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Practice 2

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25 views3 pages

Practice 2

Uploaded by

bahaa91919
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Practice problems for Exam 2

This problems set does not cover all topics/problem types that could appear in Exam 2. It is only
meant to be supplementary practices in addition to reviewing your lecture notes and homework.
1. Which of the following mappings are linear transformations?
(a) L : R3 → R: L(x) = x1 + x2 − x3 .
(b) L : R3 → R2 : L(x) = (x1 + x2 , x1 )T
(c) L : R3 → R3 : L(x) = (x1 + 1, x2 , x3 )T
(d) L : Rn×n → Rn×n : L(A) = AT
(e) L : Rn×n → Rn×n : L(A) = A + I

2. Find the kernel and range of the linear transformation L : R3 → R3 L(x) = (x1 + x2 , x1 , 0)T .

3. Find the standard matrix representation for the following linear transformations:
(a) L : R2 → R3 : L(x) = (x1 , x1 + x2 , 3x1 − x2 )T
(b) L : R2 → R2 which rotates each vector x 45 degree clockwise, then project it on the x1
axis.
(c) L : R2 → R2 which stretch each vector x by a factor of 3, then reflex it over the line
x2 = x1 .

4. Let Pn be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most n.


(a) Consider the linear transformation L : P3 → P2 : L(p(x)) = p′ (x) + p(1). Find the matrix
representing L with respect to the basis {x3 , x2 , x, 1} of P3 and {x2 , x, 1} of P2 .
(b) Consider the linear transformation L : P3 → P3 : L(p(x)) = xp′ (x). Find the matrix
representing L with respect to the basis {x3 , x2 , x, 1} of P3 .

5. Let x = (1, 2, 2)T and y = (−3, 4, 0)T .


(a) Find the angle between x and y
(b) Find the vector projection of x on y, and the vector projection of y on x

6. (a) Find the distance between (2, 5) and the line 2x + y = 1.


(b) Find the distance between (1, −2, 2) and the plane 3x + 5y − z = 0.

7. Let  
1 2
A = 1 1
2 0
Find a basis for CS(A)⊥ and a basis for RS(A)⊥ .

1
x -1 0 1 2
y 3 5 6 9

8. Consider the data table above


 
c
(a) We would like to fit a line y = c0 + c1 x. Set up the least squares problem A 0 = b. Find
c1
   
ĉ0 ĉ
the least squares solution and the best fit line. Compute the residual r( 0 ) and its
ĉ1 ĉ1
Euclidean norm ||r||, taxicab norm ||r||1 and infinity norm ||r||∞ .
(b) We would
 like to fit a curve y = c0 + c1 x +c2 x2 . Set up the least squares problem
c0 ĉ0
A c1 = b. Find the least squares solution ĉ1  and the best fit line. Compute the
  
c2 ĉ2
 
ĉ0
residual r(ĉ1 ) and its Euclidean norm ||r||, taxicab norm ||r||1 and infinity norm ||r||∞ .
ĉ2
9. State the 3 conditions for < ., . > to be an inner product. List some examples and non-examples
of inner product for various vector spaces.

10. Consider the vectors:


     
1/2 −1/2 1/2
1/2  1/2  −1/2
1/2 ,  1/2  ,  1/2 }
{u1 , u2 , u3 } = {     

1/2 −1/2 −1/2

(a) Show that they form an orthonormal set of R4 . Do they form an orthonormal basis of R4 ?
(b) Find the vector projection of (1, 2, 3, 4)T on span{u1 , u2 , u3 }.

11. Consider      
4 2 1
2 0  1 
2 , 0 , −1}
S = span{u1 , u2 , u3 } = span{     

1 2 1
(a) Verify that u1 , u2 , u3 are linear independent so they form a basis of S.
(b) Use Gram-Schmidt process to obtain an orthonormal basis of S.
 
−1 −2
12. Let A = .
6 6
(a) Find the eigenvalues of A and their corresponding eigenvectors.
(b) Find a nonsingular matrix X and a diagonal matrix D such that A = XDX −1 .
(c) Using part b, compute A5 , A−1 , eA , e2A .
 
∗ −1 a
(d) Consider the matrix A = . Determine the number of real eigenvalues based on
6 6
the value of a.

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a −b
13. Let A = .
b a
(a) Show that A has 2 complex eigenvalues when b ̸= 0.
(b) Find all eigenvalues of A and their corresponding eigenvectors. Remember to consider
both the cases when b = 0 and b ̸= 0.

14. Let A be an n × n matrix with an eigenvalue λ and an eigenvector x of λ (i.e. Ax = λx)


(a) Prove that x is also an eigenvector of B = A−1 . Find the eigenvalue of B corresponding
to x.
(b) Prove that x is also an eigenvector of C = A2 . Find the eigenvalue of C corresponding to
x.
(c) Prove that x is also an eigenvector of D = I − 2A + A2 . Find the eigenvalue of D
corresponding to x.

15. Solve the initial value problem

y1′ (t) = −y1 (t) − 2y2 (t)


y2′ (t) = 6y1 (t) + 6y2 (t)
y1 (0) = 1
y2 (0) = 0

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