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5 views2 pages

Final

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黃培峯
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COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(Final Exam)

1. (20%) A phase-locked loop (PLL) consists of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), a


multiplier, and a loop filter.

(a) Draw the block diagram of the PLL.


(b) The PLL can be used to attain carrier acquisition in DSB modulation. Let the DSB
signal be xc (t) = m(t) cos wc t, the carrier acquisition can be attained by using the
signal squaring method. Draw the block diagram of the signal squaring method.
(c) Explain how the signal squaring method works.
(d) The PLL can also be used to demodulate an FM signal. Let the Rt
input to the PLL
be the FM signal xc (t) = Ac cos[wc t + φ(t)], where φ(t) = 2πkf −∞ m(τ )dτ . Show
that the output of the loop filter will be the desired demodulation output.

2. (20%) The AM radio broadcasting uses the frequency band of 535-1605 kHz. Each radio
station is allocated a bandwidth of 10 kHz. A superheterodyne receiver, which consists
of an RF amplifier, a mixer, and an IF amplifier, is usually used for receiving the radio
broadcasting. Let the AM signal of the desired radio station be xc (t) = m(t) cos 2πfc t.

(a) Draw the block diagram of the AM superheterodyne receiver.


(b) If the center frequency of the IF amplifier is set to fIF , determine the possible local
oscillator frequencies fLO (in terms of fc and fIF ) for the mixer. (Justify you
answer)
(c) If fIF = 455 kHz, derive the tuning range for each fLO you found in Prob. 2(b).
(d) Derive the image frequency of the desired frequency fc for each fLO your found in
in Prob. 2(b).
(e) What can we do in the design of the superheterodyne receiver to prevent the image
frequency from causing a problem? (Justify you answer)

3. Consider an LTI system with an impulse response h(t), as shown in the figure. Let the
input and output of the LTI system be random processes X(t) and Y (t), respectively. In
addition, X(t) is wide-sense stationary (WSS) with a mean mX and an autocorrelation
function RX (τ ).
X(t) h(t) Y(t)

(a) Express the mean of Y (t), say mY (t), in terms of mX . Is mY (t) dependent of t?
(Justify you answer)
(b) Express the autocorrelation function of Y (t), say RY (t1 , t2 ), in terms of RX (τ ), where
τ = t2 − t1 . Is RY (t1 , t2 ) dependent of t1 or t2 ? (Justify you answer)
(c) Let the power spectral densities of X(t) and Y (t) be SX (f ) and SY (f ), respectively.
Use the result in Prob. 3(b) to express SY (f ) in terms of SX (f ). (Justify you
answer)

1
4. (20%) A double-sideband (DSB) modulation receiver is shown in the figure. The received
signal xr (t) = xc (t) + nw (t), where xc (t) = Ac m(t) cos wc t is the DSB signal and nw (t) is
white noise with a power spectral density of Snw (f ) = N20 . The spectrum of the message
signal m(t), say M (f ), is also shown in the figure.
x r (t) z(t) y(t) yl (t)
BPF LPF M(f)

f
2cos(wct) -W W

(a) Determine the appropriate frequency response for the bandpass filter (BPF) and
derive the mathematical expression of z(t).
(b) Derive the mathematical expression of y(t).
(c) Determine the appropriate frequency response for the lowpass filter (LPF) and de-
rive the mathematical expression of yl (t).
(d) Derive the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the receiver.

5. (20%) A frequency modulation (FM) receiver is shown in the figure. The received signal
xr (t) = xc (t) + nw (t), where xc (t) = Ac cos[wc t + φ(t)] is the FM signal and nRw (t) is white
t
noise with a power spectral density of Snw (f ) = N20 . Note that φ(t) = 2πkf −∞ m(τ )dτ ,
the spectrum of the message signal m(t), say M (f ), is also shown in the figure.

yl (t) M(f)
x r (t) z(t) y(t)
BPF Discriminator LPF
f
-W W

(a) Determine the appropriate frequency response for the bandpass filter (BPF) and
derive the mathematical expression of z(t).
(b) Derive the mathematical expression of y(t) (Assuming the noise power is signifi-
cantly smaller than the FM signal power).
(c) Determine the appropriate frequency response for the lowpass filter (LPF) and de-
rive the mathematical expression of yl (t).
(d) Derive the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the receiver.

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