Ludhiana College of Engineering & Technology

Katani kalan, Ludhiana Chandigarh Highway

Punjab State, India 141113

Name: Rebecca F Lendeh

University Roll #: 2205295

Department: BSC IT

Course: Computer networking

Batch: 2022-2025

Title: assignment

Date of submission: 12/02/2024

Q1. What is the difference between simplest and half duplex system?

Ans.

Parameters Simplex Transmission Mode Half Duplex Transmission Mode

It is a mode of transmission in
It is a mode of transmission in which
which the flow of data is
the flow of data is bi-directional but
unidirectional. It means that the
only in one direction at a time. It
Definition participant can do only one task at
means that the receiver can receive
a time in a single direction. The
as well as send data but can perform
receiver can only receive data and
only one of these tasks at a time.
not send it (and vice versa).
As already mentioned above, the The Half-Duplex Mode supports a
Flow of Data Simplex Mode supports a Bidirectional flow of data but in one
Unidirectional flow of data. direction at a time.
A device can both send and receive
The sender can only send data. But data. But it cannot perform both the
there’s no option to receive it (and processes together- only one thing is
Sender and
vice versa). Thus, the transmission possible at a time. This mode
Receiver
involves one station as a sender connects two systems by a point-to-
and the other one as a receiver. point link for the transmission and
receiving of signals.
The transmission channel’s entire It conserves bandwidth and utilizes a
capacity goes into sending the data single communication channel by
Capacity in just one direction. Thus, this sharing it alternatively between both
Usage transmission works well when we directions. Thus, it works well in the
require the entire bandwidth for cases where you send data in both
data transmission. directions, but alternatively.
The Half-Duplex involves lesser
Utilization of Simplex utilizes the maximum of a
utilization of a single bandwidth at
Bandwidth single bandwidth.
the time of transmission.
The Half-Duplex Mode, on the other
The Simplex Mode of transmission
hand, exhibits better performance
is the worst performing one. It is
Performance than the Simplex Mode. But its
because it takes the longest time to
performance is lower as compared to
transmit data.
the Full-Duplex Mode.
The keyboard, Television, Mouse,
Radio Broadcasts, and Monitor A Walkie-talkie set is an example of
Example
are great examples of a Simplex Half Duplex transmission.
transmission.
Q2. Explain the terms computer network and its goals.

Ans. Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can

exchange data and share resources with each other. These networked devices use a
system of rules, called communications protocols, to transmit information over physical
or wireless technologies.

Goals of Computer Networks

 Resource Sharing – Many organizations has a substantial number of computers

in operations, which are located apart. A group of office workers can share a
common printer, fax, modem, scanner, etc.

 High Reliability – If there are alternate sources of supply, all files could be
replicated on two or more machines. If one of them is not available, due to
hardware failure, the other copies could be used.

 Inter-process Communication – Network users, located geographically apart,

may converse in an interactive session through the network. In order to permit
this, the network must provide almost error-free communications.

 Flexible access – Files can be accessed from any computer in the network. The
project can be begun on one computer and finished on another.

 Security– Computer networks must be secure to protect against unauthorized

access, data breaches, and other security threats. This includes implementing
measures such as firewalls, antivirus software, and encryption to ensure the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data.

 Performance– Computer networks must provide high performance and low

latency to ensure that applications and services are responsive and available
when needed. This requires optimizing network infrastructure, bandwidth
utilization, and traffic management.

 Scalability- Computer networks must be designed to scale up or down as

needed to accommodate changes in the number of users, devices, and data
traffic. This requires careful planning and management to ensure the network
can meet current and future needs.
Q3. Define various LAN topologies in details

Ans. LAN physical topology defines the geographical arrangement of

networking devices. Topologies are driven fundamentally by two network
connection types:

The major topologies of LAN are:

 Bus Topology
 Ring Topology
 Star Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Cellular Topology
 Hybrid Topology

1. Bus Topology - The physical bus topology is the simplest and most widely
used of the network designs. It consists of one continuous length of cabling
(trunk) and a terminating resistor (terminator) at each end. The data
communications message travels along the bus in both directions until it is
picked up by a workstation or server NIC.

