 740 26 ct. is 4 of $1, hence
}of$2960
374 370 which is $740, is the cost at
Dn Geer Cb.iBh VG:
oe 2. ae 121 ct. is the 4 of
25 ct., hence $740, the cost at 25 cts., divided by 2, gives the cost at
12k ct., which is $370. But 25 ct. + 124 ct. = 374, hence $740 + $370
or $1110 is the cost at 57% ct.
PAZ BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

~ 23. 495 bu. barley @ 75 ct.; @ 624 ct.; @ 874 ct.

24. 680 lb. coffee @ 374 ct.; @ 75 ct.; @ 60 ct.
25. 4384 yd. cloth @ 12} ct.; @ 15 ct.; @ 30 ct.; @ 35 at.
Observe, that 10 ct. = #, of 100 ct., and 5 ct. = 4 of 10 ct.
26. 870 lb. tea @ 60 ct.; @ 624 ct.; @ 80 ct.; @ 874 ct.

480. Pros. X.—To divide by using aliquot parts,

1. Divide 7258 by 334.
72.58 EXPLANATION.—1. We divide by 100 by moving the
8 decimal point two places to the left.

217.74 2. Since 100 is 3 times 331, the given divisor, the

quotient 72.58 is only 4 of the required quotient; hence
we multiply the 72.58 by 3, giving 217.74, the required quotient.

Perform by aliquot parts the division in the following:

2 873034. 5. 379.6 334. 8. 460.85+ 250.
3. 9764-5. 6. 98.5450. 9. 90.638 25.
4, 8.375164. 7. 394.8125. 10. 73096-3334.

Solve the following examples orally, using aliquot parts.

11. At 334 ct., how many yards of cloth can be bought
for $4?
SoLUTION.—Since $1, or 100 ct., is 3 times 38: ct., we can buy 3 yards
for $1. Hence for $4 dollars we can buy 4 times 3 yd., which is 12 yd.
Observe, that in this solution we divide by 100 and multiply by 3, the number of times
83}, the given price, is contained in 100. Thus, $4=400 ct., 400+100=4, and 4x3=12.
In the solution, the reduction of the $4 to ‘cents is onitted, as we tsa! at sight
that 100 ct., or $1, is contained 4 times in $4.

12. How many yards of cloth can be bought for $8 @ 124 ct. ?
@ 14% ct.? @ 33hct.? @ 16% ct.? @ Wet? @10ct.?
@ 50 ct.? @8ct.? @5ct.? @4ct.?
13. How many pounds of butter @ 334 ct. can be bought
for $7? For $10? For $40?
14. How much sugar can be bought at 12} ct. per pound
for $3? For $8? For $12? For $30? For $120?
 BUSINESS PROBLEMS. R13

- Solve the following, performing the division by aliquot

parts:
15. How many acres of land can be bought for $8954 at $25
per acre? At $50? At $334? At $125? At $16%? At $250?
16. How many bushels of wheat can be bought for $6354
at $1.25 per bushel ? At $2.50?
Observe, $1.25= ¢ of $10 and $2.50= 4 of $10. Hence by moving the
decimal point one place to the left, which will give the number of bu,
at $10, and muitiplying by 8, will give the number of bu. at $1.25.
Multiplying by 4 will give the number at $2.50.
1%. How many yards of cloth can be bought for $2642. at
334 ct. per yard? At 14% ct.? At 25 ct? At $3,332? At
$2.50? At $1.11$? At $1428?
18. What is the cost of 138 tons of hay at $124? At 14%?
At 163? At $25? At $13.50? At $15.334? At $17.25?

BUSINESS PROBLEMS.
DEFINITIONS.
481. Quantity is the amount of any thing considered in
a business transaction.
482. Price, or Rate, is the value in money allowed for
a given unit, a given number of units, or a given part of a
quantity.
Thus, in 74 bu. of wheat at $2 per bushel, the price is es value of a
unit of the quantity ;in 8785 feet of boards at 45 ct. per 100 feet, the
price is the value of 200 units.
483. When the rate is the value of a given number of
units, it may be expressed as a fraction or decimal.
Thus, cloth at $8 for 4 yards may be expressed as $j per yard ; 7 for
every 100 in a given number may be expressed: z4, or .07.- Hence, § of
64 means 5 for every 8 in 64 or 5 per 8 of 64, and .08 means 8 per 100.
 a

214 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

484. Cost is the value in money allowed for an entire

quantity.
Thus, in 5 barrels of apples at $4 per barrel, $4 isthe price, and $45
or $20, the entire value of the 5 barrels, is the cost.

485. Per Cent means Per Hundred.

Thus, 8 per cent of $600 means $8 out of every $100, which is $48.
Hence a given per cent is the price or rate per 100.
486. The Sign of Per Centis %. Thus, 8% is read,
& per cent.
Since per cent means per hundred, any given per cent may be expressed
with the sign % or in the form of a decimal or common fraction; thus,
1 per cent is written 1% or 01 or 75.
7 per cent “ CE UT On ee OT mata eras
100 per cent “ “ 100% “*. 1.00" -* —49%.
185 per cent “ “ 185% “1385 “ 488,
aepercents | sacs 4% “ 00% “ 25> .005.
48%. Percentage is a certain number of hundredths of
a given quantity.
488. Profit and Loss are commercial terms used to
express the gain or loss in business transactions.
489. The Profit or Gain is the amount realized on
business transactions in addition to the amount invested.
Thus, a man bought a farm for $8500 and sold it for $9200, The
$8500 paid for the farm is the amount invested, and the $9200 is the
whole sum realized on the transaction, which is $700 more than what
was invested ; hence the $700 is the profit or gain on the transaction.
490. The Loss is the amount which the whole sum
realized on business transactions is less than the amount
invested.
Thus, if a horse is bought for $270 and sold again for $170, there is a
loss of $100 on the transaction.

491, The Gain and the Loss are usually expressed as a

per cent of the amount invested.
 BUSINESS PROBLEMS, ° 215°

ORAL EXERCISES.

492. Express the following decimally:

1. 5%. 3B. ORG. 9. 207%. 13, 2%
2. 1%. 6. 23%. 10. 1254%. 14. 144%.
3. 13%. 7. 112%. 11. 31234. 15. 34%.
4, 25%. 8. 44, 12. 4%. 16. %5%
17. What is meant by 8%? By 135%? By #4?
18. What is the difference in the na of 5 per cent and
5 per seven?
19. How is 3 per eight expressed with figures? 7 per five?
13 per twenty? 9 per four?
20. What does ;34, meau, according to (483)? What does
$ mean, according to the same Art.?
21. What is the difference in the meaning of $4 and
2 of 100?
22. What is the meaning of .00$? Of .07%? Of 324?
23. Express .00# with the sign % and fractionally.
24. Write in Anite three per cent, and nine per cent.
Express the following as a per cent:
25. 4. 28. 143. dl. 1}. 34, 100.
26. 94. 29. 236. an 35. 700.
QT. 3k. 30. 1074. 33. 3. 36. 205.
493. In the following problems, some already given are
repeated. This is done first, for review, and second, to give
in a connected form the general problems that are of con-
stant recurrence in actual business. Each problem should be
fixed firmly in the memory, and the solution clearly under-
stood.
It will be observed that Problems VIII, IX, X, and XI,
are the same as are usually given under the head of
Percentage. They are presented in a general form, as the
solution is the same whether hundredths, or some other frac-
tional parts are used.
216. BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

PROBLEMS.

494. Pros. lL—To find the cost when the number of

units and the price of one unit are given.
1. What is the cost of 35 lb. tea @ $4?
SoLUTION.—Since 1 Ib. cost $8, 35 Ib. will cost 35 times $§, which is
(271) $25.
Find the cost and explain the following orally.
2. 64 bu. apples @ $4. 6. 9 boxes oranges @ $44.
8. 24 yd. cloth @ $24. 7. 18 tons coal @ $6§.
4. 62 yd. cloth @ $§. 8. 96 cords wood @ $4,4.
5. 244 lb. butter @ $2. 9. 84 yd. cloth @ $7.
Find the cost of the following, and express the answer in
dollars and cents and fractions of a cent.
10. 84 bu. oats @ $8. 14. 252 cords wood @ $54.
11. 18 bbls. apples @ $48. 15. 63,2, lb. butter @ $y.
12. 52 yd. cloth @ $24. 16, 169 acr. land @ $276.
13. 83 lb. coffee @ $3. 1%. 3244 lb. sugar @ $545.
18. How much will a man earn in 193 days at $22 per day?
19. Sold Wm. Henry 254 lb. butter @ 283 ct., 174% Ib.
coffee @ $.334, and 394% Ib. sugar @ $.148. How much was
his bill ?
20. A builder has 17 carpenters employed @ $2.25 per day.
How much does their wages amount to for 243 days?
495. Pros. II.—To find the price per unit, when the
cost and number of units are given.
1. If 9 yards cost $10.80, what is the price per yard?
SoLuTIon.—Since 9 yards cost $10.80,1 yard will cost 4 of it, or
$10.80 + 9 = $1.20. Hence, 1 yard cost $1.20.

Solve and explain the following orally.

2. If 9 Ib. sugar cost $1.08, what is the price per pound? —
3. At $4.80 for 8 yards of cloth, what is the price per yard?
 BUSINESS PROBLEMS. aa.

4. Tf 12 |b. of butter cost $3.84, how much is it a pound?

5. Paid $3.42 for 9 lb. of coffee. How much did I pay per
pound ? i
Solve and explain the following:
6. Bought 236 bu. oats for $90.80. What did I pay a bu. ?
7%. A piece of cloth containing 348 yd. was. bought for
$515.91. What did it cost per yard? Ans. $1.4825.
8. A farm containing 282 acres of land was sold for $22184.
What was the rate per acre? Ans. $78.66+.
9. If 85 cords of stone cost $371.875, what is the price per
cord ? Ans. $4.375.
10. There were 25 mechanics employed on a building, each
receiving the same wages; at the end of 28 days they were
paid in the aggregate $1925. What was their daily wages ?
11. A merchant bought 42 firkins of butter, each contain-
ing 634 lb., for $735.67. What did he pay per pound?
12. A farmer sold 70000 lb. of hay for $542.50. How much
did he receive per ton ? Ans. $15.50.
496. Pros. IIL—To find the cost when the number of
units and the price of any multiple or part of one unit
is given.

1. What is the cost of 21 Ib. sugar at 15 ct. for 4 lb.?

SOLUTION,—Since } Ib. cost 15 ct., 21 lb. must cost as many times
15 ct. as 7 lb. is contained times in it. Hence, First step, 21 + $= 27;
Second step, $.15 x 27 = $4.05.

Find the cost of the following:

2. 124 acres of land at $144 for 2% acres; for 1$ A.
3. 486 bu. wheat at $11 for 8 bushels; at $4.74 for 3 bushels;
at $.72 for 2 of a bushel.
4, 265 cords of wood at $21.95 for 5 cords.
5. 185 yd. broadcloth at $8.97 for 23 yd.; at $12.65 for
3% yd.
218 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

~ 6. What is the cost of 987 Ib. coal, at 35 ct. per 100 Ib. ?
SonvTion. —As the price is per 100 lb., we find the number of hun.
dreds in 987 by moving the decimal point two places to the left. Tha
price multiplied by this result will give the required cost. Hence $.35 =
9.87= $3.4545, the cost of 987 Ib. at 35 ct. per 100 1b.

Find the cost of the following bill of lumber :

1%, 2345 ft. at $1.85 per 100 (C) feet; 3628 ft. at $.98 per ©.;
1843 ft. at $1.90 per C. ft. ; 8364 ft. at $2.84 per C.; 4384 ft.
at $27.50 per 1000 (M) ft. ; 19364 ft. at $45.75 per M.
8. What is the cost of 84690 lb. of coal at $6.45 per ton
(2000 lb.) ?
Observe, that pounds are changed to tons by moving the decimal point
8 places to the left and dividing by 2.
9. What is the cost of 96847 lb. coal at $7.84 per ton ?

49%. Pros. [V.—To find the number of units when

the cost and price of one unit are given.
1. How many yards of cloth can be bought for $28 @ $4?
SoLuTION.—Since 1 yard can be bought for $4, as many yards can be
bought for $28 as $4 is contained times in it. Hence, $28 + $$ = 49 yd.
Find the price and explain the following orally:
2. How many tons of coal can be bought for $56 at $4 a
ton? At$7? At$8? At $14? At$6? At$9? At $5P
3. For $40 how many bushels of corn can be bought at $§
per bu.P At $4? At$8? At$igPe At$sr At $s? -
4. How many pounds of coffee:can be bought for $60 at $4
perpound? At $2? At $6? At$i9? At $331? At $4?
Solve the following:
5. The cost of a piece of cloth is $480, and the price per
yard $12; how many yards does it contain? |
6. How many bushels of wheat at $13 can be purchased for
$840? At$1g? At$lt? At$14? At $14?
7. The cost of digging a drain at $32 per rod is $187; what
is the length of the drain? Ans. 51 rd.
 BUSINESS PROBLEMS. 219

8. A farmer paid $14198 for his farm, at $653 per acre;

how many acres does the farm contain ? Ans. 217 A.
9, A grocer purchased $101.65 worth of butter, at 35% cents
a pound ; how many pounds did he purchase? Ans. 285 Ib.
10. How many yards of cloth can be bought at $2.75 a yard
for $1086.25? Ans. 395.
11. A grain dealer purchased a quantity of wheat at $1.20
per bushel, and sold it at an advance of 9,8, cents per bushel,
receiving for the whole $616.896; how many bushels did he
purchase ?
498. Pros. V.—To find the number of units that can
be purchased for a given sum when the cost of a multi-
ple or part of one unit is given. ;
1. At 19 ct. for 2 of a yard, how many yards can be bought
for $8.55 ?
SOLUTION.—1. Since 2 yd. cost 19 ct., 4 must cost 4 of 19 ct., or 94 ct.,
and 3, or 1 yard, must cost 3 times 94 ct., or 28} ct.
2. Since 1 yard cost 284 ct., as many yards can be bought for $8.55 as
284 ct. are contained times in it. Hence, $8.55 + $.285 = 30, the num-
ber of yards that can be bought for $8.55, at 19 ct. for 2 yd.
2. How many tons of coal can be bought for $277.50, at $6
for 4 ofa ton? At $8 for $ of a ton? Ans. 37 T.
3. How many bushels of corn can be bought for $28, at
32 ct. for $ofabu.? At 28 ct. for % bu. ?
4, A town lot was sold for $1728, at $3 per 8 sq. ft. The
front of the lot is 48 ft. Whatisitsdepth? Ans. 96 ft.
5. A piece of cloth was sold for $34.50, at 14 yards per $1.
How many yards did the piece contain? Ans. 483 yd.
6. A drove of cattle was sold for $3738, at $294 for every
head. How many head of cattle in the drove? Ans. 89.
%. A pile of wood was bought for $275.60, at $1.95 for
8 cord feet. How many cords in the pile? Ans. 53 cd. ‘
8. A cellar was excavated for $408.24, at $4.41 for every
% cu, yd. The cellar was 54 ft. by 36 ft. How deep was it ? |
220 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

499, Pros. VI.—To find the cost when the quantity

is a compound number and the price of a unit of one
denomination is given.
1. What is the cost of 8 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt. of wheat, at $1.44
per bushel ?
SoLuTiIon.—1. Since $1.44 is the
2) $1.44 price per bushel, $1.44 x 8, or
8 $11.52, is the cost of 8 bushels.
erate 2. Since 2 pk. = 4 bu., $1.44+2,
11.52 Cost of 8 bu. or 72 cts., is the cost of 2 pk., and
eoenera <2 pk the 4 of 72 ct., or 36 ct., is the cost.
4) 36 “ “pk, ofipk.
9 < « Dot 8. Since there are 8 qt. in 1 pk.,
aS 2qt.—1pk. Hence, the cost of
$12.69, Ans. 1 pk., 86 ct. + 4, or 9 ct., is the
cost of 2 qt.
4, The sum of the cost of the parts must equal the cost of the whole
quantity. Hence, $12.69 is the cost of 8 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt., at $1.44 per bu.

Find the cost of the following orally:

2. 9 Ib. 8 oz. sugar, at 12 ct. per pound; @ 14 ct.; @ 20 ct.
3. 72 yd. ribbon @ 16 ct.; @ 40 ct.; @ 30 ct.
4, 15 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. of apples, @ $1 per bushel.
5. 3 lb. 12 oz. butter, at 34 ct. per pound; at 40 ct.
Solve the following:
6. What will 5 T. 15 ewt. 50 Ib. sugar cost, at $240 per ton?
? Find the cost of 48 lb. 9 oz. 10 pwt. of block silver, at
$12 per pound. Ans. $585.50.
8. Find the cost of excavating 240 cu. yd. 134 cu. ft. of
earth, at 50 cts. per cubic yard.
9. How much will a man receive for 2 yr. 9 mo. 25 da.
service, at $1800 per year? Ans. $5075.
10. Sold 48 T. 15 ewt. 75 lb. of hay at $15 per ton, and
32 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. timothy seed at $3.50 per bushel. How
much did I receive for the whole?
11. How much will it cost to grade 8 mi. 230 rd. of a road,
at $4640 per mile? Ans. $40455.
 BUSINESS PROBLEMS.» 221

500. Pros. VII.—To find what part one number is of

another.

1. What part of 12 is 4?
SOLUTION.—1 is », of 12 and 4 being 4 times 1, is 4 times 7, of 12,
which is 4, = 4; hence 4 is i of 12.
Observe, that to ascertain what part one number is of another, we may
at once write the former as the numerator and the latter as the denom-
inator of a fraction, and reduce the fraction to its lowest terms (256).

2. What part is 15 of 18? Of 25? Of 24? Of 45?

3. What part is 36 of 48? Of38? Of42? Of72?
4, 21s what part of $?
SoLuTion.—1. Only units of the same integral and fractional denom-*
ination can be compared (155) ; hence we reduce ? and $ to $4 and 33,
and place the numerator 14 over the numerator 18, giving 14 = $; hence
2 is ¢ of $.
2. We may express the relation of the fractions in the form of a
complex fraction, and reduce the result toa simple fraction(300). Thus
lI =.
—
Hlope Hence
22 is { of $.6
ia 7%

|exfeo
Wer

5. 2is what part of 11? 4 is what part of 24?

6. 5% inches is what part of 24 yards? (See 38%.)
%, 293% rods is what part of 1 mile?
8. 74 is how many times 3?
9. 114 is how many times 23?
10. What part of a year is 24 weeks? 8 weeks 10 days?
11. A man’s yearly wages is $950, and his whole yearly ex-
penses $590.80. What part of his wages does he save each
year ?
12. Out of $7501 paid $240. What part of my money
have I still left ? Ans. 44, or .68.
13. A man owning a farm of 2404 acres, sold 117% acres.
What part of his whole farm has he still Jeft? i
14. 4% is what part of 12%? 8% is what part of 144?
15. 32% is what part of 9%? 74% is what part of 83%?
222 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

~16. Tibeepeats in full the process in the 14th and 15th

examples.
501. Pros. VIII.—To find a given fractional part of a
given number.

1. Find 3 of 238.
SoLUTION.—We find 4 of 238 by dividing it by 7; hence 238+-7 = 34,
the 4 of 238. But # is 3 times}; hence 34x 3=102, the # of 238,

2. Find 4 of 48 ; of 96; of 83763; of 1035.

8, Find +8, of 340; 78,5 of 972; 4% of 560.
4, Find 4 of $75; 4 of $824.60; +5 of $3.25.
Observe, that 4 of $75 means such a number of dollars as will contain
$4 for every $5 in $75; hence, to find the 4 of $75, we divide by 5 and
multiply the quotient by 4.

5. Find 74 of 328,
SoLurTion.—1. 7% means ;7,. We find ;4, by moving the decimal
point two places to the left (470). Hence 7% or 7%, of 328 is equal
to 3.28 x 7 = 22.96.
2. We usually multiply by the rate first, then point off two decimal
places in the product, which divides it by 100.

6. What is 8% of $736? 4% of 395 lb. butter ?

Marae winch 48 = of 187 acres? stofiu bushels e
1 °

Find Find
8. 7% of 28 yd. 11. 42% of 284 mi.
9. 5% of 300 men. 12. 124% of 732.
10. 9% of 278 Ib. 13. 2% of $860.
14, Find the amount of $832 + 47 of itself.
15. Find the amount of $325 + 7% of itself.
16. A firkin of butter contained 723 Ib. ; % of it was sold:
how many pounds are there left?
17. A piece of cloth contained 142 yd.; 15% was sold : how
many yards yet remained unsold?
 BUSINESS PROBLEMS. 223

18. James Smith’s farm contained 284 acres, and H. A.

Watkins’ 837 less. How many acres in H. A. Watkins’ farm?
19. A merchant bought 276 yards cloth at $3.40 per yard.
He sold it at 25% profit. How much did he realize, and what
was his selling price ?
20. If tea cost 96 ct. per pound and is sold at a loss of 123%,
what is the selling price ? ?
502. Pros. [X.—To find a number when a fractional
part is given.
1. Find the number of which 84 is 4.
SoLution.—Since 84 is % of the number, } of 84 must be $; hence
84 + 7 = 12 is the 4 of the required number. But 9 times} is equal to
the whole; hence, 12 x 9 = 108, the required number.

2. $36 is 4 of how many dollars? $49 is } of how many

dollars ?
3. Find the number of yards of cloth of which 135 yd. is #5.
4, James has $756, which is 4 of George’s money ;how many
dollars has George? Ans. $1323.
5. The profits of a grocery for one year are $3537, which is
3 of the capital invested. How much is the capital?

6. Find the number of dollars of which $296 are 8%, or .08.

Fimst SoLuTiIon.—Since $296 are ;8, of the number, 4 of $296 or $37,
are z4y; hence 499, or the whole, is 100 times $37, or 87 x 100 = $3700.
SECOND SOLUTION.—Since $296 are ;8, of the number, } of $296 is
-zi,,and x of 100 times $296 is +23, or the required number. Hence,
$296 x 100 = $29600, and 4 of $29600 = $3700, the required number.
From these solutions we obtain the following rule for finding a
number when a decimal part of it is given:

503. RuLte—Move the decimal point as many places

to the right as there are places in the given decimal,
annexing ciphers if necessary, and divide the result by
the number expressed by the significant figures in thé
given decimal.
224 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

Find what number Find what number Find what number

“%. 16 is 8% of. 13. 4 is 4% of. 19. 34 is 9% of.
8. 24 is 6% of. 14. $2 is 7% of. 20. $2.16 is 6% of.
9. 84 is 7% of. 15. § pk. is 8% of. 21. 7H is 9% of.
10. $72 are 9% of. 16. .7 ft. is 5% of. 22. 274 18 5% of.
11. 120 yd. are 5% of. 1%. .09 is 4% of. 23. 4 yd. is 8% of.
12. 56 bu. are 8% of. 18. .48is 12% of. 24. .96 is 12% of.
25. A man’s profits for one year amount to $2840, which is
8% of the amount he has invested in business.. What is his
investment ?
26. A merchant sells a piece of cloth at a profit of 30 ct. a
yard, which is 20% of what it cost him. What was the buying
price per yard ?
2%. A grocer purchased 186 lb. butter on Saturday, which is
6% of the entire quantity purchased during the week. What
was the week’s purchase ?
28. A mechanic pays $12 a month for house rent, which
is 16% of his wages. What does he receive per month?
29. 12% of 3 is 9% of what number ?
30. How many acres in a farm 14% of which contains
42 acres?
31. An attorney receives $1.75 for collecting a bill, which
is 24 per cent. of the bill. What is the amount of the bill?
32. A man having failed in business is allowed to cancel
his debts by paying 20%. What does he owe a man who
receives $270? Ans. $1350.
33. A man sold his house for $1000, which was 12% of the
sum he received for his farm. What was the price of the
farm ? Ans. $8333.334,
34, If in a certain town $3093.75 was raised from a 2% tax,
what was the value of property in the town?
35. 8. 'T. Esty has 25% of his property invested in a house,
10% in a farm, 5% in a barn, and the rest in a grove “Paes
$4800. What is the amount of his property? ©
 pute

BUSINESS PROBLEMS. 225.

504. Pros. X.—To express the part one number is
of another in any given fractional unit.
~ 1. How many fifths of 3 is 8.
SOLUTION. —Since 2? is } of 3, there must be as many fifths of 3 in &
5 Q1
as 3 is contained times init. 8+%-=181, Hence, 8 is = of three,

Solve the following orally:

2. How many fourths of 9is 7? Is5? Is12? Is 20?
3. How many hundredths of 36 is 9? Is4? Is 18? Is 12?
4, $12 are how many ¢enths of $5? Of $88? Of $15?
5. 42 yards are how many sixths of 2yd.? Of yd.? Of
‘Byd.?
6. What per cent of $11 are $3, or $3 are how many hun-
dredths of $11 ? ;
: First SOLUTION. —Since 7), is 74, of $11, there must be as many
hundredths of $11 in $3 as 2), is eee times in $3. $3+ 3), =
3 x 12° = 30° = 27, Hence, $3 are pits or 272% of $11.
SEcoND SOLUTION. —Since (600) $3 are 3, of $11, we have only to
reduce2, to hundredths to find what per cent $3 are of $11. 38 = 899,
i 272,%. Hence, $3 are 272% of $11.

From these solutions we obtain the following rule for find-

ing what per cent or what decimal part one number is of
another:
505. Ruie.—Lxpress the former number as a frac-
tion of the latter (600), and reduce this fraction to
hundredths or to the required decimal (338).
Find what per cent
7. 16 is of 64. ; 13. 284 acres are of 1 sq. mi.
8. 12 is of 72. 14, 2 bu. 3 pk. are of 28 bu.
9. $36 are of $180. 15. $2 is of $$; of $5; of $23.
10. $46 are of $414. 16. 3 lb. 13 oz. are of 9 lb.
11. % feet are of 8 yards. 1%. § of acu. ft. is of 1 cu. yd.
12. 13 oz. are of 5 Ib. 18. 48 min. are of 3 hr.
 :
a

226 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

“19. % of a sq. yd. is of } of a sq. yd.

20. 3 bu. 2 pk. are of 8 bu. 3 pk. 5 qt.
21. A man paid $24 for the use of $300 for one year. What
- rate per cent did he pay ?
22. A merchant invested $3485 in goods which he had to
sell for $2973. What per cent of his investment did he lose ?
23. A druggist paid 84 ct. an ounce for a certain medicine,
and sold it at $1.36 an ounce. What per cent. profit did he
make ?
SoLUTION.—$1.36 — $.84 = $.52; §% = §200 — 6144 = 61422.

24. A farmer owning 386 acres sold 148 acres. What per
cent of his original farm does he still own ?
25. When a yard of silk is bought for $1.20 and sold for
$1.60, what per cent is the profit of the buying price ?
26. A man owed me $350, but fearing he would not pay it
I agreed to take $306.25; what per cent. did I allow him?
2%. Hawkins deposited $2500 in a bank, and again deposited
enough to make the whole amount to $2750. What per cent
of the first deposit was the last? Ans. 10.
28. Gave away 774 bushels of potatoes, and my whole crop
was 500 bushels; what % of the crop did I give away?
_ 29. A man pays $215.34 per acre for 44 acres of land, and
_ lets it a year for $33.916; what % of the cost is the rent?

506. Pros. XI.—To find a number which is a given

fraction of itself greater or less than a given number.
1. Find a number which is % of itself less than 28.
SonutTion.—1. Since the required number is § of itself, and is 2 of
itself less than 28, hence 28 is §+2 or { of it.
2, Since 28 is { of the number, + of 28, or 4,is }. Hence §, or the
whole of the required number, is 5 times 4 or 20,

Solve the following orally :

2. What number is % of itself less than 152 Less than 40?
Less than 75? Less than 26? Less than 32?
 BUSINESS PROBLEMS. 227

3. What number increased # of itself isequal 100? Is equal

80? Isequal120? Isequal12? Isequal?? ~
4, Find a number which diminished by 2 of itself is equal
50. Is equal 70. Is equal 15. Is equal 5.
Solve and explain the following:
5. What number increased by 7% or +4, of itself is equat_
642 ? ® :
SoLuTION.—1. Since a number increased by 7% or 77, of itself is
too treo= 104 of itself, 642 is 12% or 107% of the required number.
ee Since 642 is 19% of the required number, for every 107 in 642 there
must be 100 in the required number. Hence, 642 + 107 = 6, and 6 x 106
= 600, the required number.
Observe, that 642 + 1.07 is the same as dividing by 107 and multiply-
ing by 100 (6G0) ; hence the following rule, when a number has been
increased or diminished by a given por cent or any decimal of itself:
50%. RuLte—Divide the given number, according as
it is more or less than the required number, by 1 in-
creased or diminished by the given decimal.
6. What number increased by 15% of itself is equal 248.40?
.% A certain number increased by 80% of itself is 331.2;
what is that number? Ans. 184.
8. By running 15 faster than usual, a locomotive runs 644
miles a day; what was the usual distance per day?
9. What number diminished by 25% of itself is 654?
10. A regiment after losing 8% of its number contained 736
men ; what was its original number ? Ans. 800.
11. A man who has had his salary increased 5% now receives
Go a year; what was his former salary ? Ans. $1000.
12. A merchant sells a coat for $8, thereby gaining 25% ;
hat did the coat cost him ? Ans. $6.40.
13. A clergyman lays up 124% of his salary, which leaves
him $1750 to spend; what is his salary? Ans. $2000.
14. J. Fayette -sold his farm for $3960, which was 102 less
than he gave for it, and he gave 10% more than it was worth;
what was its actual value ? Ans $4000.
228 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

APPL
VC Aeon Ss:
5OS. Profit and Loss, Commission, Insurance, Stocks,
Taxes, and Duties, are applications of Business Preblems
VII, IX, X, XI. The rate in these subjects is usually a
per cent. ‘tience, for convenience in expressing rules, we —
denote the quantities by letters as follows:
1. B represents the Base, or number on which the percentage is
reckoned.
2. BR represents the Rate per cent expressed decimally,
3. P represents the Percentage, or the part of the Base which is
denoted by the Rate.
4. A represents the Ammownt, or sum of the Base and Percentage.
5. D represents the Difference, or Base less the Percentage.

Formule, or Rules for Percentage.

: The percentage is equal to the
509. Prob. VII. P= Bx R. Read, ; base multiplied by the rate.
_£P d, The base ts usequal to the per-
510. Prob. IX. B RB ae | centage divided by the rate.
P The rate is equal to the per-
B11. Prob.xX. R ae 2 ee ; centage divided by the base.
—\——. R d, Claett

A The base is equal to the amount

512. Prob. XL :oor Fea ie Bem, ; divided by 1 plus the rate.
, eats5, oe ;The base ts equal to the diff’nce
PE divided by 1 minus the rate.

513. Refer to the problems on pages 222 to 226 inclusive,

and answer the following questions regarding these formule:
1. What is meant by Bx R, and why isP=Bx FR? Iilus-
trate your answer by an example, giving a reason for each
step.
2. Why is P + R equal B? Give reasons in full for your
answer.
3. If R is 135%, which is the greater, P or B, and why?
 PROFIT AND LOSS. 229

4. If & is 248%, how would you express R without the

sign %?
5. Why is & equal to P + B, and how must the quotient
of P -- B be expressed to represent 7? correctly?
6. Whatis meant by 4? How many times Rin P (502) ?
How many times 1 in B? How many times 1+ R& must
there be in A and why?
7. How many times & in P (502)? D is equal to B
minus how many times R (501)?
8. Why is B equal to D+ (1 — &)? Give reasons in ful!
for your answer.

PROFIT AND LOSS.

514. The quantities considered in Profit and Loss corres-
pond with those in Percentage thus:
1. The Cost, or Capital invested, is the Base.
2 The Per cent of Profit or Loss is the Rate.
3. The Profit or Loss is the Percentage.
4. The Selling Price when equal the Cost plus the
Profit is the Amount, when equal the Cost minus the Loss is
the Difference.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

515. 1. A firkin of butter was bought for $19 and sold az
a profit of 16%. What was the gain ?
Formula P=Bx R. Read, Profit or Loss = Cost x Rate %.
Find the profit on the sale
2. Of 320 yd. cloth bought @ $1.50, sold at a gain of 17%.
3. Of 84 cd. wood bought @ $4.434, sold at a gain of 20%.
4. Of 873 bu. wheat bought @ $1.25, sold at a gain of 1447,
Find the loss on the sale '
5. Of 180 T. coal bought @ $7.85, sold at a loss of 84%.
 a
~ty

230 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

6. Of 124 A. land bought @ $84.50, sold at a loss of 212%.

7. If a farm was bought for $4860 and sold for $729 more

Formula R= P +B. Read, Rate % Gain = Profit + Cost.

8. A piece of cloth is bought at $2.85 per yard and sold at
$2.10 per yard. What is the loss per cent? Ans.
9. If § of a cord of wood is sold for 3 of the cost of 1 cord,
what is the gain per cent ? Ans.
10. Find the selling price of a house bought at $5385.90, .
and sold at a gain of 18%.
Formula A=Bx(1+R). Read, Selling Price=OCost x (1+ Rate % Gain).
/ 11. Corn that cost 65 ct. a bushel was sold at 20% gain.
What was the selling price ? Ans. 78 ct. a bu.
12. A grocer bought 43 bu. clover seed @ $4.50, and sold it”
in small quantities at a gain of 40%. What was the selling
price per bu. and total gain?
13. Bought 184 barrels of flour for $1650, and sold the whole
at a loss of 8%. What was the selling price per barrel?
Formula D=B(i—R). Read, Selling Price = Cost x (1—Rate % Loss).
14. Flour was bought at $8.40 a barrel, and sold so as to
lose 15%. What was the selling price?
15. C. Baldwin bought coal at $6.25 per ton, and sold it at
a loss of 18%. What was the selling price?
16. Sold a house at a loss of $879, which was 15% of the
cost. What was the cost? :
Formula B= P+R. Read, Cost = Profit or Loss + Rate %.
17%. A grain merchant sold 284 barrels of flour at a loss of
$674.50, which was 25% of the cost. What was the buying
and selling price per barrel ?
18. A drover wished to realize on the sale of a flock of
236 sheep $531, which is 30% of the cost. At what price per
head. must he sell the flock?
19. Two men engaged in business, each having $4380. A
 COMMISSION. 231

gained 334% and B 5%. How much was B’s gain more
than A’s?
20. If I buy 72 head of cattle at $36 a head, and sell 334%
of them at a gain of 18%, and the remainder at a gain of 247,
what is my gain?
21. A grocer sells coffee that costs 134 cents per pound,
for 104 cents a pound. What is the loss per cent?
22. Fisk and Gould sold stock for $3300 at a profit of 334%.
What was the cost of it?
23. A man bought 24 acres of land at $75 an acre, and sold
it at a profit of 84%. What was his total gain? |
24, A merchant sold cloth for $3.84 a yard, and thus made
20%. What was the cost price ?
25. Bought wood at $3.25 a cord, and sold it at an average
gain of 30%. What did it bring per cord ?
26. If land when sold ata loss of 124% brings $11.20 per
(ser,what would be the gain per cent if sold for $15.36?
2%. Bought a barrel of syrup for $20; what must I charge
a gallon in order to gain 20% on the whole?

COMMISSION.
516. A Commission Merchant or Agent is a per-
son who transacts business for another for a percentage.
51%. A Broker is a person who buys or sells stocks, bills
of exchange, etc., for a percentage.
518. Commission is the amount paid a commission
merchant or agent for the transaction of business.
: 519. Brokerage is the amount paid a broker for the
| transaction of business. .
520. The Net Proceeds of any transaction is the sum
of money that is left after all expenses of commission, etc.,
are paid.
232 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

- §21. The quantities considered in commission correspond

with those in percentage thus:
1. The amount of money invested or collected is the Base.
2. The per cent allowed for services is the Rate.
8.The Commission or Brokerage is the Percentage.
4.The sum invested or collected, plus the commission, is the
Amount, minus the commission is the Difference.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

522. Let the pupil write out the formule for each kind
of examples in commission in the same manner as they are
given in Profit and Loss.
What is the commission or brokerage on the following:
1. The sale of 85 cords of wood @ $4.75, commission 34% ?
2. The sale of 484 yds. cloth @ $2.15, commission 13% ?
3. The sale of 176 shares stocks at $87.50 a share, broker-
age 3% ?
4, The collection of $3462.84, commission 24% ?
What is the rate of commission on the following:
5. Selling a farm for $4800, commission $120?
6. Collecting a debt of $7500, commission $350?
%. Selling wheat worth $1.80 a bu., commission 4 ct. a
bushel?
What is the amount of the sale in the following:
8. The commission is $360, rate of commission 24%?
9. The brokerage is $754.85, rate of brokerage 13%?
10. The commission ig $26.86, rate of commission 18%?
Find the amount of the sales in the following:
Observe, that the commission is on the amount of the sales. Hence the
formula for finding the amount of the sales when the net proceeds are
given is (606)
Amount of sales = Net proceeds + (1 — Rate %).
11. Net proceeds, $8360 ; rate of commission, 34%.
 INSURANCE. 233

12. Net proceeds, $3640; rate of commission, 3%.

13. Net proceeds, $1850; rate of commission, 3%.
Find the amount to be invested in the following:
Observe, that when an agent is to deduct his commission from the
amount of money in his hand the formula is (606)
Sum invested = Amount in hand + (1 + Rate %).
14. Amount in hand, $3401.01; rate of commission, 33%.
15. Remittance was $393.17 ; rate of commission, 22%.
16. Amount in hand, $606.43 ; rate of commission, 12%.
17. A lawyer collects bills amounting to $492; what is his
commission at 5%? Ans. $24.60.
18. An agent sold 824 barrels of beef, averaging 2024 Ib.
each at 9 cents a pound; what was his commission at 24%?
19. A merchant has sent me $582.40 to invest in apples, at
$5 a barrel; how many can I buy, commission being 4%?
20. I have remitted $1120 to my correspondent in Lynn to
invest in shares, after deducting his commission of 14%; what
is his commission ?
21. An auctioneer sold goods at auction for $13825, and
others at a private sale for $12050; what was his commission
at 4%? Ans. $129.3750.
22. A man sends $6897.12 to his agent in New Orleans,
requesting him to invest in cotton after deducting his com-
mission of 2%; what was the amount invested?

INSURANCE.

523. Insurance is a contract which binds one party to

indemnify another against possible loss or damage. It is of
two kinds: insurance on property and insurance on life.
524. The Polfey is the written contract made between
the parties.
525. The Premium is the percentage paid for insurance.
234 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

~ -§26. The quantities considered in insurance correspond —

with those in percentage; thus,
1. The amount insured is the Base.
2. The per cent of premium is the Rate.
8. The premium is the Percentage.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

52%. Let the pupil write out the formule as in Profit and
Loss.
1. What is the premium on a policy for $3500, at 3% ?
2. My house is insured for $7250; what is the yearly pre-
mium, at 23% ?
3. Justus Weston’s house is insured for $3250 at 34 per
cent, his furniture for $945 at 12 per cent, and his barn for
$1220 at 14 per cent; what is the amount of premium on the
whole property ?
4, A factory is insured for $27430, and the premium is
$685.75; what is the rate of insurance?
5. The Pacific Mills of Lawrence, worth $28000, being
insured for $ their value, were destroyed by fire; at 22 per
cent, what is the actual loss of the insurance company?
6. The premium on a house, at % per cent, is $40; what is
the sum insured?
v7. It costs me $72 annually to keep my house insured
for $18000; what is the rate?
8. What must be paid to insure from Boston to New Or-
leans a ship valued at $37600, at 2 of 1% ?
9. A cargo of 800 bundles of hay, worth $4.80 a bundle, is
insured at 14% on } of its full value. If the cargo be destroyed,
low much will the owner lose?
10. My dwelling-house is insured for $4800 at 8%; my fur-
niture, library, etc., for $2500 at 4%; my horses, cattle, etc.,
for $3900 at 4%; and a carriage manufactory, including
machinery, for $4700 at 13%. What is my annua! premium ?
 STOCKS. 235

STOCKS.
528. A Corporation is a body of individuals or com-
pany authorized by law to transact business as one person.
529. The Capital Stock is the money contributed and
employed by the company or sate ite to carry on its
business.
The term stock is also used to denote Government and State bonds, etc.

