Module 11 - Fourier Transforms Part I
Module 11 - Fourier Transforms Part I
Module 11
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 0.4
an aperiodic square 𝜏𝜏 𝜏𝜏 0
pulse. −
2 2 -0.2
-5 0 5
2 2 0.8
∞ 𝜏𝜏/2
𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 = � 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐴𝐴 � 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0.6
−∞ −𝜏𝜏/2
)
0.4
𝜏𝜏/2
−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜏𝜏 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 sin(𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋)
0.2
X(f)/(A*
= 𝐴𝐴 � = 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴
−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
0
−𝜏𝜏/2 -0.2
= 𝐴𝐴𝜏𝜏sinc(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) -0.4
-10 -5 0 5 10
f*
Fourier Transform Properties
To help aid in finding Fourier transforms of various signals, there are properties
similar to those for Fourier Series.
Property Signal Transform, Hz Transform, rad/sec
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 𝑋𝑋(𝑓𝑓) 𝑋𝑋(𝜔𝜔)
𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) 𝑌𝑌(𝑓𝑓) 𝑌𝑌(𝜔𝜔)
Linearity 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏(𝑡𝑡) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏(𝑓𝑓) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜔𝜔 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏(𝜔𝜔)
Time Shift 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝑋𝑋(𝑓𝑓)𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑋𝑋(𝜔𝜔)𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜
Freq. Shift 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡 𝑋𝑋(𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 ) 𝑋𝑋(𝜔𝜔 − 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 )
Modulation 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡) 1 1 1
𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑋𝑋(𝜔𝜔 − 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 ) + 𝑋𝑋(𝜔𝜔 + 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 )
2 2 2
1
+ 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜
2
Time Reversal 𝑥𝑥(−𝑡𝑡) 𝑋𝑋(−𝑓𝑓) 𝑋𝑋(−𝜔𝜔)
Scaling 𝑥𝑥(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) 1 𝑓𝑓 1 𝜔𝜔
𝑋𝑋 𝑋𝑋
|𝑎𝑎| 𝑎𝑎 |𝑎𝑎| 𝑎𝑎
Conjugation 𝑥𝑥 ∗ (𝑡𝑡) 𝑋𝑋 ∗ (−𝑓𝑓) 𝑋𝑋 ∗ (−𝜔𝜔)
Fourier Transform Properties
More properties
Even Signals 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) real and even 𝑋𝑋(𝑓𝑓) real and even 𝑋𝑋(𝜔𝜔) real and even
Odd Signals 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) real and odd 𝑋𝑋(𝑓𝑓) imaginary and odd 𝑋𝑋(𝜔𝜔) imaginary and odd
Common Fourier Transforms
Example 1: Find the Fourier Transform for the
A=1, =1
0.8
0.6
x(t)
0.4
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Answer:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑋𝑋 𝜔𝜔 =
1+𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
or
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 =
1 + 𝑗𝑗2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜏𝜏
Common Fourier Transforms
Example 2: Find the Fourier Transform for the
A=1, =1
0.8
0.6
x(t)
0.4
0.2
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Answer:
2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑋𝑋 𝜔𝜔 =
1+(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)2
or
2𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 =
1 + (2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜏𝜏)2
Common Fourier Transforms
A=1, =1
𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴 1 − , 𝑡𝑡 < 𝜏𝜏,
triangle function, 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = � 𝜏𝜏 0.8
0, 𝑡𝑡 > 𝜏𝜏.
0.6
x(t)
0.4
0.2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Answer:
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑋𝑋 𝜔𝜔 = 𝐴𝐴𝜏𝜏 2 sinc 2
2𝜋𝜋
or
𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴𝜏𝜏 2 sinc 2 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)
Common Fourier Transforms
a=1, b=5
x(t)
-0.5
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Answer:
𝐴𝐴(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
𝑋𝑋 𝜔𝜔 =
𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 − 𝜔𝜔 2 + 2𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