2. Ring Topology - As its name implies, the physical ring topology is a circular
loop of point-to-point links. Each device connects directly or indirectly to the
ring through an interface device or drop cable. Messages travel around the ring
from node to node in very organized manner. Each workstation checks the
messages for a matching destination address .
3. Star Topology - The Physical star topology uses a central controlling hub
with dedicated legs pointing in all directions – like points of a star. Each
network devices has a dedicated point-to-point link to the central hub. This
strategy prevents troublesome collisions and keeps the line of communication
open and free of traffic.

4. Mesh Topology - The mesh topology is the only true point-to-point design. It
uses a dedicated link between every device on the network. This design is not
very practical because of its excessive waste of transmission media. This
topology is difficult to install and reconfigure.

5. Cellular Topology - A cellular topology combines wireless point-to-point

and multipoint designs to divide a geographic area into cells. Each cell
represents the portion of the total network area in which a specific connection
operates. Devices within the cell communicate with a central station or hub.
Hubs are then interconnected to route data between cells.
6. Hybrid Topology-By modifying or combining some of the characteristics of
the ‘pure’ network topologies, a more useful result may be obtained. These
combinations are called hybrid topologies. Some of the hybrid topologies are:

Q4. Explain and compare the important features of circuit, message and packet
switching.

Ans. Circuit Switching - In this approach, there is a dedicated route between

sender and receiver. Before the link is determined in the circuit switching
approach, the dedicated route will continue until the connection is eliminated.

Message Switching - Message Switching is an approach in which a message is

sent as a whole unit and routed by the intermediate hub at which it is saved and
delivered. There is no installation of a dedicated route between the sender and
receiver in the message switching approach.

Packet Switching - Packet switching is a switching approach in which the

message is transmitted in one go, but it is split into the lower item, and they are
sent separately. The message divided into lower elements is called packets, and
these packets are provided with a specific number to recognize their series at the
receiving end. Data is sent in various units of variable length of structures which
are known as packets in a packet-switched network. Each packet includes some
data in its headers, including source address, destination address and order
number.

Basics Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching

Connection is
created between
the source and Links are created Links are created
Connection destination by independently one by independently one
Creation establishing a one between the nodes by one between the
dedicated path on the way. nodes on the way.
between source
and destination.
 Basics Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching
No queue is
Queuing Queue is formed. Queue is formed.
formed.
There is one big There is one big entire The big message is
Message and
entire data stream data stream called a divided into a small
Packets
called a message. message. number of packets.
One single
dedicated path Messages follow the Packets follow the
Routing exists between the independent route to independent path to
source and reach a destination. hold the destination.
destination.
Packets are
Messages need not Messages are addressed, and
Addressing
be addressed as addressed as sequencing is done
and
there is one independent routes are as all the packets
sequencing
dedicated path. established. follow the
independent route.
Propagation
No Yes Yes
Delay
Transmission
Low Maximum Maximum
Capacity

Q5. Write detailed note on the following:

a) Bluetooth - Bluetooth technology allows devices to communicate with

each other without cables or wires. Bluetooth relies on short-range radio
frequency, and any device that incorporates the technology can
communicate as long as it is within the required distance.

The technology is often used to allow two different types of devices to

communicate with each other. It is an electronics "standard," which
means that manufacturers that want to include this feature have to
incorporate specific requirements into their electronic devices. These
specifications ensure that the devices can recognize and interact with
other devices that use Bluetooth technology.

Many personal electronic devices (PEDs) use Bluetooth technology. For

example, you may be able to operate your computer with a wireless
keyboard or use a wireless headset to talk on your mobile phone .
 b) Wi-Fi - is a wireless networking technology that allows devices such as
computers (laptops and desktops), mobile devices (smart phones and
wearable), and other equipment (printers and video cameras) to interface
with the Internet. It allows these devices--and many more--to exchange
information with one another, creating a network.

Internet connectivity occurs through a wireless router. When you access

Wi-Fi, you are connecting to a wireless router that allows your Wi-Fi-
compatible devices to interface with the Internet.

Q6. Describe the construction, working principle and application of coaxial

cable and twisted pair cable.

Ans. A coaxial cable is an electrical cable with a copper conductor and an

insulator shielding around it and a braided metal mesh that prevents signal
interference and cross talk. Coaxial cable is also known as coax.