530. A Share is one of the equal parts into which the

capital stock is divided.
531. A Certificate of Stock, or Scrip, is a paper
issued by a corporation, securing to the holder a given num-
ber of shares of the capital Cie
532. The Par Value of stock is the sum for whieh!the
scrip or certificate is issued.
533. The Market Value of stock is the price per share
for which it can be sold.
534. The Premium, Discount, and Brokerage
are always computed on the par value of the stock.
535. The Net Harnings are the moneys left after
deducting all expenses, losses, and interest upon borrowed
capital.
536. A Bond is a written instrument, securing the pay-
ment of a sum of money at or before a specified time.
537. A Coupon is a certificate of interest attached to a
bond, which is cut off and delivered to the PAIN when
2 the
interest is discharged.
538. U.S. Bonds may be regarded as of two classes:
those payable at a fixed date, and those payable at any time
between two fixed dates, at the option of the government.
236 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

_ 539. In commercial language, the two classes of U. 8.

bonds are distinguished from each other thus:
(1.) U. S. 6’s, bonds payable at a fixed time.
(2.) U. S. 6’s 5-20, bonds payable, at the option of the Govern-
ment, at any time from 5 to 20 years from their date.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

540. Let the pupil write out the formula for each class of
examples, as shown in Profit and Loss:
1. Find the cost of 120 shares N. Y. Central stock, the
market value of which is 108, brokerage $%.
SoLutron.—Since 1 share cost 108% +4%, or 1084% of $106 = 108},
the cost of 120 shares will be $1083 x 120 = $13020.
2. What is the market value of 86 shares in the Salem and
Lowell Railroad, at 34% premium, brokerage 3%?
3. Find the cost of 95 shares bank stock, at 6% premium,
brokerage 3%.
4. How many shares of Erie Railroad stock at 8% discount
can be bought for $7030, brokerage 4% ?
-SoLuTIoN.—Since 1 share cost 100% —8% +4%, or 923% of $100 =
$92.50, as many shares can be bought as $92.50 are contained times in
$7020, which is 76.
How many shares of stock can be bought
5. For $10092, at a premium of 5%, brokerage 4%?
6. For $13428, at a discount of 7%, brokerage 14 ?
7. For $16830, at a premium of 92%, brokerage 1% ?
8. What sum must be invested in stocks at 112, paying °~,
to obtain a yearly income of $1260?
SoLuTron.—Since $9 is the annual income on 1 share, the number of
shares must be equal $1260+ $9, or 140 shares, and 140 shares at $1iv a
share amount to $15680, the required investment.
Find the investment for the following:
9. Income $2660, stock purchased at 1054. yielding 7.
10. Income $1800, stock purchased at 109%, yielding 12%.
 STOCKS. 287

11. Income $3900, stock purchased at 92, yielding 6%.

12. What must be paid for stocks yielding 7% dividends, that
10% may be realized annually from the investment ?
SOLUTION.—Since $7, the annual income on 1 share, must be 10% of
the cost of 1 share, jy of $7, or 70 ct.,is 1%. Hence 100%, or 70 ct. x 100
= $70, is the amount that must be paid for the stock.
What must be paid for stocks yielding
13. 5% dividends to obtain an annual income of 8% ?
14. 7% dividends to obtain an annual income of 12% ?
15. 9% dividends to obtain an annual income of 74?
16. How much currency can be bought for $350 in gold,
when the latter is at 12% premium?
SOLUTION.—Since $1 in gold is worth $1.12 in enrrency, $350 in gold
are equal $1.12 x 350 = $392.

How much currency can be bought

17%. For $780 in gold, when it is at a premium of 9%?
18. For $396 in gold, when it is at a premium of 1344?
19. For $520 in gold, when it is at a premium of 124%?
20. How much is $507.50 in currency worth in gold, the
latter being at a premium of 124%?
SoLUTION.—Since $1 of gold is equal to $1.124 in currency, $507.50 in
currency must be worth as many dollars in gold as $1.124 is contained
times in $507.50, which is $451.11.

How much gold can be bought

21. For $1053.17 currency, when gold is at a premium of
og?22. :
For $317.47 currency, when gold is at a premium
|
of 112% ?
23. For $418.14 currency, when gold is at a Pageant
of 138% ?
24. Bought 80 shares in Boston and Maine Railroad, at a
discount of 24%, and sold the same at an advance of 127;
what did I gain ? Ans. $1160.
238 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

25. An agent sells 415 barrels of flour, at $6 a barrel, com-

mission 5%, and invests the proceeds in stocks of the Suffolk
Bank, Boston, at 174% discount, brokerage 4%; how many
shares did he buy?
26. Bought 84 shares in Michigan Southern Railroad, at 7%
discount, and sold them at 64% advance; what was my profit,
the brokerage in buying and selling being 4 per cent?
27. Bought bonds at 70%, bearing 44% interest; what is the
rate of income ? Ans. 6%.
28. L invest $2397.50in Empire Iron Foundry stock, whose
shares, worth $50 each, are sold at $43.50, brokerage 4%; what
annual income shall I derive, the stock yielding 7% ?
~ 29. O. E. Bonney sold $6000 Pacific Railroad 6’s at 107, and
with a part of the proceeds bought St. Lawrence County
bonds at 90, yielding 6% dividends sufficient to give an annual
income of $180 ; how much has he left?
30. What rate of income can be derived from money invested
in the stock of a company paying a semi-annual dividend of
5%, purchased at 844%, brokerage 4%?
31. What must I pay for bonds yielding 43% annually, that
my investment may pay 6%?
32. What must be paid for stocks paying 5 per cent, that
the investment may return 8% ?
33. How much more is $1400 gold worth than $1515 cur-
rency, when gold is 1124?
34. A man bought a farm, giving a note for $3400, payable
in gold in 5 years; at the expiration of the time gold was
175%: what did his farm cost in currency?
35. I invested $785.40 of currency in gold when it was worth
1154%; what amount of gold did I porches :
36. How much gold at a premium of 94% can be purchased
for $876.90 currency? For $85.50? For $136.80?
37. What is the difference in the value of $800 in gold and
$900 in currency, when gold is at a premium of 1344?
 \
A
TAXES, 239

TAXES.
541. A Tax is asum of money assessed upon a person or
property, for any public purpose.
542. Property is of two kinds: Real Estate, such as
houses and lands; Personal Property, such as merchandise,
cash, furniture, ships, notes, bonds, mortgages, etc.
543. Taxes are of two kinds: Property Taz, which is
assessed upon taxable property according to its estimated
value; Poll Tax, which is asum assessed without regard to
property upon each male citizen liable to taxation.
544, An Assessment Roll is a schedule or list which con-
tains the names and the taxable value of the property of all
persons subject to a given tax.
545. The Rate of Property Tax is the rate per cent
on the valuation of the property.
546. An Assessor is an officer appointed to prepare the
Assessment Roll and apportion to each person his tax.
Method of Apportioning a Tax.
547. 1. The Assessor determines by a personal examination the
taxable value of the real estate and personal property of each person
subject to the tax, and fills an Assessment Roll, thus:
ASSESSMENT ROLL,
-
REAL PERSONAL TOTAL AMOUNT OF
ae ESTATE. |PROPERTY.| PROPERTY. EE TAX,

L. Henry, $6984 $1862 $8846 1 $45.48

W. Mann, 8095 | 1988 10078 1 51.64
P. Duncan, 709 2300 12009 1 61.295
R. Storey, 6092 1975 8087 1 41.585
Totals, 30880 8120 39000 4 $200.
fa eS
240 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.
ia
i

~.2. If the amount to be raised on this Assessment Roll is $195, the

collector’s fees 24%, and the poll tax $1.25 per poll, the Assessor, or
party authorized to do so, would proceed to apportion the tax thus: _
(1.) Since the collector is paid 24% of the whole tax for collecting,
the $195 is 974% of the assessment which must be made. Hence,
$195 +.974 = $200, the whole tax.
(2.) Since each poll pays $1.25, the 4 polls will pay $5, and the
amount which niust be assessed on the property is $200 — $5 = $195.
(3.) Since $195 are to be assessed on $89000, the whole amount of
property, the rate per dollar is $195 + $89000 = .005, or 5 mills.
(4) Multiplying each man’s taxable property by .005 will give his
property tax, to which we add the poll tax ; hence,
J. Henry’s tax = $8846 x-.005 + $1.25 = $45.48.
W. Mann’s tax = $10078 x .005 + $1.25 = $51.64.
P. Duncan’s tax = $12009 x .005 + $1.25 = $61.295.
R. Storey’s tax = $8067 x .005 + $1.25 = $41.585.
(5.) These results are now inserted in the blank under ‘‘ Amount of
Tax,” and the Assessment Roll is thus completed ready for the
collector.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

548. Prepare an Assessment Roll ready for the collector

for each of the following:
1. Net tax to be raised $1930, collector’s fee 34%, poll tax
$2.50 per poll.
Property taxed.—A, real estate $10800, personal property
$3200; B, real estate $9600, personal property $5200; OC,
personal property $4200; D, real estate $12800, personal
property $4000; HE, real estate $20000, personal property
$6200; Polls without property 35.
2. Net tax to be assessed $2387.50, collector’s fee 44%, poll
tax $1.25 per poll.
Property taxed.—A, real estate $9700, personal property
$5000; B, real estate $14600, personal property $5400; ©,
real estate $8900, personal property $3100; D, real estate
$40000, personal property $12000; EH, real estate $21600, per-
sonal property $3700; Polls without property 11.
 j
\
DUTIES AND CUSTOMS. 241

DUTIES OR CUSTOMS,
549. Duties or Customs are taxes levied by the goyv-
ernment upon imported goods.
550. A Specific Duty is a certain sum imposed upon
an article without regard to its value.
551. An Ad Valorem Duty is a per cent assessed
upon the value of an article in the country from which it is
brought.
552. A Tariff is a schedule giving the rates of duties
fixed by law.
553. The following deductions or allowances are made
before computing specific duties:
1. Tare.—An allowance for the box, cask, bag, etc., containing the
merchandise.
2. Leakage.—An allowance for waste of liquors imported in casks
or barrels.
8. Breakage.—An allowance for loss of liquors imported in bottles,

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

554, 1. What is the duty on 420 boxes of raisins, each

containing 40 pounds, bought for 8 cents a pound, at 20 per
cent ad valorem ?
2. Imported 21 barrels of wine, each containing 31 gallons;
2% being allowed for leakage, what is the duty at 40 cents per
gallon ?
3. A merchant imported from Havana 100 boxes oranges
W@ $2.25 per box; 75 hogsheads of molasses, each containing
63 gal., @ 23 cents per gal.; 50 hogsheads of sugar, each
containing 340 lb., @ 6 cents per lb. The duty on the molasses
was 25%, on the sugar 30%, and on the oranges 20%. What
was the duty on the whole ?
 242 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

4. What is the duty on 320 yards of cloth, invoiced at $1.15

per yard, at 20% ad valorem?
5. At 12% ad valorem, what is the duty on 100 barrels
of kerosene, invoiced at $.18 a gallon, 2% leakage P

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

555. 1. When a fraction is to be divided by a fraction, why
can the factors that are common to the denominators of the
dividend and divisor be cancelled ?-
2. How does moving the decimal point one or more places
to the left or right affect a number, and why ?
3. Show that multiplying by 1000 and subtracting three
times the multiplicand from the product is the same as multi-
plying by 997 ?
4, Define Base, Percentage, Amount and Difference.
5. When the amount and rate per cent is given to find the
pase, why add the rate expressed decimally to 1 and divide by
the result ?
6. Represent the quantities by letters and write a formula
for solving each of the following problems (508).
I. Given, the Cost and the Profit, to find the rate per
cent profit.
II. Given, the rate per cent profit and the selling price,
to find the buying price.
WII. Given, the amount of money sent to an agent to
purchase goods and the rate per cent commission,
to find the amount of the purchase.
IV. Given, the rate at which stocks can be purchased, to
find how much can be secured for a given sum.
V. Given, the rate at which stocks can be purchased
and the rate per cent of dividend, to find the rate
per cent of income on the investment.
VI. Given, the premium on gold, to find how much can
be purchased for a given sum in currency.
 DEFINITIONS.

556. Interest is a sum paid for the use of money.

Thus, I owe Wm. Henry $200, which he allows me to use for one
year after itis due. At the end of the year I pay him the $200 and $14
for its use. The $14 is called the Interest and the $200 the Principal.

55%. Principal is a sum of money for the use of which

interest is paid.
558. Rate ef Interest is the number of units of any
denomination of money paid for the use of 100 units of the
same denomination for one year or some given interval of
time.
559. The Amount is the sum of the principal and interest.
560. Simple Interest is interest which falls due when
the principal is paid, or when a partial payment is made.
561. Legal Interest is interest reckoned at the rate
per cent fixed by law.
562. Usury is interest reckoned at a higher rate than is
allowed by law.
563. The following table gives the legal rates of interest in
the different States.
Where two rates are given, any rate between these limits is allowed,
if specified in writing. When no rate is named in a paper involving
interest, tbe legal or lowest rate is always understood.
244 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

states, |RATEZ.|| STATES. |RATE %.|| STATHS. |RATE %.|| STATES. |RATE %.

INES ARS patton ato N[eUILESeaspe 6| 8 || Mo....... 610 |i SAC irae (el eet
ATK. ...ci0- 6 | 10 || Ind......| 6]| 8 || Montana.! 10 |Any}] Tenn..... 6| 6
Arizona..| 10 |Any|| Iowa..... 6 | 10 ||_N. H..... 6| 6 || Texas 8 | 12
Caleze store} 10 |Any|| Kan...... il eel PANTS Oboe 6 } 6. Utah..... 10 |Any
Conn..... | 6 6 || Ken...... 60) G2" ENS Woe 6 6 |e Witen eccle stere 6a 36
Colo...... | 10 JAny|| La.. ....| 5] S|/N.C.....| 6] 8 || Va... .s. 6| 6
Dakota...| %| 12 || Maine....| 6 |Any)| Neb...... 7 \ 10 || W. Va...) Goess
Delveise- 6| 6|| Mdu..... 6| 6'| Nevada. | 10 |Any|| W. T..... 10 |Any
D.C......; 6] 10 |} Mass..... 6 hee Ono 632) C6a) 228) ||)WiBirsctctee % | 10
EOD sarev6 8 |Any|| Mich..... % | 10 |! Oregon,..| 10 | 12 || Wy... .. 12 |Any
Geer. as: Wal Sal Minnos. cul) ze 10 senna. 6| 6
|raat... 10 | 18 || Miss..... 6)| 10") Rete.....| 6: Any:

The legal rate for England and France is 5¢; for Canada and Ireland, 67.

564. Pros. l—To find the simple interest of any

given sum for one or more years.

1. Find the interest on $384 for 5 years, at 74.

SoLtution.—1. Since the interest of $100 for one year is $7, the
interest of $1 for one year is $.07 Hence the interest of $1 for 5 years
is $.07 x5 = $.35.
2. Since the interest of $1 for 5 yr. is $.35, the interest of $884 for the
same time must be 384 times $.35, or $134.40. Hence the following

565. Rutzr—tl. Find the interest of $1 at the given

rate for the given time, and multiply this result by the
nunrber of dollars in the given principal.
IT. To find the amount add the interest and principal.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
566. Find the interest on the following orally:
1. $800 for 2 years at 4%. %. $400 for 8 years at 5%.
2. $1200 for 3 years at 3%. 8. $100 for 12 years at 9%.
3. $200 for 5 years at 6%. 9. $600 for 7 years at 10%.
4, $600 for 4 years at 5%. 10. $1000 for 5 years at 8%.
5. $90 for 2 years at 7%. 11. $20 for 3 years at 9%.
6. $70 for 4 years at 8%. 12. $500 for 5 years at 5%.
 SIMPLE INTEREST. 245

Find the interest on the following: Site

13. $245.36 for 3 years at 7%. 20. $3'75.84 for 3 years at 94%.
14. $784.25 for 9 years at 4%. 21. $293.50 for 6 years at 48%.
15. $836.95 for 2 years at $%. 22. $899.00 for 12 years at 72%.
16. $795.86 for 7 years at 2%. 23. $600.80 for 9 years at 8%.
17. $896.84 for 34 years at 22%. 24. $50.84 for 5 years at 12%.
18. $28.95 for 1,3; years at 42%. 25. $95.60 for 4 of a yr. at 74%.
19. $414.14 for 4 years at 4%. 26. $262.62 for 6 years at 647.

METHOD BY ALIQUOT PARTS.

56%. Pros. Il.—To find the interest on any sum at
any rate for years, months, and days by aliquot parts.
1. In business transactions involving interest, 30 days are
-usualiy considered one month, and 12 months 1 year. Hence
the interest for days and months may be found according to
(499), by regarding the time as a compound number; thus,
Find the interest and amount of $840 for 2 yr. 7 mo. 20 da.,
at 7%.
2 $840 Principal.
__.07 Rate of Interest.
6 mo.=4 of lyr., hence 2) 58.80 Interest for 1 yr.
2
117.60 Interest for 2 yr.
1 mo.=+ of 6 mo., hence 6) 29.40 EM ig 11503
15da.=fof1mo.,hence2) 4.90 i Dae
§ da.=+4of15da.hence3) 2.45 Aire Madoc SB 6
| Sig 1 eS ep aa.
$155.168- “ “ 2yr.7 mo. 20da
840.00 Principal.
$995.162 Amount for 2 yr.7 mo.20 da
568. The interest, by the method of aliquot parts, is
usually found by finding first the interest of $1 for the given
 om os oF siaies 7 =A
x w we

A : - - = : 3

246 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

time, and multiplying the given principal by the decimal

expressing the interest of $1; thus,
Find the interest of $680 for 4 yr. 9 mo. 15 da. at 8%.
1. We first find the interest of $1 for the given time thus:
8sct.
= Int. of $1 for 1 yr.,8 ct. x 4-= Int.for4 yr. = 32¢ct.
6mo. = $oflyr.,hence, fof8ct. = “ “ 6mo.= 4ct.
38mo. = }of6mo, “ got4ct. = “ “ B3mo. = 2 ct.
jida. = 4o0f3mo, “ 4 of 2ictie=) ay 15) da.) ==n032eme
Hence the interest on $1 for 4 yr. 9 mo. 15 da. = $.8834.
2. The decimal .383} expresses the part of $1 which is the interest of
$1 for the given time at the given rate. Hence, $680 x .3834=$260.662,
is the interest of $680 for 4 yr. 9 mo. 15 da., at 8% ; hence the following

569. Ruiz.—I. Find by aliquot parts the interest of

$1 for the given rate and time.
IT. Multiply the principal by the decimal expressing
the interest for $1, and the product will be the required
interest.
ITI. To jfind the Amount, add the interest to the
principal.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
570. Find the interest
. Of $284 for 3 yr. 8 mo, 12 da. at 6%; at 84%.
. Of $560.40 for 2 yr. 10 mo. 18 da. at 7%; at 9%.
. Of $296.85 for 4 yr. 11 mo, 24 da, at 8% ; at 5%.
. Of $860 for 1 yr. 7 mo. 27 da. at 44%; at 74%.
. Of $2940.%5 for 3 yr. 11 mo. 17 da. at 7% ; at 947.
. Find the amount of $250.70 for 2 yr. 28 da. at 8%.
. Find the amount of $38.90 for 3 yr. 13 da. at 9%.
. A man invested $795 at 8% for 4 yr. 8ma13da.
OrIaorwwnsre How
much was the amount of principal and interest?
9. Paid a debt of $384.60, which was upon interest for
11 mo, 16 da. at 7%. What was the amount of the payment?
10. Find the amount of $1000 for 9 yr. 11 mo. 29 da. at 7%.
 a

SIMPLE INTEREST. 24%

METHOD BY SIX PER CENT.

PREPARATORY STEPS,
571. Srep I—To find the interest for any number of
months at 6%.
1. Since the interest of $1 for 12 months, or 1 yr., at 62, is
6 cents, the interest for two months, which is 4 of 12 months,
must be 1 cent, or +4, part of the principal.
2. Since the interest for 2 months is z4, of the principal,
the interest for any number of months will be as many times
zt, of the principal as 2 is contained times in the given num-
ber of months. Hence the following
572. RuLte.—I. Move the decimal point in the prin-
cipal Two PLACES to the left (470), prefixing ciphers,
if necessary.
IT, Multiply this result by one-half the number of
months.
Or, Multiply x45 of the principal by the number of
months and divide the result by 2.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

573. Find the interest at 6%

. Of $896 for 8 mo. 6. Of $398 for 1 yr. 6 mo.=18 mo,
. Of $973.50 for 10 mo. 7%. Of $750 for 2 yr. 8 mo.
Ww
Oo. Of $486.80 for 18 mo, 8. Of $186 for 4 yr. 2 mo.
4, Of $364.40 for 7 mo. 9. Of $268 for 2 yr. 6 mo.
5. Of $432.90 for 13 mo. 10. Of $878 for 1 yr. 11 mo.
574, Step II.—To find the interest for any number of
days at 6%.
1. Since the interest of $1 for 2 months at 6% is 1 cent, the
interest for 1 month, or 30 days, must be 4 cent or 5 mills.
And since 6 days are 4 of 30 days, the interest for 6 days must
be 4 of 5 mills, or 1 mill, which is zg of the principal.
248 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

2. Since the interest for 6 days is zy of the principal, the

interest for any number of days will be as many times yy55 of
the principal as 6 is contained times in the given number of
days. Hence the following
575. Rute—I. Move the decimal point in the prin-
cipal THREE PLACHS to the left (470), prefixing ciphers,
if necessary.
II. Multiply this result by one-sixth the number °F
days.
Or, Multiply <gdsy of the principal by the number of
days and divide the result by 6.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE,

576. Find the interest at 6%
1. Of $790 for 12 da. 6. Of $584 for 19 da.
2. Of $384 for 24 da. %. Of $730 for 22 da.
3. Of $850 for 15 da. 8. Of $809 for 28 da.
4, Of $935 for 27 da. 9. Of $396 for 17 da.
5. Of $580 for 16 da. 10. Of $840 for 14 da.
577. Pros. I].—To find the interest on any sum at
any rate for years, months, and days, by the six per
cent method.
Find the interest of $542 for 4 years 9 months 17 days at 8
per cent.
SoLution.—1. The interest of $542 for 4 years at 6%, according to
(564), is $542 x .06 x 4 = $130.08.
2. The interest for 9 months, according to (571), is =4, of $542 or
$5.42 multiplied by 9, and this product divided by 2 = $24.39.
3. The interest for 17 days, according to (674), is 355z of $542 or
$.542 multiplied by 17, and this product divided by 6 = $1.585+.
Hence $180.08 + $24.39 + $1.54 = $156.01, the interest of $542 for
4 years 9 months and 17 days.
4. Having found the interest of $542 at 6%, to find the interest at 8%
we have 8% =6% + 2%, and 2% isiof 6%. Hence, $156.01 + Lof
$156.01= $2U8.0i8, the interest of $542 at 8% for 4 yr. 9 mo. 17 da.
 SIMPLE INTEREST. 249

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE,

5'78. Find the interest by the 6% method

1. Of $384.96 for 2 yr. 8 mo. 12 da. at 6%; at 9%; at 8%.
2. Of $890.70 for 4 yr. 10 mo. 15 da. at 7%; at 10%; at 4%.
3. Of $280.60 for 11 mo. 27 da, at 8%; at 4%; at 7%.
4. Of $480 for 2 yr. 7 mo. 15 da. at 9%; at 12%; at 414.
5. Of $890 for 9 mo. 13 da. at 63%; at 81%; at 914.

METHOD BY DECIMALS.

579. In this method the time is regarded as a compound

number, and the months and days expressed as a decimal of a
year.
When the principal is a small sum, sufficient accuracy will :
be secured by carrying the decimal to three places ;but when
a large sum, a greater number of decimal places should be
taken.

580. Proz. IV.—To find the interest on any sum at

any rate for years, months, and days, by decimals.
What is the amount of $450 for 5 yr. 7 mo. 16 da. at 6%?
EXPLANATION.—1. We express, accord-
<r) (2.) ing to (589—15), the days and months as
30)16 da, $450 a decimal] of a year, as shown in (1).
2. We find the interest on $450, the
12) 7533 mo. __ .06
given principal, for 1 year, which is $27,
5.627 yr. $27.00 as shown in (2).

2 8. Since $27 is the interest on $450 for

1 year, the interest for 5.627 years is 5.627
39
389 times $27, which is $151.929, as shown
112 54 in (1).
4. The amount is equal to the principal
$151.929 Interest.
450
plus the interest (659); hence, $151.93
+ £450 = $601.93 is the amount, Hence
$601.93 Amount. the following
250 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

“581. Rute.—I. To find the interest, multiply the :

principal by the rate, and this product by the time, -
expressed in years and decimals of a year.
II. To find the amount, add the interest to the prin-
cipal.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
582. Find the interest by the decimal method
. Of $290 for 1 yr. 8 mo. 12 da. at 5%; at 8%; at 7%.
. Of $374.05 for 2 yr. 9 mo. 15 da. at 6%; at 9% ; at 4%. ?
. Of $790.80 for 5 yr. 3 mo. 7. da. at 7%; at 11%; at 3%.
. Of $460.90 for 3 yr. 5 mo. 13 da. at 64%; at 84%; at 38%.
. Of $700 for 11 mo. 27 da. at 94%; at 74%; at 23%.
. Of $580.40 for 17 da. at 62%; at 94%; at 54%.
. Of $890 for 7 yr. 19 da. at 6%; at 8%; ab 5%.
owe
Zoo

EXACT INTEREST.
583. In the foregoing methods of reckoning interest the
year is regarded as 360 days, which is 5 days less than a com-
mon year, and 6 days less than a leap year ; hence, the interest
when found for a part of a year is incorrect.
Thus, if the interest of $100 is $7 for a common year or 865 days, the
interest for 75 eek at the same rate must be 4% of $7; but by the fore-
going method 45, of $7 is taken as the interest, which is too great.
Observe, that in using 75, instead of ;25;, the denominator is dimin-
ished 3%;= +5 part of itself, and consequently (330) the result is Aj,
part of itself too great.
Hence, when interest is calculated by the foregoing methods, it must
be diminished by,A; of itself for a common year, and for like reasons 2,
of itself for a leap year.
To find the exact interest we have the following :

584. Rute—T. Find the interest for the given num-

ber of years (563).
LIT. Find the exact number of ake in the given
months and days, and take such a part of the interest
 SIMPLE INTEREST. 251

of the principal for one year, as the whole number of

days is of 365 days.
Or, Find the interest for the given months and days
by either of the foregoing methods, then subtract +z
part of itself for a common year, and 7; for a leap
year.
III. Add the result to the interest for the given num-
ber of years.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

585. Find the exact interest by both rules

1. Of $836 for 84 da. at 6%. 5. Of $2360 for 7 da. at 74%.
2. Of $260 for 55 da. at 8%. 6. Of $120 for 133 da. at 814.
3. Of $690 for 25 da. at 7%. 7. Of $380.50 for 93 da. at 63%.
4, Of $985 for 13 da. at 9%. 8. Of $260.80 for 17 da. at 124.
9. Required the exact interest of $385.75 at 7%, from Jan-
uary 15, 1875, to Aug 23 following.
10. What is the difference between the exact interest of
$896 at 7% from January 11, 1872, to November 19, 1876, and
the interest reckoned by the six per cent method?
11. A note for $360.80, bearing interest at 8%, was given
March 1st, 1873, and is due August 23, 1876. How much will
be required to pay the note when due ?
12. What is the exact interest of $586.90 from March 13 to
October 23 of the same year, at 7%?
586. Pros. v.Aro find the principal when the inter-
est, time, and rate are given,
Observe, that the interest of any principal for a given time at a given
rate, is the interest of $1 taken (664) as many times as there are
dollars in the principal ; hence, the following

58%. Rute—Divide the given interest by the interest

of $1 for the given time at the siven rate.
 er
252 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

588. 1. What sum of money will gain $110.25 in 3 yr.

9 mo. at 7% ?
SoLuTIon.—The interest of $1 for 3 yr. 9 mo. at 7%, is $.2625. Now
since $.2625 is the interest of $1 for the given time at the given rate,
$110.25 is the interest of as many dollars for the same time and rate as ~
$.2625 is contained times in $110.25. Hence $110.25+ .2625= $420,
the required principal.

What principal or sum of money

2. Will gain $95.456 in 3 yr. 8 mo. 25 da. at 7%?
3. Will gain $63.488 in 2 yr. 9 mo. 16 da. at 8% P
4, Will gain $106.611 in 3 yr. 6 mo. 18 da. at 64%?
5. Will gain $235.609 in 4 yr. 7 mo. 24 da. at 9%?
6. Will gain $30.636 in 1 yr. 9 mo. 18 da. at 53%?
7 Will gain $74.221 in 2 yr. 3 mo. 9 da. at 74% ?
589. Pros. VI.—To find the principal when the
amount, time, and rate are given.

Observe, that the amount is the principal plus the interest, and that
the interest contains the interest (664) of $1 as many times as there are
dollars in the principal ;consequently the amount must contain (606)
$1 plus the interest of $1 for the given time at the given rate as many
times as there are dollars in the principal ; hence, the following

590. Rutn—Divide the amount by the amount of $1

jor the given time at the given rate.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

591. 1. What sum of money will amount to $290.50 in

2 yr. 8 mo. 12 da. at 6% ?
SOLUTION. —The amount of $1 for 2 yr. 8 mo. 12 da. at 6% is $1.168.
Now since $1.162 is the amount of $1 for the given time at the given
rate, $290.50 is the amount of as many dollars as $1.162 is contained
times in it. Hence, $290.50 + $1 162 = $250, is the required principal.
 SIMPLE INTEREST, 253

2. What principal will amount to $310.60 in 3 yr. 5 mo.

9 da. at 5% ?
3. What is the interest for 1 yr. '7 mo. 13 da. on a sum of
money which in this time amounts to $487.65, at 7% ?
4, What sum of money at 10% will amount to $436.02 in
4 yr. 8 mo. 23 da.?
5. At 8% a certain principal in 2 yr. 9 mo. 6 da. amounted
to $699.82. Find the principal and the interest.

592. Pros. VIlL—To find the rate when the princi-

pal, interest and time are given.

- Observe, that the given interest must be as many times 1% of the

given principal for the given time as there are units in the rate ; hence
the following

593. RuLe.—Divide the given interest by the interest

of the given principal for the given time at 1 per cent.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

594. 1. At what rate will $260 gain $45.50 in 2 yr. 6 mo.?

SotuTion.—The interest of $260 for 2 yr. 6 mo. at 1% is $6.50. Now
since $6.50 is 1% of $260 for the given time, $45.50 is as many per cent
as $650 is contained times in $45.50; hence, $45.50 + $6.50 = 7, is the
required rate.

At what rate per cent

. Will $732 gain $99.674 in 2 yr. 3 mo. 7 da.?
. Will $524 gain $206.63 in 5 yr. 7 mo, 18 da.?
. Will $873 gain $132.89 in 1 yr. 10 mo. 25 da.?
. Will $395.80 gain $53.873 in 2 yr. 8 mo. 20 da.?
S.
BP
Or
Ww Will $908.50 gain $325.422 in 4 yr. 2 mo. 17 da. ?
=< A man purchased a house for $3486, which rents for
$418.32. What rate per cent does he make on the invest-
ment ?
8. Which is the better investment and what rate per cenié
254 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

per annum, $4360 which yields in 5 years $1635, or $3860

which yields in 9 years $2692.35 ?
9. At what rate per cent per annum will a sum of money
double itself in 7 years ?
SoLUTION.—Since in 100 years at 1% any sum doubles itself, to double
itself in 7 years the rate per cent must be as many times 1% as 7 is con-
tained times in 100, which is 142. Hence, ete.
10. At what rate per cent per annum will any sum double
itself in 4, 8, 9, 12, and 25 years respectively ?
11. At what rate per cent per annum will any sum triple or
quadruple itself in 6, 9, 14, and 18 years respectively?
12. Invested $3648 in a business that yields $1659.84 in 5
years. What per cent annual interest did I receive on my
investment ?
595. Pros. VIII.—To find the time when the princi-
pal, interest, and rate are given.
Observe, that the interest is found (68Q) by multiplying the interest
of the given principal for 1 year at the given rate by the time expressed
in years ; hence the following

596. Rutze—T. Divide the given interest by the inter-

est of the given principal for 1 year at the given rate.
IT. Reduce (5%9), when called for, fractions of a
year to months and days,

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

59%. 1. In what time will $350 gain $63 at 84 ?

SoLutTiIon.—Te interest of $350 for 1 yr. at 8% is $28. Now since
$28 is the interest of $350 at 8% for 1 year, it will take as many years
to gain $63 as $28 is contained times in $63 ; hence $63 + $28 = 21 yr.,
or 2 yr. 3 mo., the required time.
In what time will
. $80 gain $36 at 74%? B. $477 gain $152.64 at 124?
. $460 gain $80.50 at 5%? 6. $690 guin $301.392 at 74%?
. $260 gain $98.80 at 8%?
Oo
H
29 —%. $385 gain $214.72 at 884?
 COMPOUND INTEREST. 205

8. My total gain on an investment of $860 at 7% per annum,

is $455.70. How long has the investment been made ?
9. How long will it take any sum of money to double itself
at 7% per annum ?
SoLuTion.—At 100% any sum will double itself in 1 year ; hence to
double itself at 7% it will require as many years as 7% is contained
times in 100%, which is 142. Hence, etc.
Observe, that to find how long it will take to triple, quadruple, etc., any
sum, we must take 200%, 300%, etc.

10. How long will it take any sum of money at 5%, 8%, 64%,
or 9% per annum to double itself? To triple itself, etc. ?
11. At 7% the interest of $480 is equal to 5 times the prin-
cipal, How long has the money been on interest?

COMPOUND INTEREST.
598. Compound Interest is interest upon principal
and interest united, at given intervals of time.
Observe, that the interest may be made a part of the principal, or
compounded at any interval of time agreed upon ; as, annually, semi-an-
nually, quarterly, etc.

5699. Pros. IX.—To find the compound interest on

any sum for any given time.
Find the compound interest of $850 for 2 yr. 6 mo. at 6%.
$850 Prin. for ist yr. EXPLANATION.—Since at 6% the amount
£06 is 1.06 of the principal, we multiply $850,
ae the principal for the first year, by 1.06, giv-
$901 Prin. for 2d yr. ing $901, the amount at the end of the first
1.06 year, which forms the principal for the
- second year. In the same manner we find
eu $955.06, the amount at the end of the
1.08 second year which forms the principal for
$983.71 ‘Totalamount. the 6 months.
$850 Given Prin. 2. Since 6% for one year is 3% for 6
peer months, we multiply $955.06, the principal
$133.71 Compound Int. for the 6 months, by 1.03, which gives the
total amount at the end of the 2 years 6 months.
256 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

3. From the total amount we subtract $850, the given principal, which
gives $133.71, the compound interest of $850 for 2 years 6 months at 6%.
Hence the following

600. Rute.—L. Find the amount of the principal for

the first interval of time at the end of which interest is
due, and make it the principal for the second interval.
II. Find the amount of this principal for the second
interval of time, and so continue for each successive
interval and fraction of an interval, if any.
ITI. Subtract the siven principal from the last
amount and the remainder will be the compound
interest.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

601. 1. What is the compound interest of $650 for 3 years,

at 7%, payable annually?
2. Find the amount of $870 for 2 years at 6% compound
interest.
3. Find the compound interest of $380.80 for 1 year at Shs
interest payable quarterly.
4, What is the amount of $1500 for 2 years 9 months at 8%
compound interest, payable annually?
5. What is the amount of $600 for 1 year 9 months at 5%
compound interest, payable quarterly?
6. What is the difference in the simple interest and com-
pound interest of $480 for 4 yr. and 6 mo. at 7%?
?. What is the annual income from an investment of $2860
at 7% compound interest, payable quarterly?
8. What will be the compound interest at the end of 2 yr.
5 mo. on a note for $600 at 7%, payable semi-annually?
9. A man invests $3750 for 3 years at 7% compound interest, —
payable semi-annually, and the same amount for the same
time at 74% simple interest. Which will yield the greater
amount of interest at the end of the time, and how much?
 INTEREST TABLES. 257

INTEREST TABLES.
602. Interest, both simple and compound, is now almost
invariably reckoned by means of tables, which give the interest
er amount of $1 at different rates for years, months, and days.
The following illustrate the nature and use of such tables.

TABLE showing the simple interest of $1 at 6, 7, and 8%,

for years, months, and days.

Years. Bicone Pe -<a87e- Years, Oem elie, Weis

1 .06 07 .08 4 24 .28 82
2 12 14 16 5 30 i319) 40
3 18 21 24 6 .386 42 48
Months. -| Months.
1 ~.005 | .00583 | .00666 of 035 | .04083 | .04666
2 01 | .01166 | .01333 8 04 | 04666 | .05338
3 .015 | .01750 | .02000 | 9 045 | .05250. | .06000
4 02 | .02383 | .02666 | 10 .05 | 05883 | .06666
5 025 | 02916 |08333 | 11 .055 | 06416 |.07833
6 03 | .03500 | .04000
Days. Days ==
1 00016 | 00019 | .00022 16 .00266 | .003811 | .003855
2 .00083 | .00088 | .00044 17 ~—. |.00283 | .00880 | .00877
8 .00050 | .00058 | .00066 18 00300 | .00350 | .00400
4 .00066 | .00077 | .00088 19 .00316 | .00369 | .00422
5 .00083 | .00097 | .00111 20 00383 | .00888 | .00444
6 .00100 | .00116 | .00133 21 .00350 | .00408 | .00466
7 00116 | .00136 | .00155 22 .00366 | .00427 | .00488
8 001338 | .00155 | .00177 23 .00383 | .00447 | .00511
9 .00150 | .00175 | .00200 24 .60400 | .00466 | .00588
10 .00166 | .00194 | .00222 25 00416 |.00486 | .00555
11 .00183 | .00213 | .00244 26 004838 | .00505 | .00577
12 .00200 | .00283 | .00266 27 .00450 | .00525 | .00600
13 .00216 | .06252 | .00288 | 28 .00466 | .00544 | .00622
14 .00283 | .00272 | .00811 29 .00483 | .00563 | .00644
15 .00250 | .00291 | .00833
a H BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

Method of using the Simple Interest Table.

603. Find the interest of $250 for 5 yr. 9 mo. 18 da. at 7%.
1. We find the interest of $1 om ee ei = ss sie:x
for the given time e035 « « « « 48da.
Interest of $1 for 5yr. 9 mo. 18 dais 406 of $1.
2. Since the interest of $1 for 5yr.9 mo. 18 da. is .406 of $1, the
interest of $250 for the same time is .406 of $250.
Hence, $250 x .406 = $101.50, the required interest.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

GOA. Find by using the table the interest of, at 7%, of

1. $860 for 3 yr. 7 mo. 23 da. 4, $325.86 for 5 yr. 13 da.
2. $438 for 5 yr, lL mo. 19 da. 5. $796.50 for 11 mo. 28 da.
3. $283 for 6 yr. 8 mo. 27 da. 6. $395.75 for 3 yr. 7 mo.
TABLE showtng the amount of SI at 6,7, and 8% compound
tngerest from I to 12 years.

wes| 6%. | 7%. | 8%. |lyrs| 6%. | 7%. | 8%.

1 |1.060000|1.070000 |1.080000 | 7 |1.503630 |1.605781 |1.713824
2 |1.123600 |1.144900 |1.166400 | 8 |1.593848 |1.718186 |1.850930
3 |LAQLOLG |1.225043 |1Q69T12 | 9 |1.689479 1.838459 |1.999005
4 |1.262477 |1.810796 |1.360489 | 10 |1.790848|1.967151 |2.158925
|5 |1.888296 |1.402552 |1.469328 ||11 | 1.898299
|2.104852 |2.881639
|6 | LA18519 |1.500730 |1.586874 |12 |2018197 | 2202192 | 2.518170

Method of using the Compound Interest Table.

605. Find the compound interest of $2800 for 7 years
at 6%.
1. The amount of $1 for 7 years at 6% in the table is 1.50863.
2 Since the amount of $1 for 7 years is 1.50863, the amount of $2800
for the same time must be 2800 times $1.50863 = $1.50868 x 2800 =
$4210.164. Hence, $4210.164—$2800 = $1410, 164, the required interest,
 ANNUAL INTEREST. 259

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE,

606, Find by using the table the compound interest of

1. $560 for 9 yr. at 7%. 8. $384.50 for 8 yr. at 6%.
2. $2600 for 5 yr. at 8%. 9. $400 for 4 yr. 7 mo. at 7%.
3. $870 for 11 yr. at 6%. 10. $900 for 6 yr. 3 mo. at 8%.
4, $3860 for 7 yr. at 8%. 11. $690 for 12 yr. 8 mo. at 6%.
5. $2500 for 34 yr. at 6%. 12. $4000 for 9 yr. 2 mo. at 7%.
6. $640 for 44 yr. at 8%. 13. $3900 for 4 yr. 3 mo. at 6%.
7%. $285 for 94 yr. at 7%. 14. $600 for 11 yr. 6 mo. at 8%.

ANNUAL INTEREST.
607. Annual Interest is simple interest on the prin-
cipal, and each year’s interest remaining unpaid.
Annual interest is allowed on promissory notes and other
contracts which contain the words, “interest payable annually
if the interest remains unpaid.” a
608. Pros. X.—To find the annual interest on a
promissory note or contract.

What is the interest on a note for $600 at 7% at the end of

3 yr. 6 mo., interest payable annually, but remaining unpaid.
SoLution.—1. At 7% the payment of interest on $600 due at the end
of each year is $42, and the simple interest for 3 yr. 6 mo. is $147,
2. The first payment of $42 of interest is due at the end of the first
year and must bear simple interest for 2 yr.6 mo. The second payment
is due at theend of the second year and must bear simple interest for
1 yr. 6 mo., and the third payment being due at the end of the third year
must bear interest for 6 mo.
Hence, there is simple interest on $42 for 2 yr.6 mo. + 1 yr. 6 mo. +
6 mo. =4 yr.6 mo., and the interest of the $42 for this time at 7% is
$13.28.
3. The simple interest on $600 being $147, and the simple interest on
the interest remaining unpaid being $13.23, the total interest on the note
at the end of the given time is $160.28.
2460 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

609. 1. How much interest is due at theend of 4 yr. 9 mo.

on a note for $460 at 6%, interest payable annually, but
remaining unpaid?
2. Wilbur H. Reynolds has J. G. MacVicar’s note dated
July 29, 1876, for $800, interest payable annually; what will
be due November 29, 1880, at 7%?
3. Find the amount of $780 at 7% annual interest for 54 yr.
4. What is the difference between the annual interest and
the compound interest of $1800 for 7 yr. at 7% ?
5. What is the annual interest of $830 for 4 yr. 9 mo.at 8%? |
6. What is the difference in the simple, annual, and com-
pound interest of $790 for 5 years at 8G?

PARTIAL PAYMENTS.
610. A Promissory Note is a written promise to pay
a sum of money at a specified time or on demand.
The Face of a note is the sum of money made payable by it.
The Maker or Drawer of a note is-the person who signs the note.
The Payee is the person to whom or to whose order the money is
paid.
An Indorser is a person who signs his name on the back of the note,
and thus makes himself responsible for its payment.

611. A Negotiable Note is a note made payable to the

bearer, or to some person’s order.
When a note is so written it can be bought and sold in the same
manner as any other property.

612. A Partial Payment is a payment inpant of a

note, bond, or other obligation.

613. An Indorsement is a written acknowledgment of

a partial payment, placed on the back of a note, bond, ete,
stating the time and amount of the same.
 PARTIAL PAYMENTS. 261

MERCANTILE RULE.

614. The method of reckoning partial payments known as

the Mercantile Rule is very commonly used in computing
interest on notes and accounts running for a year or less. The
rule is as follows:
615, Rute—ZTJ. Find the amount of the note or debt
from the time it begins to bear interest, and of each
payment until the date of settlement.
IT, Subtract the sum of the amounts of payments
from the amount of the note or debt ; the remainder will
be the balance due.
Observe, that an accurate application of the rule requires that the
exact interest should be found according to (583).

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE,

616. 1. $900. Porspam, N. Y., Sept. 1st, 1876.

On demand I promise to pay Henry Watkins, or ordcr,
nine hundred dollars with interest, value received.
WARREN MANN.
Indorsed as follows: Oct. 18th, 1876, $150; Dec. 22d, 1876,
#200; March 15th, 1877, $300. What is due on the note
July 19th, 1877 ?
~ 2. A note for $600 bearing interest at 8% from July 1st,
1874, was paid May 16th, 1875. The indorsements were:
July 12th, 1874, $185; Sept. 15, 1874, $76; Jan. 13, 1875,
$230 ; and March 2, 1875, $115. What was due on the note
at the time of payment ?
3. An account amounting to $485 was due Sept. 3, 1875,
and was not settled until Aug. 15,1876. The payments made
upon it were: $125, Dec. 4, 1875; $84, Jan. 17, 1876; $95,
June 23, 1876. What was due at the time of settlement,
allowing interest at 7%?
262 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

4, $250. | Oaprenspure, N. Y., March 25, 1876.

Ninety-eight days after date I promise to pay E. D. Brooks,
or order, two hundred fifty dollars with interest, value received.
SiLas JONES.

Indorsements: $87, April 12, 1876 ; $48, May 9. What is to

pay when the note is due ?

UNITED STATES RULE.

617. The United States courts have adopted the following

for reckoning the interest on partial payments:

618. Rours.—I. Find the amount of the Siven prin-

cipal to the time of the first payment ; if the payment
equals or exceeds the interest then due, subtract it from
the amount obtained and regard the remainder as the
new principal.
II. If the payment is less than the interest due, find
the amount of the given principal to a time when the ~
sum of the payments equals or exceeds the interest then
due, and subtract the sum of the payments from this
amount, and regard the remainder as the new prin-
cipal.
III. Proceed with this new principal and with each
succeeding principal in the sanve manner.

619. The method of applying the above rule will be seen

from the following example :
1. A note for $900, dated Syracuse, Jan. 5th, 1876, and
paid Dec. 20th, 1876, had endorsed upon it the following
payments: Feb. 23d, 1876, $40; April 26th, $6; July 19th,
1876, $70. How much was the payment Dec. 20th, 1876,
interest at 7%?
 PARTIAL PAYMENTS. 263

SOLUTION,
First Step.
1. The first principal is the face of the note. . . $900
2. We find the interest from the date of the note esthe first
payment, Feb. 23, 1876 (49 da.), at 7% Be Bia 8.43
Amount at sa oe sue eo0S43
3. The first payment, $40, being greater than the interest then
due, is mega sced from the amount | Goes seme ne 40.00
Second principal . . . . $868.43
Second Step.
1. The second principal is the remainder after subtracting the
first payment from the amount at that date . . . . $868.43
2. The interest on $868.43, from Feb. 28 to <a 26,
1876 (68 da.),is. . . . $10.463
8. This interest being greater a we Scat pay-
ment ($6), we find the interest on $868.43
from April 26 to J oi 19, 1876, Cs da.),
: Which is... - va vont beOOt
Interest from fivetto third ee . $24414 24414
LNCS IED ter ie $892.844
4, The sum of the second and third payments being ae
than the interest due, we subtract it from the amount . % a
Third principal . , . . $816,844
Third Step.
We find the interest on $816.844, from ft 19 to Dec. 20,
1876 (154 da.), whichis . . . oe Oe a es 24.057
Payment due Dee. 20, 1876 Beceem eat ame e-LO iO)
In the above example, the interest has been reckoned
according to (583); in the following, 360 days have been
regarded as a year.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

2. A note for $1630 at 8% interest was dated March 18,

1872, and was paid Aug. 13, 1875. The following sums were
endorsed upon it: $160, Feb. 12, 1873; $48, March 7, 1874;
and $350, Aug. 25, 1874. How much was paid Aug. 13?
 . = = “3

2
;

264 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

3. A mortgage for $3500 was dated Aug. 24,1873. It had

endorsed upon it the following payments: May 17, 1874, $89; _
Sept. 12, 1874, $635; March 4, 1875, $420. How much was
due upon it Feb. 9, 1876, interest at 7%? i
4, What was the last payment on a note for $1000 at 7%,—
which was dated Jan. 7, 1876, and paid Dec. 26, 1876,
endorsed as follows: April 12, 1876, $16; July 10, 1876, $250;
end Oct. 26, 1876, $370?
5. A mortgage for $4600, dated Leavenworth, Kansas,
Sept. 25, 1871, had endorsed upon it: $400, June 23, 1872;
$125, Aug. 3, 1873; $580, May 7,1874; and $86, Mar. 5, 1875.
How much was due upon it Sept. 25, 1875, interest at 114 ?

DISCOUNT.
620. Discount is a deduction made for any reason from
an account, debt, price of goods, and the like, or for the interest
of money advanced upon a bill or note due at a future date.
621. The Present Worth of a note, debt, or other obliga-
tion, payable at a future time without interest, is such a sum
as, being placed at interest at a legal rate, will amount to the ~
given sum when it. becomes due.
622. True Discount isa difference between any sum
of money payable at a future time and its present worth
623. Pros. XI.—To find the present worth of any
sum.

Find the present worthof a debt of $890, due in 2 yr. 6 mo.

without interest, allowing 8% discount.
SOLUTION.—Since $1 placed at interest for 2 yr. 6 mo. at 8% amounts
to $1.20, the present worth (621) of $1.20, due in 2 yr.6 mo., is $1.
Hence the present worth of $890, which is due without interest in 2 yr.
6 mo., must contain as many dollars as $1.20 is contained times in
$890 = $741.66.
Observe, that this problem is an application of (606, Prob. XI).
 PRESENT WORTH. 265

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

624. What is the present worth
1. Of $800 at 6%, due in 6 mo.? At 8%, due in 9 mo. ?
2. Of $360 at 7%, due in 2 yr.? At 5%, due in 8 mo.?
3. Of $490 at 8%, due in 42 da.? At 7%, due in 128 da.?
What is the frwe discount
4. Of $580 at 7%, due in 90 da.? At 84%, due in 4 yr.
17 da.?
5. Of $260 at 64%, due in 120 da.? At 9%, due in 2 yr.
25 da. ?
6. Of $860 at 7%, due in 93 da? At 12%, due in 8 yr.
19 da. ?
7. What is the true discount at 8% on a debt of $3200, due
in 2 yr. 5 mo. and
24 da.?
8. Sold my farm for $3800 cash and a mortgage for $6500
running for 3 years without interest. The use of money
being worth 7% per annum, what is the cash value of the
farm ?.
| « 9. What is the difference between the interest and true dis-
’ count at 7% of $460, due 8 months hence?
10. A man is offered a house for $4800 cash, or for $5250
payable in 2 yr. 6 mo. without interest. If he accepts the
former, how mueh will he lose when money is worth 8%?
11. Which is more profitable, and how much, to buy
wood at $4.50 a cord cash, or at $4.66 payable in 9 months
without interest, money being worth 8%?
-12. A merchant buys $2645.50 worth of goods on 3 mo.
credit, but is offered 8% discount for cash. Which is the
better bargain, and how much, when money is at 7% per
annum ?
13. A grain merchant sold 2400 bu. of wheat for $3600, for
which he took a note at 4 mo. without interest. What was
the cash price per bushel, when money is at 6%?
266 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

BANK DISCOUNT.
625. Bank Discount is the interest on the amount
of a note at maturity, computed from the date the note is
discounted to the date of maturity.
1. Observe that when a note bears no interest, its amount at maturity
is its face.
2. When the time of a note is given in months, calendar months are
understood ; if the month in which the note falls due has no day cor-
responding to the date of the note, then the note is due on the last day
of that month.
8. In computing bank discount, it is customary to reckon the time in
days.
4, When a note becomes due on Sunday or a legal holiday, it must be
paid on the day previous.
626. Days of Grace are three days usually allowed by
law for the payment of a note after the expiration of the time
specified in it.
62%. The Maturity of a note is the expiration of the
time for which it is made, including days of grace.
628. The Proceeds or Avails of a note is the sum
left after deducting the discount.
629. A Protest is a declaration in writing by a Notary
Public, giving legal notice to the maker and endorsers of a
note of its non-payment.
630. Pros. XII.—To find the bank discount and
proceeds of a note for any given rate and time.
Observe, that the bank discount is the interest on the amount of the
note at maturity, computed from the time the note is discounted to the
date of maturity ; and the proceeds is the amount of the note at maturity,
minus the bank discount. Hence the following
631. RuLte—l. Find the amount of the note at ma-
turity, compute the interest upon this sum from the
date of discounting the note to the date of maturity ;
the result is the bank discount.
 BANK DISCOUNT. 267

IT. Subtract the bank discount from the amount of

the note at maturity ; the remainder is the proceeds.
NY
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

632. What are the bank discount and proceeds of a note

1. Of $280 for 3 mo. 15 da. at 7%? For 6 mo. 9 da. at 84?
2. Of $790 for 154 da. at 6%? For 2 mo. 12 da. at 74?
3. Of $1600 for 80 da. at 7%? For 140 da. at 844?
4, What is the difference between the dank and true dis-
count on a note of $1000 at 7%, payable in 90 days?
5. Valuing my horse at $212, I sold him and took a note
for $235 payable in 60 days, which I discounted at the bank.
How much did I gain on the transaction?
6. A man bought 130 acres of land at $16 per acre. He
paid. for the land by discounting.a note at the bank for
$2140.37 for 90 da. at 6%. How much cash has he left?
Find the date of maturity, the time, and the proceeds of the
following notes:
7. $480.90. RocuEster, N. Y., Mar. 15, 1876.
Seventy days after date I promise to pay to the order of
N. L. Sage, four hundred eighty 4%% dollars for value received.
Discounted Mar. 29. Duncan MacVicar.
8. $590. Potspam, N. Y., May 18, 1876.
Three months after date I promise to pay to the order of
Wm. Flint, five hundred ninety dollars, for vaiue received.
Discounted June 2, PETER HENDERSON,
9. $1600. Rog, N. Y., Jan. 19, 1876.
Seven months after date we jointly and severally agree to
pay James Richards, or order, one thousand six hundred dol-
lars at the National Bank, Potsdam, N. Y., value received.
Discounted May 23. Rosert Button,
JAMES JACKSON.
 a
268 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

~ 633. Pros. XIIL—To find the face of a note when

the proceeds, time, and rate are given.

Observe, that the proceeds is the face of the note minus the interest on
it for the given time and rate, and consequently that the proceeds must
contain $1 minus the interest of $1 for the given time and rate as many
times as there are dollars in the face of the note. Hence the following

. 634. Rute.—Divide the given proceeds by the pro-

ceeds of $1 for the given time and rate ; the quotient is
the face of the note.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

635. What must be the face of a note which will give

1. For 3 mo. 17 da., at 6%, $860 proceeds? $290? $530.80?
2. For 90 da., at 7%, $450 proceeds? $186.25? $97.32?
3. For 73 da., at $8%, $234.60 proceeds? $1800? $506.94?
4. What must be the face of a note for 80 days, at 7%, on .
which I can raise at a bank $472.86?
5. The avails of a note for 50 days when discounted at a
bank were $350.80; what was the face of the note?
6. How much must I make my note at a bank for 40 da.,
at 7%, to pay a debt of $296.40?
?. A merchant paid a bill of goods amounting to $2850 by
discounting three notes at a bank at 7%, the proceeds of each
paying one-third of the bill; the time of the first note was
60 days, of the second 90 days, and of the third 154 days.
What was the face of each note ?
8. For what sum must I draw my note March 23, 1876, for
90 days, so that when discounted at 7% on May 1 the pro-
ceeds may be $490?
9. Settled a bill of $2380 by giving my note for $890 at
30 days, bearing interest, and another note at 90 days, which
when discounted at 7% will settle the balance. What is the
face of the latter note?
 GIO, _3
iGr
LEX
EXCH
ona
CHANG
xem
ANGEE )Jie
bo

636. Exchange is a method of paying debts or other

obligations atea distance without transmitting the money.
Thus, a merchant in Chicago desiring to pay a debt of $1800 in New
York, pays a bank in Chicago $1800, plus a small per cent for their trouble,
and obtains an order for this amount on a bank in New York, which he
remits to his creditor, who receives the money from the New York bank.
Exchange between places in the same country is called Inland or
Domestic Lachange, and between different countries Foreign Exchange.

63%. A Draft or Bill of Exchange is a written

order for the payment of money at a specified time, drawn in
one place and payable in another.
1. The Drawer of a bill or draft is the person who signs it; the
Drawee, the person directed to pay it; the Payee, the person to whom
the money is directed to be paid ; the Indorser, the person who transfers
his right to a bill or draft by indorsing it ; and the Holder, the person
who has legal possession of it.
2. A Sight Draft or Bill is one which requires payment to be made
when presented to the payor.
8. A Time Draft or Bill is one which requires payment to be made at
_a specified time after date, or after sight or being presented to the payor.
Three days of grace are usually allowed on bills of exchange.
4. The Acceptance of a bill or draft is the agreement of the party on
whom it is drawn to payit at maturity. This is indicated by writing
the word ‘“‘ Accepted” across the face of the bill and signing it.
When a bill is protested for non-acceptance, the drawer is bound to
pay it immediately.
5. Foreign bills of exchange are usually drawn in duplicate or tripli-
-eate, and sent by different conveyances, to provide against miscarriage,
each copy being valid until the bill is paid,
270 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

638. The Par of Exchange is the relative value of

the coins of two countries.
Thus, the par of exchange between the United States and England is
the number of gold dollars, the standard unit of United States money,
which is equal to a pound sterling, the standard unit of English money.
Hence $4.8665 = £1 is the par of exchange.

DOMESTIC EXCHANGE.
639. Domestic Exchange is a method of paying
debts or other obligations at distant places in the same coun-
try, without transmitting the money.

Forms of Sight and Time Drafts.

THIRD NATIONAL BANK OF Mot eee

$890. Rocuester, N. ¥., May 4, 1876.
At sight, pay to the order of Chas. D. McLean, eight hun-
eee Couans. WILLIAM RoBERTS, Cashier.
To the SEVENTH NATIONAL BANK,
New York, N. Y.
This is the usual form of a draft drawn by one bank upon another.

$2700. | Syracuse, N. Y., July 25, 1876.

At fifteen days sight, pay to the order of Taintor Brothers
& Co., two thousand seven hundred dollars, value received, and
charge the same to the account of A. B. Srewarr & Co.
To the TeEntTH NATIONAL BANK,
New Yorks, N. Y.

1. This is the usual form of a draft drawn by a firm or individual

upon a bank, It may also be made payable at a given time after date.
2, All time drafts should be presented for acceptance as soon as
received. When the cashier writes the word “ Accepted,” with the
date of acceptance across the face, and signs his name, the bank is
responsible for the payment of the draft when due.
 DOMESTIC EXCHANGE. Q01

METHODS OF DOMESTIC EXCHANGE.

640. First Mernop.—The party desiring to transmit
money, purchases a draft for the amount at a bank, and sends
at by mail to its destination.
Observe carefully the following:
1. Banks can sell drafts only upon others in which they have deposits
in money or equivalent security. Hence banks throughout the country,
in order to give them this facility, have such deposits at centres of trade,
such as New York, Boston, Chicago, etc.
2. A Bank Draft will usually be purchased by banks in any part of
the country, in case the person offering it is fully identified as the party
to whom the draft is payable. Hence, a debt or other liability may
be discharged at any place by a draft on a New York bank.
3. A draft may be made payable to the person to whom it is sent, or
to the person buying it. In the latter case the person buying it must
write on the back “ Pay to the order of” (name of party to whom it is
sent), and sign his own name.
SeconpD Metuopv.—L. The party desiring to transmit money,
deposits the amount in a bank and takes a certificate of deposit,
which he sends as by first method. Or,
IT. If he has a deposit already in a bank, subject to his check
or order, it 1s customary to send his check, certified to be good
by the cashier of the bank.
This method, in either of these forms, is ordinarily followed in
making payments at a distance by persons in New York and other large
centres of trade. Banks in such places have no deposits in cities and
villages throughout the country, and hence do not sell drafts.
Certificates of deposits and certified checks are purchased by banks
in the same manner as bank drafts. :
Tuirp Metnon.—The party desiring to transmit money,
obtains a Post Office order for the amount and remits it as
before.
As the amount that can be included in one Post Office order is limited,
this method is restricted in its application. It is usually employed in
remitting small sums of money.
272 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

FourtH Mrtuop.—The party desiring to transmit money,

makes a draft or order for the amount upon a party owing him,
at the place where the money is to be sent, and remiis this as
previously directed.
1, By this method one person is said to draw upon another. Such
drafts should be presented for payment as soon as received, and if not
paid or accepted should be protested for non-payment immediately.
2. Large business firms have deposits in banks at business centres, and
credit with other business firms; hence, their drafts are used by them-
selves and others the same as bank drafts.
641. The Premium or Discount on a draft depends chiefly
on the condition of trade between the place where it is pur-
chased and the place on which it is made.
Thus, for example, merchants and other business men at Buffalo con-
tract more obligations in New York, for which they pay by draft, than
New York business men contract in Buffalo; consequently, banks at
Buffalo must actually send money to New York by Express or other
conveyance. Hence, for the expense thus incurred and other trouble in
handling the money, a small premium is charged at Buffalo on New
York drafts.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

642. 1. What is the cost of a sight draft for $2400, at 2%

premium ?
SoLuTION.—Cost= $2400 +3% of $2400= $2416.
2. What is the cost of a draft for $3200, at 4% premium ?
SOLUTION.—Cost = $8200 + $% of $3200 = $3204.
Find the cost of sight draft
3B. For $834, premium 2%. 6. For $1500, discount 2%.
4. For $6300, premium 42%. 7. For $384.50, discount 4%.
5. For $182.80, premium 3%. 8. For $295.20, discount 13%,
9. The cost of a sight draft purchased at 14% premium is
6493.29 ; what is the face of the draft?
SoLution.—At 14% premium, $1 of the face of the draft cost $1.015.
flence the face of the draft is as many dollars as $l.015 is contained
times in $493.29, which is $486.
 DOMESTIC EXCHANGE. ines aR Htea!

Find the face of a draft which cost

10. $575.40, premium 23%. 13. $819.88, discount 43%.
11. $731.70, premium 14ee 14. $273.847, discount 2%.
12. $483.20, premium, 3% 15. $315.65, discount 13%.
16. What is the cost of a draft for $400, payable in 3 mo.,
premium 13%, the bank allowing interest at 4% until the
draft is paid ?
SoLuTion.—A sight draft for $400, at 11% premium, costs $406, bat
the bank allows interest at 4 % on the face, $400, for 3 mo., which is $4.
Hence the draft will cost $406— $4= $402.

Find the cost of drafts

17. For $700, premium 4%, time 60 da., interest at 3%.
18. For $1600, premium 14%, time 50 ae., interest at 4%.
19. For $2460, discount 3%, time 90 da., interest at 447.
20. For $1800, discount 2%, time 30 da., interest at 5%.
21. A merchant in Albany wishing to pay a debt of $498.48
in Chicago, sends a draft on New York, exchange on New
York being at 4% premium in Chicago; what did he pay for
the draft ?
SoLuTion.—The draft cashed in Chicago commands a premium of +%
on its face. The man requires, therefore, to purchase a draft whose
face plus 4% of it equals $498.48. Hence, according to (G606—5), the
amount paid, or face of the draft, is $498.48 + 1.005 = $496,

22. Exchange being at 98? (147 discount), what is the cost

of a draft, time 4 mo., interest at 5%?
23. The face of a draft which was purchased at 14% pre-
-mium is $2500, the time 40 da., rate of interest allowed 47;
what was its cost?
24. My agent in Detroit sold a consignment of goods for
$8260, commission on the sale 24%. He remitted the pro-
ceeds by draft on New York, at a premium of $7. What is
the amount remitted ?
oa
274 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE.
643. Foreign Exchange is a method of paying debts
or other obligations in foreign countries without transmitting
the money.
Observe, that foreign exchange is based upon the fact that different
countries exchange products, securities, etc., with each other.
Thus, the United States sells wheat, etc., to England, and England in
return sells manufactnred goods, etc., to the United States. Hence, par-
ties in each country become indebted to parties in the other. For this
reason, a merchant in the United States can pay for goods purchased in
England by buying an order upon a firm in England which is indebted to
a firm in the United States.

Form of a Bill or Set of Exchange.

£400. New York, July 18, 1876.
At sight of this First of ExcHaneeE (second and third of
the same date and tenor unpard), pay to the order of E. D.
BUAKESLEE Four HunpreD Pounpvs STERLING, for value
received, and charge the same to the account of
WILLIAMS, Brown & Co.
To Martin, WitiiAmMs & Co., London.

The person purchasing the exchange receives three bills, which he

sends by different mails to avoid miscarriage. When one has been
received and paid, the others
are void.
The above is the form of
the first bill. In the Second Bill the word
“First” is used instead of ‘‘
SECOND,” and the parenthesis reads, ‘‘ First
and Third of the same date and tenor unpaid.” A similar change is
made in the Third Bill.

644. Exchange with EHurope is conducted chiefly

through prominent financial centres, as London, Paris, Berlin,
Antwerp, Amsterdam, etc.
645. Quotations are the published rates at which bills
of exchange, stocks, bonds, etc., are bought and sold in the
money market from day to day.
 “FOREIGN EXCHANGE. 275
These quotations give the market gold value in United States money
of one or more units of the foreign coin.
Thus, quotations on London give the value of £1 sterling in dollars;
on Paris, Antwerp, and Geneva, the value of $1 in francs ; on Haeabare,
Berlin, Bremen, and Frankfort, the value of 4 marks in cents ; on
Bersterdom, the value of a guilder in cents.
646. The following table gives the par of exchange, or gold
value of foreign monetary units, as published by the Secretary
of the Treasury, January 1, 1876:
TABLE OF PAR OF EXCHANGE.
COUNTRIES. MONETARY UNIT. STANDARD.

UIST AP 5 Sysie-< Elorins.\ ews Sade tesaaniee Silvera. sks cans

MSC LOAM foresees) a ali. LAIAG: (a,cotess eueseoie:
o.eie aes Gold and silver.
Bolivias..ca%..2 Dollart tet. oheares Cee Gold and silver.
Brazil... Sere arate Milreis of 1000 reis.....| Gold..........
Bogota.......... EEOnd Sioionsinoocosene Gold rasa ccnt
@anada oo...6-2 OWA. s acetone oo a Golda a8 oe ied
Central America.| Dollar..............-- Silverwce caer
CHOIRS Oke. IRESOnn ete aidatearehster eres Gold Wrekiide- cake
Denmark..... Sei ORO M aha stays eicuereie''s Saree GOLGI nc ceRoe
MCUAGOM: os 6 sa Hoan cers is ciecapieracsetne Silivietesciae
IDNACoS seo nopee Pound of 100 piasters..| Gold..........
IES ANCC Leis:
eto)or0, IHIPANIClea ss cczeNie
«ecto: visit Gold and silver
Great Britain....| Pound sterling........ Goldie re aiateis
GTCECES occ
sts si Drachma, ..........<..| Gold and silver
German Hmpire’s| “Marks. <i... ece.ce sine - Gold sie, scene
SapeN sprees + Gil. ah aMedee een on dre GOL erase
tre orate
VG aire(ieias crevs <0 Rupee of 16 annas..... Silverson. es.
ON. POSE Gooden IUD ese gennaoe Sone Gold and silver
DELIA). cee'ere ots IDE eae Regereseccates Gold reea.ea
WEKICOm tic siccle's © DOUlarvowtccres
o> cxarcwlare Silversea
Netherlands..... NEI es-calecsesgye leober ...-{ Gold and silver
Norway.-.....-. (GROW sez siciesois evehcotors's Goldy. seraneroe
erie tsnteenieiss OUR Sag ok wiececiarose
ersrare Silvercenae cue
POREU AA erarecels Milreis of 1000 reis.....; Gold,.........
RUSSIA) a6. apes al Rouble of 100 copecks..| Silver.........
-Sandwich Islands} Dollar.... ........... Goldie eac. hes
S/IAUR copmeececd Peseta of 100 centimes .| Gold and silver.
Sweden......... GLOW Ti seeccactente scene Golden... os.
Switzerland..... PYARGl 08 vie ae eee ee Gold and silver,
|Tripoli.......++. Mahbub of 20 piasters..| Silver......-..
RUE CURTNES fs oh'ey.cve)
oj«10ee Piaster of 16 caroubs...| Silver.........
jSRUPMOR. 2c. oe Piaster sor oe cece Goldea ceSeer
|v.Ss. Ct Colombia} Peso.......... Betevenvees Silivertestuatenee
276 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

METHODS OF DIRECT EXCHANGE.

647%. Direct Exchange is a method of making pay-
ments in a foreign country at the quoted rate of exchange
with that country.
First MetHop.— The person desiring to transmit the money
purchases a SET of HXCHANGE for the amount on the country
to which the money is to be sent, and forwards the three bills
by different mails or routes to their destination.
SeconpD MetHop.—The person desiring to transmit the
money instructs his creditor in the foreign country to DRAW
upon him, that is, to SELL @ SET of EXCHANGE upon him,
which he pays in his own country when presented.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

648. 1. What is the cost in currency of a bill of exchange

on Liverpool for £285 9s. 6d., exchange being quoted at $4.88,
and gold at 1.12, brokerage 4% ?
SoLurton. —1. We reduce
£285 9s. 6d. = £285,475 the 9s. 6d. to a decimal of £1.
$4.88 x 285.475 — $1393.11 Hence £285 9s. 6d. = £285.475.
= 2, 2. Since £1=$4.88, £285.475
$1.1225 x 1893.118 = 1563.07 + must be equal $4.88 x 285.475
= $1393.118, the gold value of the bil] without brokerage.
3. Since $1 gold is equal $1.12 ,currency, and the brokerage is 4%.
the cost of $1 gold in currency is $1.1225. Hence the bill cost in cur-
rency $1.1225 x 1893.118 = $1563.77+.
What is the cost of a bill on
22. London for £436 8s. 3d., sterling at 4.844, brokerage $7 ?
3. Paris for 4500 francs at .198, brokerage 4% ?
4. Geneva, Switzerland, for 8690 franes at .189?
5. Antwerp for 4000 francs at .175, in currency, gold at 1.09?
6. Amsterdam for 8400 guilders at 414, brokerage 4% e
%. Frankfort for 2500 marks, quoted at O74?
 FOREIGN BXCHANGE. Q7?

8. A merchant in Boston instructed his agent at Berlin to

draw on him for a bill of goods of 48000 marks, exchange at
244, gold being at 1.084, brokerage 1%; what did the mer-
chant pay in currency for the goods?

METHODS OF INDIRECT EXCHANGE.

649. Indirect Exchange is a method of making
payments in a foreign country by taking advantage of the rate
of exchange between that country and one or more cther
countries.
&
Observe carefully the following: «
1. The advantage of indirect over direct exchange under certain finan-
cial conditions which sometimes, owing to various causes, exist between
different countries, may be shown as follows:
Suppose exchange in New York to be at par on London, but on Paris
at 17 cents for 1 franc, and at Paris on London at 24 francs for £1. With
these conditions, a bill on London for £100 will cost in New York
$486.65 ; but a bill on London for £100 will cost in Paris 24 francs x 100
= 2400 francs, and a bill on Paris for 2400 francs will cost in New York
17 cents x 2400 = $4C8.
Hence £100 can be sent from New York to London by direct exchange
for $486.65, and by indirect exchange or through Paris for $408, giving
an advantage of $486.65 — $408 = $78.65 in favor of the latter method.
2. The process of computing indirect exchange is called Arbitration
of Exchange. When there is only one intermediate place, it is called
Simple Arbitration ; when there are two or more intermediate places, it
is called Compound Arbitration.
Either of the following methods may be pursued:
First METHOD. — The person desiring to transmit the money
may buy a bill of eachange for the amount on an intermediate
place, which he sends to his agent at that place with instruc-
tions to buy a bill with the proceeds on the place to which the
money is to be sent, and to forward it to the proper party.
This is called the method by remittance.
278 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

Srconp Mrtuop.—The person desiring to send the money

instructs his creditor to draw for the amount on his agent at
an intermediate place, and his agent to draw upon him for the
same amount. “<
This is called the method by drawing.
Tuirp Mrtuop.— The person desiring to send the money
instructs his agent at an intermediate place to draw upon him
for the amount, and buy a bill on the place to which the money
is to be sent, and forward it to the proper party.
This is called the method by drawing and remitting.
‘These methods are equally applicable when the exchange is
made through two or more intermediate places, and the solu-
tion of examples under each is only an application of compound
numbers and business. Probs. VIII, LX, X, and XI.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE,

650. 1. Exchange in New York on London is 4.83, and

on Paris in London is 244; what is the cost of transmitting
63994 francs to Paris through London ?
~ SoLuTion.—1. We find the cost of a bill of exchange in London for
63904 francs. Since 24} francs = £1, 63994 + 24} is equal the number
of £ in 63994 francs, which is £2612.
2. We find the cost of a bill of exchange in New York for £2612. ~
Since £1 = $4.88, the bill must cost $4.88 x 2612 = $12615.96.
2. A merchant in New York wishes to pay a debt in Berlin
of 7000 marks. He finds he can buy exchange on Berlin at
20, and on Paris at .18, and in Paris on Berlin at 1 mark for
‘1.15 francs. Will he gain or lose by remitting by indirect
exchange, and how much?
3. What will be the cost to remit 4800 guilders from New
York to Amsterdam through Paris and London, exchange
being quoted as follows: at New York on Paris, -184$5; at
Paris on London, 244 francs to a £;-andat London on
 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. SSS

Amsterdam, 124 guilders to the £. How much more would

it cost by direct exchange at 394 cents for 1 guilder?
4. An American residing in Berlin wishing to obtain $6000
from the United States, directs his agent in Paris to draw on
Boston and remit the proceeds by draft to Berlin. Exchange
on Boston at Paris being .18, and on Berlin at Paris 1 mark
for 1.2 francs, the agent’s commission being 4% both for
drawing and remitting, how much would he gain by drawing
directly on the United States at 244 cents per mark ?

EQUATION. OF PAYMENTS.
651. An Account is a written statement of the debit:
and credit transactions between two persons with their dates.
The debit or left-hand side of an account (marked Dr.) shows the
sums due to the Creditor, or person keeping the account ; the credit or
right-hand side (marked Or.) shows the sums paid by the Debtor, or per-
son against whom the account is made.

652. The Balance of an account is the difference be-

tween the sum of the items on the debit and credit sides.
653. Equation of Payments is the process of find-
ing a date at which a debtor may pay a creditor in one
payment several sums of money due at different times, with-
out loss of interest to either party.
654. The Equated Time is the date at which several
debts may be equitably discharged by one payment.
655. The Maturity of any odligation is the date at
which it becomes due or draws interest.
656. The Term of Credit is the interval of time from
the date a debt is contracted until its maturity.
65%. The Average Térm of Credit is the interval
of time from the maturity of the first item in an account.
to the Hqguated Time.
280 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS,

G58. The method of settling accounts by equation of

payments depends upon the following propositions; hence
they should be carefully studied:
Prop. I.— When, by agreement, no interest ts to be paid on
a dett from a specified time, if any part of the amount is paid
by the debtor, he is entitled to interest until the expiration of
the specified time.
Thus, A owes B $100, payable in 12 months without interest, which
means that A is entitled by agreement to the use of $100 of B’s money
for 12 months. Hence, if he pays any part of it before the expiration of
the 12 months, he is entitled to interest.
Observe, that when credit is given without charging interest, the
profits or advantage of the transaction are such as to give the creditor
an equivalent for the loss of the interest of his money.

Prop. Il—After a debt is due, or the time expires for

which by agreement no interest is charged, the creditor is
entitled to interest on the amount until t¢ is paid.
Thus, A owes B $300, due in 10 days. When the 10 days expire, the
$300 should be paid by A to B. If not paid, B loses the use of the
money, and is hence entitled to interest until it is paid.

Prop. Il]— When a Term of crepir is allowed upon any

of the items of an account, the date at which such items are due
or commence to draw interest is found by adding its term of
credit to the date of each item.
Thus, goods purchased March 10 on 40 days’ credit would be due or
draw interest March 10 + 40 da., or April 19.

659. Pros. L—To settle equitably an account con-

taining only debit items.

R. Bates bought merchandise of H. P. Emerson as follows:

May 17, 1875, on 3 months’ credit, $265; July 11, on 25 days,
$430; Sept. 15, on 65 days, $650.
 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 281

Find the equated time and the amount that will equitably
settle the account at the date when the last item is due, 7G
interest being allowed on each item from maturity.

SOLUTION BY INTEREST METHOD.

1. We find the date of maturity of each item thus:

$265 on 3 mo. isdue May 17+ 8 mo.= Aug. 17
$460 on 25 da. is due July 11+ 25 da. = Aug. 5.
$650 on 65 da. is due Sept. 15 + 65 da. = Nov. 19.
2. As the items of the debt are due at these dates, it is evident
that when they all remain unpaid until the latest maturity, H. P. Emer-
son is entitled to legal interest
On $265 from Aug. 17 to Nov.19 = 94 da.
On $460 from Aug. 5 to Nov. 19 = 106 da.
The $650 being due Nov. 19 bears no interest before this date.
8. On Nov. 19, H. P. Emerson is entitled to receive $1375, the sum of
the items of the debt and the interest on $265 for 94 da. plus the inter-
est on $460 for 106 da. at 7%, which is $14.12.
Hence the account may be equitably settled on Nov. 19 by R. Bates
paying H. P. Emerson $1875 + $14.12 = $1389.12.
4, Since H. P. Emerson is entitled to receive Nov. 19, $1875 + $14.12
interest, it is evident that if he is paid $1375 a sufficient time before
Nov. 19 to yield $14.12 interest at this date, the debt will be equitably
ettled. But $1375, according to (696), will yield $14.12 in 53+a frac-
tion of a day.
Hence the equated time of settlement is Sept. 26, which is 54 days -
previous to Nov. 19, the assumed date of settlement.

SOLUTION BY PRODUCT METHOD.

1. We find in the same manner as in the interest method the dates of

maturity and the number of days each item bears interest.
2. Assuming Nov, 19, the latest maturity, as the date of settlement,
it is evident that H. P. Emerson should be paid at this date $1875, the
sum of the items of the account and the interest on $265 for 94 days
plus the interest on $460 for 106 days.
8. Since the interest on $265 for 94 days at any given rate is equal to
the interest on $265 x 94, or $24910, for 1 day at the same rate, and the
interest on $460 for 106 days is equal to the interest on $460 x 106, or
282 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

-$48760, for 1 day, the interest due H. P. Emerson Noy. 19 is equal. the
interest of $24910 + $48760, or $73670, for 1 day.
4. Since the interest on $73670 for 1 day is equal to the interest on
$1375 for as many days as $1375 is contained times in $73670, which is
53152, it is evident that if H. P. Emerson receive the use of $1375 for
54 days previous to Nov. 19, it will be equal to the interest on $73670
for 1 day paid at that date. Consequently, R. Bates by paying $1375
Sept. 26, which is 54 days before Nov. 19, discharges equitably the
indebtedness.
Hence, Sept. 26 is the equated time, and from Aug. 5 to Sept. 26, or
52 days, is the average term of credit.
Observe, that R. Bates may discharge equitably the indebtedness in
one of three ways :
(1.) By paying Nov. 19, the latest maturity, $1375, the sum of the items
of the account, and the interest of $73670 for 1 day.
In this case the payment is $1375 + $14.12 interest = $1389.12.
(2.) By paying $1375, the sum of the items in cash, on Sept. 26, the
EQUATED TIME.
(8.) By giving his note for $1375, the sum of the items of the account,
bearing interest from Sept. 26, the equated time.
Observe this is equivalent to paying the $1375 in cash Sept. 26.