The core copper conductor is used for the transmission of signals and the
insulator is used to provide insulation to the copper conductor and the insulator
is surrounded by a braided metal conductor which helps to prevent the
interference of electrical signals and prevent cross talk. This entire setup is
again covered with a protective plastic layer to provide extra safety to the cable.

Structure of Coaxial Cable

Applications of Coaxial cable

The coaxial cables are used in Ethernet LANs and also used in MANs

1. Television: Coaxial cable used for television would be 75 Ohm and RG-6
coaxial cable.
2. Internet: Coaxial cables are also used for carrying internet signals, RG-6
cables are used for this.
3. CCTV: The coaxial cables are also used in CCTV systems and both RG-59
AND RG-6 cables can be used.
 4. Video: The coaxial cables are also used in video Transmission the RG-6 is
used for better digital signals and RG-59 for lossless transmission of
video signals.
5. HDTV: The HDTV uses RG-11 as it provides more space for signals to
transfer.

Twisted-pair cable consists of pairs of wires that form the circuit to transmit
data. The wires are insulated conductors generally made of copper and twisted
together. One conductor is used to carry the signal, and the other one is used
only as a ground reference.

Structure of twisted pair cable

Types of Twisted Pair Cable

Twisted pair cables can be broadly categorized into two types: unshielded
twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP)

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

UTP is the most common type of twisted pair cable, characterized by its lack of
additional shielding around the wires. UTP cables are made up of individual
pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together, typically with a PVC outer
jacket. The twisting of the wires helps to reduce electromagnetic interference
(EMI) and crosstalk between the pairs. UTP cables are available in various
categories, ranging from Cat 3 (used for voice applications) to Cat 6a (used for
high-speed data networks).

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

STP cables feature an additional layer of shielding around each wire pair, or
around the entire cable, to further reduce EMI and improve signal quality. This
shielding can be made of metal foil, braided wire, or a combination of both.
STP cables are often used in environments with high levels of electrical noise or
where the cable runs are long, such as in industrial facilities or data centers.
While they offer better protection against interference, STP cables are generally
more expensive and less flexible than UTP cables.
Applications of Twisted Pair Cable

Twisted pair cables have a wide range of applications in both residential and
commercial settings. Some common uses include:

 Telephone lines and Voice over IP (VoIP) systems

 Local Area Networks (LANs) for data transmission, such as Ethernet
networks
 Security camera and surveillance systems
 Building automation and industrial control systems

Q7. What is the difference between broadcast and point to point network?

Ans. Broadcast - A method of sending a signal where multiple parties may hear
a single sender. Radio stations are a good example of everyday life "Broadcast
Network". In this case the radio station is a sender of information/signal and
data is only expected to flow in one direction only. I.e. away from the radio
broadcast tower.

Point to point Network - In networking, the Point-to-Point is a data networking

commonly used to establish a direct connection between two networking nodes.
It can provide connection:
a) Direct Connection
b) Authentication
c) Transmission encryption privacy.
This is a sort of Networking where one “Computer" (or entity) speaks to another
entity.

Q8. List various features of metropolitan area network (MAN)

Ans. The features of MAN include:

 It can transport information from a collection of buildings to the entire

city across a range of 5 to 50 kilometers.
 Data rates in MAN range from average to high.
 The most often used media in MAN, optical fibers, allows for high-speed
communication.
 MAN, networks have a very low error rate, which makes them highly
reliable.
 It provides quick communication through fiber optic cables and other
high-speed carriers.
 It offers increased access to WANs and strong support for networks of a
large size.
  Data transfer in both directions can happen simultaneously thanks to the
dual bus of the MAN network.
 A MAN network typically consists of a city's entirety or specific
neighborhoods.

Q9. Differentiate between serial and parallel data transmission

Ans. A serial transmission transfers data one bit at a time, consecutively, via a
communication channel or computer bus in telecommunication and data
transmission. On the other hand, parallel communication delivers multiple bits
as a single unit through a network with many similar channels.

Parallel Transmission:
In Parallel Transmission, many bits are flow together simultaneously from one
computer to another computer. Parallel Transmission is faster than serial
transmission to transmit the bits. Parallel transmission is used for short
distance.