From these illustrations we obtain the following

660. Rutzt.—l. Find the date of maturity of each

item.
IT, Assume as the date of settlement the latest ma-
turity, and find the number of days from this date to
the maturity of each item.
In case the indebtedness is discharged at the assumed date
of settlement:
ITI. Find the interest on each item from its maturity
to the date of settlement. The sum of the items plus
this interest is the amount that must be paid the creditor.
In case the cguated time or term of credit is to be found and
the indebtedness discharged in one payment, either by cash
or note:
 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 283°

IV. Multiply each item by the number of days from

its maturity to the latest maturity in the account, and
divide the sum of these products by the swnv of the
ttenrs ; the quotient is the number of days which must
be counted back from the latest maturity to give the
equated time.
V. The first maturity subtracted from the equated
time Sives the average term of credit.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

661. 1. Henry Ross purchases Jan. 1, 1876, $1600 worth

of goods from James Mann, payable as follows: April 1, 1876,
$700; June 1, 1876, $400; and Dec. 1, 1876, $500. At what
date can he equitably settle the bill in one payment?
When the interval between the maturity of each item and the date of
settlement is months, as in this example, the months should not be
reduced to days ; thus,
SoLtution.—1. Assuming that no payment is made until Dec. 1, James
Mann is entitled to interest
On $700 for 8 mo. = $700 x 8 or $5600 for 1 month,
On $400 for 6 mo. = $400 x 6 or $2400 for 1 month,
Hence he is entitled to the use of $8000 for 1 month.
2. $8000+ $1600 = 5, the number of months (659 —4) which must
be counted back from Dec. 1 to find the equated time, which is July 1.
Hence the bill can be equitably settled in one payment July 1, 1876.
2. A man purchased a farm May 23, 1876, for $8600, on
which he paid $2600, and was to pay the balance, without
interest, as follows: Aug. 10, 1876, $2500; Jan. 4, 1877,
$1500; and June 14, 1877, $2000. Afterwards it was agreed
that the whole should be settled in one payment. At what
date must the payment be made?
8. Bought merchandise as follows: Feb. 3, 1875, $380;
April 13, $520; May 18, $260; and Aug. 12, $350, each item
on interest from date. What must be the date of a note for
the sum of the items bearing interest which will equitably
settle the bill?
284 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

Find the date at which a note bearing interest can be given

as an equitable settlement for the amount of each of the fol-
lowing bills, each item being on interest from the date of
purchase:
4. Purchased as follows: 5. Purchased-as follows:
July 9, 1876, $380; May 5, 1876, $186;
Sept. 138, “ $270; Aug.10, “ $230;
Noy. 24, “ $840; Oetz=15,. “ S170
Dec. 29, “ $260. Dec. 20, “ $195.
6. Purchased as follows: %. Purchased as follows:
April 17, 1877, $185; Aug. 25, 1877, $250;
June 24, “ $250; Oct. 10, © $193;
Sept. 13, “ $462. Dec. 18, “ $290.
8. Find the average term of credit on goods purchased as
follows: Mar. 23, $700, on 95 da. credit; May 17, $480, on
45 da.; Aug. 25, $690, on 60 da.; and Oct. 2, $380 on 35 da.
9. Sold A. Williams the following bills of goods: July 10,
$2300, on 6 mo. credit; Aug. 15, $900, on 5 mo. ; and Oct. 13,
$830, on 7 mo. What must be the date of note for the three
amounts, bearing interest, which will equitably settle the
account ?

662. Pros. II.—To settle equitably an account con-

taining both debit and credit items.
Find the amount equitably due at the latest maturity of
either the debit or credit side of the following account, and
the equated time of paying the balance:

Dr. ; B. WHITNEY. Cr.

1877, | 1877.
Mar. 17 | Tomdse. . . .| $400 |Apr. 18| By cash. . . .| $290
May 10} “ “ at4mo.| 380 |July 15| “ draft at 80 da.| 250
Aug. 7| © “ at2mo.| 540
 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 285

Before examining the following solution, ; stud: 'y carefully the th

propositions under (658). bie ce

SOLUTION BY PRODUCT METHOD.

Due. Amt. Days. Products Paid. Amt. Days. Products.

Mar. 17. 400 x 204 = 81600 Apr. 138. 200 x 177 = 35400
Sept. 10. 880 x 27 = 10260 July 15. 250 x 84 =| 21000
Oct. 7. 540 450 56400
Seth bs 56400
Total debt, $1820 $91860 Amt. whose Int. for 1 da. is due to Creditor,
Total paid, 400 56400 Amt. whose Int. for 1 da. is due to Debtor.
Balance, $370 $35460 Bal. whose Int. for 1 day is due to Creditor.

EXPLANATION.—Assuming Oct. 7, the latest maturity on either side of

the account, as the date of settlement, the creditor is entitled to interest
on each item of the debit side, and the debtor on each item of the credit
side to this date (G58). Hence, we find, according to (659—8), the
amount whose interest for 1 day both creditor and debtor are entitled to
Oct. 7. 4
2. The creditor being entitled to the most interest, we subtract the
amount whose interest for 1 day the debtor is entitled to from the cred-
itor’s amount, leaving $35460, the amount whose interest for 1 day the
creditor is still entitled to receive.
8. We find the sum of the debit and credit items, and subtract the
latter from the former, leaving $870 yet unpaid. This, with $6.80,
the interest on $35460, is the amount equitably due Oct. 7, equal ¢876.80.
4. According to (65S—4), $25460 + $870 = 408%, the number of days
previous to Oct. 7 when the debt can be discharged by paying the bal-
ance, $870, in cash, or by a note bearing interest. Hence the equated
time of paying the balance is Aug. 27.

The following points regarding the foregoing solution

should be carefully studied:
1. In the given example, the sum of the debit is greater than the sum
of the credit items; consequently the balance on the account is due to
the creditor. But the balance of interest being also due him, it is evi-
dent that to settle the account equitably he should be paid the $870
before the assumed date of settlement. Hence the equated time of pay-
ing the balance-must be before Oct. 7.
2. Had the balance of interest been on the credit side, it is evident the
debtor would be entitled to keep the balance on the account until the
286 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC. ;

juterest upon it would be equal the interest due him. Hence the equated
time of paying the balance would be after Oct. 7. 2
8. Had the balance of the account been on the credit side, the eroiror
would be overpaid, and hence the balance would be due to the debtor.
Now in case the balance of interest is also on the credit side and due
to the debtor, it is evident that to settle the account equitably the debtor
should be paid the amount of the balance before the assumed date of
settlement. Hence the equated time would be before Oct. 7.
In case the balance of interest is on the debtor side, it is evident that
while the creditor has been overpaid on the account, he is entitled to a
balance of interest, and consequently should keep the amount he has
been overpaid until the interest upon it would be equal to the interest
due him. Hence the equated time would be after Oct. 7.
4. The interest method given (659) can be used to advantage in find-
ing the equated time when the time is long between the maturity of the
items and the assumed date of settlement. In case this method of solu-
tion is adopted, the foregoing conditions are equally applicable.

From these illustrations we obtain the following

663. Ruite.—J. Find the maturity of each item on
the debit and credit side of the account.
II. Assume as the date of settlement the latest ma-
turity on either side of the account, and find the num-
ber of days from this date to the maturity of each, on
both sides of the accownt.
III, Multiply each debit and credit item by the num-
ber of days fronr its maturity to the date of settlement,
and divide the balance of the debit and credit prodwets
by the balance of the debit and credit items; the quo-
tient is the number of days the equated time is from
the asswnrved date of settlement.
IV. In case the balance of items and balance of
interest are both on the same side of the account, sub-
tract this number of days fron the assumed date of.
settlement, but add it in case they are on opposite ane j
the result is the equated time.
 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 287

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

664. 1. Find the face of a note and the date from which
it must bear interest to settle equitably the following account:
Dr. JAMES HAND in acct. with P. ANSTEAD. Cr.

1876, : 1876.
Jan. 7 | To mdse. on 3 mo. $430 ||Mar. 15| By draft at 90 da. |$500
Meeyeas to ~~ 2 mo..| 390 ||May 17|° “ cash,. -.° | 280
June 6} “ “ “ §mo.| 570/|Aug. 9] ‘“ mdse.on80da.| 400

2. Equate the following account, and find the cash payment

Dec. 7, 1876:
Dr. WILLIAM HENDERSON. Cr.

1876. 1876.
Mar. 23 | To mdse. on 45 da. |$470 ||Apr. 16} By cash . . . .| $490
May 16| “ “ “ 25da.| 880); June 25! ‘‘ mdse.on380da.| 650
LNTepStot ag “ 35 da.| 590 |July 18] ‘‘ draft at 60 da. 200

3. Find the equated time of paying the balance on the fol-

lowing account :
Dr. Hueco MacVIcar. Cr.

1876. | 1976.
Jan. 13 |To mdse. on 60 da. | $840 |
Feb. 15 |By note at 60 da. | $700
Menwede co =f 40ida, |. O80.) Apr, 17 |" “cash 9...” .) «|, 460
June 7| “ ‘“ <“ 4mo,} 860]/June 9| “ draft at 830 da. | 1150
esnlyi4 | “ 80da.|, 730

4. I purchased of Wm. Rodgers, March 10, 1876, $930

worth of goods; June 23, $680; and paid, April 3, $870 cash,
and gave a note May 24 on 30 days for $500. What must be
the date of a note bearing interest that will equitably settle
the balance ?
 P|

288 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

REVIEW AND TEST QUESTIONS.

665. 1. Define Simple, Compound, and Annual Interest.

2. Illustrate by an example every step in the six per cent
method.
3. Show that 12% may. be used as conveniently as 6%, and
write a rule for finding the interest for months by this method.
4, Explain the method of finding the exact interest of any
sum for any given time. Give reasons for each step in the
process.
5. Show by an example the difference between frwe and
bank discount. Give reasons for your answer.
6. Explain the method of finding the present worth.
%. Explain how the face of a note is found when the pro-
ceecs are given. Illustrate each step in the process.
8. Define Exchange, and state the difference between Do-
mestic and Foreign Exchange.
9. State the difference in the three bills in a Set of
Exchange.
10. What is meant by Par of Exchange?
11. State the various methods of Domestic Exchange, and
illustrate each by an example.
12. Illustrate the method of finding the cost of a draft when
exchange is at a discount and brokerage allowed. Give
reasons for each step.
13. State the methods of ee Exchange.
14. Illustrate by an example the difference between Direct
and Indirect exchange.
15. Define Equation of Payments, an Account, Equated
Time, and Term of Credit.
16. Illustrate the Interest Method of finding the Equated
Time when there are but debit items.
17. State when and why you count forward from the
assumed date of settlement to find the equated time.
 Se

Bika RATIO ee

PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

666. Two numbers are compared and their relation deter-

mined by dividing the first by the second.
For example, the relation of $8 to $4 is determined thus, $8+$4 = 2.
Observe, the quotient 2 indicates that for every one dollar in the $4.
there are two dollars in the $8.

Be particular to observe the following:

1. When the greater of two numbers is compared with the
less, the relation of the numbers is expressed either by the -
relation of an integer or of a mixed number to the unit 1, that
is, by an improper fraction whose denominator is 1.
Thus, 20 compared with 4 gives 20+4=5; that is, for every 1 in
the 4 there are 5 in the 20. Hence the relation of 20 to 4 is that of the
integer 5 to the unit 1, expressed fractionally thus, .
Again, 29 compared with 4 gives 20--4= 7}; that is, for every 1
in the 4 there are 7} in 29. Hence, the relation of 29 to 4 is that of the
mixed number 7} to the unit 1.

2. When the less of two numbers is compared with the

greater, the relation is expressed by a proper fraction.
Thus, 6 compared with 14 gives 6 + 14= +6, = § (255) ; that is, for
every 3 in the 6 there isa 7 in the 14. Hence, the relation of 6 to 14 is
that of 3 to 7, expressed fractionally thus, 2.
Observe, that the relation in this case may be expressed, if desired,
as that of the wnif 1 to a mixed number, Thus, 6+14= = 33

(255); that is, the relation of 6 to 14 is that of the unit 1 to 24.

290 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

66%. Find orally the relation
1. Of 24 to 3. 5. Of 113 to 9. 9. Of 42 to 77.
z Of 56 to 8. 6. Of 25 to 100. 10. Of 85 to 9.
3. Of 76 to 4. %. Of16 to 48. 11. Of 10 to 1009.
4, Of 38 to 5. 8. Of 13 to 90. 12. Of 75 to 300.
668. Prop. IIl.—Wo numbers can be compared but those
which are of the same denomination.
Thus we can compare $8 with $2, and 7 inches with 2 inches, but we
cannot compare $8 with 2 inches (155—1).
Observe carefully the following:
1. Denominate numbers must be reduced to the lowest
denomination named, before they can be compared.
For example, to compare 1 yd. 2 ft. with 1 ft. 3in., both numbers
must be reduced to inches. Thus, 1 yd. 2 ft.—60 in., 1 ft. 3 in. = 15 in,
and 60 in. +15 in. = 4; hence, 1 yd. 2 ft. are 4 times 1 ft. 3 in.

2. Fractions must be reduced to the same fractional denom-

ination before they can be compared.
For example, to compare 34 lb. with 4 oz. we must first reduce
the 84 lb. to oz., then. reduce both members to the same fractional
anit. Thus, (1) 3} tb. = 56 0z.; (2) 56 oz. = *8° oz.; (8) 282 oz. + 4 oz
= 239 = 70 (290); hence, the relation 34 lb. to 4 oz is that
of 70 to 1.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE,

669. Find orally the relation
1.O0f4 yd. to2ft. 4. Of2 to % %. Of 14 pk. to 3 bu.
2. Of $2 to 25 ct. 5. Of & to 14. 8. Of3 cd. to 6 cd. ft.
3. Of 24 gal. to $ qt. 6. Of $ oz. to2 lb. 9. Of 1% to 24.
Find the relation .
10. Of 105 to 28. 13. Of $364 to $42.
11. Of 68 to &. 14. Of 2yd.13 ft.toZin.
12.-Of 94 bu. to 34 pk. 15. Of 14 pt. to 2% gal.
 RATT 6.0 . 291

DEFINITIONS. (
670. A Ratio isa fraction which expresses the relation
which the first of two numbers of the same denomination has
to the second.

Thus the relation of $6 to $15 is expressed by 2; that is,

$6 is 2 of $15, or for every $2 in $6 there are $5 in $15. In
like manner the relation of $12 to $10 is expressed by §.
671. The Special Sign of Ratio is a colon (:).
Thus 4:7 denotes that 4 and 7 express the ratio 4; hence,
4:7 and 4 are two ways of expressing the same thing. The
fractional form being the more convenient, should be used
- in preference to the form with the colon.
672. The Terms of a Ratio are the numerator and
denominator of the fraction which expresses the relation /
between the quantities compared.
The first term or numerator is called the Antecedent,
the second term or denominator is called the Consequent.
673. A Simple Ratio is a ratio in which each term is
a single integer. Thus 9:3, or 3, is a simple ratio.
674. A Compound Ratio is a ratio whose terms are
formed by multiplying together the corresponding terms of
two or more simple ratios.
Thus, multiplying together the corresponding terms of the simple
ratios 7:3 and 5:2, we have the compound ratio 5 x 7:3 x 2 = 35: 6,
to, Oe 7x5 _ 35
or expressed fractionally
Go 2 tS Olam 6,
Observe, that when the multiplication of the corresponding terms is
performed, the compound ratio is reduced to a simple ratio.

675. The Reciprocal of a number is 1 divided by that

number. Thus, the reciprocal of 8is1 +8 = 4.
 292 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

- 676. The Reciprocal of a Ratio is 1 divided by the

ratio.
Thus, the ratio of 7 to 4is 7:4 or 3, and its reciprocal is 1+ }=#,
according to (291). Hence the reciprocal of a ratio is the ratio invert-
ed, or the consequent divided by the antecedent.

G77. A Ratio is in its Sineplest Terms when the

antecedent and consequent are prime to each other.
678. The Reduction of a Ratio is the process of
changing its terms without changing the relation they express.
Thus }, 2, 3, each express the same relation.

PROBLEMS ON RATIO.

679. Since every ratio is either a proper or improper

fraction, the principles of reduction discussed in (235) apply
to the reduction of ratios. The wording of the principles
must be slightly modified thus:
Prin. 1L—The terms of 2 ratio must each represent uniis
of the same kind.
PRIN. I].— Multiplying both terms of a ratio by the same
number does not change the value of the ratio.
Prin. Iil.—Dividing both terms of a ratio by the same
number does not change the value
of the ratio.
For the illustration of these principles refer to (235).
680. Pros. L—To find the ratio between two given
numbers.

Ex. 1. Find the ratio of $56 to $84.

SoLuTIon.—Since, according to (666), two numkers are compared
by dividing the first Ly the second, we divide {53 by $84, giving
$56 + $84 =— §8;
56.
that is, $56 is &$ of $84. Hence the ratio of
$56 to $84 is §§
 RATIO. 293

Ex. 2. Find the ratio of 1 yd. 2 ft. to 1 ft. 3 in.

SoLut:on.—1. Since, according to (668), only numbers of the-
same denomination can be compared, we reduce both terms to inches,
giving 69 in. and 15 in.
2. Dividing 60 in. by 15 in. we have 60 in. +15 in. =4; that is,
60 in. is 4 times 15 in. Hence the ratio of 1 yd. 2 ft. to 1 ft, 3 in. is 4.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

G81. Find the ratio

1. Of $512 to $256. 3. Of 982 da. to 2946 da,
2. Of 143 yd. to 365 ya. 4, Of 73 A. to 365 A.
5. Of £41 ds. 6d. to £2 3s. 6d.
6. Of 20 T. 6 cwt. 93 lb. to 25 cwt. 43 Ib. 5 oz.

682. Pros. Il—To reduce a ratio to its simplest

terms. |

Reduce the ratio 42 to its simplest terms.

SoLuTION.—Since, according to (679—IID), the value of the ratio
4£ is not changed by dividing both terms by the same number, we
divide the antecedent 15 and the consequent 9 by 3, their greatest
i yr. 2
common divisor, giving ie : a= ; But having divided 15 and 9 by
their greatest common divisor, the quotients 5 and 3 must be prime to
each other. Hence (677) § are the simplest terms of the ratio 45,

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

683. Reduce to its simplest terms

) 4. The ratio ©, 9. 4. The ratio 1$§.
2. The ratio 21 : 56. 5. The ratio 65 : 85.
3. The ratio 48. 6. The ratio 195 : 39.
Express in its simplest terms the ratio (see 668)
7. Of 96 T. to 56 T. 9. Of 8s. 9d. to £1.
8. Of ft. to 2 yd. 10. Of 3 pk. 5 qt. to 1 bu. 2 pk.
 y
ie

294 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

684. Pros. II].—To find a number that has a given

ratio to a given number.
How many dollars are § of $72?
SoLuTIon.—The fraction § denotes the ratio of the required number :
to $72; namely, for every $8 in $72 there are $5 in the required
number. Consequently ‘we divide the $72 by $8, and multiply $5
by the quotient. Hence, first step, $72 + $8 =9; second step $5 x 9
= $45, the required number.
Observe, that this problem is the same as Pros. VIII, 501, and
Pros. II, 274. Compare this solution with the solution in each of —
these problems.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

685. Solve and explain each of the following examples,

regarding the fraction in every case as a ratio.
1. How many days are 55; of 360 days?
2. A man owning a farm of 243 acres, sold 3% of it; how
many acres did he sell?
3. James has $796 and John has } as much ; how much
‘has John?
4, A man’s capital ts $4500, and he gains +4; of his capital;
how much does he gain ?
5. Mr. Jones has a quantity of flour worth $3140; part of
it being damaged he sells the whole for 32 of its value; how
much does he receive for it?
686. Pros. IV.—To find a number to which a given
number has a given ratio.
$42 are } of how-many dollars?
SoLuTion.—The fraction } denotes the ratio of $42 to the required
number; namely, for every $7 in $42 there are $4 in the required
number. Consequently we divide the $42 by $7 and multiply ¢4 by
the quotient. Hence, first step, $42 + $7 =6; second step, $4 x 6 = $24,
the required number.
Observe, that this problem is the same as Pros. IX, 502. Compare
the solutions and notice the points of difference. .
 “RATIO. : 995

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

687%. Solve and explain each of the following examples,

regarding the fraction in every case as a ratio.
1. 96 acres are 44 of how many acres ?
2. I received $75, which is % of my wages; how much is
still due ?
3. James attended school 117 days, or 3%, of the term;
how many days in the term ?:
4. Sold my house for $2150, which was 42% of what I paid
for it ;how much did I lose ?
5. Hears reviewed 249 lines of Latin, or 32 of the term’s
work; how many lines did he read during the term ?
6. 48 cd. 3 cd. ft. of wood is 3, of what I bought; how
much did I buy?
?. Mr. Smith’s expenses are 2 of his income. He spends
_ $1500 per year ; what is his income?
8. 4 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. are 33, of how many gallons?
9. A merchant sells a piece of cloth at a profit of $2.50,
which is 5 of what it cost him; how much did he
pay for it?

688. Pros. V.—To find a number to which a given

number has the same ratio that two other given num-
bers have to each other.

To how many dollars have $18 the same ratio that 6 yd.
have to 15 yd.? '
SoLtuTIoN.—1. We find by (68O—I) the ratio of 6 yd. to 15 yd.,
which is ;8, = 2, according to (67 7).
2. Since 2 denotes the ratio of the $18 to the required number, the
$18 must be the antecedent; hence we have, according to (686), first
step, $18 + $2 =9; second step, $5 .x.9 = $45, the required number...
_ Observe, that in this problem we have the antecedent of a ratio given
_ to find the consequent. In the following we have the consequent given
. to find the antecedent. a :
296 BUSINESS. ARITHMETIC.

689. Pres. VI—To find anumber that has the same

ratio to a given number that two other given numbers
have to each other.

How many acres have the same ratio to 12 acres that $56
have to $84 ?
SoLuTIoN.—1. We find by (68O—I) the ratio of $56 to $84, which
FH, Os Beer tg to (677).
2. Since 2 denotes the ratio of the required number to 12 acres,
the 12 acres must be the consequent ; hence we have, according to
(G84), first step, 12 acr. +3 acr.=4; second step, 2 acr. x 4=8 acres,
the required number.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

690. The following are applications of Pros. V and VI.

1. If 12 bu. of wheat cost $15, what will 42 bu. cost?
Regarding the solution of examples of this kind, observe
that the price or rate per unit is assumed to be the same for
each of the quantities given.
Thus, since the 12 bu. cost $15, the price per bushel or unit is $1.25,
and the example asks for the cost of 42 bu. at this price per bushel.
Consequently whatever part the 12 bu. are of 42 bu., the $15, the cost of
12 bu., must be the same part of the cost of 42 bu. Hence we find the
ratio of 12 bu. to 42 bu. and solve the example by PRoB. V.
2. What will 16 cords of wood cost, if 2 cords cost $9?
3. If a man earn $18 in 2 weeks, how much will he carn
in 52 wecks ?
4. If 24 bu. of wheat cost $18, what will 36 bu. cost ?
5. If 24 cords of wood cost $60, what will 40 cords cost?
6. Bought 170 pounds of butter for $51; what would €80
pounds cost, at the same price?
%. Two numbers are to each other as 10 to 15, and the less
number is 329; what is the greater?
8. At the rate of 16 yards tor $7, how many va of cloth.
can be bought for $100 ? .
 DEFINITIONS.

691. A Proportion is an equality of ratios, the terms

of the ratios being expressed.
Thus the ratio 2 is equal to the ratio 3; hence 3 = 42 is a propor-
tion, and is read, The ratio of 3 to 5 is equal to the ratio of 12 to 20,
or 8 is to 5 as 12 is to 20.

692. The equality of two ratios constituting a proportion

is dicated either by a double colon .)or by the sign (= i
Thus,
} = 7, or 3:4=9: 12, or3:4: 12.

693. A Simple ete) hae is an expression of the

equality of two simple ratios.
Thus, 3 = #2, or 8 : 12 :: 22 : 48, or 8 : 12 = 82 : 43 is a simple pro-
portion. Hence a simple proportion contains four terms.

694. A Compound Proportion is an erpression

of the equality of a compound (6%4.) and a simple ratio (6%3).
Thus, ‘ : :: 48 : 60, or 2 x € = 44, is a-compound proportion. It
is read, The ratio of 2 into 6 is to 8 into 5 as 48 is to 60.

695. A Proportional is a number used asa term in

a proportion.
Thus in the simple proportion 2: 5 :: 6:15 the numbers 2, 5, 6, and
15 are its terms; hence, each one of these numbers is called a propor
tional, and the four numbers together are called proportionals. -
 298 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC. é

696. A Mean Proportionat is a number that is the

Consequent of one and the Antecedent of the other of the two
ratios forming a proportion.
Thus in the proportion 4: 8:: 8: 16, the number 8 is the consequent
of the first ratio and the antecedent of the second; hence is a mean
proportional.

69%. The Antecedents ofa proportion are the first and

third terms, and the Consequents are the second and
fourth terms.

698. The Haxtremes of a proportion are its first and

jourth terms, and the Means are its second and third
terms.

SIMPLE PROPORTION.
PREPARATORY STEPS.

699. The following preparatory steps should be perfectly

mastered before applying proportion in the solution of
problems. The solution of each example under Srep I
should be given in full, as shown in (688 and 689), and
Step II and II should be illustrated by the pupil, in the
manner shown, by a number of examples.

_ GO. Step I1—Find by Pros. V and VI, in ratio, the

missing term in the following proportions:
The required term is represented by the letter a.

LGua ae @2hDGsWs 4, 5 bu. 2 pk. : 8pk.:: 2: 4bu.

pe aemeeolit?
fs LD: 5. 2S yd, 298 Ins) as Sein
Sek Saree
ee Ble Oo) 6. @ : £328 99 49 Dh as eye.
Step Il.—Show that the product of the extremes of a Prk
portion is egual to the product of the means.
Thus, the proportion 2:3::6:9 expressed fractionally gives 2 = £o
 SIMPLE PROPORTION. 299
Now if both terms of this equality be multiplied by 8 and by 9, the
consequents of the given ratios, the equality is not changed ; hence,
2 ;
— = sae Cancelling (186) the factor 8 in the left-hand
term and 9 in the right-hand term we have 2 x 9=6 x 8. But 2 and 9
are the extremes of the proportion and 6 and 8 are the means; hence the
truth of the proposition.

Step II].—<Show that, since the product of the extremes is

equal to the product of the means, any term of a proportion
can be found when the other three are known.
Thus in the proportion 8:2::9:15 we have’ known the two
extremes 3 and 15 and the mean 9, But by Strep II, 3 x 15, or 45, is
equal to 9 times the required mean; hence 45+ 9=5, the required
mean. In the same manner any one of the terms may be found ; hence
the truth of the proposition.

Find by this method the missing term in the following:

Petts Bo stw : 12. 4. $13 3 -@ 33 5 yd. 2 diy.
ee oe| 8. 5. 128 bu. : 3 pk. $: a 2 $1.25.
ee ee 2s 9S Be 6. 64 cwt. : w :: $120: $15.

Solution by Simple Proportion.

YO1. The quantities considered in problems that occur in

practical business are so related that when certain conditions
. are assumed as invariable, they form ratios that must be equal
to each other, and hence can be stated as a proportion thus,

If 4 yd. of cloth cost $10, what will 18 yd. cost?

Observe, that in this example the price per yard is assumed
to be invariable, that is, the price is the same in both cases;
consequently whatever part the 4 yd. are of the 18 yd. the $10
are the same part of the cost of the 18 yd., hence the ratio of
the 4 yd. to the 18 yd. is equal the ratio of the $10 to the
required cost, giving the proportion 4 yd. :.18-yd. ::-$10:$a.
300 BUSINESS ARITHMETIO.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

O02. Examine carefully the following proportions and

state what must be considered in each case as invariable, and
why, in order that the proportion may be correct.

The number The number The cost The cost -

of units ee of units }, in the | 5.49) in the
bought in bought in first second
one case another case case case,

The The The ~ The

Principal | , Principal .. | interest in . J interest in
in one # in another a the first | i the second
case case case case.

The number The number The The

of men of men number number
that can do ‘ that can do as of days . )of days
a piece of : the same of the ; the
work in work in seccnd first
one case another case work work,

Why is the second ratio of this proportion made the ratio of the
number of days the second work to the number of days the first work ?
lustrate this arrangement of the terms of the ratio by other examples.

In solving examples by simple proportion, the following

course should be pursued:

I. Represent the required term by x, and make tt the last

extreme or consequent of the second ratio in the proportion.
II. Find the term in the ecample that 1s of the same denom-
ination as the required term, and make it the second mean or
the antecedent of the second ratio of the proportion.
ITI, Determine,. by inspecting carefully the conditions given
in the example, whether x, the required term of the ratio now
expressed, must be.greater or less than the given term.
 SIMPLE PROPORTION. 301

IV. If x, the required term of the ratio expressed, must be

greater than the given term, make the greater of the remaining
terms in the example the consequent of the first ratio of the
proportion ; tf less, make it the antecedent.
V. When the proportion is stated, find the required term
either as shown in (688) or in (689).
Observe, that in either way of finding the required term, any factor
that is common to the given extreme and either of the given means
should be cancelled, as shown in (186).

4. How many bushels of wheat would be required to make

39 barrels of flour, if 15 bushels will make 3 barrels?
5. If 77 pounds of sugar cost $8.25, what will 84 pounds cost?
6. I raised 245 bushels of corn on 7 acres of land; how
many bushels grow on 2 acres?
%. If 6 men put up 73 feet of fence in 3 days, how many
feet will they put up in 33 days ?
8. What will 168 pounds of salt cost, if 34 pounds cost.
374 cents ?
9. If 25 cwt. of iron cost $84.50, what will 243 cwt. cost?
10. Paid $2225 for 18 cows, and sold them for $2675; what
should I gain on 120 cows at the same rate?
1. If 5 Ib. 10 oz. of tea cost $5.25 ;what will 7 Ib. 8 oz. cost?
12. If a piece of cloth containing 18 yards is worth $10.80,
what are 4 yards of it worth ?
13. My horse can travel 2 mi. 107 rd. in 20 minutes; how
far can he travel in 2 hr. 20 min?
14. If 18 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. of water leaks out of a cistern in
4 hours, how much will leak out in 86 hours?
15. Bought 28 yards of cloth for $20; what price per. yard
would give me a gain of $7.59 on the whole? —
16. If I lend a man $69.60 for 8$ months, how long should
he lend me $17.40 to counterbalance it ?
17. My annual-income on U. 8. 6¢’s is $337.50 when gold
ig at 1124; what would it be if gold were at 125?
302 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

COMPOUND PROPORTION.
PREPARATORY STEPS.
903. Strep I—A compound ratio is reduced to a simple
one by multiplying the antecedents together for an antecedent
and the consequents for a consequent (674).
» Thus, the compound ratio Ps é is reduced to a simple ratio by

multiplying the antecedents 6 and 4 together, and the consequents

7% and 8. Expressing the ratios fractionally we have $ x #=3+=¥#
(682).
Observe, that any factor that is common to any antecedent and
consequent may be cancelled before the terms are multiplied.

Reduce the following compound ratios to simple ratios in

their simplest terms.
5) 8 16ree 9
Nay Gua te} abs eyon5)
t 28 : 50 2. 5 = 28
3: 7% 16 cy
Step Il—4A compound proportion is reduced to a simple
proportion by reducing the compound ratio to a simple ratio.
Thus, in the compound proportion “ at :: 24 : 18, the com-
‘pound ratio § x ¢ is equal the simple ratio ¢; substituting this in the
proportion for the compound ratio we have the simple proportion
4:3:: 24: 18. ;
Observe, that when a compound proportion is reduced to a simple
proportion, the missing term is found according to (688), or
(689).

Find the missing term in the following :

24: 15 -( 48 320°) © ;
1. BPO 293540) oa, 2: eM 99 (OR : a
25 : 21 ve : Cae
 COMPOUND PROPORTION. 803

Solution by Compound Proportion.

704. The following preparatory propositions should be

carefully studied and the course indicated obseryed in solving
problems involving compound proportion.
Prop. I.—There are one or more conditions in every example
involving proportion, which must be regarded as INVARIABLE
in order that a solution may be given, thus
If 9 horses can subsist on 50°bu. of oats for 20 days, how long can
6 horses subsist on 70 bu?
* -Tn this example there are two onions that must fe considered as
invariable in order to give a solution:
1. The fact that each horse subsists on the same quantity of oats
each day.
2. The fact that each bushel of oats contains the same amount
of food.

Prop. II.—T7o solve a problem involving a compound pro-

portion, the effect of each ratio, which forms the compound
ratio, on the required term must be considered separately,
thus:
If 5 men can build 40 yards of a fence in 12 days, how
many yards can 8 men build in 9 days?
1. We observe that the invariable conditions in this example
are
(1.) That each man in both cases does the same amount of work
in the same time.
(2.) That the same amount of work is required in each case to build
ene yard of the fence.

9. We determine by examining the problem how the re-

eg term is affected by the relations of the given term, thus:
~ (1.) We observe that the 5 men in 12 days can build 40 yards.
Now since each man can build the same extent of the fence in one
day, it is evident that if the 8 men work 12 days the same as. the
5 men, the 40 yards built by the 5 men in 12 days must have the
 ty

804 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

same ratio 1 the number of yards that can be built by the 8 men
in 12 days as 5men have to 8 men; hence the proportion
5 men : 8 men :: 40 yards : a yards.
This proportion will give the number of yards the 8 men can
build in 12 days.
(2.) We now observe that the 8 men work only 9 days; and since
they can do the same amount of work each day, the work done in
12 days must have the same ratio to the work they can do in 9 days
that 12 days have to 9 days. Hence we have the compound proportion
5 men : 8 men)
: 40 yards : @ yards.
12 days : 9 days
We find from this proportion, according to (7O3—II), that the
8 men can build 48 yards of fence in 9 days.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

905. 1. If it cost $88 to hire 12 horses for 5 days, what

will it cost to hire 10 horses for 18 days?
2. If 12 men can saw 45 cords of wood in 8 days, working
9 hours a day, how much can 4 men saw in 18 days, working
12 hours a day?
3. If 28 horses consume 240 bushels of corn in 112 days,
how many bushels will 12 horses consume in 196 days ?
4. When the charge for carrying 20 centals of grain
50 miles is $4.50, what is the charge for carrying 40 centals
. 100 miles?
5. The average cost of keeping 25 soldiers 1 year is $3000;
what would it cost to keep 189 soldiers 7 years?
6. If 1 pound of thread makes 3 yards of linen, 14 yard
wide, how many pounds would make 45 yards of linen,
1 yard wide?
7. 64 men dig a ditch 72 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 2 feet
deep, in 8 days; how long a ditch, 24 feet wide and 14 feet
deep, can 96 men dig in 60 days?
8. If it requires 8400 yd. of cloth 1} yd. wide to clothe 3506
soldiers, how many yards 4 wide wiil clothe 6720?
 S

(@AaRTNeRsHIP |
; es aaa eres
ald

DEFINITIONS.

406. A Partnership is an association of two or more

persons for the transaction of business.
The persons associated are called partners, and the Association is
called a Company, Firm, or House.

40%. The Capital is the money or other property invest-

ed in the business.
The Capital is also called the Investment or Joint-stock of the
Company.

. 4908. The Assets or Effects of a1 Company are the

property of all kinds belonging to it, oo with all the
amounts due to it.
7O9. The Liabilities of a company are its debts.

PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

910. Prov. I.—The Prorirs and the LOSSES of a com-

pany are divided among the partners, according to the
value of each man’s investment at the time the division
is made.
Observe carefully the following regarding this proposition:
Since the a1se of money or property is itself e-adaeé, it is evident that
_ the value of an investment at any time after it is made, depends first upon
306 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

the amount invested, second on the length of the time the investment —
has been made, and third the rate of interest.
Thus the value of an investment of $500 at the time tt is made is just
$500 ; but at the end of 9 years, reckoning its use to be worth 7% per
annum, its value will be $500 + $315 = $815.

Prop. I1.—The value of any investment made for a given

‘number of intervals of time, can be represented by another
investment made for one interval of time.
Thus, for example, the value of an investment of $40 for 5 months at
any given rate of interest is the same as the value of 5 times $40, or $200,
for one month.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

$11. Find the valwe at simple interest

1. Of $800 invested 4 years at 6% per annum.
2 Of $350 invested 2 yr. 3 mo. at 7% per annum.
3. Of $2860 invested 19 months at 8% per annum.
Solve the following by applying (710—I]).
4. An investment of $200 for 6 months is equal in value to
what investment for 4 months? |
5. A man invests $600 for 9 months, $700 for 3 months, and
$300 for 7 months, each at the same rate of interest. What
sum can he invest for 4 months at the given rate of interest,
to be equal in value to the three investments ?

ILELUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

412. Pros. I—To apportion gains or losses when

each partner’s capital ‘is invested the same length of
time.

Observe, that when each partner’s capital is used for the same length
of time, it is evident that his share of the gain or loss must be the same
fraction of the whole gain or loss that his capital is of, the whole capital.
Pence examples under this problem tio be solved—
 PARTNERSHIP. 307

I. By Proportion thus:
The whole rc man’s Whole Each
captial capital gain or man’s gain
anvested invested loss or loss.

II. By Percentage thus :

find what per cent (504) the whole gain or loss is of the
whole capital invested, and take the same per cent of cach man’s
investment as his share of the gain or loss,
II. By Fractions thus:
Find what fractional part each man’s investment is of the
whole capital invested, and take the same fractional part of the
gain or loss as each man’s share of the gain or loss.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

413. 1. Three men, A, B, and OC, form a company; A

puts in $6000; B $4000; and OC $5600; they gain $4320;
what is each man’s share?
2. A man failing in business owes A $9600, B $7000, and
C $5400, and his available property amounts to $5460; what is
each man’s share of the property?
3. Three men agree to liquidate a church debt of $7890,
each paying in proportion to his property; A’s property is
valued at 46470, B’s at $3780, and O’s at $7890; what portion
of the debt does each man pay ?
~ 4, A building worth $28500 is insured in the Altna for
~ $3200, in the Home for $4200, and in the Mutual for $6500;
—it haying been partially destroyed, the damage is set at $10500 ;
- what should each company pay?
5. The sum of $2600 is to be divided among four school
districts in proportion to the number of scholars in each;
in the first there are 108, in the second 84, in the third 72,
in the fourth 48; what part should each receive?

i
 ihe |

308 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

914. Pros. Il—To apportion gains or losses when

each partner’s capital is invested different lengths of
time.
Observe carefully the following: |
1, According to (7 10—I]) we can find for each partner an amount
whose value invested one interval of tune is equal to the value of his
capital for the given intervals of time.
’ 2, Having found this we can, by adding these amounts, find an amount
whose value invested one interval of time is equal to the total value of
the whole capital invested.
When this is done it is evident that each man’s share of the gain
or loss must be the same fraction of the whole gain or loss that the _
value of his investment is of the total value of the whole capital
invested. Hence the problem from this point can be solved by either
of the three methods given under Pros. I (712).

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

415, 1. A and B engage in business; A puts in $1120 for

5 months and B $480 for 8 months; they gain $354; what is
each man’s share of the gain?
2. Three men hire a pasture for $136.50; A puts in 16 cows
for 8 weeks, B puts in 6 cows for 12 weeks, and C the same
number for 8 weeks; what should each man pay ?
3. The joint capital of a company was $7800, which was .
doubled at the end of the year. A put in $ for 9 mo., B 4 for
8 mo., and © the remainder for 1 year. What is each one’s
stock at the end of the year?
4. Jan. 1, 1875, three persons began business. A put in
$1200, B put m $500 and May 1 $800 more, © put in $700
and July 1 $400 more; at the end of the year the profits were
$875 ; how shall it be divided ?
~5. A and B formed a partnership Jan. 1, 1876. A put in
$6000 and at the end of 3 mo. $900 more, and at the end of
10 mo. drew out $300; B put in $9000 and 8 mo. after $1500
more, and drew out $500 Dec. 1; at the end of the year the
net profits were $8900. Find the share of each.
 | =
a0 (LLIGATION)
Dove
ALLIGATION MEDIAL.

416. Alligation Medial is the process of finding ‘the

mean or average price or quality of a mixture composed of
several ingredients of different prices or qualities.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

71%. 1.A grocer mixed 7 Ib. of coffee worth 30 ct. a

pound with 4 Jb. @ 25 ct. and 10 lb. @ 32 ct.; in order that he
may neither gain nor lose, at what price must he sell the
mixture ?
% Ib. @ 30 ct. = $2.10 SoLUTION.—1. Since the value of
4 lb. @ 25 ct. = 1.00 each kind of coffee is not changed
10 lb. @ 32 ct = 3.20 by mixing, we find the value of the
Beas ——— entire mixture by finding the value
21 Ib. = $6.30 of each kind at the given price, and
$6.30 -- 21 = 30 ct. taking the sum of these values as
: shown in illustration.
2. Having found that the 21 Ib. of coffee are worth at the given
prices $6.30, it is evident that to realize this amount from the sale of
the 21 lb. at a uniform price per pound, he must get for each pound 3;
of $6.30; hence, $6.30 + 21 = 380 cents, the selling price of the mixture.

2. A wine merchant mixes 2 gallons of wine worth $1.20 a

gallon with 4 gallons worth $1.40 a gallon, 4 gallons worth
$.90 and 8 gallons worth $.80 a gallon; what is the mixture
worth per gallon?
810 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

3. A grocer mixes 48 Ib. of sugar at 17 ct. a pound with

BS Ib. at 13 ct. and 94 1b. at 11 ct.; what is a pound of the
mixture worth ? fy
| 4, A goldsmith melts together 6 ounces of gold 22 carats
fine, 30 ounces 20 carats fine, and 12 ounces 14 carats fine;
how many carats fine is the mixture ?
)~ §. A merchant purchased 60 gallons of molasses at 30 ct.
per gallon and 40 gallons at 25 cents, which he mixed with
8 gallons of water. He sold the entire mixture so as to gain
20 per cent on the original cost; what was his selling price
per gallon ?

ALLIGATION ALTERNATE.

W18. Alligation Alternate is the process of finding

the proportional quantities of ingredients of different prices
or qualities that must be used to form any required mixture,
when the price or quality of the mixture is given.

PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

419. Prov. L—In forming any mizture, it is assumed that

the value of the entire miature must be equal to the aggregate
value of its ingredients at their given prices.
Thus, if 10 pounds of tea at 45 ct. and 5 pounds at 60 ct. be mixed,
the value of the mixture must be the value of the 10 pounds plus the
value of the 5 pounds at the given prices, which is equal $4.50 + $8.00
= $7.50. Hence there is neither gain nor loss in forming a mixture.

Prop. Il—The price of a mixture must be less than the

highest and greater than the lowest price of any ingredient
used in forming the mixture.
Thus, if sugar at 10 ct. and at 15 ct. per pound be mixed, it is evident
the price of the mixture must be less than 15 cents and greater than
10 conts ; that is, it must be some price between 10 and 15 cents.
 ALLIGATION. 311

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.

720. If tea at 56 ct., 60 ct., 75 ct., and 90 ct. per pound be

mixed and sold at 66 ct. per pound; how much of each kind
of cea can be put in the mixture ?
First Step in Solution.
We find the gain or loss on one unit of each ingredient thus .
(1.) 66 ct. — 56 ct. = 10 ct. gain.
66 ct. — 60 ct.= 6 ct. gain.
(2.) |75 ct. — 66 ct.= 9 et. loss.
90 ct. — 66 ct. = 24 ct. loss.
Second Step in Solution.
We now take an ingredient on which there isa gain, and one on which
there is a loss, and ascertain how much of each must be put in the mix-
ture to make the gain and loss equal ; thus:

Propucrne GAIN. GAINED AND LosT. Propvucine Loss.

omy) 9 Ib. at 10 ct. per lb. gain. = 90 ct. = 10 Ib. at 9 ct. per Ib. loss,

(2.) Alb. at 6 ct. perth. gain. = 24 ct. = 1]b. at 24 ct. pert. loss,

Hence the mixture must contain 9 lb. at 56 ct. per pound, 10 Ib. at
75 ct. per pound, 4 Ib. at 60 ct. per pound, and 1 1b. at 90 ct. per pound,

921. Observe carefully the following:

1. The gain and loss on any two ingredients may be
balanced by assuming any amount as the sum gained and lost.
Thus, instead of taking 90 cents, as in (1) in the above solution,as the
amount gained and lost, we might take 360 cents ;and dividing 360 cents
by 10 cents would give 36, the number of pounds of 56 ct. tea that
would gain thissum. Again, dividing 360 cents by 9 cents would give
40, the number of pounds of 75 ct. tea that would lose this sum.
2. To obtain integral proportional parts the amount assumed
must be a multiple of the gain and loss on one unit of the
ingredients balanced, and to obtain the least integral propor
tional parts it must be the least common multiple.
312 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

3. When a number of ingredients are given on which there

is a gain and also on which there is a loss, they may be
balanced with each other in several ways; hence a series of
different mixtures may be formed as follows:
Taking the foregoing example we have

A Second Mixture thus:

Propucine GAIN. GAINED AND Lost. Propuctne Loss.

(1.) 24 1b. at 10 ct. per Ib. gain. = 240 ct. = 10 Ib. at 24 ct. per Ib. loss.
(2.) O]b.at 6ct.perib. gain. = 54ct. = G6lb.at Oct. per I. loss,
Hence the mixture is composed of 24 lb. @ 56 ct., 9 lb. @ 60 ct.,
10 lb. @ 90 ct., and 6 lb. @ 75 ct.

A Third Mizture thus:

Propvuciné GAIN. GAINED AND Lost. Propvoctine Loss,
(1.) Q]b.at10ct.pertd. gain. = 90ct. = 10]b.at 9 ct. per w. loss,
(2.) 24 lb. at 10 ct. per ib. gain. = 240 ct. = 10 Ib. at 24 ct. per mp. loss.
(3.) OIb.at 6ct.perlb. gain. = 54ct.= 6lb.at 9 ct. per 1b. loss.
Observe, that in (1) and (2) we have balanced the loss on the 75 ct. and
90 ct. tea by the gain on the 56 ct. tea; hence we have 9 Ib.+24 lb., or
83 Ib. of the 56 ct. tea in the mixture,
Observe, also, that in (8) we have balanced the gain on the 60 ct. tea
by a loss on the 75 ct. tea; hence we have 10 1b.+6 Ib., or 16 Ib. of the
75 ct. tea in the mixture.
Hence the mixture is composed of 88 lb. @ 56 ct., 9 1b. @ 60 ct.,
16 lb. @ 75 ct., and 10 Ib. @ 90 ct.

4, Mixtures may be formed as follows:

I. Take any pair of ingredients, one giving a gain and the
other a loss, and find the gain and loss on one unit of each.
II. Assume the least common multiple of the gain and loss
on one unit as the amount gained and lost, by putting the two
ungredients in the mixture.
LII. Divide the amount thus assumed by the gain and then
by the loss on one unit ; the results will be respectively the
 ALLIGATION. 313

number of units of each ingredient that must be in the mixture

that the gain and loss may balance each other.
LV. Proceed in the same manner with other ingredients ; the
results will be the proportional parts.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

%22. 1. How much sugar at 10, 9, %, and 5 ct. will pro-

duce a mixture worth 8 cents a pound ?
2 A man wishes to mix sufficient water with molasses
worth 40 cents a gallon to make the mixture worth 24 cents
a gallon; what amount must he take of each?
3. A jeweller has gold 16, 18, 22, and 24 carats fine; how
much of each must he use to form gold 20 carats fine ?
4, A merchant desires to mix flour worth $6, $74, and $10
a barrel so as to sell the mixture at $9; what proportion Ds
each kind can he use ?
5. A farmer has wheat worth 40, 55, 80, and 90 cents a
bushel; how many bushels of each must be mixed with 270
@ 40 ct. to form a mixture worth 70 cents a bushel?
Examples like this where the quantity of one or more
ingredients is limited may be solved thus:
First, we find the gain or loss on one unit as in (720).
Second, we balance the whole gain or loss on an ingredient
where the quantity is limited, by using any ingredient giving
an opposite result thus:
PrRopucine GAIN. GAINED AND Lost. Propucine Loss.

(1.) 270 bu. at 30 ct. per bu. gain, = $81.00=405 bu. at 20 ct. per bu. loss.
(2.) 2 bu. at 15 ct. perdu. gain.= .30 = 3 bu. at 10 ct. per bu. loss.

272 bu. Ts 408 bu.

=680 bu. inmixture.
Observe, the gain on the 270 bu. may be balanced with the other
ingredient that produces a loss, or with both ingredients that produce a
loss, and these may be put in the mixture in different proportions ;
hence a series of different mixtures may thus be formed,
 ees

814 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

6. A merchant having good flour worth $7, $9, and $12 a
barrel, and 240 barrels of a poorer quality worth $5 a barrel,
wishes to sell enough of each kind to realize an average price
of $10 a barrel on the entire quantity sold. How many bar-
rels of each kind can he sell? :
%. I wish to mix vinegar worth 18, 21, and 27 centsa
gallon with 8 gallons of water, making a mixture worth
25 cents a gallon ; how much of each kind a vinegar can I use ? |
8. A man bought a lot of sheep at an average price of $2
apiece. He paid for 50 of them $2.50 per head, and for the
rest $1.50, $1.75, and $3.25 per head ; how many sheep could
there be in the lot at each price?
9, A milkman mixes milk worth 8 cents a quart with
water, making 24 quarts worth 6 cents a quart ;how much
water did he use ?
Examples like this, where the quantity of the mixture is
limited, may be solved thus:
SoLtutron.—1. We find, according to (720), the smallest proportional
parts that can be used, namely, 3 quarts of milk and 1 quart of water,
making a mixture of 4 quarts.
2. Now, since in 4 qt. of the mixture there are 3 qt. of milk and 1 qt.
of water, in 24 qt. there must be as many times 8 qt. of milk and 1 qt. of
water as 4 qt. are contained times in 24 qt. Consequently we have as the
Jirst step 24 qt. + 4 qt. = 6, second step 3 qt. x 6 =18 qt. and 1 qt. x 6
=6qt. Hence in 24 qt. of the mixture there are 18 qt. of milk and
6 qt. of water. .

10. A grocer has four kinds of coffee worth 20, 25, 35, and
40 cents a pound, from which he fills an order for 135 pounds
worth 82 cents a pound; how may he form the mixture?
11. A jeweler melts together gold 14, 18, and 24 carats fine,
so as to make 240 oz. 22 carats fine; how much of each kind
did it require ?
12. I wish to fill an order for 224 lb. of sugar at 12 cents,
by forming a mixture from 8, 10, and 16 cent sugar ;how
much of each must I take ?
 PRESS

INVOLUTION)
Ne
Os
—ear- Cea

-
DEFINITIONS.

923. A Power of a number is either the number itself

or the product obtained by taking the number two or more
times as a factor.
Thus 25 is the product of 5 x5 or of 5 taken twice as a factor; hence
25 is a power of 5.

724, An Exponent is a number written at the right

and a little above a number to indicate:
(1.) The number of times the given number is taken asa factor. Thus
in 7 the 3 indicates that the 7 is taken 3 times asa factor; hence
flea Xt xs == 849;
(2.) The degree of the power or the order of the power with reference
to the other powers of the given number. Thus, in 5+ the 4 indicates
that the given power is the fourth power of 5, and hence there are three
powers of 5 below 54; namely, 5, 5’, and 5°.

925. The Square of a number is its second power, so

called because in finding the superficial contents of a given
square we take the second power of the number of linear units
in one of its sides (404).
426, The Cube of a number is its third power, so called
because in finding the cubic contents of a given cube we take
the third power of the number of linear units in one of its
edges (412).
42%. Involution is the process of finding any required
power of a given number.
316 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

‘PROBLEMS IN INVOLUTION.
72S. Pron L—Te find any power of any given
number.

1. Find the fourth power of 17.

SonvTron.—Since according to (721) the fourth power of 17 is the
product of 17 taken as a factor 4times, we have 17x 17x 17x 17=881,
the required power. :
2. Find the second power of 48. Of 65. Of 482.
3. Find the square of 294. OF 386. OF 497. OF 253. -
4. Find the cube of 63. OF 25. Of T6. OFS92.
5. Find the third power of 3 Of$ OfP. OFS
Obserre,
any power of a fraction is found by involving each of its
terms separately to the required power (267).

Find the required power of the following:

6 237% 8& GE 10 (2s 12 (732 IA (0058
T4549. (GARD. TL (33818. (AAA 15. .0802%
729. Psos. Il—To find the exponent of the pro-
duct of two or more powers of a given number.

1. Find the exponent of product of 7 and 7

SonutTien.—Since FB = 7x TxT and Tf =Tx7, the productof 7 and
7 must be (7x 7x 7) x (7 xT), or T taken
as a factor
as many timesas the
sum of the exponents 3 and 2. Hence to find the exponent of the pro-
duct of two or more powers of a given number, we take the sum of the
given exponents.

Find the exponent of the product

i); Of 354 x 358. 4. OF 18? x 18% 6. Of 23* x 2d®
Of (Rx® «5. OF HX —s._ OF GS)" GDS
ves
D Of (7 Observe, (PF = BM x M=HPH—F 58

Hence the required exponent is the product of the given exponents

9. OF G%)£ 10. OF (9)= ~=—-11. OF (168)%. : 12. Of [34
 of
C—O? ~

DEFINITIONS.

430. A Root of a number is either the number itself or

one of the equal factors into which it can be resolved.
Thus, since 7 x'7 = 49, the factor 7 is a root of 49.

931. The Second or Square Root is one of the two

equal factors of anumber. Thus, 5 is the square root of 25.
432. The Third or Cube Root is one of the three
equal factors of a number. Thus, 2 is the cube root of 8.
433. The Radical or Root Sign is ,/, or a fractional
exponent.
When the sign, 4/, is used, the degree or name of the root is indicated
by a small figure written over the sign ; when the fractional exponent is
used, the denominator indicates the name of the root ; thus,
a 1
a/9 or 9” indicates that the second or square root is to be found.
ie 1
a/27 or 27° indicates that the third or cube root is to be found.
Any required root is expressed in the same manner. The indew is
usually omitted when the square root is required.

- 934. A Perfect Power is a number whose exact root

can be found.
935. An Imperfect Power is a number whose exact
root cannot be found.
The indicated root of an imperfect power is called a swrd ; thus / 5.

436. Evolution isthe process of finding the roots of

numbers.
318 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

SQUARE ROOT.
PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.

%37. Prop. L—Any PeERPEcT second power may be

represented to the eye by a square, and the number of units in :
the side of such square will represent the SECOND or SQUARE =
Roor of tke given power. s
For example, if 25 is the given power, we can suppose the
number represents 25 small squares and arrange them thus: é
1. Since 25 =5x5, we can arrange the 25 squares
Sin a row, making 5 rows, and hence forming a square |
as shown in the illustration.
2. Since the side of the square is 5 units, it represents
the square root of 25, the given power; hence the truth of the
proposition. -

738. Prop. IL—Any number being given, by supposing tt

to represent small squares, we can find by arranging these
squares in a large square the largest perfect second power the
giver number contains, and hence tis square root.
For example, if we take 83 as the given number and sup-
pose it to represent 83 small squares, we can proceed, thus: = ~~
1. We can take any number of the 83 squares, as 86,
that we know will form a perfect square (PROP. q),
and arrange them in a square, as shown in (1), leav-
ing 47 of the 83 squares yet to be disposed of.
2. We can now place a row of squares on two
adjacent sides of the square in (1) and a square in the
corner, and still have a perfect square as shown in (2).
3. Observe, that in putting one row of small squares on
each of two adjacent sides of the square first formed,
we must use twice as many squares as there are units
in the side of the square.
4. Now since it takes twice 6 or 12 squares to =
one row on each of two adjacent sides, we can put on as many rows as
 EVOLUTION. 319

12 is contained times in 47, the number of squares remaining. Hence

we can put on 3 rows as shown in (3) and have 11 squares still remaining.
(3) 5. Again, having put 3 rows of squares on each of
6x8=18. 32=9, two adjacent sides, it takes 3x3 or 9 squares to fill
ae the corner thus formed, as shown in (8), leaving only
2 of the 11 squares. :
Hence, the square in (8) represents the greatest
| perfect power in 88, namely 81; and 9, the number of
units
—§
units.
+3
units in its side, represents the sguare root of 81.
6. Now observe that the length of the side of the
square in (8) is 6+8 units, and that the number of
small squares may be represented in terms of 6+3; thus,

(1) (6+3)? = 6+ 3?-+ twice 6X3 = 364+9+436 = 81.

Again, suppose 5 units had been taken as the side of the first square,
the number of small squares would be represented thus :

(2.) (5+4)? = 5*+ 4#+4 twice 5x4 = 25416440 = 81.

In the same manner it may be shown that the square of the sum of
any two numbers expressed in terms of the numbers, is the square of
each of the numbers plus twice their product.
Hence the square of any number may be expressed in terms of its
tens and units ; thus 57 = 50+7; hence

(01s (50+ 7)? = 50?+ 7? + twice 50 x7 = 3249.

This may also be shown by actual multiplication. Thus, in multiply-

ing 57 by 57 we have, first, 57x 7=7x7+50x7=7+50x7; we have,
second, 57 x 50 = 50x 7+50x50 = 50x7+50°; hence, 57? = 50?+7?+
twice 50 x 7.

Find, by constructing a diagram as above, the square root of

each of the following :
Observe, that when the number is large enough to give tens in the
root, we can take as the side of the first square we construct the greatest
number of tens whose square can be taken out of the given number.

1. Of 144. 4, Of 529. nF 1125. 10. Of 1054.

2. Of 196. 5. Of 729. 8, Of 584. Ti. Of' 2760,
3. Of 289. 6. Of 1089. 9. Of 793. 12. Of 3882.
320 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

#39. Prop. IIl.—The square of any number must con-

tain twice as many figures as the number, or twice as many
less one.
This proposition may be shown thus:
1. Observe, the square of either of the digits 1, 2, 3, is expressed by
one figure, and the square of either of the digits 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, is
expressed by two figures; thus, 2 x 2=4, 3x3=9, and 4x4=16,
5x5 = 25, and so.on.
2. Since 10 x 10 = 100, it is evident the square of any number of tens
must have two ciphers at the right ; thus, 20? = 20 x 20 = 400.
Now since the square of either of the digits 1, 2, 3, is expressed by
one figure, if we have 1, 2, or 3 tens, the square of the number must be
expressed by 8 figures; that is, one figure less than twice as many as are
required to express the number.
Again, since the square of either of the digits 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, is
expressed by two figures, if we have 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 tens, the square
of the number must contain four figures ; that is, twice as many figures
as are required to express the number. Hence it is evident that, in the
square of a number, the square of the tens must occupy the third or the
third and fourth place.
By the same method it may be shown that the square of hundreds
must occupy the fifth or the fifth and siath places, the square of
thousands the seventh or the seventh and eighth places, and so on ; hence
the truth of the proposition. ;

From this proposition we have the following conclusions:

G40. I. If any number be separated into periods of two

Jigures each, beginning with the units place, the number of
periods will be equal to the number of places in the square
root of the greatest perfect power which the given number
contains.
LI. In the square of any number the square of the units are
found in the UnITS and TENS place, the square of the tens in
the HUNDREDS and THOUSANDS place, the square of the hun-
dreds in the TENS and HUNDREDS of THOUSANDS place,
and so on.
 EVOLUTION. 3821

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS.
“341. 1. Find the square root of 225.
(©) 10x5=50. (d)5?=25. 225 (10
: abs 1st Step. 10? = 10x10 = 100

st oon (1) 7. divisor 10 x 2=20)125 (5

I 2d Step. root 15
I: 20 x 5=100)
ei ; 2 =
ra 3 © 5xb= 25) =
3 x EXPLANATION. — 1. We observe, as
a + shown in (q), that 1 ten is the largest num-
., 22==22 = ber of tens whose square is contained in
== 225. Hence in ist step we subtract 10?=
Ghee a 100 from 225, leaving 125.
2. Having formed a square whose side is 10 units, we observe, as
shown in (0) and (¢), that it will take twice ten to put one row on two
adjacent sides. Hence the 7’rial Divisor is 10 x 2=20.
8. We observe that 20 is contained 6 times in 125, but if we add 6 units
to the side of the square (a@) we will not have enough left for the corner
(d), hence we add 5 units.
4. Having added 5 units to the side of the square (a), we observe, as
¢ 1own in (0) and (c), that it requires tzovce 10 or 20 multiplied by 5 plus
5 x 5, as shown in (d), to complete the square; hence (2) in 2d step.

Solution with every Operation Indicated.

G42, 2. Find the square root of 466489.

466489 ( 600
First STEP. 600 x 600 360000 80
(1) Trial divisor 600 x 2=1200)106489 seo
SECOND sone 1200 x Raaden
| 80x 80—= 6400/ = 102400 683 required root.

(1) Trial divisor 680 x2=13860) 4089

THIRD STEP. 1 ee ee t
get gth ae oe
EXxpLANATION.—1. We place a point over every second figure
beginning with the units, and thus find, according to (740), that the
root must have three places. Hence the first figure of the root
expresses hundreds.
322 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

2. We observe that the square of 600 is the greatest second power of

hundreds contained in 466489. Hence in the first step we subtract
600 x 600 = 360000 from 466489, leaving 106489.
3. We now double the 600, the root found, for a trial deren
according to (741—2). Dividing 106489 by 1200 we find, according to
(741—2), that we can add 80 to the root. For this addition we use, as
shown in (2), second step, 1200 x 80 = 96000 and 80 x 80 =6400 (741—4),
making in all 102400. Subtracting 102400 from 106489, we have still
remaining 4089.
4, We again double 680, the root found, for a trial divisor, according
to (741—2), and proceed in the same manner as before, as shown in
third step.

443. Contracted Solution of the foregoing Example.

466489 ( 683
First Strep. 6x6= 36

SECOND STEP. (1) xe ay ae

(2) 128x8= 1024

Trrp Star |(1) 68x2=136) 4089

A (2) 1863 x3 = 4089

EXPLANATION.—1. Observe, in the first step we know that the square

600 must occupy the fifth and sixth place (738). Hence the ciphers are
omitted.
2. Observe, that in (1), second step, we use 6 instead of 600, thus
dividing the divisor by 100; hence we reject, the tens and wnits from the
right of the dividend (142).
3. Observe, also, in (2), second step, we unite in one three operations.
Instead of multiplying 12 by 80, the part of the root found by dividing
1064 by 12, we multiply the 12 first by 10 by annexing the 8 to it (91),
and having annexed the 8 we multiply the result by 8, which gives us
the product of 12 by 80, plus the square of 8. But the square of 8,
written, as it is, in the third and fourth place, is the square of 80.
Hence by annexing the 8 and writing the result as we do, we have
united in one three operations ; thus, 128 x 8 = 12 x 80+. 802.
 EVOLUTION. 323

From these illustrations we have the following

744. Ruie.—tT. Separate the number into periods of
two figures each, by placing a point over every second
figure, beginning with the units figure.
II, Find the greatest square in the left-hand period
and place its root on the right. Subtract this square
from the period and annex to the remainder the next
pertod for a dividend.
ITI. Double the part of the root found for a trial
divisor, and find how many times this divisor is con-
tained in the dividend, omitting the right-hand figure.
Annex the quotient thus found both to the root and to
the divisor. Multiply the divisor thus completed by the
jisure of the root last obtained, and subtract the product
from the dividend.
IV. If there are more periods, continue the Pe
in the same manner as before.
In applying this rule be particular to observe :
1. When there is a remainder after the last period has been used,
annex periods of ciphers and continue the root to as many decimal
places as may be required.
2. We separate a number into periods of two figures by beginning at
the units place and proceeding to the left if the number is an integer,
and to the right if a decimal, and to the right and left if both.
3. Mixed numbers and fractions are reduced to decimals before
extracting the root. But in case the numerator and the denom-
inator are perfect powers, or the denominator alone, the root may be
more readily formed by extracting the root of each term separately,

Thus lee v49 — i and fe =- ge v35 and

81 V/81 9 64 4/64 8
sO on. r
Extract the square root
1. Of +845. 3. Of $26. 5. Of 482. % Of x29.
2 Of Bite. 4. Of $44. 6. Of 3324. 8. Of 2S.
324 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

945. Extract the square root

1. Of 4096. 7. Of 825. 13. Of 137641.
2. Of 3481. 8. Of #$$4. 14. Of 4160.25.
3. Of 2809. 9. Of 4484. 15. Of 768427.56.
4, Of 7569. 10. Of .0225. 16. Of 28022.76.
5. Of 8649. 11. Of .2304. 17. Of 57.1536.
6. Of 9216. 12. Of 5776. 18. Of 474.8041.
Find the square root to three decimal places: i
19. Of 32. 22. Of .93. 25. Of 14.7. 28. Of 4.
20. Of59. 23, OF.8. 26. Of 86.2. 29. Of
a1. Of 7. 24, Of 375. 27. Of 5.973. 30. Of #5
Perform the operations indicated in the following:
31. 1/6889
— 1024. 34, 168968
+9/2136.
32. +2209
+ /225. 35. 558009
+ (784;)°.
33. /ZORE x 0/2209. 36. (8929)2 x 131376°.
37. What is the length of a square floor containing 9025
square feet of lumber ?
38. A square garden contains 237169 square feet; how
many feet in one of its sides ? .
39. How many yards in one of the equal sides of a square
acre ?
40. An orchard containing 9216 trees is planted in the
form of a square, each tree an equal distance from another;
how many trees in each row ?
41. A triangular field contains 1966.24 P. What is ‘the
length of one side of a square field of equal area?
42. Find the square root of 2, of 5, and of 11, to 4 decimal
places.
43. Find the noe root of #, 8, and of 44, to 3 decimal
places.
 EVOLUTION. 325

CUBE ROOT.
PREPARATORY PROPOSITIONS.
346. Prop. l—Any Perrecr third power may be repre-
sented to the eye by a cube, and the number of units in the side
of such cube will represent the THIRD or CUBE RooT of the
given power.
Represent to the eye by a cube 343.
1. We can suppose the number 348 to repre-
sent small cubes, and we can take 2 or more of
these cubes and arrange them in a row, as shown
in (1).
2. Having formed a row of 5 cubes, as shown in (1), we can arrange
5 of these rows side by side, as shown in (2), forming a square slab
containing 5x5 small cubes, or as many small
cubes as the sguare of the number of units in the
side of the slab.
8. Placing 5 such slabs together, as shown in
aes (3), we form a cube. Now, since each slab
contains 5x5 small cubes, and since 5 slabs are placed together, the
cube in (8) contains 5x5 x5, or 125 small cubes, and hence represents
the third power 125, and each edge of the cube
represents to the eye 5, the cube root of 125.
We have now remaining yet to be disposed of
343—125, or 218 small cubes.
4. Now, observe, that to enlarge the cube in (8)
so that it may contain the 3843 small cubes, we
must build the same number of tiers of smal]
cubes upon each of three adjacent sides, as shown in (4).
Observe, also, that a slab of small cubes to cover one side of the cube
in (8) must contain 5x5 or 25 small cubes, as
shown in (4), or as many small cubes as the square
of the number of units in one edge of the cube
in (8).
Hence, to find the number of cubes necessary
to put one slab on each of three sides of the cube
in (8), we multiply the square of its edge by 2
giving 5? x3 =5x5x3 = 75 small cubes.
326 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

5. Having found that 75 small cubes will put one tier on each of
three adjacent sides of the cube in (8), we divide 218, the number of
small cubes yet remaining, by 75, and find how
many such tiers we can form. Thus, 218+75 =
2 and 68 remaining. Hence we can put 2 tiers
on each of three adjacent sides, as shown in (5),
and have 68 small cubes remaining.
6. Now, observe, that to complete this cube
we must fill each of the three corners formed by
building on three adjacent sides.
Examine carefully (6) and observe that to fill one of these three corners
we require as many small cubes as is expressed
by the square of the number of tiers added,
multiplied by the nwmber of units in the side of
the cube to which the addition is made. Hence
we require 2?x5 or 20 small cubes. And to fill
the three corners we require 3 times 2? x 5 or 60,
leaving 68—60 or 8 of the small cubes.,
7. Hxamine again (5) and (6) and observe that
when the three corners are filled we require to complete the cube as
shown in (7), another cube whose side contains as
many units as there are units added to the side of
the cube on which we have built. Consequently
we require 2° or 2x 2x2 =8 small cubes,
I) Hence we have formed a cube containing
alll wll
LL! 348 small cubes, and any one of its edges repre-
units+2
5
nnits. oc
—n~
sents to the eye 5+2 or 7 units, the cube root of 348.
From these illustrations it will be seen that the
steps in finding the cube root of 348 may be stated thus :
We assume that 343 represents small cubes, and take
First Srzp. 5 as the length of the side of a large cube formed 3843
from these. Hence we subtract the cube of 5 = 125
1. We observe it takes 5?x3 = %5 to put one tier on Bo,
three adjacent sides. Hence we can put on 15)218(2
2. We have now found that we can add 2 units to the
side of the cube. Hence to add this we require
Sxzconp Strep.
(1) For the 8 sides of the cube 5? xX 2x 3=150
(2) For the 8 corners thus formed 2? x5x38= 60 = 218
(8) For the cube in the corner last formed 28—= 8 te
Hence the cube root of 3438 is 5+.2 = 7.
 EVOLUTION. 827
34:7. Observe, that the number of small cubes in the cube (7) in the
_ foregoing illustrations, are expressed in terms of 5+2; namely, the num-
ber of units in the side of the first cube formed, plus the number of tiers
added in enlarging this cube ; thus:

(7)

fing

ae
HS
a
ll lI ll
_ , [— ee. SN

(5+2)8 = B+5°xX2x3 + 2x5x384238.

In this manner it may be shown that the cube of the sum of any two
numbers is equal to the cube of cach number, plus 3 times the square of
the first multiplied by the second number, plus 3 times the square of the
second multiplied by the first number.
Hence the cube of any number may be expressed in terms of its tens
and units ; thus, 74 = 70+4; hence,

(70 +4)? = 703

+38 times 70° x 4+8 times 4 x'70+43 = 405224.

Solve each of the following examples, by applying the fore-

going illustrations:
1. Find the side of a cube which contains 729 small cubes,
taking 6 units as the side of the first cube formed.
2. Take 20 units as the side of the first cube formed, and
find the side of the cube that contains 15625 cubic units.
3. How many must be added to 9 that the sum may be the
cube root of 4096? Of 2197? Of 2744?
4. Find the cube root of 1368. Of 3405. Of 2231. Of 5832.
5. Express the cube of 83 in terms of 80 +3.
6. Express the cube of 54, of 72, of 95, of 123, of 274, in
terms of the tens and units of each number.
$28 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

348. Prop. Il.—The cube of any number must contain

three times as many places as the number, or three times as
many less one or two places.
This proposition may be shown thus:
1. Observe, 12=1, 2? =8, 33 = 27, 44=— 64, 58 = 125, and 9% = 729 ;
hence the cube of 1 and 2 is expressed each by one figure, the cube of 3
and 4 each by two figures, and any number from 5 to 9 inclusive each
Ly three figures.
2. Observe, also, that for every cipher at the right of a number there
must (91) be threo ciphers at the right of its cube; thus, 10? = 1,000,
100*= 1,000,000. Hence the cube of fens can occupy no place lower
than thousands, the cube of hundreds no place lower than millions, and
so on with higher orders.
8. From tho foregoing we have the following:
(1.) Since the cube of 1 or2 contains one figure, the cube of 1 or2 tens
must contain fowr placcs of 1 or 2 hundreds, seven places, and so on
with higher orders.
(2.) Since the cube of 3 or 4 contains two figures, the cube of 3 or 4 tens
must contain five places ; of 3 or 4 hundreds, cight places, and so on with
higher orders. ;
(8.) Since the cube of any number from 5 to 9 inclusive contains
three places, the cube of any number of tens from 5 to 9 tens inclusive
must contain s?z places ; of hundreds, from 5 to 9 hundred inclusive, nine
places, and so on with higher orders; hence the truth of the proposition.
Hence also the following :

349, I. If any number be separated into periods of three

Jigures each, beginning with the units place, the number of
periods will be equal to the number of places in the cube-root
of the greatest perfect third power which the given number
contains.
IT. The cube of units contains no order higher than
hundreds.
ITI. The cube of tens contains no order lower than thousands
nor higher than hundred thousands, the cube of hundreds no
order lower than millions nor higher than hundred millions,
and so on with higher orders.
 EVOLUTION. 329

ILLUSTRATION OF PROCESS,

7450. Solution with every Operation Indicated.

Find the cube root of 92345408.
{

92345408 (400.
First STer.. — 400°=400 x 400 x 400 = 64000000
( (1) Triad divisor 400? x 8480000 ) 28345408 ( 50
PECOND STmE. 4002 x 50 x 3 = 24000000
(2) }
50? x 400 x3 = 200000 = 27125000
503— 125000
(1) Trial divisor 450° x 3607500) 1220408 ( 2
THIRD STEP. 4502 x3x2 —1215000 Root 452
Q) 2 x 450 x 8= no 1220408
22e— 8 3

EXPLANATION.—1. We place a period over every third figure begin.

nmg with the units, and thus find, according to (749), that the root
must have three places. Hence the first figure of the root expresses
hundreds.
2. We observe that 400 is the greatest number whose cube is contained
in the given number. Subtracting 400% = 64000000 from 92345408, we
have 28345408 remaining.
8. We find a érial divisor, according to (746—4),by taking 8 times the
square of 400, as shown in (1), second step. Dividing by this divisor,
according to (746—5), we find we can add 50 to the root already found.
Observe, the root now found is 400+ 50, and that according to (747),

(400
+ 50)? = 400? + 400? x 50 x 3+ 50? x 400 x 3+ 508.

We have already subtracted 400? = 640000 from the given number

Hence we have only now to subtract,

400° x 50 x 3+ 50? x 400 x 3+508 = 27125000,

as shown in (2), second step, leaving 1220408.

5. We find another trial divisor and proceed in the same manner to find
the next figure of the root, as shown in the third step.
 we

330 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC. a

%51. Contracted Solution of the foregoing Example.

92345408 ( 452
Frrst STEP, 443—4x4x4= 64

(1) Trial divisor 40?x3= 4800 ) 28345

Ba 40? x 5x 8 = 24000
(2) 5?x40x38= 3000 27125
= 125

(1) Trial divisor 450° x 3 = 607500 ) 1220408

THIRD STEP.
a 450? x 2x3 = 1215000
2?x450x3=
Oot
8400
8
| 1220408

EXPLANATION.—1. Observe, in the first step, we know that the cube ~

of 400 must oceupy the seventh and eighth places (T49—II]). Hence
the ciphers are omitted.
2. Observe, also, that no part of the cube of hundreds and tens is
found below thousands (749—II]). We therefore, in finding the nwmber
of tens in the root, disregard, as shown in second step, the right-hand
period in the given number, and consider the hundreds and tens in the : +
root as tens and units respectively.
Hence, in general, whatever number of places there are in the root,
we disregard, in finding any figure, as many periods at the right of the
given number as there are places in the root at the right of the figure
we are finding, and consider the part of the root found as tens, and the
figure we are finding as wnits, and proceed accordingly.

From these illustrations we have the following:

452. Rut»—lI. Separate the number into periods of
three figures each, by placing a point over every third
figure, beginning with the units figure.
IT. Find the ‘greatest cube in the left-hand period, |
and place its root on the right. Subtract this cube from -
the period and annex to the remainder the next period
‘for a dividend.
ITI. Divide this dividend by the trial divisor, which
is 3 times the square of the root already found, con-
 EVOLUTION. 331

sidered as tens; the quotient is the next figure of

the root.
. LV. Subtract from the dividend 8 times the square
of the root before found, considered as tens, multiplied
by the figure last found, plus 3 times the square of the
- figure last found, multiplied by the root before found,
plus the cube of the figure last found. and to the re-
mainder annex the next period, if any, for a new
dividend.
V. If there are more figures in the root, find in the
same manner trial divisors and proceed as before.
In applying this rule be particular to observe:
1. In dividing by the Trial Divisor the quotient may be larger than
the required figure in the root, on account of the addition to be made,
as shown in (746—6) second step. In such case try a figure 1 less
than the quotient found.
2. When there is a remainder after the last period has been used,
annex periods of ciphers and continue the root to as many decimal
places as may be required.
8. We separate a number into periods of three figures by beginning
at the units place and procceding to the left if the number is an integer,
and to the right if a decimal, and to the right and left if both.
4, Mixed numbers and fractions are reduced to decimals before
extracting the root. But in case the numerator and the denominator
are perfect third powers, or the denominator alone, the root may be more
readily found by extracting the root of each term separately

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE,

53. Find the cube root of

1. 216. 5. 4096. 9.2444, . 13, 24137569.
2. 729. 6. 10648. 10. 288%. 14. 47045881.
3. 1381. 7. 6859. 11. 250047. 15. aot2ttys.
4, 2197. 8. as. 12. 438976. 16. 113379904.
17%. Find, to two decimal places, the cube root of 11. Of 36.
Of 84. Of 235. Of 5. Of 33. Of 75.4. Of 6.7.
3832 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

18. Find to three decimal places the cube root of 3. Of 7.

Of .5. Of .04. Of .009. Of 2.06.
19. Find the sixth root of 4096.
Observe, the sixth root may be found_by extracting first the square
root, then the cube root of the result.
For example, a/4096 = 64; hence, 4096—64 x 64. Now, if we extract
the cube root of 64 we will have one of the three equal factors of 64,
and hence one of the sia equal factors or sixth root of 4096.
Thus, 4/64 =4; hence, 64 =4x4x4. But we found by extracting
its square root that 4096 — 64x 64, and now by extracting the cube root
that 64=4 x 4x 4; consequently we know that 4096=(4 x 4x 4) x (4x 4x4).
Hence 4 is the required sixth root of 4096.
In this manner, it is evident, we can find any root whose index con- +
tains no other factor than 2 or 38.

20. Find the sizth root of 2565726409.

21. Find the eighth root of 48046721.
22. What is the fourth root of 34012224?
23. What is the ninth root of 134217728?
24. A pond contains 84604519 cubic feet of water; what
must be the length of the side of a cubical reservoir which will
exactly contain the same quantity?
25. What is the length of the inner edge of a cubical cistern
that contains 2079 gal. of water?
26. How many square feet in the surface of a cube whose —
volume is 16777216 cubic inches?
27. A pile of cord wood is 256 ft. long, 8 ft. high, and 16 ft.
wide; what would be the length of the side of a cubical -
pile containing the same quantity of wood ?
28. What is the length of the inner edge of a cubical bin
that contains 3550 bushels?
29. What are the dimensions of a cube whose volume is
equal to 82881856 cubic feet?
30. What is the length in feet of the side of a cubical
reservoir which contains 1221187.5 pounds ayoirdupois, pure
water ?
 eS

DEFINITIONS.
454. A Progression is a series of numbers so related,
that each number in the series may be found in the same
manner, from the number immediately preceding it.
955. An Arithmetical Progression is a series of
numbers, which increases or decreases in such a manner that
the difference between any two consecutive numbers is
constant. Thus, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23.
456. A Geometrical Progression is a series of
numbers, which increases or decreases in such a manner that
the ratio between any ¢wo consecutive numbers is constant.
Thus, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, is a geometrical progression.
45%. The Lerms of a progression are the numbers of
which it consists. The Mirst and Last Terms are called the
Extremes and the intervening terms the Means.
758. The Common or Constant Difference of an
arithmetical progression is the difference between any two
consecutive terms.
459. The Common or Constant Ratio or Multi-
plier of a geometrical progression is the quotient obtained
by dividing any term by the preceding one.
460. An Ascending or Increasing Progression
is one in which each term is greater than the preceding one.
961. A Descending or Decreasing Progression
is one in which each term is less than the-preceding one.

/
334 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION.

762. There are five quantities considered in Arithmetical

Progression, which, for convenience in expressing rules, we
denote by letters, thus:
1. A represents the Hirst Term of a progression.
2. Z represents the Last Term.
8. D represents the Constant or Common Difference.
4, N represents the Number of Terms.
5. S represents the Sum of all the Terms.

%63. Any three of these quantities being given, the other

two may be found. ‘This may be shown thus:
Taking 7 as the first term of an increasing series, and 5 the constant
difference, the series may be written in two forms; thus :

Ist Term. 2d Term. $d Term. 4th Term.

(1) i 12 sy 22, and so on.
parr eaey, ————, _————
(2) if 7+(5) 7+(54+5) 7+(6+5+5)

Observe, in (2), each term is composed of the first term 7 plus as many
times the constant difference 5 as the number of the term less 1. Thus,
for example, the ninth term in this series would be 7+5 x (9—1)=47.
Hence, from the manner in which.each term is composed, we have the
following formule or rules:

The first term is squal to the last

1.4=L—Dx(N- 1). Read, term, minus the con:mon difference
: multiplied by the nunher of terms
less 1. ‘

The last term is equal to the first

9. bD=A+Dx (N— 1). Read {verm, plus the common difference mul-
"| tiplied by the number of terms less 1.

The common difference is equal ta

8 D= ; Read, 4 the last term minus the first term,
IN ae divided by the number of terms dess 1.
 PROGRESSION. 335
y Sey The number of terms is equal to the
4,.N= D eee Read, 4 last term minus the first term, divided
by the common difference, plus 1.
Observe, that in a decreasing series, the first term is the largest and
the last term the smadlest in the series. Hence, to make the above for-
mule apply to a decreasing series, we must place Z where A is, and A
where J is, and read the formule acccordingly.

%64. To show how to find the sum of a series let

(1.) 4 vg 10 13. 16 19 dean arithmetical series,
(2.) 19 16 13 Oar ey 4. be the same series reversed.
(3.) 23 + 23 + 23 + 235 -+23 + 23 =twice the sum of the terms.
Now, observe, that in (8), which is equal to twice the sum of the
series, each term is equal to the first term plus the last term ; hence,
The sum of the terms of an arithmetical
—1of(4+1L)x WN. Read series is equal to one-halfof the sum of the
Bec (4 + ) ” | first and last term, multiplied by the number
of terms.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

“65. 1. The first term of an arithmetical progression is4,

the common difference 2; what is the.12th term ?
2. The first round of an upright ladder is 12 inches from
the ground, and the nineteenth 246 inches; how far apart are
the rounds ?
3. The tenth term of an arithmetical progression is 190,
the common difference 20; what is the first term ?
4, Weston traveled 14 miles the first day, increasing
4 miles each day; how far did he travel the 15th day,
and- how many miles did he travel in all the first
12 days?
5. The amount of $360 for 7 years at simple interest was
$486; what was the yearly interest ?
6. The first term of an arithmetical series of 100 terms
is 150, and the last term 1338; what is the common
difference ?
336 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

”. What is the sum of the first 1000 numbers in their

natural order?
8. A merchant bought 16 pieces of cloth, giving 10 cents
for the first and $12.10 for the last, the several prices form
an arithmetical series; find the cost of the cloth?
9. A man set out on a journey, going 6 miles the first
day, increasing the distance 4 miles each day. The last day
he went 50 miles; how long and how far did he travel?
10. How many less strokes are made daily by a clock which
strikes the hours from 1 to 12, than by one which strikes
from 1 to 24.

GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION.

466. There are five quantities considered in geometrical

progression, which we denote by Jetters in the same manner
as in arithmetical progression; thus :
1. A = First Term. 2. LE = Last Term.
8. R = Constant Ratio. 4. N = Number of Terms.
5. S =the Sum of all the terms.

76%, Any three of these quantities being given, the other

two maybe found. This may be shown thus:
Taking 3 as the first term and 2 as the constant ratio or multiplier,
the series may be written in three forms; thus:

Ist Term. 2d Term. 3d Term. 4th Term. 5th Term.

(1.) 3 6 12 24 48
(3S cae rae oatFa etc ¢ :
(2.) 3 3x2 3 x (2 x 2) 8 x (2x 2x2) 3 x (2x2 x2x 2)

(3.) 3 3x2 3 x 2? 3 x 28 8 x 24

Observe, in (8), each term is composed of the first term, 3, multiplied

by the constant multiplier 2, raised to the power indicated by the
number of the term less 1. Thus, for example, the seventh term would
be 8 x 27! = 8 x 2° = 192,
 PROGRESSION Soe

Hence, from the manner in which each term is composed, we have

the following formule or rules :
7 The first term is equal to the last term, divided
iA oe Read, |by the constant multiplier raised to the power
i Kt indicated by the number of terms less 1.

The last term is equal to the first term, multi-

2. L= Ax R—. Read, {plied by the constant multiplier raised to the
power indicated by the number of terms less 1.

The constant multiplier is equal to the root,

3. R= ae Read whose index is indicated by the number of terms
s > A ” ) less one, of the quotient of the last term divided
by the first.

The number of terms less one is equal to the

ay L Read, 1 “ponent of the power to which the common
A i imultiplier must be raised to be equal to the
quotient of the last term divided by the first.

"68. To show how to find the sum of a geometrical series,

we take a series whose common multiplier is known ; thus:
Soares
44S 185 4 405;
Multiplying each term in this series by 3, the common multiplier, we
will have 3 times the sum.

(1) Sx8=5x34+15 x3-445 x34135 x 34405 x3, or

(2. Sx3=15 445 +4135 +4405 +4405x3.
Subtracting the sum of the series from this result as expressed in (2),
we have,
Sx3 = 15 +45 +135 + 405 +405 x 3
S = §415445+135+405
Sx2 = 405 x3—5
‘Now, observe, in this remainder S x 2 is S x (IZ — 1), and 405 x 3 is
L xR, and 5is A. Hence, § x (R—1)=Lx« R— A. And since
R —1 times the Sum is equal to L x &R— A, we have,

The sum of a geometrical series is equal to

Lx R-A Read |the difference, between the last term multiplied
SS y ee oe pha by the ratio and the sirst term, divided by the
l ratio minus 1.
838 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE

469. 1. The first term of a geometrical progression is 3,

the ratio 4; what is the 8th term?
2. The first term of a geometrical progression is 1, and the
ratio 2; what is the 12th term?
3. The extremes are 4 and 2916, and the ratio 3; what is
the number of terms ?
4, The extremes of a geometrical progression are 2
and 1458, and the ratio 3; what is the sum of all the
terms?
5. The first term is 3, the seventeenth 196608; what is
the sum of all the terms?
6. A man traveled 6 days; the first day he went 5 miles
and doubled the distance each day; his last day’s ride was
160 miles; how far did he travel ?
7. Supposing an engine should start at a speed of 3 miles
an hour, and the speed could be doubled each hour
until it equalled 96 miles, how far would it have moved
in all, and how many hours would it be in motion?
8. The first term of a geometrical progression is 4, the 7th
term is-2916; what is the ratio and the sum of the series ?

ANNUITIES.

“70. An Annuity is a fixed sum of money, payable

annually, or at the end of any equal periods of time.
VW. The Amount or Final Value of annuity is the
sum of all the payments, each payment being increased by
its interest from the time it is due until the annuity ceases.
772. The Present Worth of an annuity is such a sum
of money as will amount, at the given rate per cent, in the
given time, to the Amount or Final Value of the annuity.
 PROGRESSION. 339

773. An Annuity at Simple Interest forms an

arithmetical progression whose common difference is the
interest on the given annuity for one interval of time.
Thus an annuity of $400 for 4 years, at 7% simple interest, gives
the following progression :

Ist Term. 24 Term. 8d Term. 4th Term.

(1.) $400 $400+($28) $400+($28+$28) $400+($28+ $28 + $28), or
(2.) $400 $428 $456 $484.

Observe, there is no interest on the last payment; hence it forms the

1st Term. The payment before the last bears one year’s interest, hence
forms the 2d Term ; and so on with the other terms.
Hence all problems in annuities at simple interest are solved by
arithmetical progression.

%74. An Annuity at Compound Interest forms a

geometrical progression whose common multiplier is repre-
sented by the amount of $1 for one interval of time.
. Thus an annuity of $300 for 4 years, at 6% compound interest, gives
the following progression : ’

ist Term. 2d Term. 3d Term. 4th Term. ;

$300 $300 x 1.06 $300 x 1.06x1.06 $300 x 1.06 x 1.06 x 1.06.

Observe carefully the following :

(1.) The last payment bears no interest, and hence forms the Zst Term
of the progression. |
(2.) The payment before the last, when not paid until the annuity
ceases, bears interest for one year ; hence its amount is $3800 x 1.06 and
forms the 2d Term.
(3) The second payment before the last, bears interest when the
annuity ceases, for two years; hence its amount at compound interest is
$300 x 1.06, the amount for one year, multiplied by 1.06, equal $300 x
1.06 x 1.06, and forms the 3d Term, and so on with other terms.
Hence all problems in annuities at compound interest are sulved by
geometrical progression.
340 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

: EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

#95. 1. What is the amount of an annuity of $200 for

6 years at 7% simple interest?
2. A father deposits $150 annually for the benefit of his.
son, beginning with his 12th birthday; what will be the
amount of the annuity on his 21st birthday, allowing simple
interest at 6% ?
3. What is the present worth of an annuity of $600 for
5 years at 8%, simple interest ?
4, What is the amount of an annuity of $400 for 4 yoursat
7%, compound interest ? ’
5. What is the present worth of an annuity of $100 for
6 years at 6%, compound interest?
6. What is the present worth of an annuityof $700 at 87%,
simple interest, for 10 years ?
% What is the amount of an annuity of $500 at 7%, com-
pound interest, for 12 years?
8. What is the present worth of an annuity of $350 for
9 years at 6%, compound interest?
9. At what rate % will $100 amount to $119.1016 in 3 years,
at compound interest? |
This example and the four following should be solved by applying
the formule for geometrical progression on page 337.

10. At whatrate @ will $1000 amount to $1500.73 in 6 years,

compound interest?
11. The amount of a certain sum of money ‘for 12 years,
at %% compound interest, was $1126.096; what was the
original sum ?
12..What sum at compound interest 8 years, at 7%, will
amount to $4295.465 ?
13. In how many years will $20 amount to $23.82032, at
6% compound interest ?
 D

GENERAL DEFINITIONS,

776, A Line is that which has only length.

VT. A Straight Line isa line which has the same direction at
every point.

778. A Curved Line is a line which changes its direction at

every point

479. Parallel Lines are lines which have the same direction.
%80. An Angle is the opening between two lines which meet in a
common point, called the vertex.
Angles are of three kinds, thus:

(1) (2)
>)
oO7

VERTICAL
7 HORIZONTALS» e A eC
Two Right Angles. One Right Angie. Obtuse Angle. Acute Angle.

981. When a line meets another line, making, as shown in (1), two
equal angles, each angle is a Right Angle, and the lines are said to
be perpendicular to each other.
482. An Obtuse Angle, as shown in (8), is greater than a right
angle, and an Acute Angle, as shown in (4), is less than a right angle.
Angles are read by using letters, the letter at the vertex being always
read in the middle. Thus, in (2), we read, the angle BAC or CAB.
483. A Plane is a surface such that if any two points in it be
joined by a straight line, every point of that line will be in the surface.
342 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

%84. A Plane Figure is a plane bounded either by straight or

curved lines, or by one curved line.
%85. A Polygon is a plane figure bounded by straight lines. It
is named by the number of sides in its boundary ; thus:

Tetragon. Pentagon. Hexagon, and so On.

Observe, that a regular polygon is one that has all its sides and all its
angles equal, and that the Base of a polygon is the side on which it stands.

86. A Trigon is a three-sided polygon. It is usually called a

Triangle on account of having three angles.
Triangles are of three kinds, thus :

(1)

|
fi
fil
(
ii
y (ii
Right-anglead me Acute-angled Triangle. Obtuse-angled Triangle.

Observe, a right-angled triangle has ONE right angle, an acute-angled

triangle has THREE acute angles, and an obtuse-angled triangle has ONE
obtuse angle.
Observe, also, as shown in (2) and (8), that the Altitude of a triangle is
the perpendicular distance from one of its angles to the side opposite.

487. An Equilateral Triangle is a triangle whose three sides

are equal.
788. An Isosceles Triangle has two of its sides equal.
489. A Scalene Triangle has all of its sides unequal.
790. A Tetragon is a four-sided polygon, It is usually called a
Quadrilateral.
 MENSURATION. : 343,

Quadrilaterals are of three kinds, thus :

(1)

eee
a =

Paralieogram. Trapezium.

Observe, that a Parallelogram has its opposite sides parallel, that a

Trapezoid has only two sides parallel, and that a Trapezium has no sides
parallel.
Observe, also, that the Diagonal of a quadrilateral, as shown in (1), (2)
and (8), is a line joining any two opposite angles.

991. A Parallelogram is a quadrilateral which has its opposite

sides parallel. Parallelograms are of four kinds, thus:

Square. Rectangle Rhomboid.

Observe, that a Square has all its sides equal and all its angles right
angles, that a Rectangle has its opposite sides equal and all its angles
right angles, that a Rhomboid has its opposite sides equal and its angles
acute and obtuse, and that a Rhombus has all its sides equal and its
angles acute and obtuse,
Observe, also, that the Altitude of a parallelogram, as shown in (8) and.
(4), is the perpendicular distance between two opposite sides.
%92. A Circle is a plane bounded by a curved line, called the
circumference, every point of which is equally distant from a point
within, called the centre ; thus:

%93. The Diameter of a circle is any straight

line, as CD, passing through its centre and terminating
at both ends in the circumference.

494. The Radius of a circle is any straight line,

as AB, extending from the centre to the circumference.
344 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

%95. The Perimeter of a polygonisthe sum of all the lines which

form its:boundary, and’ of a circle the circumference.

496. The Area of any plane figure is the surface contained

within its boundaries or boundary.

9%. Mensuration treats of the method of finding the lengths

of lines, the area of surfaces, and volumes of solids.

SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS.

"498. The solutions of problems in mensuration cannot be demon-

gtrated except by geometry, but the general principle which underlies
these solutions may be stated; thus,

The contents of any gwen surface or solid that can be measured can bé
shown to be equal to the contents of @ RECTANGULAR surface or solid, whose.
dimensions are equal to certain KNOWN dimensions of the given surface
or solid, thus:

1. Observe, that the number of small squares.

in (1) is equal to the product of the numbers.
denoting the length and breadth... Thus, 8x5=
40 small squares.
2. Observe, in (2), that the plane bounded by
the lines FB, BC, CE, and EF, is rectangular
(2) and equal to the given parallelogram ABCD,
because we have added to the right as much
surface as we have taken off at the left.
Hence the contents of the parallelogram
ABCD is found by taking the product of the
number of units in the altitude CE or BF,
and in the side BC.
3. Observe, again, the diagonal BD divides the parallelogram one
two equal triangles, and hence the area of the triangle ABD is one-half
the area of the parallelogram, and is therefore found by taking one-half
of the product of the number of units in the base AD and in the
altitude BF or CH.
In view of the fact that the solutions in mensuration Yatesupon
geometry, no explanations are given. The rule, in each case, must be
strictly followed. :
 MENSURATION. 345

PROBLEMS ON TRIANGLES.
799. Pros. L—When the base and altitude of a triangle are given,
to find the area: Divide the PRODUCT of the BASE and ALTITUDE by 2.
Find the area of a triangle
1. Whose base is 14 ft. and altitude 7 ft. 8 in.
2. Whose base is 3 rd. and altitude 2 rd. 7 ft.
3. Whose base is 21 chains and altitude 16 chains.
4, What is the area of a triangular park whose base is 16. %6 chains
and altitude 13.4 chains ?
5. How many square feet of lumber will be required to board up the
gable-ends of a house 30 feet wide, having the ridge of the roof 17 feet
higher than the foot of the rafters?
6. How many stones, each 2 ft. 6in. by 1 ft. 9 in. will be used in
paving a triangular court whose base is 150 feet and altitude 126 feet,
and what will be the expense at $.35 a square yard ?

800. Pros. IL—When the area and one dimension are given, to
find the other dimension: Double the area and divide by the given
dimension.
Find the altitude of a triangle
1. Whose area is 75 square feet and base 15 feet.
2. Whose area is 264 square rods and basé 24 rods.
8. Whose base is 6 ft. 1 in. and area 50 sq. ft. 100 sq. in.
Find the base of a triangle
4. Whose area is 3 A. 108 P. and altitude 28 rd.
5. Whose altitude is 2 yd. 2 ft. and area 8 sq. yd.
6. Whose area is 2sq.rd. 19 sq. yd. 2 sq. ft. 36 sq. in. and altitude
1 rd. 1 ft. 6 in.
7. For the gable of a church 75 feet wide it required 250 stones, each
2 ft. long and 1 ft. 6 in. wide; what is the perpendicular distance from
the ridge of the roof to the foot of the rafters?
SO1. Pros. I1L—When the three sides of a triangle are given, to
find the area: From half the sum of the three sides subtract each side
separately. Multiply the half sum and the three remainders together;
the square root of the product is the area.
1. Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 15, 20, 25 feet.
2. What is the area of an isosceles triangle whose base is 50 in. and
each of its equal sides 35 inches?
 346 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

3. How many acres in a triangular field whose sides measure 16, 20,
80 rods?
4. What is the area of an equilateral triangle whose sides each
measure 40 feet ?
5. A piece of land in the form of an equilateral triangle requires
156 rods of fence to enclose it ; how many acres are there, and what is
the cost at $40 per acre?

802. Pros. IV.— When the base and perpendicular are given in a
right-angled triangle, to find the other side: Hatract the square root of the
sum of the squares of the base and perpendicular.

The reason of this rule and the one in PRoB. V will be seen by .
examining the diagram in the margin.

Observe, that the square, on the side AB opposite

the right angle, contains as many small squares as
the sum of the smal] squares in the squares on the
base AC and the perpendicular BC. This is shown
by geometry to be trueof all right-angled triangles.
Hence, by extracting the square root of the sum
of the squares of the base and perpendicular of a
right-angled triangle, we have the length of the
_ side opposite the right angle.

The side opposite the right angle is called the Hypothenuse.

Find the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle
1. Whose base is 40 ft. and perpendicular 16 ft.
2. Whose base is 15 ft. and perpendicular 36 ft.
3. A tree 104 ft. high stands upon the bank of a stream 76 feet wide’.
what is the distance of a man upon the opposite bank from a raven upon
the top of the tree?
4. Aand B start from one corner of a field a mile square, traveling
at the same rate; A follows the fence around the field, and B proceeds
directly across to the opposite corner; when B reaches the corner, how
far will he be from A?
5. What is the length of the shortest rope by which a horse may be
tied to a post in the middle of a field 20 rods square, and yet be allowed
to graze upon every part of it? :
 MENSURATION. 347

803. Pros. V.— When the base or perpendicular is to be found :

Extract the square root of the difference between the square of the hypotie-
nuse and. the square of the given side.
Find the base of a right-angled triangle LY
1. Whose hypothenuse is 40 ft. and perpendicular 15 feet.
2. Whose perpendicular is 20 feet and hypothenuse 45 feet.
8. Bunker Hill monument is 220 feet high ; a man 360 feet from the
base shot a bird hovering above the top ; the man was 4238 feet from the
bird ; how far was the bird from the top of the monument?
4. A ladder 35 feet long reaches from the middle of the street to a
window 28 feet high ; how wide is the street ?
5. The lower ends of two opposite rafters are 48 feet apart and the
length of each rafter is 30 feet; what is the elevation of the ridge above
the eaves?

PROBLEMS ON QUADRILATERALS.

804. Prox. VI—To find the area of a parallelogram: Multiply

the base by the altitude.

1. Find the area of a para!lelogram whose base is 8 ft. 9 in. and alti-
tude 7 ft. 8 in. ; whose altitude is 2 yd. 5 in. and base 8 yd. 6 in.
2. How many acres in a piece of land in the form of a parallelogram
whose base is 9.86 ch. and altitude 7.5 ch?
8. How many square feet in the roof of a building 85 ft. long, and
whose rafters are each 16 ft. 6 in. long?
4. The base of a rhombus is 9 ft. 8 in. and its altitude 3 ft. ;how
many square feet in its surface? w

805. Pros. VII.—To find the area of a trapezoid: Hultiply

one-half of the sum of the parallel sides by the altitude.
Find the area of a trapezoid
1. Whose parallel sides are 15 and 25 feet and altitude 11 feet.
2. Whose parallel sides are 8 and 11 inches and altitude 6 inches.
3. How many square feet in a board 1 ft. 4 in. wide, one side of
which is 32 ft. long and the other side 34 feet long?
4, One side of a field measures 47 rods, the side opposite and parallel
to it measures 39 rods, and the distance between the two sides ig
- 15 rods; how much is it worth at $40 per acre ?
348 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

S06. Pros. VIIL—TZo find the area of a trapezium: Multiply

the diagonal by half the sum of the perpendiculars to wt Tee thé
opposite angles.

Reter to diagram (8) in (790) and find the area of a trapezium

1. Whose diagonal is 45 in. and perpendiculars to this een
11 inches and 9 inches.
2. Whose diagonal is 16 feet and perpendiculars to this mee oat
7 feet and 6 feet.
3. Whose diagonal is 37 ft. 6 in. and perpendiculars to this aig¥onal
7 it. 4 in, and
8 ft. 8 in.
4, How many acres in a field in the form of a trapezium erst
diagonal is + mi, and the perpendiculars to this diagonal 5 ch.
and 6 ch.? ;

80%. Pros. IX.—Zo find the diameter of a circle: Divide the

circumference by 3.1416.
To find the circumference: Multiply the diameter by 3.1416.

1. Find the diameter of a circle whose circumference is 94.248 inches;

whose circumference is 78.54 feet.
2. Find the circumference of a circle whose diameter is 14 mnceeeeQ
whose radius is 9 inches.
3. What will it cost to fence a circular ‘park 8.rods in diameter,
at $4.80 per rod.
4, How many miles does the earth pass over in its revolution around
the sun, its distance from the sun being 95,000,000 miles?

808. Pros. X.—To find the area of a circle: Multiply 1 of its

diameter by the circumference ; or, Multiply the square of its diameter
by 7854.

1. What is the area of a circle whose diameter is 20 feet? Whose

diameter is 42 inches? Whose circumference is 157.08 feet?
2. What is the area of the largest circular plot that can be cut
from a field 185 feet square? How much must be cut off at the corners
in making this plot? How much less will it cost to fence this than the
square, at $2.50 a rod?.
8. The distance around a circular park is 1} miles. How many acreg
does it contain ?
 MENSURATION. 349

809. Pros. XL—To find the diameter when the area of a

circle ts given: Hatract the square root of the quotient of the area divided
by .785h.
Observe, that when the diameter is found, the circumference can be !
found by multiplying the diameter by 3.1416 (807).
1. What is the diameter of a circle whose area is 50.2656 sq. ft. ?
2. What is the circumference of a circle whose area is 153,9884
' square feet?
8. The area of a circular lot is 19.635 square rods; what is its
diameter ? 3
4. The area of a circle is 113.0976 sq. in. ; what is its circumference?
5. How many rods of fence will be required to inclose a circle whose
area is 314,4 square rods?
6. What is the radius of a circle whose area is 804.2496 sq. in.?

PROBLEMS ON SOLIDS OR VOLUMES.

810. A Solid or Volume has three dimensions: length,

breadth, and thickness.
The boundaries of a solid are planes. They are called faces, and
their intersections edges.
811. A Prism is a solid or volume having two of its faces equal
and parallel polygons, and its other faces parallelograms,
Observe, a prism is named by the number of sides in its equal and
parallel faces or bases ; thus:

. Z
Triangula Quadrangular Pentagonal
Prism. Prism. Prism.

Observe, 2 Prism whose parallel faces or bases are parallelograms, as

shown in (2), is called a Parallelopipedon.
Observe, also, that the Altitude of a prism is the perpendicular
distance between its bases.
350 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

812. AoPylinder, as shown in (1), is a round solid or volume

having two equal and parallel circles as its bases.
1. Observe, that the altitude of a cylinder
a is the perpendicular distance between the
two circles forming its bases.
| 2. Observe, also, that a cylinder is con-

i ceived to be generated by revolving a

rectangle about one of its sides,

813. A Sphere, as shown in (2), is a solid or volume bounded by

a curved surface, such that ail points in it are equally distant from a
point within, called the centre.

814, The Diameter of a sphere is aline,as OD in (2), passing

through its centre and terminating at both ends in the surface.

815. The Radius of a sphere is a line drawn from the centre to

any point in the surface.

816. A Pyramid, as shown in (1), is a solid or volume having

as its base any polygon, and as its other faces triangles, which meet in a
common point called the vertex.

(4)

Firanth, Frustum. Frustum.

817. A Cone, as shown in (3), is a solid or volume whose base is a

circle and whose convex surface tapers uniformly to a point, called the
vertex.
1. Observe, that the Altitude of a pyramid or cone is the perpendicular
distance between the vertex and the base.
2. Observe, also, that the Slant Height of a pyramid is the herpen:
dicular distance between the vertex and one of the sides of the base ;
and of a cone the distance between the vertex and the circumference of
the base,
 MENSURATION. 351
‘ 818. A Frustum of a pyramid or cone, as shown in (2) and (4),
is the part which remains after cutting off the top by a plane parallel
to
the base,
819. Pros, XII.—To jind the convex surface of a prism or cylinder :
Multiply the PERIMETER of the base by the ALTITUDE.
Lo find the ENTIRE SURFACE add the area of the bases.
The reason of this rule may be shown thus:

ig
Observe, that if the three faces of the prism in (1) are marked out
_ side by side, as shown in (2), we have a rectangle which is equal to the
convex surface in the prism.
Observe, also, that the surface of the cylinder in (8) may be
conceived as spread out, as shown in (2); hence the reason of
the rule.
Find the area of the convex surface
1. Of a prism whose altitude is 8 feet, and its base a triangle, the
sides of whose base measures 4 ft., 3 ft., 3 ft. 6 in.
2. Of a cylinder whose altitude is 4 ft. 9 in. and the circumference o
its base 7 ft. 8 in.
3. Of a prism whose altitude is 9 inches, and its base a hexagon,
each side of which is 24 inches.
4, Find the entire surface of a parallelopipedon 9 ft. long, 5 ft. 6 in.
wide, and 3 ft. high.
5. Find the entire surface of a cylinder 9 ft. high, the diameter of
whose base is 8 ft.

820. Prox. XIII.—Zo find the volume of any prism or cylinder :

Uultiply the area of the base by the altitude.
1. Find the volume of a triangular prism whose altitude is 15 ft.
and the sides of the base each4 ft.
2, What is the volume of a triangular prism whose altitude -
is 28 ft., and the sides of its Vase 6 it., 7 ft., 5 ft. respectively.
852 BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

8. What is the volume of a parallelopipedon 15 ft. long, 12 ft. high,

10 ft. wide?
4. Find the contents of a cylinder whose altitude is 19 ft. pee the
diameter of its base 4 ft.
5. What is the value of a piece of timber 15 in. square and 50 feet
long, at 40 cents a cubic foot?
6. Alog is 30.ft. long and its diameter is 16 in. ;how many cubic
feet does it contain ?

821. Pros. XIV.—7o find the convex surface of a pyramid or cone:

Multiply the perimeter of the base by one-half the slant height.
To find the entire surface, add the area of the base.

Find the convex surface of a cone

1. Whose base is 19 in. in circumference, and the slant height
12 inches.
2. Whose slant height is 15 feet, and the diameter of the base
10 feet.
Find the convex surface of a pyramid
8. Whose base is 3 ft. 6 in. square, and the slant height 5 ft.
4. Whose slant height is 19 ft., and the base a Sear whose sides
are 12, 14, 8 ft.
Find the entire surface of a pyramid
5. Whose slant height is 45 feet, and the base a rectangle 7 ft. long
and 8 ft. wide.
6. Whose slant height is 66 in., and its base a triangle each of whose
sides is 6 in.
Find the entire surface of a cone ?
7%. Whose slant height is 42 feet, and the circumference of the
base 31.416 ft.
8. Whose slant height is 75 in., and the diameter of the base
5 inches.

‘ 822. Pros. XV.—To find the volume of a pyramid or cone:

Multiply the area of the base by one-third the altitude.

Find the volume of a cone

1. Whose altitude is 24 ft., and the circumference of the base
6.2882 feet.
 MENSURATION. 853

3. Whose altitude is 12 ft., and the diameter of the base 4 ft.

Find the volume of a pyramid
3. Whose altitude is 15 feet, and its base 4 feet square.
4. Whose altitude is 18 in, and the base a triangle 8 in. on
each side.
5. Whose altitude is 45 ft., and its base a rectangle 15 feet
by 16 feet.

$23. Pros. XVI—To find the conven surface of a frustum of a

pyramid or cone: Multiply the sum of the perimeters or circumferences
by one-half the slant height.
To find the entire surface, add the area of both the bases.
1. What is the convex surface of a frustum of a triangular pyramid
whose slant height is 6 feet, each side of the greater base 3 feet, and of
the less base 2 feet?
2. What is the convex surface of a frustum of a cone whose lent
height is 9 inches, and the circumference of the lower base 17 inches,
and of the upper base 18 inches?
3. Find the entire surface of a frustum of a pyramid-whose slant
height is 14 feet, and its bases triangles, each side of the larger base
being 8 feet, and of the smaller base 6 feet.
4, Find the entire surface of a frustum of a cone whose slant height
is 27 feet, the circumference of the greater base being 37.6992 feet, and
’ of the less base 31.416 feet.

824. Pros. XVII.—To find the volume of a frustum of a pyramid

or cone: To the sum of the areas of both bases add the square
root of their product and multiply the result by onethird of the
altitude.
1. Find the volume of a frustum of a square pyramid whose
altitude is 6 feet, and each side of the lower base 16 feet, and of the
upper base 12 feet.
2. How many cubic feet in a frustum of a cone whose altitude is
9 feet, the diameters of its bases 8 feet and 6 feet.
8. How many cubic feet in a section of a tree-trunk 20 feet long,
the diameter of the lower base being 18 inches, and of the upper base
12 inches ?
_ 4, One of the big trees of California is 82 feet in diameter at the
foot of the tree; how many cubic feet in a section of this tree 90 feet
high, the upper base being 20 feet in diameter?
 ‘

854. BUSINESS ARITHMETIC.

5. A granite rock, whose form is a frustum of a triangular

pyramid, is 40 feet high, the sides of the lower base being 30 feet
each, and of the upper base 16 feet each, How many cubic feet
in the rock.

, 825. Pros. XVIII.—To find the surface of a sphere: Multiply

the diameter by the circumference of a great circle of the given sphere. ’
!

1. Find the surface of a sphere whose diameter is 8 feet.

2. What is the surface of a globe 9 in. in diameter?
8. How. many square feet in the surface of a sphere 45 feet in
diameter ?
4, What is the surface of a globe whose radius is 1 ft. 6 in. ?
5. How many square inches in the surface of a globe 5 inches in
diameter?

826. Pros. XIX—To find the volume of a sphere: Multiply the

surface by one-sixth of the diameter.
1. Find the volume of a sphere whose diameter is 20 inches.
2. How many cubic yards in a sphere whose diameter is 8 yards?
38. Find the solid contents of a globe 2 ft. 6 in. in diameter. !
4. How many cubic feet in a globe 9 inches in diameter?
6. Find the volume of a globe whose radius is 4 inches.

82%. Pros. XX—Zo find the capacity of casks in gallons:

Multiply the number of inches in the length by the square of the
number of inches in the mean diameter, and this product by .0034.
Observe, that the mean diameter is found (nearly) by adding to the
head diameter %, or if the staves are but slightly curved, 2 of the
difference between the head and bung diameters.
The process of finding the capacity of casks is called Gauging.
1, How many gallons in a cask whose head diameter is 20, bung
diameter 26 inches, and its length 30 inches?
2. How many gallons will a cask hold whose head diameter is
21 inches, bung diameter 30 inches, and length 42 inches? _
8. What is the volume of a cask whose diameters are 18 and
24 inches respectively, and the length 32 inches?
4. A cask slightly curved is 40 inches long, its head diameter oe
22 inches, and its bung diameter 27 inches; how many gallons will
it hold ?
 seas ease :
(REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES|
. TacsJal

828. In using this set of review and test examples, the

following suggestions should be carefully regarded:
1. The examples cover all the important subjects in arith-
_ metic, and are designed as a test of the pupil’s strength in —
solving difficult problems and of his knowledge of principles
and processes. .
2. The teacher should require the pupil to master the
thought expressed in each example before attempting a
solution.
To do this he must notice carefully-the meaning of each
sentence, and especially the technical terms peculiar to arith-
metic; he must also locate definitely the business relations
involved.
3. When the solutions are given in class, the teacher should
require the pupils to state clearly:
(a). What is given and what is required in each example.
(0). The relations of the given quantities from which what
ts required can be found.
_ (c). The steps that must be taken in their order, and the
processes that must be used to obtain the required result.
_In making these three statements, no set form should be
used; each pupil should be left free to pursue his own course
_ and give his own solution. Clearness, accuracy, and brevity
should be the only conditions imposed.
When the work is written on a slate, paper, or blackboard,
neatness and a logical order in arranging the steps in the
solution should be invariably required.
 ——

356 REVIEW EXAMPLES.

1. A gentleman held a note for $1643.20, payable in 8 mo.,

without interest. He discounted the note at 8% for ready
cash, and;invested the proceeds in stock at $104 per share.
How many shares did he purchase? Ans. 15 shares.
2. Three daughters, Mary, Jane, and Ellen, are to share an
estate of $80000, in the proportion of }, 4, and 4, respectively;
but Ellen dies, and the whole amount is to be divided in a
proper proportion between the other two. What share does
each receive ? Ans. Mary, $48,000; Jane, $32,000.
» 8. What must be the dimensions of a rectangular bin that
will hold 350 bushels of grain, if its length is twice its width,
and its width twice its depth?
Ans. Length, 15.16+ ft.; width, 7.58-+ ft.; depth, 3.79- ft.
4. A Chicago merchant bought 800 barrels of flour at $7
per barrel, and sent it to New York, paying 9% of the cost for
freight and other charges; his agent sold it at an advance of
25% on the original cost and charged 3% commission. What
was the net gain ? Ans. $686.
5. What sum invested in rajlroad stock paying 7% annually
will yield a quarterly dividend of $325.50? Ans. $18,600. —
6. A, B, and C together can dig a ditch in 4 days. A can
dig it alone in 10 days; B can dig it alone in 12 days. How
long will it take C to do the work alone? =_Ans. 15 days.
%. A person owning 74 acres in the form of a rectdngle
3 times as long as it is wide, wishes to tether his horse to a
stake by the shortest rope that will allow him to graze upon ~
any part of the field. What is the length of rope required ?
Ans. 31.62+4 rd.
8. A cubical block contains 64 cubic feet; what is the dis-
tance from one corner to the opposite diagonal corner?
Ans. 6.92+- feet.
9. A farmer bought a horse, wagon, and plow for $134;
the horse cost } as much as the wagon, and the plow 4 as
much as the horse. What was the cost of each?
Ans. Horse, $70; wagon, $50; plow, $14.
 REVIEW EXAMPLES. 357

10. A grocer mixed 15 pounds of Hyson tea with 9 pounds of

Gunpowder tea, and sold it at $.95 per pound, thus gaining
25% on the original cost. If a pound of the Gunpowder cost
16 cents more than a pound of the Hyson, what was the cost
of each per pound? Ans. Gunpowder, $.86 ; Hyson, $.70.
11. A farmer has a cornfield whose width is to its length as
3 to 4, and contains 4% acres. The hills of corn, supposing
them to occupy only a mathematical point, are 2 feet apart,
and no hill is nearer the fence than 3 feet. What must he pay
a man to hoe his corn, at the rate oF3.50 per day, if he hoes
750 hills in a day? Ans. $34.23 7%.
12. The duty at 20% ad valorem on a quantity of tea in
chests, each weighing 75 pounds gross, and invoiced at $.70
per pound, was $6,552, tare being 4%. How many chests were
imported ? Ans. 650.
13. A room is 22 feet long, 18 feet wide, and 14 feet high.
«What is the distance from one of the lower corners to the
opposite upper corner ? Ans. 31.68+ ft.
14. A farmer sold 85 sheep at $2, $2.20 and $2.80 per head,
and thus realized an average price of $2.40 per head. What
number of each did the lot contain ?
Ans. 17 at $2; 34 at $2.20; 34 at $2.80.
15. If the ratio of increase of a certain crop is 3, and a man
begins by planting 5 bushels, using all the crop for seed the
next year, and so on; what will be his crop the seventh year ?
Ans. 10,935 bushels.
16. A can do a piece of work in 44 days that requires B
6 days and C 9 days to do the same amount of work. In how
many days can they do it working together? Ans. 2 days.
17. A father divided his property among his wife and four
sons, directing that his wife should have $8 as often as the
oldest son $6, the second son $3 as often as the wife $5, the
youngest son $12 as often as the third $14, the third son $5
as often as the oldest $7. The youngest son received $4,500 ;
what was the value of the father’s property? Ans. $32,780.
Ee
 398 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES.

18. If 72 men dig a trench 20 yd. long, 1 ft. 6 in. broad,

and 4-ft. deep in 3 days of 10 hours each, how many men
would be required to dig a trench 30 yd. long, 2 ft.3in. broad,
and 5 ft. deep in 15 days of 9 hours each? —§ Ans. 45 men. 4;
19. Samuel Wells paid 34 times as much for a house as for
a barn; had the barn cost him 6% more, and the house 8%
~ more, the whole cost would have been $7260. What was the
actual cost ? Ans. $6,750.
20. Change 5 of 4 to a simple fraction, and re-
1
Rae
duce to lowest terms. Ans. #5.
21. A person sells out $4,500 of 4% stock at 95, and invests
the proceeds in bank stock at 80, which pays an annual divi-
dend of 2%. How much is the gain or loss per annum?
Ans. $37.50 loss.
22. James Griswold bought $ of a ship; but the property
having fallen in value 8%, he sells 14% of his share for $2760.
What was the value of the ship at first? Ans. $25,000.
23. A gentleman willed to the youngest of his five sons
$2000, to the next a sum greater by one half, and so on, the.
oldest receiving $10,125, thus disposing of his entire estate.
What was the gentleman worth? Ans. $26,375.
24. I sent $7847 to my agent in New Orleans, who pur-
chased sugar at an average price of $16 per barrel ; he charged
34% commission. How many barrels did he buy? Ans. 475.
25. Bought 3,000 bushels of wheat at $1.50 per bushel.
What must I ask per bushel that I may fall 20% on the asking
price and still make 16%, allowing 10% of the sales for bad
debts ? Ans. $2.413.
26. Henry Swift has $6,000 worth of 5% stock; but not
being satisfied with his income, he sells at 96 and invests in -
stock paying 44%, which gives him an income greater by
$45.60. At what price did he purchase the latter stock ?
Ans. At 75.
 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES. 3859

27. A drover bought a number of horses, cows, and sheep

- for $3,900. For every horse he paid $75, for each cow he paid
% as much as for a horse, and for each sheep 4 as much as for
acow. He bought 3 times as many sheep as cows, and twice
as many cows as horses ;how many did he buy of each ?
Hie 20 horses; 40 cows; 120 sheep.
ie28. I shipped to my agent in Buffalo a quantity of flour,
Which he immediately sold at $7.50 per barrel. I then in-
structed him to purchase goods for me at a commission of
34%; he charged me 4% commission for selling, and received
as his whole commission $800. How many barrels of flour did
I send him ? Ans. 1,472.
29. Adam Gesner gave .his note for $1,250, and at the end
of 3 years 4 months, and 21 days, paid off the note, which then
amounted to $1504.375; reckoning only simple interest, what
was the rate %? Ans. 6%.
- 30. A hound in pursuit of a fox runs 5 rods while the fox
runs 3 rods, but the fox had 60 rods the start. How far must
the hound run before he overtakes the fox? Ans. 150 rods.
- 81. A man divided his property, amounting to $15,000,
among his three sons, in such a manner that their shares put
at 6% simple interest should all amount to the same sum when
they were 21 years old; the ages of the children were respec:
tively 6 yr., 9 yr., and 13 yr. What was the share of each?
Ans. Oldest, $5683.082+ ; second, $4890.094 +;
youngest, $4426.822+.
32. A certain garden is 122 rods long, and 9} rods wide.
At 21 cents per cubic foot, what will it cost to dig a ditch
around outside it that shall be 34 feet wide and 4 feet deep ?
Ans. $258,033.
33. A farmer sells a merchant 40 bushels of oats at $.60 per
bushel and makes 20% ; the merchant sells the farmer 4 yards
of broadcloth at $3.75 per yard, 15 yards of calico at 8 cents
per yard, and 40 yards of cotton cloth at 12 cents per yard,
 —— SS ie

860 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES.

and makes a profit of 25%. Which gains the more by the

trade and how much ? Ans. Merchant gains $.20.
34. A triangular cornfield consisting of 146 rows, has 437
hills in the longest row, and 2 in the shortest; how many
corn hills in the field? Ans. 32047 hills.
35. What is the value of
‘ae
443of.056 — 3.04 of fy] (3:5of7 ag 9 eae
(8 — 2.4) + § of 33 38 + BR 551

Ans. $4.
36. Bought 60 barrels of flour at $8.50 per barrel, but on
account of its having been damaged, one-half of it was sold at
a loss of 10%, and the remainder at $9 per barrel. What % was
lost by the operation ? Ans. 27%.
37. A room 22 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 9 feet high, con-
tains 4 windows, each of which is 54 feet high and 3 feet wide;
also two doors, 7 feet m height and 34 feet in width. The
base-boards are } of a foot wide. What will 1t cost to plaster
and paper the room, if the plastering cost 16 cents per square
yard and the papering 10 cents? Ans. $21.20.
38. Two persons, A and B, each receive the same salary.
A spends 764% of his money, and B spends as much as would
equal 454% of what both received. At the end of the year
they both together have left $276.25; what part of it belongs
to A, and what to B? Ans. A, $199.75; B, $76.50.
39. Two persons 280 miles apart travel toward each other
until they meet, one at the rate of 6 miles per hour, the other
at the rate of 8 miles per hour. How far does each travel?
Ans, First, 120 miles; second, 160 miles.
40. James Welch has a debt in Chicago amounting to
$4489.32. For what sum must a note be drawn at 90 days, that
when discounted at 6% at a Chicago bank, will just pay the
debt ? Ans. $4560,
 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES. 361

41. I went to the store to buy carpeting, and found that

any one of three pieces, width respectively 14, 14, and 24
yards, would exactly fit my room without cutting anything
from the width of the carpet. What is the width ofmy room?
Ans, 224 feet.
42. If 10 horses in 25 days consume 34 tons of hay, how
long will 63 tons last 6 horses, 12 cows, and 8 sheep, if each
__ cow consumes ? as much as a horse, and each sheep 3 as much
- asacow? Ans. 25 days.
43. The distance between the opposite corners of a square
field is 60 rods ;how many acres in the field ?
Ans. 11 A. 40 sq. rd.
44. At $225 per ton, what is the cost of 17 cwt, 2 qr. 21 lb.
of sugar? Ans. $199.2374.
45. A drover bought 12 sheep at $6 per head; how many
must he buy at $9 and $15 per head, that he may sell them
all at $12 per head and lose nothing ?
Ans. 1 at $9, 25 at $15.
46. Three men bought afield of grain in circular form con-
taining 9 A., for which they paid $192, of which the first man
paid $48, the second $64, the third $80. They agreed to take
their shares in the form of rings; the first man mowing around
the field until he got his share, then the second, and so on.
_ What depth of ring must each man mow to get his share of
‘the grain? — Ans. 1st man, 2.86+ rd.;
2d man, 4.734 rd.;
3d man, 13.81+ rd,
47. A young man inherited an estate and spent 15% of it
during the first ear, and 30% of the remainder Tata the
second year, when he had only $9401 left. How much money
' did he inherit ? Ans. $15800,
48. Mr. Webster bought a house for $6750, on a credit of
10 months; after keeping it for 4 months, he sold it for $7000
on acredit of 8 months. Money being worth 6%, what was
his net cash gain at the time of the sale? Ans. $177.37+.
 862 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES.

49, A and B can doa piece of work in 18 days; A can do

4 as much as B. In how many days can each do it alone?
Ans. A, 404 days; B, 322 days.
50. If 4 of a farm is worth $7524 at $45 per acre, how many
acres in the whole farm? Ans. 195A, A.
51. A person paid $1450 for two building lots, the price of
one being 45% that of the other; he sold the cheaper lot at a
gain of 60%, and the dearer one ata loss of 25%. What % did
he gain or lose on the whole transaction? Ans. 144% gain.
52. A certain sum of money, at 8% compound interest for
10 years, amounted to $2072.568. What was the amount at
interest ? Ans. $960.
53. There are two churcn towers, one 120 feet high, and
the other 150 feet. A certain object upon the ground between -
them is 125 feet from the top of the first and 160 feet from
_ the top of the second; how far apart are their tops?
Ans. 95.50+ feet.
54, A farmer sold to a merchant 80 bushels of wheat at
$1.90 per bushel, 70 bushels of barley at $1.10, and 175 bushels
of oats at $.75. He took in payment a note for 5 months, and
immediately got it discounted at bank at 6%; how much
money did he receive ? Ans. $351.06+.
55. There is a pile of 100 railroad ties, which a man is
required to carry, one by one, and place in their proper places, ©
3 feet apart; supposing the first to be laid 3 feet from the
pile, how far will the man travel in placing them all ?
Ans. 30300 feet.
56. Sound travels at the rate of 1142 feet asecond. If a
gun be discharged at a distance of 44 miles, how much time
will elapse, after seeing the flash, before the report is heard?
Ans. 20482 sec,
57. Ifa company of 480 men have provisions for 8 months,
how many men must be sent away at the end of 6 months,
that the remaining provisions may last 6 months longer?| VY

Ans. 320 men.

 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES. 363

58. The first year a man was in business he cleared $300,

and each year his profit increased by a common difference;
the fourteenth year he made ys How much did he make
the third year ? Ans. $400.
_ 59. What number is that, which being increased by 4, 4,
‘ and % of itself, and diminished by 25, equals 291 ?
Ans. 180.
60. At what time es 5 and 6 will the hour and
minute hands of a clock be together?
Ans. 273, min. past five.
61. A field whose length is to its width as 4 to 3 contains
2 A..2 R. 32 rd.; what are its dimensions ?
Ans. Length, 24 rd. ; width, 18 rd.
62. Three persons formed a partnership with a capital of
$4600. The first man’s stock was in trade 8 months and
gained $752; the second man’s stock was in trade 12 months,
and gained $600; and the third man had his stock in 16
months, and gained $640. What was each man’s stock ?
Ans. First, $2350; second, $1250; third, $1000.
63. How many thousand shingles, 18 inches long and 4 in.
wide, lying 4 to the weather, are required to shingle the roof
of a building 54 feet long, with rafters 22 feet long, the first
row of shingles being double ? Ans. 1422.
64. Employed an agent who charges 4% commission to col-
lect a bill of $550. He succeeded in obtaining only 85%; how
much did I receive? Ans. $448.80.
65. A and B entered into partnership and gained:$4450.50.
A put in enough capital to make his gain 15% more than B’s;
what was each man’s share of the gain ?
: Ans. A, $2380.50; B, $2070.
66. A building is 75 feet long and 44 feet wide, and the
elevation of the roof is 14 feet. How many feet of boards will
be required to cover the roof, if the rafters extend 2 feet
beyond the plates, and the boarding projects 14 feet at each
end, and 4 allowed for waste? Ans. 5474.97-+ feet.
364 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES.

67. A circular court is laid with 19 rows of flat stones, each

row forming a complete circle; the outside row is 39 inches
wide, and the width of each row diminishes 2 inches as it
nears the centre. What is the width of the innermost row?
Ans. 3 inches.
68. Reduce
fof of
booby to a simple fraction, and take the

result from the sum of 104, 3,4, and 734. Ans. 343.
69. Bought 75 yards of cloth at 10% less than the first cost,
and sold it at 10% more than the first cost and gained $25.
What was the first cost per yard? Ans. $1.663.
70. A grain merchant bought 7500 bushels of corn at $1.35
per bushel, 5450 bushels of oats at $.80, 3250 bushels of barley
at $.95, paid $225 for freight and $170 for storage; he imme-
diately sold it an advance of 20% on the entire cost, on a credit
of 6 months. What % did he gain at the time of the sale,
money being worth 8%? Ans. 15+ 4%.
71. A farmer employs a number of men and 8 boys; he pays
the boys $.65 and the men $1.10 per day. The amount that he
paid to all was as much as if each had received $.92 per day;
how many men were employed? Ans. 12 men.
72, S. Howard can mow 6acres in 4 days, and his son can
mow 7% acres in 5 days. How long will it take them both to
mow 49% acres? Ans. 174 days.
73. I lent a friend $875, whichyhe kept 1 year and 4 months.
Some time afterward I borrowed of him $350; how long
must I keep it to balance the favor? Ans. 3 yr. 4 mo.
74, Find the difference between the surface of a floor 80 ft.
9 in. long and 65 ft. 6 in. broad, and the sum of the surfaces
of three others, the dimensions of each of which are exactly
one-third of those of the other.
Ans. 391 sq. yd. 7 sq. ft. 12 sq. in.
75. A tree broken off 24 feet from the ground rests on the
stump, the top touching the ground 30 feet from the foot of
the tree. What was the height of the tree? Ans. 62.41+ f¢.
 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES. 365

76. Two persons entered into partnership for trading. A

put in $245 for 375 days and received # of the gain; the num-
_ ber of dollars that B put in was equal to the number of days
it was employed in trade. What was B’s capital?
Ans. $350.
77. How many square feet of boards 14 inches thick will be
required to make a box, open at the top, whose inner dimen-
sions are 6 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 3 feet deep?
Ans. 881; sq. ft.
78. A farmer having 80 acres of land, worth $55 an acre,
wishes to buy enough more at $50 and $65, respectively, so
that the value of his land shall average $60 an acre. How
much of each must he buy? Ans. 1 A.at $50; 82 A. at $65.
79. What is the amount of an annuity of $700 for 8 years,
at 6% compound interest ¢ Ans. $6928.222.
80. What must be the price of stock yielding 54%, that will
yield the same profit as 447% stock at 96 ? Ans: 412,
81. A person after spending 4 and } of his money and $20,
had $80 left. What had he at first? Ans. $240.
82. James Harper has a large jewelry store, which with its
contents he insures in the Continental Insurance Company
for % of its estimated value, at 34%. This Company imme-
diately insures 4 of its risk in the Astor Company, at 24%.
After two years and a half, the store and its contents were
destroyed by fire, when it was found that the Astor Company
lost $2925 more than the Continental Company. Reckoning
6% simple interest on the premiums that the owner paid, what
would be his entire loss ? Ans. $78815. 75.
83. A drover sold 42 cows and 34 oxen for $3374, receiving
$21 per head more for the oxen than for the cows. What did
he receive for each per head? Ans. $35 for cows;
$56 for oxen. ©
84, A certain room is 27 ft.5 in. Jong, 14 ft. 7 in. wide,
and 12 ft. 10 in. high. How much paper4 of a yard wide will
be required to cover the walls? Ans. 136 yd. 2 ft. 8 in.
366- REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES.

85. The area of a triangular field is 6 A. 36 rd.; the base

is 64 rods. What is the perpendicular distance from the base
to the angle opposite? é Ans. 314 rods.
86. If the width of a building is 50 feet, and the length of
the rafters 30 feet, what will it cost to board the gable ends,
at $.18 per square yard ? p Ans. $16.58+.
87. What is the solidity of the largest ball that can be cut
out of a cubical block whose sides are 6 inches square ?
Ans. 113.0976 cu. in.
88. A privateer took a prize worth £348 15s., which was to
be divided among 1 captain, 3 mates, and 27 privates, so that
a private should have one share, a mate twice as much as a
private, and the captain 6 times as much asa mate. What
was the share of each ?
Ans. Private, £7 15s.; mate, £15 10s.; captain, £93.
89. The width of a certain building is 38 feet, and the eleva-
tion of the roof is 16 feet ;how many square feet of boards
will be required to cover the gable ends? Ans. 608 sq. ft.
90. The length of one side of a field in the form of an equi-
lateral triangle is 40 rods. How many acres does the field
contain, and what would it cost to fence it, at $.65 per rod?
Ans. 4 A. 52.8+ sq. rd.3 $78.
se +
=
eee =|
3 +

91. Change oe tat a to a simple fraction, and reduce

2 8h AS
,to lowest terms. Ans. 144,
92. Two merchants, Sanford and Otis, invested equal sums
in trade. Sanford gained a sum equal to 4 of his stock and
$24 more, and Otis lost $444; then Otis had just 4-as much
money as Sanford. What did each invest? Ans. $675,
93. Henry Norton sold his farm for $13270, $5000 of which
was to be paid in 6 months, $4000 in one year and 6 months, —
and the rest in 2 years. What was the net cash value of his
farm, money being worth 6% ? Ans. $12336.59+.
 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES. 3672

94. At what time between 10 and 11 o’clock will the hands

be directly opposite? Ans. 215%; min. past ten,
95. How much better is it to invest $15000 in 6% stock, at
a discount of 25%, than to let the same sum at 7% simple
interest ? Ans. $150.
. 96. What is the present worth of an annuity of $550 for
6 years, at 8% simple interest ? Ans. $2675.675 +.
SRS _ 1.36,
97. What i
is the value of (
— 4 = 905!
Ans. 3.
98. If 36 men working 8 hours a day for 16 days can dig
a trench 72 yd. long, 18 ft. wide, and 12 ft. deep, in how many
days will 32 men, working 12 hours a day, dig a trench 64 yd.
long, 27 ft. wide, and 18 ft. deep ? Ans. 24 days.
99. Bought a piece of broadcloth at $2.75 per yard. At
what price shall it be marked that I may sell it at 5% less
than the marked price and still make 204 profit?
Ans. $3.4774.
100. Aman hired a mechanic for 35 days, on condition that
for every day he worked he should receive $1.75, and for every
day he was absent he should forfeit $2.50. At the end of the
time he received $40; how many days did he work ?
Ans. 30 days.
101. If stock bought at 25% premium pay 747 on the invest-
ment, what % will it pay if bought at 4% discount ?
Ans, 93%.
102. The interest on a note for 2 yr.3 mo. 18 da., at 8%, was
$155.02; what was the face of the note? Ans. $842.50.
103. The distance on the road around a certain park is 17
miles. If three persons start from the same point on the road
at the same time and travel in the same direction around the
park, how far will each have to travel before they all come
‘ together, if the first travels 5 miles an hour, the second 6,
and the third 7 miles an hour?
Ans. First, 85 mi.; second, 102 mi.; third, 119 mi.
 368 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES.

104. Two personscommence trade with the same amount of

money ; the first man spends 48% of his yearly, and the second
spends a sum equal to 25% of what both had at first; at the
end of the year they both together had $3468. How much
had each at the end of the year?
Ans. $1768, first; $1'700, second.
105. A roller used for leveling a lawn being 6 ft. 6 in. in
‘circumference by 2 ft. 3 in. in width, is observed to make 12
revolutions as it rolls from one extremity of the lawn to the
other. Find the area rolled when the roller has passed ten
times the whole length of it. Ans. 195 sq. yd.
106. A and B form a copartnership: A’s stock is to B’s as 5
to 7. At the end of 4 months A withdraws % of his stock, and
B 3 of his; their year’s gain is $5650. How much does each
receive ? Ans. A, $2500 ; B, $3150.
107. A drover bought a number of sheep, oxen, and cows.
He paid half as much more for oxen as for sheep, and half as
much more for cows as for oxen ; he sold the sheep at a
profit of 10%, the oxen at a profit of 8%, and the cows at a
loss of 4%; he received for the whole $3416. What did he
pay for each ‘vt?
Ans. $700, sheep; $1050, oxen; $1575, cows.
108. A commission merchant, who charges 13%, purchases
for me 145 barrels of sugar, pays for freight $12.50, making
the whole bill $2255.07. If there were 190 pounds of sugar
in each barrel, what was the price of the sugar per pound, and
what was the amount of commission ?
Ans. $.08 per pound; $38.57, com.
109. A merchant in New York imported from England a
quantity of goods, for which he had to pay a duty of 12%. On
account of the depression in trade, he is obliged to sell at a
loss of 73%; had he sold them two months sooner, he would
have received $896 more than he did, and then would have
cleared 34% on the transaction. What price did he pay for
the goods ? Ans. $7500.
 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES. 369

110. How many bricks 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and

2 inches thick will be required to build a cubical cistern, open
at the top, that shall contain 2000 gallons, if the wall is made
a foot thick and 4 of the entire wall is mortar?
Ans. 5918 bricks.
111. What is the value of 2} x = 7? Ans. 385.
33 + ay
112. If 18 men, working 10 hours per day, can dig a ditch
in 20 days, how long will it take 3 men and 40 boys, working
8 hours per day, to dig a ditch twice as long, 6 men being
equal to 10 boys? Ans. 334 days.
113. John Turner owes $350 due in 7% months, $500 in 3
months, and $650 due in 5 months, and pays 3 of the whole
in 6 months; when ought the remainder to be paid?
Ans. 3 months.
114. A and B can do a piece of work in 4§ days; B and 0
in 5,5, days; and A and C in 44 days. In what time can each
do the work alone? Ans. A, 8 days; B, 10 days; C, 12 da.
115. A and B alone can do a piece of work in 15 and 18
days respectively. They work together on it for days, when
B leaves; but A continues, and after 3 days is joined by C;
together they finish it in 4 days. In what time could C do
the piece of work by himself? Ans. 24 days.
116. Mr. Smith paid 3} times as much for a horse as for a
harness. If he had paid 10% less for the harness and 74%
more for the horse, they would together have cost $245.40.
How much did he give for each ? °
Ans. Horse, $182 ; harness, $56.
117. James and Herbert are running around a block 25 rods
square; James runs around it every 7} minutes, and Herbert
every 84 minutes. If they started together from the same
point, how many times must each run around the block
before they will be together?
Ans. James, 10 times; Herbert, 9 times.
3870 REVIEW AND TEST EXAMPLES.

118, James Walker contracted to build a stone wall 180 rd,

long in 21 days. He employed 45 men 12 days, who built
4124 yards. How many more men must be employed to finish
the tones in the required time? Ans. 39.
119. I invested $6345 in Government bonds at 1044, bro-
kerage 14%. How much would I gain by selling the same at |
1134, brokerage 14%? Ans. $375.
120. A grain merchant bought 3250 bushels of wheat, at
$1.25 per bushel, and sold it immediately at $1.45 per bushel,
receiving in payment a note due 4 months hence, which he
had discounted at bank at 6%. What was his gain ?
Ans. $553.39+.
121. Two men form a partnership for trading; <A’s capital
is $3500, B’s $4800. At the end of 7 months, how much must
A put in that he may receive } of the year’s gain?
Ans. $3120.
122, A man having lost 25% of his capital, is worth exactly
as much as another who has just gained 15% on his capital;
the second man’s capital was originally $9000. What was the
first man’s capital? Ans. $13800.
-123. A merchant imported 18 barrels of syrup, each con-
taining 42 gallons, invoiced at $.95 per gallon; paid $85 for
freight and a duty of 30%. What % will he gain by selling
the whole for $1171.459 ? Ans. 15%
 +,

co
Se
“
4 ANSW ERS.)
iD) -
_

The answers to oral exercises and the more simple examples have
been omitted.
The answers for the exercises taken from the Arithmetical Tables,
commence on page 392.

Art. 43. g. $1074. ii. 35857536. 1002.

. $1525. . $41874. 12. $1036800. ~ 13%,
1213. 11. $4820. | 23. $11.25.
1589. . $245. Lh. $633.27.
5725. . $1634. 15. $72.25.
1542. . $1135. 16. $5253.04 ;
322533. . 1005 bushels. $669.
$4039. . $262.64. Ty $21.99 gain.
$2617. . $166.38. 18. $69. 42.
$795. . $11.06. 19. $32.33 gain.
ON
WMRN
PSD
DOB
bey $1330. . $95.12. 20. $2112 ;
20. $272.59. $345.60 gain.
Art. 49. . $901.92.
$6217.65. Art. 90.
Art. 124.
$3553.66. $985.
$1004.94. $1995. 231 ; 302.
$75.8. . $3882. . 210 hours.
$906.75. $639. . 147 barrels.
. $312.09. . 63360 feet. . 121 months.
. $607.65. . $2556. 25 weeks.
20IW
{0
SoBN$179.31. . 1516 far. . 134 baskets.
- $5746.62. . $241.
. $613.90. . O76. MAP
SHRM
SON
- $228.20. . $311.
$1751.22.
. $8985.60. Art. 99. ~ 105070.
. $70.11. $24630.
. 76 barrels. Art. 133.
Art. 69. - 43 loads.
. $1485. Art. 131. 15712.
. 100 years, 205. 300 miles.
6269. 205. 36 acres.
. 6892 feet. 142692 days. 815. 267 acres.
5940. 8946 trees. 440. . 158.
3158. ~ $1200.
832. Ld
OMWNAA
. 8600.
 ANSWEES.

. $7080.
. $491 83.
. 275
SHS
mA acres.

Art. 157.

Ne
RN

ES)
STES
SUE
CORES . $56.
. 6 bushels.
so
iwS . $598.58. SSARSSES
omraap
. 14942 acres;
1488?63 acres.

Art. 158. . 42.

Art. 184. . 4 barrels.
S £2 On . 80 weeks.
Py . . 6 shillings,
. . 80 loads.
me
ogpeeeete
Sor . 5 boxes.
. 915 pounds.
IS
SS cy

. OD
09
~F
~FOD
42
BOL
SS
CST
SUES
OO/SSS>57 PO +I
> ~ Hon
aa
$3172. .
81104 miles.
$162. wy
ISS $2496.
SEIS 93
Ft
WD
BO
St
OO
~Z
mT
CO
OD
OT
9B ow
He
Or
Or Pes:
Art. 160.
. 85 barrels.
. 73 horses. Spl
16148 acres. ADAM
. eee
LYw
MaSr
. 17 weeks. awe
Bd
®&
oo
CNW
. 86 thousand. NAH —e. =

ee = sot
Art. 161. W9
HF
C9
OO
SU
DO
ST
BOY
OL
BD
OD
WD
W
WW
OO
WO . ma
. 24386 pounds. Ww
9SLEx» Ciex A)
184 boxes. eneMoet » 24,
. 776 baskets. ~y
4900 pounds. zs Art. 203.
. 168 days. 20
iH
.ry +3" .
do
Gs
MH
ND
. 168 cords. WNW
™
OV
OF 2 aorWr
a nr a or
on x as wo aS)
Art. 162. one
. 86 pounds. or SSeS
Sd
. 712 cords.
TON $192.
fy ee
(eRPy ou. 25 he Stepax e(ys)
 ANSWERS. 373

hileles
229
mteeipcoisa
es
Art. 210. wo

8.
3 feet.
12 inches.
36 feet.
aes
3iS wr

Eee
14 feet.
. 12 barrels. Eee ee
ag le
ion

. 14 yards.
GoGo
EF
IN
ND $38 ;
214 acres; 19. 824 3.
165 acres. 20. 1794, pounds. 4.
21. 2844 feet. 5. $580
Art. 217, 22. 583 yards. 6. 335, yards.
2520. 23. $144 Se

. 60 cents. 24. 1462, miles. Art, 278.

36 quarts. 25, 185422 yards.
. 168 rows. %
©>
NS
Ro
$798.
36 feet. ieos betttetat Art. 268.

SN
OS
RD. 1650 feet. LytS an ao
Art. 221,
ae
also
os
tea
etang
wo
a °

=
Coder
ris) or

S2,ve SS
. ‘e900
on ~ eolao.
Slo
SISSoS
Sei Xe
=f-* 20)
Selcoxeino
AWS
*
DAIwees
OO
Go
GoAPN
ND
aie
1X)
>
colzore}rsea|ao
Hlraafeoaehanal 2,

medi gallons. Art. 286.

=
OO
ROD
id
OTe
Art. 248. ‘| 14. $8,2
S .

o>
"we

15, bx barrels.
baS
eo 16. 2844.
we GOs
~~weain”
Ole
ALAA
DATO
YPwe
17. 19% miles.
pce
3 apaceSo
nomutonsinnece
3
IStealco

AYie

B96?
+| 18. $42.
3saed acljewas,o 3} 19. 96 pounds.
Patt) Paolr
omen

B96"
ae
oe
12. 435; oh
}53
os
73 oH
TED) E53 ee: Art. 273. aac
alee
10, 884. SSIS
SORE
Art. 264. i, 844.
1. 228.
2. Br. eos
wr
len aa
we

3, 224, eae
5
lee
te)~ S
Art. 251. Ja als.
5. 38.
 ANSWEHEES.

Art. 296. |, 55, 6}, 64

1. 4 aes
19. $1268 7%.
2, 248, g, At. 88. 4b.
i 1s, : jige ge a
20. $53} ; : : £28 58
$11034. 5. 48 ty Bio ay
- $262 Ao.
. 129, 93%..
. 50024.
7.18 4, oA
. 29 ct. - @, 4. : ic 1s 70
9 508. 5. 9,03 190 00?
: 69s tons. 10. 384%. A003 100
27, $1048. i.2, BFF.
Suet.
o,107OF, St, 4h
10/10):
18. 142873. 919
1h. 186 x5. 10 . ATAS miles ;
16. aya”
17, OBL.
|7,* TH, 888, 584.
100° 100° 100’ .
881% miles.
$8113-A,.
18, 868%. oo, LOFF . BBG aE.
19. 4A, bageensTis . $10500.
. 504
2.3
20. 16
21, 54%,
4, 8. Peo
ane . DOORE
3 toou3
- $1800.
2. 784 bushels; T1000? 49099 ° }, 1238 cords.
1744 bushels ; 5988 1612 . 4134 pounds;
wei).
171i} bu.. || 9. Tan igo? 855,% pounds;
28 pounds.
23, $163 ; "612 H752
D; $044; Ore Oras . Increased by
496.8, | 100’ 100 5

FY
ERRRAROSHH
eae
ee
Be Poe
© we
24. $12444. | 79, 1865. 450
meCo te} ole
a
1p ee
‘ ! 7 0
meat Art. 303. £58 108 3
$2, 15 f
ws= 1. $8. La . 1196322 yds.
2,8
ote
wage

2 $hh- Bo? Agls BT

3, $49. Gy 2. 3h. $2895,
Art, 293. rai 100' 100 ' 35. 1344, acres,
5. wats. M19 fr, 217s 36. $50062.
6. 1a 100 > 100 °
7. BOR. Art. 340.
ieTE Art, 307.
3

tw
WOig. 1. 25; 2.
11. 3 2. a i 385
12, + Z000°
ahh veB. 9
h 98 » BS

L§shs 33 548s $05 5 25713,

423019,
a 1857.
3 ey ey gs Oy Py
. B53z%.
 ANSWERS.

. 085218. 1p. 882, 18. $170.75. 11. 07954.

» 087914, , 889, 16. $738.0225.
12. 307692.
; 19738, Art. 357,
. 285)

28785, 1. 85.77. Art. 359,

20298, 2. 4.958. 46.2857+.
. 619047. 2948 3. 217.496. . 205652 +.
. 58571428. 670, 4. $4075.26 8.0721+.
. 846153. 5. $58.555. 8640+.
Art. 349. | 6, 286.625901. 8.8235 +.
. 564102. ees 7. 66.285618. .8604+.
. 82692807. 2, 25, 8. 029418. 29.8661 +.
3, 241, 9. 00748. . 5.48444.
. 863. he pte. , 86288. $0.
POH
Go
AH
00ND
- 9.9009+.
. .8921568627- Bi atite: * 000072.
450980. es 0000252. Art. 363,
7. aaiktieeo " 003645.
. 436. 8, {hegonta ~ 00000101 . 17.0769.
. 8.714285. 9. -3455459 . 001535. 6.8548;
. 24.32142857.
10. Up.” | $344.18). 38.3680.
11, 2982, , 24.17%, 1960.5945.
28. 32.4076923. 12, 48. $1.06375. 1.0979.
13. 3Be. . 0062. 1583.
Art. 3438. 1p. 282 46075. 6.0883.
15. 2 . 00033575. ~ 160.6284,
. $7 47891. - 142857.1428-
Art, 352. . $533.2114, NAAK&
OK
WH. 4.1710.
1. 512377 . $685.6289. 10. 1.4743.
2. 158.9656 _ 222.9062 gr. 11. 73.8748.
3. $538.26 - §2.16631 in. 12. 161.2496,
4. 105.9817 _ 2.35644 yd. 13. $5.8362.
5. 492.4198 , $271.3017. 14. 89.5901.
6. 16.62229 $5266.833+. 15. 161.1379 yd.
to
iSa
Ses
Ss
NSSO'So y. $191.11. - 1908.75. 16. 5.1369.
8. 115.25493. . $46070 17. 179.7866 1b.
SES . $33.881, 18. 214.2327 yd.
19. 32.9685 tons.
a
La
Art. 354. . $4.96.
Art. 346. 1. 782.48. . $362.90 20. 878.
royag Art. 358. 21, $2820.4678.
a2 <4

an 22, $13450.
oeierla
2o}t!
|. 4. $16.65. oP ayp
5. 37.124. 2. 35. Art. 364.
6. 874.960401. | 3. .625. 1. &.'7446.
7, 1'7.49608. 4. B25.
jeloceiicey]
cleacele
*
2. $382.325,
oe 8. 6.93995. 5. AGS75. 3. $43,875.
S23"
9. 0894097. 6. 1125. 4. $3809.58.
10. Ont 7. 714285. §. $85.1125.
Ss
Sor
Ca
Sr
Go
a S ) eojonce|
tet
ce]
Wcolooceletse|_ 11. $72.091. 6- $281,567.
12, 94.1881. 8. 02, .
Of $53.8135.
oo
rt}
eal
eo loos
||
13. 17.42.
Ly. 5.552.
9. 83.
10. 15.
8-
9.
9166+.
8888+.
iemioHHI
.°
 ANSWEES,.

12. 1564 dr. 1 sc. 15 gr.

13. 27 T. 6 cwt. 4 oz,
i 92 lb. 9 oz. 1 pwt.
14 er.
15. 16 1b. 3 oz. 1 pwt. Art. 389.
21 er.; 18.52% lb. a) od

16 ib. 3 oz.2 se.

.
.
.84782604+.
03177+. 16. Tak Ib.
5 gr.; SES 2I Hots
. 8926+. Le 70 lb. 3 0z, 1 pwt.
. 11282.8110+ 234 gr. ; —Ss

. $821.0125. 18. 17 lb. 6 oz. 4 dr.

. $94.22, 1 sc. 24 gr. SISSSSOks
POU be
wire
-g
clero|eo
pA

. $3188.065. 19. 5 lb. 310 36 92 2S

ap
6/09
ae)
CopJeol
W/O)
or),
aac reo}
ol

. $5.5566+. 8 gr.
. 59.75 yards. Art. 383.
. 489 bushels. KN
SS)
PSUS
. 61.44 yards; . 11 ewt. 11 Ib, 13 02.
82.5806+ yards; D2 2 er.
48.9739+ yards. . 8 oz. 14 pwt. 18,4
gr..
. 14.
. 190.116 pounds. 38 34 D1 14? gr.
9.6 oz.
. $3861.785.
. $145.52. 17 cwt. | 634 T.
. $1.85. . ©2164 gr.
. 14 pwt. 14.4 gr.
_ 81215272 Ib.
58 lb. 54 oz.
. 9868+ Ib.
Art. 377.
. 15 lb. 10 oz,
. 71498 +.
. 27700 pounds. ie

. 7 Ib. 5
ocmRaas
RS
TON
Co oz. 6 pwt.
. 59444,
. 1885 drams.
. 21900 grains. 16 er. Art. 391.
. 8 ewt. 70 Ib.
. 108240 grains.
. Ib. 5 %11 32144 14 T. 8 qr. 4 Ib
9. 158328 grains. 10 oz. .
. 846547 pounds, er.
. 13 T. 14 ewt. 28 Ib, . 88 lb. 2 oz. 1 se.
. 5749 pennyweight. 12 gr.
. 175393 pounds. . 1 Ib. 3 oz. 18 pwt.
. 217339 grains. 207 gr.
. 5888000 ounces. . 10 oz. 4 pwt. 9.6 er.
. 7000 grains. . 5 ewt. 20 Ib. 128 oz.
3, 89377 penny weight. . 102 Ib. 1 oz.
Pee. 1 1b. 15 pwt. 5 er.
fil
eee
mel
enV
4 T. 3 cwt, 9 tb.
10 oz.
Art. 380. SHIS
SS
FPA . 86 lb. 9 oz. 13 pwt. _Ib. 14 32 34 92
. 6 Ib. 9 oz. 3 pwt.
8 er.;lb. 86 39 cory
12 er.
35 D1. g
. 49 cwt. 2 qr. 6 lh.
. 488 T. 4 ewt. 45 Ib. Art. 386, . 10 T. 11 cwt. 42 Ib.
. 1017 Ib. 2 dr. g. 15 oz.
. 15 T. 14 ewt. 77 Tb. . 87 lb. 2 oz. 12 pwt.
8 oz. 10. 188 gr.
© 48 lb.
MN
BONA 6 oz. 4 dr. athe yeoT 3S . Ib. 40 310 D1.
2 sc. 7 gr. 12. da lb. 5 gaog cwt . Sib. 11 oz. 19 pwt.
173 T. 8 ewt. 13. ge T.3 38) T.; 15.2 gr.
RS. 85 Ib, 9 oz. 17 pwt.
Wa
Rr . 80 Ib. .5 oz.
 ANSWERS. 37%

§ 1T. 14 cwt. 92 Ib. . 834 oz. Ihe 10 mi. 14 ch. 5 ie

4 oz. . 50 Ib. 18, 7 mi. 258 rd. 2 yd.
. 19.44 gr. 210 ft.
Art. 393. (8oL. piers 16 Ib. 12. 1085.916 statute mi.
. 11 T. 18 ewt. 1 qr. . 40T. 5 ewt. 92 Ib. 20. 21 degrees;
21 Ib. 3 oz. 155.625 statute mi.
- 1b. 5 39 36:52 Art. 396. al. pe)
8 gr. ~4 T. 17 cwt. 3 qr. 22. .036 mi.
. 11 Ib. 4 oz. 18 pwt. 21 Ib. 8 oz.;
12 gr. 23. 145.83 statute mi,
it.lg ewt:18 Ib.
4 lb. 6 oz. 11 pwt. 2h. .0606.
gr. 1 n°ve ewt. 1 qr. 25. .66 ft.
1T. 13 cwt. 62 Ib. 24 lb.2 oz.
8 02. Art. 407.
16 cwt. 1 qr. 7 Ib.
26 3710 gr. 12 oz. . 180680 sq. ft.
5 lb. 10 oz. 7 pwt. . Alb. 2 oz. 16 pwt. . 15488000 sq. yd.
9 gr. 138 gr. 4017.2 sq. yd.
. 8 cwt. 54 Ib. 12 oz. 315 gr. 19200 sq. ch.
9 oz. 8 pwt. 16.8 gr. Z10 3710 or; 448000 sq. 1.
7 'T. 7 cwt. 45 Ib. 57 32 62 gr. ; . 8000 sq. 1.
NM
RSG%
BHHM
w&RD
Bw /Ib.7 35 36 D1 23 353 gr.; .00516528+ A.
5 gr. Z1 32 52 133 pr .0001367 + sq. mi.
2. Ibid. 2 liegt D2 1 ewt. 10 lb. 1132 oz 284 A. 71 P.3sq. yd.
10 gr. 34, 3 sq. ft. 36 sq. in.
=Lg
Ne
Ww
NNa& . 6 T. 12 ewt. 2 qr. 21.78 sq. ft.
25.
14 lb. 385 boxes
SORBARSWA
RS25 sq. mi. 457A
NN

SI
SE
EISEN
8383,
past
1 ch. 6 P. 5855
Art. 395,
. 15 Ib. 2 oz. 10 pwt. il.
weS 511.7,;1920. 8q
. 81 P. 27 sq. yd.
20 gr. ; %2 35 D1. 7 sq. ft. 67.68 sq. in.
iat& . 1241823; 102.
26 Ib. 7 oz. 8 pwt. §oe4A. 68 P. 6 sq. ft.
a
23 gr. Art. 398. 3211 in.
om be ¢ ewt. 14 Ib. N Ss21 Tp. 12 sqe) mi.
18o . 1886 in. 188 A. 9 sq. ch.
47. 12owt 19 Ib. 5280 yd. LPs
120 , 21.85511+ mi. 15. 4 sq. mi. 319 A.
2 T. CB ee 8 Ib. 2100 1. 9 sq. ch. 8 P. 4584
11o 848 in. sq. 1.
waked be “7 ewt. 52 Ib. 552 1 16. 9 sq. ch. 15 P. 624
. 7 ewt. 66 lb. 5 oz. 1087.5 mi. sq. 1.
562) iby 4 \0z. 4 idx,
4.8866 + statute mi. 85 sq. mi. 639 A.
15 gr. SMO
AP
&ND
WH
. 2544 in, 9 sq. as V5) iB
. 1 ewt. 19 Ib. 124 oz. . 245 statute mi. 624 sq
~ Lé6b7oyl. whi 140 i ‘6 sq. ch.
. 1 ewt. 7 Ib. 142 02.
; oe 6 cwt. 92 Ib. . 233 rd. 3 yd. 10.8 in. 13 P: 892 sq. I.
. .000482+ mi. 18. 5 P. 28 sq. yd. 6 sq.
. 4646. ft. 108 sq. in.
GelT. 3 ewt. 42 Ib. . 66 ch. 2 rd. 7 1 19. 9P. 5 sq. yd. 4 sq.
D2 2 11.12 er. 1.76 in. ft. 108 sq. in.
. 2¢ wt, 591. 6.72 oz. 2 mi. 48 ch. 8 rd .| 20. 5 P. 29 sq. yd. 1 sq,
Ra
lie
ake
:Cr
eseo. 9 ewt.
aes 72 lb. 38 oz. 24 1. 1.98 in. ft. 18 sq. in.
378 ANSWEES.

21 . 2A. 3 sq. ch. 1 P.| . 20.79 cu. ft. . 128 pt.; 58 pt. ;
375 sq. 1. . 913 cu. ft. 110 pt.
1.3432098+. . 0.6 £35 £32 M15.
. 2.6837448+ cu. yd. h. 2 bu. 3 pk. 1 pt.;
. 08233 peh. 4 bu. 2 pk. 3 qt.
. 0057038125 ed.
. 2230 sq. ft. 4444
. 884 boards. f 2 cd. 3 ed. ft. 8 cu.
. 3091 yds. ft. 972 cu. in.
3620 . 272 bricks. } 11 bu.2qt.
$485 275, . 16 cd. 7 cd. ft. 15 . Cong. .1377766+.
. 1096.98 tiles. cu. ft. 3452 cu. in. 36922 bush.
. 1200 stones; _ 912 ed. . 87122 bbl.
$2129.722.,
$500.76.
. $53.05783. . Cong. 7.46972+.
. 56322 bbl.
. 8 ft. 62 in.
. 11352 shingles. ° 1084. peh.
. 146335 bu.
. $50.53. - 16045 cd. . 875 gal.
. 17.214 bricks. . 064453125.
Art. 415. — . 83387.38266+4+. . .00236+.
. 167616 cu. in, - 4052 peh. Lh. $523.213.
. $424.52,
. 2.43 en, ft. $2234.2..
. 867456 cu. in. - $803.03631+. Art. 423.
32.6592 cu, in. ~ $822.50.
So
fs
7 . 022 cu. yd.
dN ~ $296.40. . 125.958+ bu.
0296 cu. yd.
Art. 420. 1244127 cu. ft.
26 B. ft. . 128214 cu. ft.
18 cu. ft. 1080 cu. in. . 505-5; eu. ft.
35 B. ft.
. 9cu. ft. 648 cu in.
. 8 cu. yd. 18 cu. ft. 24 B. 2462.435 cu. ft.
. 6013 cu. ft.
baSOHONVHD
. 58 cu. yd.21 cu. ft. - 1001.475+ cu. ft.
1664 cu. in. . 7.085+ ft.
. 4 cu. yd. 8 cu. ft. >
oO Wah 0%
> eees)55
09
E>o& sc) @ ee) 90
$0
TON
So
MS
BD 1443), OZ.
432 cu. in.
. 29 cu. yd. 22 en. ft. & Art. 427.
576 eu. in.
. 5 eu yd. 14 eu, ft. 99 yr. 4 mo. 19 da.
1080 cu. in. 22 yr..38 mo. 14 da,
. 13 ft. 5F in. 14 hr.
. 48 ft. Co
He
HS
09VRSODS . 66 yr. 6 mo. 13 da,
. 4 ft. 6 in. O
BOW
hh:
jer)
~~iss) OD
od
bo 10 hr.
. 9280815 cu. ft. mp
SS
PT
PPP220 DVbh . 118 yr. 5 mo. 17 da
OO
VY br
f Tyr. 9 mo, 1 da,
_ 59BI27 pw
WH
oDr
. Feb. 22, 1782.
| $238.6844-4, Art. 432,
. 8732 peh. . $85.008.
19663”.
Art. 416. Art. 422. 30600’.
. 1584 cu. ft. 1. 82 gi.; 64 gi.; 385740!’,
. 836 cd. ft. 56 gi.; 28 gi. ; Poh
. oss 8.
N.
29
Co 4608 cu. ft. 120 gi. cay. 025 cir.
 ANSWERS. 379
9s. 28° 48’, 11 . 86.8965+4 cd. - 8426000.
4 Cir.; $ Cir ; 4 Cir.) 12 . 1176.15+ cu. ft. . 720000000.
28. 12° rh . $.024624, S©
~2
Co- 463000000.
2 sextants 255 225) 14 $1.41975.
2 75, . $14.5675+. Art. 468.
B 33%sex. ey 16 . $1.357+. . 800800.
. 64° 17' 84”, 17, . 8340 dg. 18018.
. 383 yr. 8°mo. 20 da. 83.4 De. - 850000.
. 37 yr. 5 mo. 23 da. . 8400 L. . 1673800.
. 94 doz.; 165 doz. 840000 el. 24473.6.
. 1264 doz. ;2280 doz. . 790.75+ mi. . 11500000.
. 292 doz. ; 3275 doz.; $960. - 27360000.
1414 doz. . $74.00048+. . 414000.
. 18320 sheets. 3141.
333. Art. 460.
- 158 sq. ft. 8/9! 3!” Art. 469.
Art. 438. 6628122,
cae sq. ft.-9/ 11”
9yI! oe
385605.
2736 far. .87546366.
$83.745. B. 146 sq. ft. 2’ 1!
. 58111520,
£.0375. 10” gi. . 889516040.
34000 mills. . 376 sq. ft. 2 2” 8” - 2585632.
£.0029162. 6", 7349272.
.015. vee 236 sq. ft. 9’ 11” . 62767170.
12s. 6d. QI! fa
4388206.
16s, 9d. 2.4 far. . 915 sq.
otse
Sener
£1713.7573+4+. . 156 cu. % i‘gyn Art. 470.
. $457.024. 6" a Ces
87.36.
. £89 11s. 10d. .42+4
NS
ba - ae cu. ft. 8' 11” 43.72.
far. oll) Qe
7.903.
. $10461.564. 023897.
beSS). $1172.05654; Art. 464. 05236.
4914 marks . 10 min, 45} sec. -0006984,
45.08+ pfennig ; 8 hr. 58 min. 1 sec. 0054.
6078 fr. 3 ct. 8.9+m. 54 min. 164 sec. -00007.
. 417875. 2 hr. 6 min. ”59 sec. SSO
DER
$9
GSS
GS
SIE
SoBe
SOS0072.
. 4682. 10 hr. 53 min. 5544
, 647 fr. 6 de. 6 ct. sec. Art. 471.
8.38+ m. 6 hr. 40 min. 10 sec. 183.8.
107° 19’ 482”. 6.54625,
Art, 451. . 8 hr. 38 min. 24 sec, 10983.
. 38.1024 Kg. 90° 2’ 30”. 018.
83.5627 Ton. ineSOON
ARHSNWN .008.
y
48° 45’.
83.8304 HI. 0004.
2.2185 L. Art, 467. 6744,
68.0494 St. 8400. a 70412.
1827416 A, 76000. Pees
013928,
250 cu. in. 573.
88 sq. yd. 88097. Art, 472,
9
7.73538+ bu. 897.52. lat 20°
SwwmrRaay
ww552960 gr. SN
SOP 80084. 2.oe.
380-— ANSWERS.

ce 16. $1112; 18494 yd.;

A te sisi 10568 yd.; Art. 497:
5. 4. $1042.50 ; 792.6 yd. ; 5, 2742 yd.
6. $973. 1056.8 yd.; | 6. 525 bu. ;
th ok 17. $425; $550; 2377.8 yd.; 51612 bu. ;
ss $612.50 ; 1849.4 yd. 630 bu.;
aes | $5331. 18. $1725; 8 bu.;
ge 18. $600; $315; $19713 ; * bu.
Tf. ks $910 ; $700. $2800 ; 7, flee
124s. 19. $630; $679; $3450 ; 2 hrene
LB te. $650. $1868 ; 9. 285 lb,
ie 20. $980; $1470; $2116 5 10. 895 yd.
15S ans 35. $2380.50 11. 476 bu
21. $112 ;$128.
Art. 473, |,. Sess"). Art. 20%: |. Art. 498,
ibepe 23. $371.25; 10 1. 30 yd.
2.22 g09.a72;
$309.3735 |
| 2h e r.
72. $144,444. 2.Oe
877. ;
g. 1%. $433,121. 2. 18. $35.574. 1 24575 T
4. 30. 24. $255; $510; 43.463 8. 385 bu. ;
ier $408. AS toa 40 bu
6. Th. 25. $548; oe aa gs 4. 96 ft.
7. 125. $657.60 Le pres se ete)
8.7. $1315.20; -|7p ena6ol 6. 89.
9. 1}. $1534.40. 19. ven 7. 58 cd
10. 30.
11. 180
26. $543.75
$522 ;
eth
20. $940. 95.
8. 9 tt.
2. 2335. $696 ; Art. 495. | Art. 499.
Artoat4c,|- 2. 6. 3.3828. 6.$1886,
: . | 7 $1.4825. : 50.
mee
2. 30.
ee
1, 217.74.
Agekieier
A37
, | fae
9. $5075
3. 28.
4, 108. 32, 19528
2619. 9. $2515.
10. $2.75. a
10. $847.098.
5. 22. 4, 5025. THEE IS 11. $40455.

7. 158% 6. 1.9708. Art. 500.

8. 80. 7. 8.1584. Art. 496. | 2 5,3,5.34,
9. 50 8. 1.84384. 1. $4.05. 3 23485 6 1
9. 8.62552. 2, $7812; Oe
Art. 479. | 70. 219.288. $1236144. 5. Br3 os.
1. 15300. 15. 358.16 A.; | & $668.25; 6. ghbr.
2. 48700. 179.08 A.; $767.88 ; ee
3. 5962. 268.62 A. ; $816.48. 8. 183.
4. 111875. 8.954 A.; 4. $1163.85. 9. 4At,
5. 78000. 71.632 A. ; 5. $465.75 ; 10. £5 yr.5 $85Yt
6. 96555, 537.24 A.; $465.75. 11. Bis.
7, 8000. 35.816 A. | 6, $3.4545, | 72. 12 or 68
8. 146, 16. 5083.2 bu.; | 7. $1346.2295, |73, 4977.
9, 1090. 2541.6 bu. 8. $273.12525. |14. 4; 4,
10. 14725. 17. 7926 yd. ; 9. $379.64024. |15. 12; 82.
 ANSWERS. 381

22. 550. 14. $4000. : oe. 048+.

23. 10 yd.
24, 8. Art. 515. z i 60.
25. $35500 1. $3.04. . $375.43.
26. $1.50. 2. $81.60. . 112 bbl.
27. 3100 lb 8. $74.48. . $13.82.
28. $75. 4. aay23124 » $129.375..
aris 5. $116.574. . $6761.882+.
30. 300 A 6. $2278.96
81. $75. 7, 15%. Art. 527.
82, $1350 &. 268,%
88. $83334 9. 20%.
34. $412500 10. $6355.362
85. $8000. it. $.78.
12. $77.40 gain;
Art. 505. $6. 80 selling
7. 25%. price
&. 162%. 13. $8.25.
9. 20%. Ly. $7.14.
10. 111%. 15. $5.124. iESD
SSS
CRSA
11. 294%. 16. $5860.
2. 161%. 17. $9.50 buying Art. 540.
13, 442% price; . $8965.50.
Ly. 932% $7,1241 selling . $10105.624.
. $1178; 15, 352% ; price. 76 shares.
$4.25 per yd. 55% ; 18. $9.75, 96 shares.
20. 84 ct 103% 19. $1825 144 shares.
16, 4218%. 20. $570.24. 153 shares.
Art. 502. 17, 1432%. 21. 20%.
s 108. 18. 262%. 22. $2475,
2. $45; $638. 19. 14%. 23. $153.
8 394 vd. 20. 38917% 24. $3.20 per yd.
4. $1323. a1. 8%. 25. ae
§. $23580. 22, 144829%, 26. 20%.
23. 6142%. 27. $7654.
Art. 503. 12%

2200) of odd Art. 522.

126. 121%. 1. $14.134
|27-10%. 2. $18.2105
28. 154% 8. $57, i.i
one356
48451
{54 lo. 54. aha.
$96.9595
. §
Art. 507. | 6. 42%. . $284. 982+.
6. 216, 7. 22%. . $368.
7. 184. &. $14400. : $1160.
&. 560 mi. 9. $47178.123 . 284 shares.
9. 872. 10. $1652.92-45 . $1029.
10. 800 men 11. $8663.217455 . 6%.
11. $1000. 12, $3658.70+ . $191.80.
12. $6.40. 18. $1868.97+ 22. $3720.
13. $2000 Lh. $8286. 30. 11}%.
 ANSWERS.

Art. 573. | 4. $103.44004; 10. 25% 5 124% s

1. $85.84. $131.2892; ee 83% 5
2. $48.675 $57.6877
3. $43.812 5. $65.9458; 831%; 50%
4. $12.754. $50.3270; 225%; 831%;
36. $800.821+3 5. $28.1385 $19.0895. 14%; 21)fe
$78.082 + ;
$124.981+.
6. $35.82. 6. $1.85; 11}%; 165%
$8.
7. $120. $2.6037; 2. 935%.
8. $46.50 1.5074
9. $40.20. 7. $376.6188; Art. 597,
Art. 554. 10. $100.395. $502.1577 ;
1. $268.80. $313.8486.
Art. 576.
2, $255.192. 1. $1.58. Art. 585.
3. $622.683. i co B je)
4. $73.60. 2. $1.536 1. $11.5436.
5. $66.6792. 3. $2,125 2. $3.1342,
4. $4.2075 3. $3.3082.
Art. 566. 5. $1543 he $3.1574,
6. $1.8493 5. $8.8945. |
13. $51.5256. 7. $2.67% 6. $3.6073. PAWSON
fo
Lh. $282.33. 8. $3.7754 7. $6.54407,
15. $8.3695. 9. $1.122 8. $1.4576. _ Sis | Lar]
16, $41.78265. 10. $1.96. 9. $16.2754. NNSs
. $86.3208+. Art. 578. |22. 9.8088.
. $1.6559+. 11, $461.193.
. $13.25248. 1. $62.36852 ; | 72, $25.2125. 114Ly; 40vars
20. 107.1144. $93.54528; O5 yr. :
21, $85.115. $83.151386. Art. 588.
B0i2 yr. ;
22. 8827.08. 2. $308.95135
23, $462,616. $434,216 ; | 53. $283.9994...
es64 99874 yr.
11, (13 yr.
24. $4236, $173.6875. ie ae
25, 85.736. 3. $22.2609 4 eu Art. 601.
26. $97.1694. $11.1304 : $206.
$19.4788. 7, $434,904, . $146.27795.
4. $118.40; ie . $977 582.
Art. 570.
pee a Art. 591. . $31 890166 +.
$1854.576.
. Sasates; | 2 $261,008,
1. $63.048;
$89.318. $654 5102 +,
2. $113.1074; $20.0034.
$145.4238. prose i, $295.996-4. . $205.5164+.
. $118.3442; 5. $572.996+. - $108.595+.
$73.965+. Art. 582, Oo
bo
MR
SW
£ . $44.0824-4
WD ey,
. $64.1775 ; Hh $24.65 ; Art. 594, at comp. int.
$106.9625. $39.44; 2. 6%.
. $815.976+ ; $34.51. 8.7%. Art. 604,
$1078.254 +. 2. $62.6533 4. 8%. $219.558.
$292.3719. $93.9800 ; 5. 5%. $183.0183.
. $49,529+. $41.7689. 6. 84% nearly $138.55053.
- $1094.096. 3. $291,695; 7. 12%. $114.8721672
. $410.475+. $458. 378 ; 8. 19%, better 2d. SE
SOTO55.4364.
TH. $1699.80+.
B&SOORD®A
Mm $125.0128. 9. 142%, 6. $99.2659725.
 ANSWERS. 383
Art. 606. $148.456. . $480.616.
. $469.53704. . $5.518 ; . $854, 452.
- $1220.2528. $40.82 4. . $298.899 +.
$781.52013. $15,275 . $961.781, 1st;
NDAS
. $2755.3606. $230.578. $967,495, 2d;
$566.8662. . $580.367. $979.914, 3d.
. $248.1272192. . $9171.90+. . $495.262.
. $257.299448. $.957. Oo. $1517.440.
£9
. $228.3345. . $425,
. $145.728068. . $.103 more profit- Art. 642.
006.75033. able at $4.66.
7583.952567, . 2d $38 865 better. . $2416.
. ¥38439.63075. . $LAT+. - $3204,
$890.68.
. $1097.5152. $6331.50.
HON
BASHSCHNRAAR
. $854.942736.
NAR Art. 632.
Art. 609. . $5.88 Bk. Dis.;
$146.004. $274.12 Proceeds;
$11.942 Bk. Dis. ;
$1071.414.
$1128.075. $268.0594 Proceeds. CON
SH
ON
BAL
$23.1858. . $20.6712 Bk. Dis.;
. $353.208, $769. 3281 Proc’ds;
Soe
St
. $00.56 dif. between $11 5208 Bk. Dis.;
$778.479 L Proc’ds.
Sim. and Annual
Int. ; . $25.822 Bk. Dis,;
$4.209 dif. between $1574.17 Proc’ ds;
An. and Com. Int.; $54,0222 BK. Dis,;
$54.769+ dif. be- $1545. 9777 Proe’ ds.
tween Sim. and
$. 884.
Com. Int.
. $20. 1214.
- $27,194.
Art. 616. . Due May 27;
RAIABW
: O75 Ze,01244% dis
$282.46}. 59 da. Time ;
9596
$11,254. $475.883+ Proc’ds.
8 Due Aug. 16; * $8013. ve
" $202.793. 75 da. Time ;
| $117,942.
ee $581.3953 Proc’ds. Art. 648.
Art. 619. . Due Aug. 22 ; . $2124. 99065 +.
91 da. Time ;
$1491.49 +. $1571.688 Proc’ds.
$2891.57.
$420.292. Art. 635.
2DE
go _ $5424.651+. $6
. $876.061 +;
Art. 624. $295.415 + ; &SN
DAL$11456. 8125.
$7'76.699+ 3 Art. 650.
$754,717+.
$315.789-+ ; . $12615.96.
348 387 +. . $301 gain by Ind.
$485.468+ ; . $124.852+ less by
$478.10+. Ind.
fe
&SW
. $9.975 +. $515.648. . 8011.58+ marks.
|S%wWH
384 ANSWHEES.

Art. 661. $67818, 48.

July 1, 1876. 415 lines, oN. 232,
Dec. 27, 1876. 177 cd. 8 cd. ft.
$2000. Art. 705.
April 30, 1876.
Oct. 19, 1876. . 17 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. 264.
Sept. 3, 1876. RA $13.50.
HPO
OS 120 ed.
July 21, 1877. 180 bu.
Oct. 19, "1877. $18.
60 da. . $116760.
SES Feb. 5.
SS:
SRE
OP
RS
SOISO 12 Ib.
1728 ft.
Art. 664. oR 23040 yd.
AE
SS
SECO
me. $210, Face of note;
Art. TAL
Due Dec. 12, 1876.
. $100 due; ON
SOS
SoS
Su $992.
Dec. 7, 1876, equat- . $405.125.
ed time. $3222.262.
3. Apr. 6, 1877. . $300 for 4 mo.
. March 1, 1876. Ss. $2400 for 4 mo.
Sri
ION

Art. 681. Art. 713.

. $1661.588,
Ny
A’s share;
CARS
lH oo

Mo
$1107.692,
nae
A B’s share;
ooes; $1550.769,
oily :
SESS
_ C’s share.
. $2382.545,.
Art. 683. ee
fe
A’s share3
$1737.272,
B’s share;
$1340.181,
C’s share.
ds
Str
TH mo
. $2814.128,
A’s share;
J
ee|00
afenaolte
[raja $1644.112,
B’s share;
al $3431.758,
mSoros C’s share ;
lr
ojo
$ . $1178.947, Atna;
Art. 685. . $2.40. $1547.3868, Home;
150 da. . 16 mi. 109 rd. $2394.736, Mutual
A6 A,
. 169 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. . $900, 1st district ;
$597. $.988 $700, 2d district;
. $2100. $600, 3d district;
So
Sd
ISN
. $2386.40. $400, 4th district.
Art. 687. Art. 715.
. 104A, ~ . $210, A’s share;
. $50. $144, B’s share.
. 130 da.
toOWN
tg S355 . $70.451, A’s share;
 ANSWERS. 385

$39.629, B’s share; 00028561. ; 14149 2.2360;

$26.419, C’s share. -000000166375.
. $4940, A’s stock; -00091204. oe:“eb,ae 735.
$3510, B’s stock ;
$7150, C’s stock.
Art. 729. Art. 753.
. $335.104, 6. pale
A’s profit ; eee
$288.56 +, 1h Taree
B’s profit; 18. 22. %6.
$251.82 +, 16. 13. 289,
C’s profit. 22. 14, 361.
. $3666.06+, e ee
8. 16, ABA,
ie | 3224; 8.304;
FON
So
SO
NSS
437+ 56.17 +;.56-+5
75 4.224; 188+.
. 1.4424; 1.912+;
193+; .841+;
roe 1272+.
OU(Je) ss°.

fo
Sr
Art. 722. Or
&Sea
SS
Tf
coloclenanlan
8

1 Seip: 8.
83 gal. of mo. to 2 . 489 ft.
gal. of water. . 78.3+ inches,
1 part of each. . 27802 sq. ft.
1, .,and 6 bbl. . 82 feet.
2, 2 , 604, and 240 . 196.9+ inches.
bbl. . 486 feet.
. 2, 1, and 109 gal. . 26.9+ feet.
SN
SPL
WH
. 60, 50, 5, and 1 Art. 765.
sheep.
. 18, 27,63, and 27 Ib,
_ 30, 30, and 180 oz.
" 44%, 893, and 892 Ib.
Art. 728.
. 2804; 4225 ;186624.
. 86436 ; 148996;
247009 ; 64009. bil) days; 836 mi,
. 250047 ;15625 ; i oe144,
See
43897 6;A 60236288.
843 Art. 769.
= wan W253 1000)
5) 49152.
2048.
We
2186.
893213.
" 200390625. 815 mi.
‘ 1039304. 189 mi.; 6.
529
900° | 44,3494 rd. DN
So
ME
GoD
8; 4872.
 ANSWERS.

Art. 775. Art. 804. . 1800 cu. ft.

$1410. 28 sq. ft. 108 sq. in.; 238.7616 cu. ft,
$1905. 6 sq. a 6 sq. ft. $31.25: 2
$2485.714+4. 188s oo
DAR. 41.888 cu. ft.
$1775.9772. Iss eonrch 15 P. Art. $21.
$491.73+ 125 sq. 1. 114 sq. in.
$5288.88 4+. 2805 sq. ft. . 235.62 sq. ft.
$8944.226. EY 29 sq. ft.
SSS 85 sq. ft.
- $2380.59 +. Art, 805. 823 sq. ft.
SES
SS
SIS
SIGS 220 sq. ft. 731 sq. ft.
57 sq. in. 519.58+ sq. In.
44 sq. ft. 738.276 sq. ft.
$2500. Es $161.25.
SSIES SU
22S
Go
LoOH 608.685 sq. in.
. 3 years.
Art. 806. Art. 822.
Art, 799, 450 sq. in. 25.1328 cu. ft.
_ 532 sq. ft. . 104 sq. ft. 50.2656 cu. ft.
at sq. rd. . 3800 sq. ft. 80 cu. ft.
108 sq. ch.
. 112.292 sq. ch.
PRNeA. 166.27+ cu. in.
Art. 807. . 8600 cu. ft.
. 510 sq. ft.
. 2160 stones ; 80 in. ; 25 ft. Art. $23,
43.9824 in.;
$367.50. 56.5488 in.
45 sq. ft.
Art. 800, . 135 sq. in.
. $45,239 +. . 837.29+ sq. ft.
10 ft. RN. 596904000 mi.
poe 1124.6928 sq. ft.
22 rd. Art. SOS.
16 ft. 8 in. . 814.16 sq. ft. ;
bay
Art. 824.
42 rd. 1885.4456 sq. in. ; . 1184 eu. ft.
6 yd. 1963.50 sq. ft. 848.7176 cu. ft.
4rd. 4 yd.1 ft. 9 in. . 14313.915 sq. ft.; 24.871 cu. ft.
ss 20 ft.
BESS 8911.085 sq. ft. ; . 48631.968 cu. ft.
Art. 8O1. $17.55+4+. . 9445.4484 cu. ft.
. 150 sq. ft. ~ 9.57274 A, Art. 825.
. 612.37 sq. in. Art. 809. 201.0624 sq. ft.
924+ A. 8 ft. . 254.4696
sq. in.
692.82+ sq. ft. - 43.9824 ft. 6361.74 sq. ft.
Sod
SE $292.68+. 5 rd. 4071.5186 sq. in.
Art. 802. 37.6992 in. 78.54 sq. in.
. 43.08+ ft. 62.882 rd. Art. 826.
89 ft. 16 in,
4188.8 cu, in.
- 128.804 ft. Art. 819. . 14.1372 cu. yd.
187.45+ rd. 84 sq. ft. . 14137.2 cu. in.
SPN
rd 14.144 rd. 86.5, sq. ft. .22089 cu ft.
Art. 803. 135 sq. re SOK
AP
BPHOW
TPLBH
TARWSBK
HRW268.0882 cu. in,
. 186 sq.f
. 87.084 ft. : 326.7264 sq. ft. Art, 827.
. 40.314 ft. . 58.752 gal.
. 210+ ft. Art. 820. . 104.1012 gal.
42 ft. 108.8 cu. ft. . 52.6592 gal.
Ss
CS
WH 18 ft. 411.5182+ cu. ft. Ss
tS. 85 gal.
M9N
 ANSWERS. 387

ANSWERS FOR ARITHMETICAL TABLES.

Art. 39.
Observe, the answers to examples taken from the Arithmetical Tables
are in every case arranged in the order the pupil is directed to take the
examples from the Tables. The letters over the sets of answers indi-
cate the columns of the Table used, and the black figures in the margin
the number of the answer.

A, B, C.||'B, C, D.|C, D, E. D, E, F.|E, F, G.| F, G, H. G, H, I. |H, I, J.

1. 767. | 1688. | 1887. | 1886. 877. | 1787. | 1885. | 1863
2. | 1090. | 1917. | 2182. | 1841. | 1426. | 2281. | 1826. | 2280
3. | 1489. | 2407. | 2088. | 1902. | 2042. | 24389. | 2407. | 2092.
4. | 1780. | 2820. | 2215. | 2173. | 1751. | 2533. | 2845. | 2475.
5. | 2021. | 2228. | 2292. | 1942. | 1442. | 2443. | 2445. | 2469
G. | 2381. | 23381. | 2319. | 2215. | 1171. | 2783. | 2349. | 2507
ZT. | 2604. | 2059. | 2604. | 2064. | 1665. | 2672. | 2737 | 2387
S. | 2741. | 2482. | 2339. | 2416. | 2183. | 2850. | 2520. | 2217.
9. | 2703. | 2048. | 2501. | 2035. | 2370. | 2720. | 2216. | 2181
10. | 2780. | 2319. | 2214. | 2161. | 2628. | 2302. | 20389. | 2410

Art, 40.
A, B, C, D.|B, C, D, E.|C, D, E, F.|D, B, F, G.|E, F, G, H.|F, G, H, 1.|G,H,1,J.
1. | 18264. | 22653. | 26554. | 25564. 15666 26680. 26822.
2. | 15792. | 27940. | 29427. | 24295. 22977 29790. 27927.
3. | 21276. | 32779. | 27821. | 282387. 22397 83993. 29961.
4, | 25804. | 28058. | 30610. | 26129. | 21822. | 33240. | 32428.
5. | 28206. | 32077. | 30801. ; 28040. | 20429. | 34818. | 33154.
G. | 32928. | 29295. | 32983 29860. 18680. 36323. 83258.
J. | 35916. | 29182. | 31853 28561. 25639. 86415. 34170.
8S. | 35026. | 30286. | 32894. | 28968. 29706. 37084, 80866.
9. | 36916. | 29190. | 31929. | 29317. 33199. 82018. 80159.

Art. 41. Hxample with five numbers in each.

A, B, C,D,E. B, Cc, D, E, B, Cc, D, E, F, G. D, H, F, G, H. H, F, G, H, I. F,G, H,I,J.

1. | 181411. 314140. 341433, 314362. 243644. 836469.

2. | 226631. 336346. 363490. 884935, 249376. 893796.
3. | 297622. | 376258. 362615. 826186. 261888. 418914.
4. | 387848. | 378469. 384727. 347308. 273108. 431113.
&. | 378053. | 380569. 405729. 857826. 278287. 432908.
G. | 427878. | 378772. 387756. 377597. 276001. 460089.
7. | 4385129. | 351331. 413346. 333495. 334979. 449819.
§. | 448975. | 389788. 397915. 379185. 391881. 418844,
388 ANSWERS.

Examples with sia numbers in each.

A, B, C,D,E.|B, C, D, E, F.|C, D, E, F, G.|D, B, F, G, H.|E, F, G, H, LF, G, H,1,J.
1. | 250102. 401059. 400628. 406320.- | 263230. 432888.
2. | 311474. 414783. 447868. 378724. 2872712 472739.
3. | 377407. AT4117. 441213. 412172. 321756. 517599,
4, | 433819. 438237, 482416, 424105. 842082. 520862.
5. | 476631. 466358. 463625. 436293. 362965. 529686,
3. | 503820. 438250. 482541. 425453. 804565. 545688.
J. | 533818. 438220. 482293. 422974. 429776. 497797.

-Haamples with seven numbers in each.

A, B, C,D,E.|B, C, D, B, F. C, D, E, F, G.|D, 5, F, G, H. E, F, G, H, I.|F,G, H,LJ.
1. | 3384945. | 449496. 493006. 450109. 301125. 511291.
2. | 391259. 312642. 526466, 464710. 847139. 5714384.
3- | 473383. | 533885. 538902. 489069. 390630. 607348.
4. | 532397. 524026. 540312. 502072. 431760. 617645.
5. | 552578. 525836. 558410. 484149. 441529. | 615335.
G, | 602509. | 525144. 551488. 514982. 449362. 593666.
Art. 66. Examples with three figures.
A, B, C.) B, C, D. |0, D, E. |D, E, F. |E, F, G. |F, G, H.| G, H, I. |H,1,J.
1. 96. 38. 381. 188. 115. 158. 471. 293.
2. | 257. 571. 288. 128. 233. 326. 265. 349.
3. | 162. ; 380. 202. 20. 201. 45. 147. 473.
4.| 70. 299. 8. 82. 182. 183. 169. 312.
5. | 199. 6. 67, 338. 674. 262. 378. 222.
6. | 162. 3889. 182. 482. 188. 169. 309. 84.
7 | 51. | 494. 58. 422. 220. 197. 27. 268.
8. | 162. 381. 191. 91. 91. 89. 106. 64,
9. 26. 260. 398. 21. 207, 70. 296. 384.
10. | 226. 263. 869. 311. 111. 111. 114, 184.
TA. | 227. | 274. 258. 416. .! 162. 877. 233. 829.
Art. 67. Examples with four figures.
A, B, CG, D.|B,C, D, B.|C, D, B, F.|D, B, F, G/B, F, 6, H.|F, G, H, 1.|/¢,H,1,J.
1. 962. 381. 3812. 1885. 1158 1529. A707.
Zi. 2571. 5712. 2877. 1233. 2326. 3265. 2651.
3. 1620. 3798. 2020. 201. 2015 147. 1478.
4. 701. 2992. 82. 818. 1817. 1831. 1688.
5. | 1994. 67. 667. 3326. 6738. 2622. 3778.
6. | 1615. 3848. 1518. 4817 1831. 1691. 3084.
ae 506. 4942. 578. 4220. 2197. 1978. 268.
8. 1619, 8809. 1909. 909. 910. 894. 1064,
9. 260. 2602. 3979. 207. 2070. 704. 2966.
10. | 2263. 3631, 8689, 38111. 1111 1114. 1134.
TL. |! 22/74. 2742 2584, 4162. 1628. 3767. 2829.
 ANSWERS. 389
Art. 68. Examples with siz figures.

A, B, 0, D,E,F.|B, C, D, EB, F,G.|C, D,E, F, G,H.|D, E, F, G, H, L.|E,

F,G,H,I,J.
96188. 38115. 8811538. 188471. 115293.
257123. 571238. 287674. 123265. 232651.
162020 379799. 202015. 20147. 201478,
70082 299182. ge S183: 818381. 181688.
199333 6674. 66738. 832622. 673778.
161518 384817, 151831. 481691. 183084,
50578 494220, 57803. 421973. 219732.
161909 880909, 190911. 90894, 91064,
26021. 260207, 897930. 20704. 207034,
226311. 363111. 368889. 811114. 111184,
otDATS)
pa
CONS
SUS
bodPSS 227416. 274162. 258377. 416283. 162829.

Art. 88. Wultiplicand three figures, multiplier one.

A, B, C.|B, C, D.|C, D, E.|D, B, F.|E, F, G.|F, G, H.| G, H, I. |B, 1, J.
1872. | 1735. 942. | 3565. 414, | 3080. 2562. 2710.
690. | 2310. | 8408. | 4200. | 1518 2152. 8064. 5010.
2765. | 5736. | 38384. | 5184. | 3402. | 7776. | 3240. A874,
3899. | 2880. | 6128. | 4008. | 6188. | 5274. | 3180. 6718.
2922. | 7875. 758. | 5274. 5568. 5784. 5823.
5488. | 3476. | 2073. | 6483. | 1560 8622. 2930. 2607.
5936. | 3872. | 4215. | 3933. | 3024. | 4734. 7160. 4765.
7178. | 6846. | 4710. | 6872. | 5382. | 6702. | 3472. 6165.
4795. | 4179. | 7808. | 6912. | 41384. | 6279. | 7792. 2247,
8865. | 8428. | 4046. | 6312. | 4480. | 5802. | 2712. 7047,
IS
SOR
SURSIOe
ft
bad 4554, | 4752. | 8528. | 1912. | 5495. | 7704. | 3948. | 5192.

Multiplicand four figures, multiplier one.

A, B, C, D.|B, C,D, E.|C, D, B, F.|D, B, F, G.|E, F, G, H.| F, G, H, 1.|G, H, I,J.

11735. 6942. | 238565. | 21414. 11080. 11562. 42710.
8310. | 15408. | 68200. | 31518. 10152. 43064. 23010.
23736. | 57384. | 45184, | 45402. 43776. 43240. 58374.
27880. | 46128. | 46008. | 60188. 41274. 85180. 58713,
43875. 8758. | 68274. | 29345. 69568. 41784, 86823.
27476. | 26073. | 48483. | 73560. 17622, 47930. 17607.
67872. | 24215. | 75933. | 35024. 22734. 63160. 44765.
55846. | 58710. | 62872. | 77382. 41902. 89472. 78165.
BS
G5
SUR
SORA67179. | 47808. | 87912. | 46134. 48279, 71792. 29247,
39428. | 60046. | 46312 | 389480. 53802. 88712, 61047,
es
ft BS 60752. | 58628, | 37912. | 33495. | 70704. | 59948. | 40192,
390 ANSWERS.

Multiplicand siz figures, multiplier one.

A, B,C,D,E,F.|B, C,D,E,F,G.|C, D,E,F,G,H.|D, E,F,G,H,1(E, F,G,H,I, J,

ee
ee
Sa
ed
o
o
1. 1178565. 1041414, 3771080. 2141562. 692710.
2. 1108200. 2911518. 3410152. 4103064. 1523010.
3. 3165184. 6695402. 5083776. 3243240. 4878374,
4. 3346008. 5190183. 4601274. 2675180. 4815713.
5. 4388274. 4379345. 6069568. 35217; 7826823.
6. 4808483. 6953560. 6227622. 4597930. 587607.
q. 76859338. 8875024. 5062734. | 38503160. 1894765.
8. 6382872. 8807382. 5501902. 3439472. 5388165.
9. 8637912. 35861384. 6838279. 6151792. 2069247.
10. 7886312. 4289480. 3478802. 3158712. 8071047.
11. 8087912. | 4163495. 8530704. 8349948. 6285192.

Art. 98. Multiplicand five figures, multiplier three.

A, B, C, D, EB, C, D, E, F.|C, D, BE, F, G.{D, E, F, G, H.|E, F, G, H, I.

1. | 19997292. 18224826. 11925914. 484051380. 5306082.

Pp 7812528. 24964200. 41482958. 45392832. 16448184.
&. | 30306024. 63892864. 38805882. 57015456. 38675160.
4. | 42270628. 83793448. 66641003. 46547784. 66318380.
5. | 33691778. 80491534. 14794455. 56230768. 50960904.
G. | 579065138. 37983608. 26155710. 72554862. 17529470.
%. | 66601755. 41607388. 50458044. 43175954. 32892860.
8. | 77870160. 75155712. 54154022. 77129442, 58311482.
9. | 55474128. 47156952. 87529344. 74359399. 46764372.
O. | 933538366. 41077142. 45448360. 67595752. 50578392.
ft 1.
fat | 52827483, 53172382. 897613895. 22923024. 62615508.

Multiplicand six figures, multiplier five.

A, B, ©, D, E, F.| B, ©, D, B, F, G.| C, D, B, F, G, H.|D, B, F, 6, H,L.
9042318825. 29574555914, 24764210975. 18119756082.
18249639200. 21761400958. 56299024832. 25558882184.
22816228864 73350041882. 37777539456. 44623789160.
48848909448. 43752666003. 45012729784. 58161088380.
42380487534. 60605755455. 69768171768. 11496276904.
33272295603. 73340935710. 30400148862. 34847711470.
83027196383. 88071142044. 72554040954. 26215897860.
47700798174. 95598260022. 60439965442. 59308535432.
82339081154. 34613802344. 77142625399. 68960040372.
58632758142. 81315762360. 27707044752. 62040262392.
GIRS
CUP
DAIS
PSO 65994081382.
fat 41008641395. 84813207024. 45366431508.
 ANSWERS. 391

Art, 122. Dividend three figures, divisor one.

A, B, C.| B, C, D.| C, D, HB.) D, E, F.|E, F, G.| F, G, H.|G, H, I. |H, 1, J.

98. | 1734. | 868. 1581. | 552, | 2433,
41. 51d. | 1594. 418, | 1078. | 183.
154. 82. 663. 1278. | 962. | 963.
192. | 114. | 283. 62. | 1602. | 98.
853. | 2093. | 418. 1253. |269. | 768.
83. 702. | 1853. go. | 844. | 1848.
405. | 829. 972. 1212, |165. | 1198.
1052. | 341. | 1842. 426. | 1694. | 82.
1344 | 143. 365. 2348. ” | 4gg4.
242. 941, | 1581, 941. 2, | 88,
ftHAUS
pes
DS
6
TUR
pasPSO 232. 405. | 1714. 1982. | 242. | 114

Dividend fine figures, divisor one.

A, B,C,D,E.|B, C, D,E,F. C, D, E, F, G.|D, E, F, G,H.|E, F, G, H,I.|F,G,H,1,J.

33734. | 85868. 77218,
471i. | 6159 90178.
13032, | 13209. 115962.
9614. | 25616% 141602.
19209}. | 75972 18769.
60703. | 4985! 115841.
31829. | 60978 194981.
106591. | 191842 127694.
13143, | 117868 82652.
105385. | 16158: 67904.
SO 84673.
ftKASD
bt
pas
NO
G9
SUP
fal | 185714 21492.

Art. 132. Dividend four figures, divisor two.

A, B, 0,D. B, C, D,E./¢, D, E,F.|D, E, F, 4./E, F, G, H.|F, G, H, I.]G, H,I,J.

4521, | 914
3 49

S if uel
2408, |1672.
11982 | 8133
Bis. | 6713
12014, | 3928
13118, | 9088
146°” |12938
20534. | 1674
7018. | 19788. 17545.
37°
etHAUS
jai
GODS
SUR
posPASS
392. ANSWHES.

Dividend six figures, divisor three.

A, B,C,D,E;F. |B, C, D,E,F,G.|C, D,H,F,G,H.|D, E,F,G,H,I. E, F, G,H,1,J

990418. | 1172457. 1000427. | 1001279.
611853. | 259888. Ber. | G6d5ees.
616777. | 2412488. 326582, 844511,
1245434. | 1204844, 1774188 97988
905,22,. | 1378448. 870328 600284
1138.5. 331245. 915393 2413148
687422. | 1370.5. 978802 792460
1460 28,. 621435. 553it4 T7QAEO
534294. 2455218, 504422. 5O7LSS
|8237.84. 516248. 2190;47. 540685.
CURSoe
Some1248.59, 123335. 5352s. | 248422,

Art. 205. Hzamples with two numbers.

61 Boh 88.1 88.) 22: 7 8. | 56.

Ghee 18, | 262143) 8. Aimee
36. |182. |24. | 20. | 44. 9. | 70. | 10.
60. | 40. | 20. |35. |} 5 10. | 44. | 44,
132. |182. |66. | 66. | 66. 11. | 24. | 24,
WLS
PAUP
a 35. |105. |12. | 38. | 45. 12. | 156. | 26.

Art. 206. Hzamples with two numbers.

6.15 6.1 8.128.) 44 AS heen Gs eore teat

12.| 6.}24.| 61 4 | 18. | Sol SBA Bac 28:
12. /12.} 8 |60.] 5} 3]; D+ 6} 10] 24
12./24.! 4.) 42] 1] 3. 1] 10. | 19. |20. | 24
4. Sis 6.| 9. - £1.2).412. |Shulke 6.
Cobos 4,35. |98,119. |21. |15.
SOUR |

Art. 207. Examples with two numbers.

6.| 36. | 22. 16. |44. 198. || G.| 2.| 105.) 8.

12. |°.805shs7, 81 BTA Bell PT) Oe orn:
12. |132. |182. } 6. |22. |264. |] 8. 66.) _5. |88.
20.! 15.) 20. |12. |85.1195. |! 9. |42.1! 10. |24.
pat
RS
G8
SUP
» 12.| 8! 4/6] 6.| 24 |120,/12.] 4] 2.
 ANSWERS. 393

Art. 208. Hzamples with three numbers.

2. 2. 22. 22. Lf 8. 8. 16. 24.
6. 6. 6. 6. 8. 9. 9. 9. a.
12. 12. 4, 4, 9. | 10 10. 60 80.
20. 20. 5. 5. 10. | 44 44. 44, 44,
332. 66. 66. | 66. 11. |24. | 12. | 84. | 12.
0CDOT
OS
Art. 209. Hxamples with three numbers.

Garlec. (me: | 4 18: Gale ess|nao: if Soule Lone.

6. |Oo 6.11, 3. Ge Gsale sos |1, 3. 3 Soil loa}
£2 aaa le6s [ede 3. 8. | 6. 5. 3. lb 3. | 6.
3. |46. |1173. || 9.|6. |10. |a4 | 4. | 12.16.
pas
BO
G5
QUE £4 G. |Be. 8 50-12, | 4 | -2._| age | 8-48

Art. 222. Hramples with two numbers, according to 205.

180. 2772. 1232. 176 792,

1680 2520 216. 756 252.
27°72 792. 5280. 5280 3960
120 120 840. 2100 6825
264 792, 2772. 4158 4752
420 420 5460. 16380. 4095
3360. 560. 1344. 1344. 1680
6930 10395. 2079. 6237. 12474.
1050 8 1200. 3600 5040.
660 1320. 1408. 4620 2640,
3360. 10080 2520. 1260. 3780
asSSH
CURE
pal
cel
oll 312 1560. 1820. 1092. 2457

Art. 222. Examples with two numbers, according to 206.

240. 1260. 5544. A4V52. 1848. 1386.

1008. 18860. 792. 4320. 4620. 5544,
1260. 3960. 1320. 3360. 7700. 51480.
660. 1320. 3960. 4620. 103950. 34820.
4620. 9240. 12860. 11012. 20790. 102960.
3360. 740. 1680. 2496. 4368. 82760.
3168. 2520. 33264. 44352. 9072. 83160.
6930. 3150. 23760. 69300. 45360. 20790.
4620. 770. 2640. 23100. 7920. 55440.
1848. 5280. 5544. 4620. 13860. 23760.
PBOOHAS
a
OES
CUR
a 2184. 6240. 32760. 5460. 3276. 7020
394 ANSWHRS.

Art, 222. Examples with two numbers, according to 207.

1. 1260, 396. 1848. 5280. 440. 792

2. 240. 840. 360. 3780. 2100. 8190,
3. 2772. 792. 792. 36960. 5940. 1584.
4. 420. 840. 840. 5460. 1575. 585.
5. 1056. 8140. 11088. 14784. 838264. 18480.
G. 13860 315. 41580. 386036. 2835. 88610.
7. 3360. 1400. 1680. 4800. 5040. 2520.
8. 396. 13860. 2376. 2772. 124740. 4752.
9. 840. 16800. 5040. 2100. 5040. 3780.
10. 1716. 17160. 17160. 4004. 60060. 61776.

Art. 222. Haamples with three numbers, according to 208.

1. 140, 210. 84. 48 * 48

2. 90 90. 90. 72 72
3. 1512 432 48. 48 168
4. 1440 1440 900. 150 150
5. 280 2610 360. 360. 72
6. 378 1890 2160. 1680 1680
Ts 126 882. 1764. 392 168.
S. 160 224. 2016. 1008. 576
9. 360, 1080 1512. 567 2268
10. 1890 1260. 720. 2640 2640.
11. 495 3465 1886. 616 264
12 1008 1680. 3360 1440. 864.

1. | 2852. 270. 840. 48. 72. 48. 168.

2. | 1260. 864, 1080. 240, 1800. 120. 420,
3. | 420. 80240. 360. 720. 600. 120. 1260.
4,| 180. 70560. 1080. 90. 2400. 840. 6800.
5. | 2520. 5040. 2016. | 10584. 504. 8024. 576,
G. | 1080. 5040. 1440, 7560. 5040. | 14256. 6336.
= 594.. 6930. 38960. | 41580. | 55440. 7128. 792.
2376. 18480. | 41580. 4620. 5280. 792. 2376,
ea